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laws of the United States 2013-09-01T17:46:17+08:00 2013-05-09T16:42:06 2013-09-01T17:46:17+08:00 Quite Imposing 1.5d (EN) uuid:69ad153e-9415-42af-89e9-e564eb821cb6 uuid:5abb7bcc-6cd5-46b1-a8a5-05a94ae40262 application/pdf Advanced Programming in the UNIX® Environment W. Richard Stevens Stephen A. 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Tf 4.68 0 Td (fcntl)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.556 0 Td [(Function )-1882(82)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46756 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (82)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3 0 Td [(File )-250(I/O)]TJ 39.741 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(3)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 11.9993 0 0 11.9993 93.5944 668.9599 Tm (3.14)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 3 0 Td (fcntl)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.556 0 Td (Function)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 644.9613 Tm (The)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 1.924 0 Td (fcntl)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td [(function can change the pr)18(operties of a \336le that is alr)18(eady open.)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5911 622.2627 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -2.021 TD (int fcntl\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 8.4 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 2.578 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (cmd)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,.)Tj 0 Tc 3.485 0 Td (.. /* int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 6 0 Td [(ar)18(g)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 1.915 0 Td (*/ \);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -10.745 -2.021 Td (Returns: depends on)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 9.392 0 Td (cmd)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.935 0 Td (if OK \(see following\),)Tj /TT3 1 Tf 9.704 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 5814.25 cm 0 0 m 0 499 l 3900 499 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 561.8526 Tm [(In )-72(the )-72(examples )-72(in )-72(this )-72(section, )-72(the )-72(thir)]TJ 0.3218 Tc 17.532 0 Td (da)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.433 0 Td (rg)Tj 0 Tc 0.933 0 Td [(ument )-72(is )-72(always )-72(an )-72(integer)]TJ 0.3218 Tc 12.096 0 Td (,c)Tj 0 Tc 1.016 0 Td [(orr)18(esponding)]TJ -33.01 -1.2 Td [(to )-18(the )-18(comment )-18(in )-18(the )-18(function )-18(pr)18(ototype )-18(just )-18(shown.)-520(When )-18(we )-18(describe )-18(r)18(ecor)]TJ 0.2681 Tc 34.855 0 Td (dl)Tj 0 Tc 1.17 0 Td (ocking)Tj -36.025 -1.2 Td (in Section 14.3, however)Tj 0.25 Tc 10.622 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 0.826 0 Td (he thir)Tj 0.25 Tc 2.887 0 Td (da)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.361 0 Td (rg)Tj 0 Tc 0.933 0 Td [(ument becomes a pointer to a str)8(uctur)18(e.)]TJ -14.829 -1.2 Td (The)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 1.924 0 Td (fcntl)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td [(function is used for \336ve dif)18(fer)18(ent purposes.)]TJ -5.174 -2.04 Td [(1. )-633(Duplicate)-250(an existing descriptor \()]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf (cmd)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 18.269 0 Td (=)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 0.856 0 Td (F_DUPFD)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td (or)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 1.191 0 Td (F_DUPFD_CLOEXEC)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (\))Tj -24.766 -1.6 Td [(2. )-633(Get/set)-250(\336le descriptor \337ags \()]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf (cmd)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 16.279 0 Td (=)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 0.856 0 Td (F_GETFD)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td (or)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 1.191 0 Td (F_SETFD)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (\))Tj -22.776 -1.6 Td [(3. )-633(Get/set)-250(\336le status \337ags \()]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf (cmd)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 14.37 0 Td (=)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 0.856 0 Td (F_GETFL)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td (or)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 1.191 0 Td (F_SETFL)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (\))Tj -20.867 -1.6 Td [(4. )-633(Get/set)-250(asynchr)18(onous I/O ownership \()]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf (cmd)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 20.933 0 Td (=)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 0.856 0 Td (F_GETOWN)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.05 0 Td (or)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 1.191 0 Td (F_SETOWN)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (\))Tj -28.03 -1.6 Td [(5. )-633(Get/set)]TJ -0.018 Tc 5.286 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (cor)Tj 0.25 Tc 1.367 0 Td (dl)Tj 0 Tc 1.152 0 Td (ocks \()Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (cmd)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.488 0 Td (=)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 0.856 0 Td (F_GETLK)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 4.7 0 Td (F_SETLK)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (,o)Tj 0 Tc 5.246 0 Td (r)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 0.645 0 Td (F_SETLKW)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (\))Tj -0.092 Tc -26.396 -2.4 Td (We)Tj 0 Tc 1.387 0 Td [(\325ll )-117(now )-117(describe )-117(the )-117(\336rst )-117(8 )-117(of )-117(these )-117(1)53(1)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 17.555 0 Td (cmd)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.052 0 Td [(values. )-367(\(W)92(e\325ll )-117(wait )-117(until )-117(Section )-117(14.3 )-117(to)]TJ -20.994 -1.2 Td [(describe )-27(the )-27(last )-27(3, )-27(which )-27(deal )-27(with )-27(r)15(ecor)]TJ 0.2773 Tc 18.166 0 Td (dl)Tj 0 Tc 1.179 0 Td [(ocking.\) )-277(Refer)-278(to )-27(Figur)]TJ 0.2773 Tc 10.249 0 Td (e3)Tj 0 Tc 1.256 0 Td [(.7, )-27(as )-27(we\325ll )-27(discuss)]TJ -30.85 -1.2 Td [(both )-170(the )-170(\336le )-170(descriptor )-170(\337ags )-170(associated )-170(with )-170(each )-170(\336le )-170(descriptor )-170(in )-170(the )-170(pr)18(ocess )-170(table)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(entry and the \336le status \337ags associated with each \336le table en\ try)111(.)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 0 -2.4 TD (F_DUPFD)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 10.2 0 Td [(Duplicate )-391(the )-391(\336le )-391(descriptor)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 14.147 0 Td (fd)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.8909 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 2.532 0 Td [(he )-391(new )-391(\336le )-391(descriptor )-391(is)]TJ -0.018 Tc -16.678 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(turned )-66(as )-66(the )-66(value )-66(of )-66(the )-66(function.)-566(It )-66(is )-66(the )-66(lowest-number)17(ed)]TJ -0.856 -1.2 Td [(descriptor )-153(that )-153(is )-153(not )-153(alr)20(eady )-152(open, )-152(and )-152(that )-152(is )-152(gr)18(eater )-152(than )-152(or)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(equal )-282(to )-282(the )-282(thir)]TJ 0.5323 Tc 7.865 0 Td (da)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.643 0 Td (rg)Tj 0 Tc 0.933 0 Td [(ument )-282(\(taken )-282(as )-282(an )-282(integer\).)-782(The )-282(new)]TJ -10.441 -1.2 Td [(descriptor )-371(shar)18(es )-371(the )-371(same )-371(\336le )-371(table )-371(entry )-371(as)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 22.722 0 Td (fd)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.8706 Tc (.\()Tj 0 Tc 2.232 0 Td [(Refer )-371(to)]TJ -24.953 -1.2 Td (Figur)Tj 0.5935 Tc 2.383 0 Td (e3)Tj 0 Tc 1.572 0 Td [(.9.\) )-593(But)-594(the )-344(new )-344(descriptor )-344(has )-344(its )-344(own )-344(set )-344(of )-344(\336le)]TJ -3.956 -1.2 Td [(descriptor )-369(\337ags, )-369(and )-369(its)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 12.059 0 Td (FD_CLOEXEC)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.619 0 Td [(\336le )-369(descriptor )-369(\337ag )-369(is)]TJ -18.678 -1.2 Td [(clear)18(ed. )-423(\(This)-422(means )-173(that )-173(the )-173(descriptor )-173(is )-173(left )-173(open )-173(acr)18(oss )-173(an)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf T* (exec)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (,w)Tj 0 Tc 3.734 0 Td (hich we discuss in Chapter 8.\))Tj /TT2 1 Tf -13.934 -1.72 Td (F_DUPFD_CLOEXEC)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 10.2 0 Td [(Duplicate )-442(the )-442(\336le )-442(descriptor )-442(and )-442(set )-442(the)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 20.733 0 Td (FD_CLOEXEC)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.692 0 Td (\336le)Tj -27.425 -1.2 Td [(descriptor )-120(\337ag )-120(associated )-120(with )-120(the )-120(new )-120(descriptor)]TJ 0.6203 Tc 22.695 0 Td (.R)Tj 0 Tc 1.538 0 Td [(eturns )-120(the)]TJ -24.233 -1.2 Td [(new \336le descriptor)74(.)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf -10.2 -1.72 Td (F_GETFD)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 10.2 0 Td [(Return )-30(the )-30(\336le )-30(descriptor )-30(\337ags )-30(for)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 15.37 0 Td (fd)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.058 0 Td [(as )-30(the )-30(value )-30(of )-30(the )-30(function.)]TJ -16.428 -1.2 Td [(Curr)18(ently)]TJ 0.9363 Tc 4.207 0 Td (,o)Tj 0 Tc 1.732 0 Td [(nly )-686(one )-686(\336le )-686(descriptor )-686(\337ag )-686(is )-686(de\336ned: )-686(the)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf -5.939 -1.2 Td (FD_CLOEXEC)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.25 0 Td (\337ag.)Tj /TT2 1 Tf -16.45 -1.72 Td (F_SETFD)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 10.2 0 Td [(Set )-42(the )-42(\336le )-42(descriptor )-42(\337ags )-42(for)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 13.721 0 Td (fd)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5425 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 2.184 0 Td [(he )-42(new )-42(\337ag )-42(value )-42(is )-42(set )-42(fr)16(om)]TJ -15.905 -1.2 Td (the thir)Tj 0.25 Tc 3.213 0 Td (da)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.361 0 Td (rg)Tj 0 Tc 0.933 0 Td (ument \(taken as an integer\).)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46757 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(3.13)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 24.986 0 Td (sync)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.15 0 Td (fsync)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.5 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 4.25 0 Td (nd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.693 0 Td (fdatasync)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.9 0 Td (Functions)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.354 0 Td (81)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5911 668.9599 Tm (1.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.633 0 Td (dup2)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.728 0 Td [(is )-78(an )-78(atomic )-78(operation, )-78(wher)17(eas )-78(the )-78(alternate )-78(form )-78(involves )-78(two )-78(function)]TJ -2.728 -1.2 Td [(calls. )-311(It)-310(is )-61(possible )-61(in )-61(the )-61(latter )-61(case )-61(to )-61(have )-61(a )-61(signal )-61(catcher )-61(called )-61(between )-61(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0 -1.2 TD (close)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.495 0 Td [(and )-245(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.07 0 Td (fcntl)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.495 0 Td [(that )-245(could )-245(modify )-245(the )-245(\336le )-245(descriptors.)-744(\(W)]TJ 0.495 Tc 19.857 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.585 0 Td (escribe)Tj -32.502 -1.2 Td [(signals )-233(in )-233(Chapter )-233(10.\))-733(The )-233(same )-233(pr)20(oblem )-233(could )-233(occur )-233(if )-233(a )-233(dif)20(fer)18(ent )-233(thr)18(ead)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(changes the \336le descriptors.)-500(\(W)]TJ 0.25 Tc 14.006 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.34 0 Td [(escribe thr)18(eads in Chapter 1)55(1.\))]TJ -16.979 -2.08 Td [(2. )-633(Ther)]TJ 0.25 Tc 3.684 0 Td (ea)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.229 0 Td [(re )-36(s)]TJ 0 Tc 1.53 0 Td (ome)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.158 0 Td (errno)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td [(dif)18(fer)18(ences between)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.046 0 Td (dup2)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.943 0 Td (fcntl)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 183.5884 580.1652 Tm (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.93 0 Td (dup2)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.656 0 Td [(system )-6(call )-6(originated )-6(with )-6(V)111(ersion )-6(7 )-6(and )-6(pr)18(opagated )-6(thr)18(ough )-6(the )-6(BSD )-6(r)18(eleases. )-256(The)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.586 -1.25 Td (fcntl)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.36 0 Td [(method )-110(for )-110(duplicating )-110(\336le )-110(descriptors )-110(appear)18(ed )-110(with )-110(System )-110(III )-110(and )-110(continued )-110(with)]TJ -3.36 -1.25 Td [(System )-3(V)]TJ 0.5029 Tc 4.039 0 Td (.S)Tj 0 Tc 1.278 0 Td [(VR3.2 )-3(picked )-3(up )-3(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.225 0 Td (dup2)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.653 0 Td [(function, )-3(and )-3(4.2BSD )-3(picked )-3(up )-3(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 15.9 0 Td (fcntl)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.253 0 Td [(function )-3(and)]TJ -36.347 -1.25 Td (the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.637 0 Td (F_DUPFD)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td (functionality)Tj 0.5 Tc 5.56 0 Td (.P)Tj 0 Tc 1.354 0 Td [(OSIX.1 r)18(equir)18(es both)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.412 0 Td (dup2)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td (and the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.58 0 Td (F_DUPFD)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td (featur)Tj 0.25 Tc 2.618 0 Td (eo)Tj 0 Tc 1.275 0 Td (f)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.583 0 Td (fcntl)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 11.9993 0 0 11.9993 93.5942 514.1691 Tm (3.13)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 3 0 Td (sync)Tj /TT1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 3.234 0 Td (fsync)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 0.556 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 4.39 0 Td (nd)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 1.778 0 Td (fdatasync)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 5.956 0 Td (Functions)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.09 Tc 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5917 494.9703 Tm (Tr)Tj 0 Tc 0.918 0 Td [(aditional )-91(implementations )-91(of )-91(the )-91(UNIX )-91(System )-91(have )-91(a )-91(buf)16(fer )-91(cache )-91(or )-91(page )-91(cache )-91(in)]TJ -0.918 -1.2 Td [(the )-53(kernel )-53(thr)18(ough )-53(which )-53(most )-53(disk )-53(I/O )-53(passes.)-553(When )-53(we )-53(write )-53(data )-53(to )-53(a )-53(\336le, )-53(the )-53(data)]TJ T* [(is )-12(normally )-12(copied )-12(by )-12(the )-12(kernel )-12(into )-12(one )-12(of )-12(its )-12(buf)14(fers )-12(and )-12(queued )-12(for )-12(writing )-12(to )-12(disk )-12(at)]TJ T* [(some )-142(later )-142(time.)-643(This )-142(is )-142(called)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 14.397 0 Td [(delayed )-142(write)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 0.6423 Tc (.\()Tj 0 Tc 6.729 0 Td [(Chapter )-142(3 )-142(of )-142(Bach)]TJ 8.677 0.04 Td ([)Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (1986)Tj 2 0.04 Td (])Tj 0.725 -0.04 Td [(discusses )-142(this)]TJ -32.861 -1.2 Td [(buf)18(fer cache in detail.\))]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(The )-59(kernel )-59(eventually )-59(writes )-59(all )-59(the )-59(delayed-write )-59(blocks )-59(to )-59(disk, )-59(normally )-59(when )-59(it)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(needs )-128(to )-128(r)18(euse )-128(the )-128(buf)18(fer )-128(for )-128(some )-128(other )-128(disk )-128(block.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 24.36 0 Td [(To )-312(e)]TJ 0 Tc 1.924 0 Td (nsur)Tj 0.378 Tc 1.986 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.301 0 Td [(onsistency )-128(of )-128(the )-128(\336le)]TJ -29.571 -1.2 Td [(system )-18(on )-18(disk )-18(with )-18(the )-18(contents )-18(of )-18(the )-18(buf)18(fer )-18(cache, )-18(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 25.204 0 Td (sync)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.918 0 Td (fsync)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.2675 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 4.018 0 Td (nd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.461 0 Td (fdatasync)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -33.6 -1.2 Td (functions ar)Tj 0.25 Tc 5.258 0 Td (ep)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.33 0 Td (ro)Tj 0 Tc 0.923 0 Td (vided.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5909 376.2774 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.783 TD (int fsync\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 8.4 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -8.4 -1.783 Td (int fdatasync\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 10.8 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 16.051 -1.783 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT3 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -34.464 -1.783 Td (void sync\(void\);)Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 3076.25 cm 0 0 m 0 777 l 3900 777 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 288.0654 Tm (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.932 0 Td (sync)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.658 0 Td [(function )-8(simply )-8(queues )-8(all )-8(the )-8(modi\336ed )-8(block )-8(buf)18(fers )-8(for )-8(writing )-8(and )-8(r)13(eturns;)]TJ -4.591 -1.2 Td (it does not wait for the disk writes to take place.)Tj 1.8 -1.2 Td [(The )-16(function)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.913 0 Td (sync)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.666 0 Td [(is )-16(normally )-16(called )-16(periodically )-16(\(usually )-16(every )-16(30 )-16(seconds\) )-16(fr)18(om )-16(a)]TJ -10.379 -1.2 Td [(system )-88(daemon, )-88(often )-88(called)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 13.179 0 Td (update)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.5885 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 5.051 0 Td [(his )-88(guarantees )-88(r)17(egular )-89(\337ushing )-89(of )-89(the )-89(kernel\325s)]TJ -18.23 -1.2 Td [(block buf)18(fers. )-250(The)-250(command)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 13.115 0 Td (sync)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.4 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (1)Tj 0.5 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.583 -0.04 Td (also calls the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 5.848 0 Td (sync)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td (function.)Tj -23.629 -1.2 Td [(The )-135(function)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.151 0 Td (fsync)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 3.385 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(fers )-135(only )-135(to )-135(a )-135(single )-135(\336le, )-135(speci\336ed )-135(by )-135(the )-135(\336le )-135(descriptor)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 25.779 0 Td (fd)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (,)Tj -37.972 -1.2 Td [(and )-60(waits )-60(for )-60(the )-60(disk )-60(writes )-60(to )-60(complete )-60(befor)]TJ 0.3097 Tc 21.046 0 Td (er)Tj 0 Tc 1.166 0 Td [(eturning. )-310(This)-309(function )-60(is )-60(used )-60(when)]TJ -22.211 -1.2 Td [(an )-52(application, )-52(such )-52(as )-52(a )-52(database, )-52(needs )-52(to )-52(be )-52(sur)]TJ 0.3022 Tc 22.528 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.107 0 Td [(hat )-52(the )-52(modi\336ed )-52(blocks )-52(have )-52(been)]TJ -23.635 -1.2 Td (written to the disk.)Tj 1.8 -1.2 Td (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.938 0 Td (fdatasync)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.664 0 Td [(function )-14(is )-14(similar )-14(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.425 0 Td (fsync)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.2641 Tc (,b)Tj 0 Tc 4.067 0 Td [(ut )-14(it )-14(af)18(fects )-14(only )-14(the )-14(data )-14(portions )-14(of)]TJ 0.25 Tc -22.895 -1.2 Td (a\336)Tj 0 Tc 1.355 0 Td [(le. )-250(W)55(ith)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.914 0 Td (fsync)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (,t)Tj 0 Tc 3.826 0 Td (he \336le\325s attributes ar)Tj 0.25 Tc 8.988 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td [(lso updated synchr)18(onously)111(.)]TJ 7.999 0 0 7.999 183.5782 148.0822 Tm [(All )-37(four )-37(of )-37(the )-37(platforms )-37(described )-37(in )-37(this )-37(book )-37(support)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 25.152 0 Td (sync)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.687 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.98 0 Td (fsync)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.537 Tc (.H)Tj 0 Tc 4.619 0 Td (owever)Tj 0.287 Tc 3.224 0 Td (,F)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.093 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (eBSD)Tj -39.611 -1.25 Td (8.0 does not support)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 9.26 0 Td (fdatasync)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46758 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(3.12)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 32.586 0 Td (dup)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.3 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.193 0 Td (dup2)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.9 0 Td (Functions)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.354 0 Td (79)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 668.9599 Tm (Calling)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.482 0 Td (pwrite)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.862 0 Td [(is )-12(equivalent )-12(to )-12(calling)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.265 0 Td (lseek)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.262 0 Td [(followed )-12(by )-12(a )-12(call )-12(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.248 0 Td (write)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.2619 Tc (,w)Tj 0 Tc 4.346 0 Td [(ith )-12(similar)]TJ -34.464 -1.2 Td (exceptions.)Tj /TT1 1 Tf -3.6 -2.88 Td (Creating a File)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.092 Tc 3.6 -2.4 Td [(We )-251(s)]TJ 0 Tc 2.128 0 Td [(aw )-67(another )-67(example )-67(of )-67(an )-67(atomic )-67(operation )-67(when )-67(we )-67(described )-67(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 30.662 0 Td (O_CREAT)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.517 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -37.307 -1.2 Td (O_EXCL)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.966 0 Td [(options )-116(for )-116(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.074 0 Td (open)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.766 0 Td [(function. )-366(When)-365(both )-116(of )-116(these )-116(options )-116(ar)]TJ 0.3657 Tc 18.413 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.269 0 Td [(peci\336ed, )-116(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -33.487 -1.2 Td (open)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.733 0 Td [(will )-83(fail )-83(if )-83(the )-83(\336le )-83(alr)19(eady )-83(exists.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 15.112 0 Td [(We )-267(a)]TJ 0 Tc 2.22 0 Td [(lso )-83(said )-83(that )-83(the )-83(check )-83(for )-83(the )-83(existence )-83(of)]TJ -20.065 -1.2 Td [(the )-65(\336le )-65(and )-65(the )-65(cr)18(eation )-65(of )-65(the )-65(\336le )-65(was )-65(performed )-65(as )-65(an )-65(atomic )-65(operation.)-565(If )-65(we )-65(didn\325t)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD (have this atomic operation, we might try)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5911 535.8678 Tm (if \(\(fd = open\(path, O_WRONLY\)\) < 0\) {)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(errno == ENOENT\) {)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(\(fd = creat\(path, mode\)\) < 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_sys\("creat error"\);)Tj 0.6 Tc -4.8 -1.189 Td (}e)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (lse {)Tj 0.6 -1.189 Td (err_sys\("open error"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 439.3736 Tm [(The )-84(pr)18(oblem )-84(occurs )-84(if )-84(the )-84(\336le )-84(is )-84(cr)18(eated )-84(by )-84(another )-84(pr)18(ocess )-84(between )-84(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 32.852 0 Td (open)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.734 0 Td [(and )-84(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -35.586 -1.2 Td (creat)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.5414 Tc (.I)Tj 0.2914 Tc 4.128 0 Td (ft)Tj 0 Tc 0.95 0 Td [(he )-41(\336le )-41(is )-41(cr)18(eated )-41(by )-41(another )-41(pr)18(ocess )-41(between )-41(these )-41(two )-41(function )-41(calls, )-41(and )-41(if)]TJ -5.079 -1.2 Td [(that )-100(other )-100(pr)18(ocess )-100(writes )-100(something )-100(to )-100(the )-100(\336le, )-100(that )-100(data )-100(is )-100(erased )-100(when )-100(this)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 34.935 0 Td (creat)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.35 0 Td (is)Tj -38.285 -1.2 Td [(executed. )-571(Combining)-571(the )-321(test )-321(for )-321(existence )-321(and )-321(the )-321(cr)18(eation )-321(into )-321(a )-321(single )-321(atomic)]TJ T* [(operation avoids this pr)18(oblem.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(In )-71(general, )-71(the )-71(term)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 9.205 0 Td [(atomic )-71(operation)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 7.103 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(fers )-71(to )-71(an )-71(operation )-71(that )-71(might )-71(be )-71(composed)]TJ -18.964 -1.2 Td [(of )-246(multiple )-246(steps.)-745(If )-246(the )-246(operation )-246(is )-246(performed )-246(atomically)]TJ 0.4957 Tc 27.64 0 Td (,e)Tj 0 Tc 1.225 0 Td [(ither )-246(all )-246(the )-246(steps )-246(ar)19(e)]TJ -28.865 -1.2 Td [(performed )-78(\(on )-78(success\) )-78(or )-78(none )-78(ar)]TJ 0.3284 Tc 15.408 0 Td (ep)Tj 0 Tc 1.408 0 Td [(erformed )-78(\(on )-78(failur)17(e\). )-328(It)-329(must )-78(not )-78(be )-78(possible )-78(for)]TJ -16.816 -1.2 Td [(only )-2(a )-2(subset )-2(of )-2(the )-2(steps )-2(to )-2(be )-2(performed.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 19.2 0 Td (We)Tj 0 Tc 1.387 0 Td [(\325ll )-2(r)18(eturn )-2(to )-2(the )-2(topic )-2(of )-2(atomic )-2(operations)]TJ -20.587 -1.2 Td (when we describe the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 9.853 0 Td (link)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td [(function \(Section 4.15\) and r)18(ecor)]TJ 0.25 Tc 14.232 0 Td (dl)Tj 0 Tc 1.152 0 Td (ocking \(Section 14.3\).)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 11.9993 0 0 11.9993 93.5939 295.3823 Tm (3.12)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 3 0 Td (dup)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 2.356 0 Td (and)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 2.334 0 Td (dup2)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 2.956 0 Td (Functions)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5917 271.3837 Tm (An existing \336le descriptor is duplicated by either of the following f\ unctions:)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5906 254.6847 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -2.021 TD (int dup\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 7.2 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -7.2 -2.021 Td (int dup2\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 7.8 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 2.578 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (fd2)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.291 -2.021 Td [(Both r)18(eturn: new \336le descriptor if OK,)]TJ /TT3 1 Tf 16.995 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 1956.25 cm 0 0 m 0 681 l 3900 681 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 182.1081 Tm [(The )-245(new )-245(\336le )-245(descriptor )-245(r)18(eturned )-245(by)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 17.39 0 Td (dup)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.296 0 Td [(is )-245(guaranteed )-245(to )-245(be )-245(the )-245(lowest-number)16(ed)]TJ -19.685 -1.2 Td [(available )-4(\336le )-4(descriptor)]TJ 0.5045 Tc 10.292 0 Td (.W)Tj 0 Tc 1.699 0 Td (ith)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.454 0 Td (dup2)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(,)-255(we)-255(s)1(pecify )-5(the )-5(value )-5(of )-5(the )-5(new )-5(descriptor )-5(with )-5(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf -13.445 -1.2 Td (fd2)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.556 0 Td [(ar)18(gument. )-277(If)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 6.031 0 Td (fd2)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.555 0 Td [(is )-27(alr)18(eady )-27(open, )-27(it )-27(is )-27(\336rst )-27(closed.)-530(If)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 15.753 0 Td (fd)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.055 0 Td (equals)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3.134 0 Td (fd2)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.2774 Tc (,t)Tj 0 Tc 2.131 0 Td (hen)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.92 0 Td (dup2)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 2.677 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (turns)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -36.67 -1.2 Td (fd2)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.546 0 Td [(without )-18(closing )-18(it.)-517(Otherwise, )-18(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 15.331 0 Td (FD_CLOEXEC)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.268 0 Td [(\336le )-18(descriptor )-18(\337ag )-18(is )-18(clear)18(ed )-18(for)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 14.328 0 Td (fd2)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (,)Tj -37.472 -1.2 Td (so that)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3.204 0 Td (fd2)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.528 0 Td [(is left open if the pr)18(ocess calls)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 13.358 0 Td (exec)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46759 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(3.1)]TJ 30.2473 Tc 4.888 0 Td (1A)Tj 0 Tc 31.525 0 Td [(tomic )-250(Operations)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 9.92 0 Td (77)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 0.883 Tc 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5911 668.9599 Tm (\245A)Tj 0 Tc 2.267 0 Td [(fter )-189(each)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.417 0 Td (write)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.439 0 Td [(is )-189(complete, )-189(the )-189(curr)18(ent )-189(\336le )-189(of)18(fset )-189(in )-189(the )-189(\336le )-189(table )-189(entry )-189(is)]TJ -8.634 -1.2 Td [(incr)18(emented )-33(by )-33(the )-33(number )-33(of )-33(bytes )-33(written.)-533(If )-33(this )-33(causes )-33(the )-33(curr)18(ent )-33(\336le )-33(of)18(fset)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(to )-45(exceed )-45(the )-45(curr)18(ent )-45(\336le )-45(size, )-45(the )-45(curr)17(ent )-45(\336le )-45(size )-45(in )-45(the )-45(i-node )-45(table )-45(entry )-45(is )-45(set)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(to the curr)18(ent \336le of)18(fset \(for example, the \336le is extended\).)]TJ 0.883 Tc -1.489 -1.6 Td (\245I)Tj 0.3027 Tc 1.826 0 Td (fa\336)Tj 0 Tc 2.043 0 Td [(le )-53(is )-53(opened )-53(with )-53(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.716 0 Td (O_APPEND)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.103 0 Td [(\337ag, )-53(a )-53(corr)18(esponding )-53(\337ag )-53(is )-53(set )-53(in )-53(the )-53(\336le)]TJ -17.199 -1.2 Td [(status )-17(\337ags )-17(of )-17(the )-17(\336le )-17(table )-17(entry)]TJ 0.5167 Tc 14.308 0 Td (.E)Tj 0 Tc 1.378 0 Td [(ach )-17(time )-17(a)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.805 0 Td (write)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.267 0 Td [(is )-17(performed )-17(for )-17(a )-17(\336le )-17(with)]TJ -23.758 -1.2 Td [(this )-50(append )-50(\337ag )-50(set, )-50(the )-50(curr)18(ent )-50(\336le )-50(of)18(fset )-50(in )-50(the )-50(\336le )-50(table )-50(entry )-50(is )-50(\336rst )-50(set )-50(to )-50(the)]TJ T* [(curr)18(ent )-235(\336le )-235(size )-235(fr)18(om )-235(the )-235(i-node )-235(table )-235(entry)]TJ 0.7347 Tc 20.412 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.598 0 Td [(his )-235(for)18(ces )-235(every)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.828 0 Td (write)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.485 0 Td [(to )-235(be)]TJ -33.322 -1.2 Td [(appended to the curr)18(ent end of \336le.)]TJ 0.883 Tc -1.489 -1.6 Td (\245I)Tj 0.2539 Tc 1.826 0 Td (fa\336)Tj 0 Tc 1.946 0 Td [(le )-4(is )-4(positioned )-4(to )-4(its )-4(curr)18(ent )-4(end )-4(of )-4(\336le )-4(using)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 20.222 0 Td (lseek)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.2539 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 4.004 0 Td [(ll )-4(that )-4(happens )-4(is )-4(the)]TJ -26.509 -1.2 Td [(curr)18(ent )-161(\336le )-161(of)18(fset )-161(in )-161(the )-161(\336le )-161(table )-161(entry )-161(is )-161(set )-161(to )-161(the )-161(curr)18(ent )-161(\336le )-161(size )-161(fr)14(om )-161(the)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(i-node )-55(table )-55(entry)]TJ 0.555 Tc 7.828 0 Td (.\()Tj 0 Tc 1.138 0 Td [(Note )-55(that )-55(this )-55(is )-55(not )-55(the )-55(same )-55(as )-55(if )-55(the )-55(\336le )-55(was )-55(opened )-55(with)]TJ -8.966 -1.2 Td (the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.637 0 Td (O_APPEND)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.05 0 Td [(\337ag, as we will see in Section 3.1)55(1.\))]TJ 0.883 Tc -8.176 -1.6 Td (\245T)Tj 0 Tc 2.102 0 Td (he)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.435 0 Td (lseek)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.374 0 Td [(function )-124(modi\336es )-124(only )-124(the )-124(curr)18(ent )-124(\336le )-124(of)18(fset )-124(in )-124(the )-124(\336le )-124(table )-124(entry)110(.)]TJ -5.422 -1.2 Td (No I/O takes place.)Tj -1.489 -2.4 Td [(It )-97(is )-97(possible )-97(for )-97(mor)]TJ 0.3466 Tc 9.453 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.152 0 Td [(han )-96(one )-96(\336le )-96(descriptor )-96(entry )-96(to )-96(point )-96(to )-96(the )-96(same )-96(\336le )-96(table)]TJ -12.405 -1.2 Td [(entry)111(,)-292(as)-292(we\325ll )-42(see )-42(when )-42(we )-42(discuss )-42(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 17.692 0 Td (dup)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.092 0 Td [(function )-42(in )-42(Section )-42(3.12.)-542(This )-42(also )-42(happens)]TJ -19.784 -1.2 Td [(after )-24(a)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.081 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.674 0 Td [(when )-24(the )-24(par)18(ent )-24(and )-24(the )-24(child )-24(shar)]TJ 0.2738 Tc 15.554 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.079 0 Td [(he )-24(same )-24(\336le )-24(table )-24(entry )-24(for )-24(each )-24(open)]TJ -22.387 -1.2 Td (descriptor \(Section 8.3\).)Tj 1.8 -1.2 Td [(Note )-190(the )-190(dif)18(fer)18(ence )-190(in )-190(scope )-190(between )-190(the )-190(\336le )-190(descriptor )-190(\337ags )-190(and )-190(the )-190(\336le )-190(status)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(\337ags. )-250(The)-251(former apply only to a single descriptor in a single pr)18(ocess, wher)18(eas the latter)]TJ T* [(apply )-46(to )-46(all )-46(descriptors )-46(in )-46(any )-46(pr)18(ocess )-46(that )-46(point )-46(to )-46(the )-46(given )-46(\336le )-46(table )-46(entry)]TJ 0.546 Tc 33.952 0 Td (.W)Tj 0 Tc 1.796 0 Td [(hen )-46(we)]TJ -35.748 -1.2 Td [(describe )-37(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.637 0 Td (fcntl)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.287 0 Td [(function )-37(in )-37(Section )-37(3.14, )-37(we\325ll )-37(see )-37(how )-37(to )-37(fetch )-37(and )-37(modify )-37(both )-37(the)]TJ -8.924 -1.2 Td (\336le descriptor \337ags and the \336le status \337ags.)Tj 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)-288(curr)18(ent )-288(of)22(fset. )-538(If)-538(the)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf -1.8 -1.2 Td (O_APPEND)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.132 0 Td [(option )-82(was )-82(speci\336ed )-82(when )-82(the )-82(\336le )-82(was )-82(opened, )-82(the )-82(\336le\325s )-82(of)17(fset )-82(is )-82(set )-82(to )-82(the)]TJ -5.132 -1.2 Td [(curr)18(ent )-54(end )-54(of )-54(\336le )-54(befor)]TJ 0.3045 Tc 10.638 0 Td (ee)Tj 0 Tc 1.262 0 Td [(ach )-54(write )-54(operation.)-554(After )-54(a )-54(successful )-54(write, )-54(the )-54(\336le\325s )-54(of)14(fset)]TJ -11.9 -1.2 Td [(is incr)18(emented by the number of bytes actually written.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.9986 0 0 11.9986 93.5888 468.2638 Tm [(3.9 )-1332(I/O)-556(Ef\336cienc)10(y)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 446.6664 Tm [(The pr)18(ogram in Figur)]TJ 0.25 Tc 9.538 0 Td (e3)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (.5 copies a \336le, using only the)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 13.228 0 Td (read)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td (and)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 1.943 0 Td (write)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td (functions.)Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 4395.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /TT2 1 Tf 8.9984 0 0 8.9984 129.5767 429.9416 Tm (#include "apue.h")Tj 0 -1.902 TD [(#define BUFFSIZE)-2400(4096)]TJ 0 -1.902 TD (int)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (main\(void\))Tj T* ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td [(int )-2400(n;)]TJ T* [(char )-1800(buf[BUFFSIZE];)]TJ 0 -1.902 TD (while \(\(n = read\(STDIN_FILENO, buf, BUFFSIZE\)\) > 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(write\(STDOUT_FILENO, buf, n\) != n\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_sys\("write error"\);)Tj -4.8 -1.902 Td (if \(n < 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_sys\("read error"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.902 Td (exit\(0\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 2540.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 232.5482 237.9609 Tm (Figure 3.5)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.195 0 Td (Copy standar)Tj 0.25 Tc 5.982 0 Td (di)Tj 0 Tc 1.152 0 Td (nput to standar)Tj 0.25 Tc 6.804 0 Td (do)Tj 0 Tc 1.407 0 Td (utput)Tj 9.9976 0 0 9.9976 129.5689 213.9666 Tm [(The following caveats apply to this pr)18(ogram.)]TJ 0.883 Tc 1.8 -1.8 Td (\245I)Tj 0.2831 Tc 1.826 0 Td (tr)Tj 0 Tc 0.986 0 Td [(eads )-33(fr)18(om )-33(standar)]TJ 0.2831 Tc 8.039 0 Td (di)Tj 0 Tc 1.185 0 Td [(nput )-33(and )-33(writes )-33(to )-33(standar)]TJ 0.2831 Tc 11.878 0 Td (do)Tj 0 Tc 1.44 0 Td [(utput, )-33(assuming )-33(that )-33(these)]TJ -23.866 -1.2 Td [(have )-263(been )-263(set )-263(up )-263(by )-263(the )-263(shell )-263(befor)]TJ 0.5127 Tc 17.092 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.318 0 Td [(his )-263(pr)18(ogram )-263(is )-263(executed.)-763(Indeed, )-263(all)]TJ -18.41 -1.2 Td [(normal )-20(UNIX )-20(system )-20(shells )-20(pr)18(ovide )-20(a )-20(way )-20(to )-20(open )-20(a )-20(\336le )-20(for )-20(r)23(eading )-19(on )-19(standar)17(d)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(input )-195(and )-195(to )-195(cr)18(eate )-195(\(or )-195(r)18(ewrite\) )-195(a )-195(\336le )-195(on )-195(standar)]TJ 0.4447 Tc 22.686 0 Td (do)Tj 0 Tc 1.602 0 Td [(utput. )-445(This)-444(pr)18(events )-195(the)]TJ -24.288 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ogram )-56(fr)18(om )-56(having )-56(to )-56(open )-56(the )-56(input )-56(and )-56(output )-56(\336les, )-56(and )-56(allows )-56(the )-56(user )-56(to)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(take advantage of the shell\325s I/O r)18(edir)18(ection facilities.)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46762 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(3.7)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 37.503 0 Td (read)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.9 0 Td (Function)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.93 0 Td (71)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT1 1 Tf 11.9993 0 0 11.9993 93.5944 668.9599 Tm (3.7)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 3 0 Td (read)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 2.956 0 Td (Function)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 647.3612 Tm [(Data is r)18(ead fr)18(om an open \336le with the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 17.256 0 Td (read)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td (function.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5911 629.4622 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -2.14 TD (ssize_t read\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 10.2 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,v)Tj 0 Tc 2.578 0 Td (oid *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (buf)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 6.097 0 Td (ize_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3.6 0 Td (nbytes)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -8.467 -2.14 Td [(Returns: number of bytes r)18(ead, 0 if end of \336le,)]TJ /TT3 1 Tf 20.456 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 5865.25 cm 0 0 m 0 520 l 3900 520 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 571.7114 Tm [(If )-178(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 2.913 0 Td (read)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.828 0 Td [(is )-178(successful, )-178(the )-178(number )-178(of )-178(bytes )-178(r)18(ead )-178(is )-178(r)17(eturned. )-428(If)-428(the )-178(end )-178(of )-178(\336le )-178(is)]TJ -5.741 -1.2 Td [(encounter)18(ed, 0 is r)18(eturned.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td (Ther)Tj 0.3345 Tc 2.051 0 Td (ea)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.314 0 Td [(re )-121(s)]TJ 0 Tc 1.614 0 Td [(everal )-84(cases )-84(in )-84(which )-84(the )-84(number )-84(of )-84(bytes )-84(actually )-84(r)14(ead )-84(is )-84(less )-84(than )-84(the)]TJ -6.779 -1.2 Td [(amount r)18(equested:)]TJ 0.883 Tc 1.8 -2.04 Td (\245W)Tj 0 Tc 2.489 0 Td [(hen )-316(r)18(eading )-316(fr)18(om )-316(a )-316(r)17(egular )-316(\336le, )-316(if )-316(the )-316(end )-316(of )-316(\336le )-316(is )-316(r)18(eached )-316(befor)]TJ 0.5664 Tc 32.279 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.371 0 Td (he)Tj -0.018 Tc -34.65 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(quested )-52(number )-52(of )-52(bytes )-52(has )-52(been )-52(r)15(ead. )-302(For)-303(example, )-52(if )-52(30 )-52(bytes )-52(r)18(emain )-52(until)]TJ -0.856 -1.2 Td [(the )-58(end )-58(of )-58(\336le )-58(and )-58(we )-58(try )-58(to )-58(r)18(ead )-58(100 )-58(bytes,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 19.909 0 Td (read)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 2.708 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(turns )-58(30.)-558(The )-58(next )-58(time )-58(we)]TJ -23.473 -1.2 Td (call)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.776 0 Td (read)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(,)-250(it)-250(will r)18(eturn 0 \(end of \336le\).)]TJ 0.883 Tc -3.265 -1.6 Td (\245W)Tj 0 Tc 2.489 0 Td [(hen )-11(r)18(eading )-11(fr)18(om )-11(a )-11(terminal )-11(device.)-514(Normally)111(,)-261(up)-261(to)-261(o)-1(ne )-11(line )-11(is )-11(r)18(ead )-11(at )-11(a )-11(time.)]TJ -1 -1.2 Td [(\(W)92(e\325ll see how to change this default in Chapter 18.\))]TJ 0.883 Tc -1.489 -1.6 Td (\245W)Tj 0 Tc 2.489 0 Td [(hen )-171(r)18(eading )-171(fr)18(om )-171(a )-171(network.)-671(Buf)18(fering )-171(within )-171(the )-171(network )-171(may )-171(cause )-171(less)]TJ -1 -1.2 Td [(than the r)18(equested amount to be r)18(eturned.)]TJ 0.883 Tc -1.489 -1.6 Td (\245W)Tj 0 Tc 2.489 0 Td [(hen )-274(r)18(eading )-274(fr)18(om )-274(a )-274(pipe )-274(or )-274(FIFO.)-774(If )-274(the )-274(pipe )-274(contains )-274(fewer )-274(bytes )-274(than)]TJ -0.018 Tc -1 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (quested,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.982 0 Td (read)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td [(will r)18(eturn only what is available.)]TJ 0.883 Tc -8.977 -1.6 Td (\245W)Tj 0 Tc 2.489 0 Td [(hen )-242(r)18(eading )-242(fr)18(om )-242(a )-242(r)18(ecor)18(d-oriented )-242(device.)-742(Some )-242(r)18(ecor)18(d-oriented )-242(devices,)]TJ -1 -1.2 Td [(such as magnetic tape, can r)18(eturn up to a single r)18(ecor)18(d)-250(at)-250(a)-250(time.)]TJ 0.883 Tc -1.489 -1.6 Td (\245W)Tj 0 Tc 2.489 0 Td [(hen )-171(interr)8(upted )-171(by )-171(a )-171(signal )-171(and )-171(a )-171(partial )-171(amount )-171(of )-171(data )-171(has )-171(alr)22(eady )-171(been)]TJ -0.018 Tc -1 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(ad. )-250(W)]TJ 0.25 Tc 2.769 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.34 0 Td (iscuss this further in Section 10.5.)Tj -6.454 -2.4 Td [(The )-80(r)18(ead )-80(operation )-80(starts )-80(at )-80(the )-80(\336le\325s )-80(curr)18(ent )-80(of)20(fset. )-330(Befor)]TJ 0.3297 Tc 26.034 0 Td (eas)Tj 0 Tc 2.062 0 Td [(uccessful )-80(r)18(eturn, )-80(the)]TJ -29.897 -1.2 Td [(of)18(fset is incr)18(emented by the number of bytes actually r)18(ead.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(POSIX.1 )-306(changed )-306(the )-306(pr)18(ototype )-306(for )-306(this )-306(function )-306(in )-306(several )-306(ways.)-806(The )-306(classic)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td (de\336nition is)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9989 0 0 8.9989 147.583 262.6485 Tm (int read\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 7.8 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 2.578 0 Td (har *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (buf)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,u)Tj 0 Tc 6.097 0 Td (nsigned)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 4.8 0 Td (nbytes)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.883 Tc 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 147.5829 242.2509 Tm (\245F)Tj 0 Tc 2.045 0 Td [(irst, )-14(the )-14(second )-14(ar)17(gument )-14(was )-14(changed )-14(fr)17(om)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 19.967 0 Td [(char )267(*)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 3.598 0 Td (to)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.136 0 Td [(void )267(*)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 3.598 0 Td [(to )-14(be )-14(consistent)]TJ -28.854 -1.2 Td (with ISO C: the type)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 9.239 0 Td [(void )267(*)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 3.583 0 Td (is used for generic pointers.)Tj 0.883 Tc -14.311 -1.6 Td (\245N)Tj 0 Tc 2.32 0 Td [(ext, )-17(the )-17(r)18(eturn )-17(value )-17(was )-17(r)20(equir)18(ed )-17(to )-17(be )-17(a )-17(signed )-17(integer )-17(\()]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 25.414 0 Td (ssize_t)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(\))-266(to)-266(r)17(eturn )-16(a)]TJ -26.245 -1.2 Td (positive byte count, 0 \(for end of \336le\), or)Tj /TT3 1 Tf 17.995 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (1\()Tj 0 Tc 1.632 0 Td [(for an err)18(or\).)]TJ 0.883 Tc -21.116 -1.6 Td (\245F)Tj 0 Tc 2.045 0 Td (inally)Tj 0.3134 Tc 2.4 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 0.889 0 Td [(he )-63(thir)]TJ 0.3134 Tc 2.95 0 Td (da)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.424 0 Td (rg)Tj 0 Tc 0.933 0 Td [(ument )-63(historically )-63(has )-63(been )-63(an )-63(unsigned )-63(integer)]TJ 0.3134 Tc 21.533 0 Td (,t)Tj 0.3135 Tc 0.889 0 Td (oa)Tj 0 Tc 1.359 0 Td [(llow )-63(a)]TJ -32.935 -1.2 Td (16)Tj 1 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(bit )-146(implementation )-146(to )-146(r)18(ead )-146(or )-146(write )-146(up )-146(to )-146(65,534 )-146(bytes )-146(at )-146(a )-146(time.)]TJ -0.055 Tc 30.451 0 Td (Wi)Tj 0 Tc 1.236 0 Td [(th )-146(the)]TJ -33.02 -1.2 Td [(1990 )-3(POSIX.1 )-3(standar)18(d, )-3(the )-3(primitive )-3(system )-3(data )-3(type)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 24.376 0 Td (ssize_t)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.453 0 Td [(was )-3(intr)18(oduced)]TJ -28.83 -1.2 Td [(to )-77(pr)18(ovide )-77(the )-77(signed )-77(r)20(eturn )-76(value, )-76(and )-76(the )-76(unsigned)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 24.269 0 Td (size_t)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.926 0 Td [(was )-76(used )-76(for )-76(the)]TJ -28.195 -1.2 Td (thir)Tj 0.25 Tc 1.576 0 Td (da)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.361 0 Td (rg)Tj 0 Tc 0.933 0 Td [(ument. )-250(\(Recall)-250(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.516 0 Td (SSIZE_MAX)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.65 0 Td [(constant fr)18(om Section 2.5.2.\))]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46763 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (66)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3 0 Td [(File )-250(I/O)]TJ 39.741 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(3)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 11.9993 0 0 11.9993 93.5944 668.9599 Tm (3.4)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 3 0 Td (creat)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.556 0 Td (Function)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.25 Tc 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 647.3612 Tm (An)Tj 0 Tc 1.61 0 Td [(ew \336le can also be cr)18(eated by calling the)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 17.924 0 Td (creat)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td (function.)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5911 627.0624 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.783 TD (int creat\(const char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (path)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,m)Tj 0 Tc 16.777 0 Td (ode_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3.6 0 Td (mode)Tj /TT2 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -9.118 -1.783 Td (Returns: \336le descriptor opened for write-only if OK,)Tj /TT3 1 Tf 23.205 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 5905.25 cm 0 0 m 0 456 l 3900 456 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 570.9315 Tm (Note that this function is equivalent to)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 8.9989 0 0 8.9989 147.5823 554.2335 Tm (open\()Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (path)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,O)Tj 0 Tc 6.577 0 Td (_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC,)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 17.4 0 Td (mode)Tj /TT2 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 183.5778 534.2359 Tm [(Historically)111(,)-267(in)-267(e)1(arly )-17(versions )-17(of )-17(the )-17(UNIX )-17(System, )-17(the )-17(second )-17(ar)18(gument )-17(to)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 33.298 0 Td (open)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.667 0 Td [(could )-16(be )-16(only)]TJ -35.965 -1.25 Td [(0, )-145(1, )-145(or )-145(2.)-643(Ther)]TJ 0.3946 Tc 7.07 0 Td (ew)Tj 0 Tc 1.708 0 Td [(as )-145(no )-145(way )-145(to)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 6.392 0 Td (open)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.3946 Tc 2.795 0 Td (a\336)Tj 0 Tc 1.5 0 Td [(le )-145(that )-145(didn\325t )-145(alr)18(eady )-145(exist.)-644(Ther)18(efor)18(e, )-145(a )-145(separate)]TJ -19.465 -1.25 Td [(system )-55(call,)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 5.479 0 Td (creat)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.3051 Tc (,w)Tj 0 Tc 4.389 0 Td [(as )-55(needed )-55(to )-55(cr)18(eate )-55(new )-55(\336les.)]TJ -0.055 Tc 13.667 0 Td (Wi)Tj 0 Tc 1.236 0 Td [(th )-55(the)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 2.905 0 Td (O_CREAT)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.505 0 Td (and)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 1.998 0 Td (O_TRUNC)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.505 0 Td (options)Tj -38.684 -1.25 Td [(now pr)18(ovided by)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 7.902 0 Td (open)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (,as)Tj 0 Tc 4.074 0 Td (eparate)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 3.53 0 Td (creat)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td (function is no longer needed.)Tj -0.092 Tc 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5845 486.2416 Tm (We)Tj 0 Tc 1.387 0 Td [(\325ll )-337(show )-337(how )-337(to )-337(specify)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 12.144 0 Td (mode)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.698 0 Td [(in )-337(Section )-337(4.5 )-337(when )-337(we )-337(describe )-337(a )-337(\336le\325s )-337(access)]TJ -16.229 -1.2 Td (permissions in detail.)Tj 1.8 -1.2 Td [(One )-133(de\336ciency )-133(with)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 9.521 0 Td (creat)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.384 0 Td [(is )-133(that )-133(the )-133(\336le )-133(is )-133(opened )-133(only )-133(for )-133(writing.)-637(Befor)]TJ 0.3835 Tc 22.046 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.189 0 Td (he)Tj -37.939 -1.2 Td [(new )-7(version )-7(of)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 6.828 0 Td (open)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.657 0 Td [(was )-7(pr)18(ovided, )-7(if )-7(we )-7(wer)]TJ 0.2573 Tc 10.745 0 Td (ec)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.18 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(ating )-7(a )-7(temporary )-7(\336le )-7(that )-7(we )-7(wanted)]TJ -22.266 -1.2 Td [(to )-129(write )-129(and )-129(then )-129(r)16(ead )-129(back, )-129(we )-129(had )-129(to )-129(call)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 20.326 0 Td (creat)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 3.629 0 Td (close)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.3793 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 4.129 0 Td [(nd )-129(then)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 3.921 0 Td (open)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.6293 Tc (.A)Tj 0 Tc 4.437 0 Td (better)Tj -36.442 -1.2 Td (way is to use the)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.62 0 Td (open)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td (function, as in)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 8.9989 0 0 8.9989 147.5828 409.5508 Tm (open\()Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (path)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,O)Tj 0 Tc 6.577 0 Td (_RDWR | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC,)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 16.2 0 Td (mode)Tj /TT2 1 Tf (\);)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 11.9986 0 0 11.9986 93.5891 381.9542 Tm (3.5)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 3 0 Td (close)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.556 0 Td (Function)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5847 360.3568 Tm (An open \336le is closed by calling the)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 15.904 0 Td (close)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td (function.)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 8.9989 0 0 8.9989 147.5826 341.259 Tm (#include )Tj T* (int close\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 8.4 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT2 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 18.451 -1.783 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT3 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 3047.25 cm 0 0 m 0 456 l 3900 456 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9982 0 0 9.9982 129.5767 288.748 Tm [(Closing )-41(a )-41(\336le )-41(also )-41(r)18(eleases )-41(any )-41(r)16(ecor)]TJ 0.2913 Tc 16.097 0 Td (dl)Tj 0 Tc 1.193 0 Td [(ocks )-41(that )-41(the )-41(pr)18(ocess )-41(may )-41(have )-41(on )-41(the )-41(\336le.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 19.463 0 Td (We)Tj 0 Tc 1.387 0 Td (\325ll)Tj -38.14 -1.2 Td (discuss this point further in Section 14.3.)Tj 1.8 -1.2 Td [(When )-220(a )-220(pr)17(ocess )-220(terminates, )-220(all )-220(of )-220(its )-220(open )-220(\336les )-220(ar)]TJ 0.4703 Tc 23.492 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.393 0 Td [(losed )-220(automatically )-220(by )-220(the)]TJ -26.685 -1.2 Td [(kernel. )-285(Many)-285(pr)18(ograms )-35(take )-35(advantage )-35(of )-35(this )-35(fact )-35(and )-35(don\325t )-35(explicitly )-35(close )-35(open )-35(\336les.)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(See the pr)18(ogram in Figur)]TJ 0.25 Tc 10.984 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (.4, for example.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 11.9978 0 0 11.9978 93.5837 214.3614 Tm (3.6)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 3 0 Td (lseek)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.556 0 Td (Function)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9982 0 0 9.9982 129.5772 192.7653 Tm [(Every )-76(open )-76(\336le )-76(has )-76(an )-76(associated )-76(\324)36(\324curr)18(ent )-76(\336le )-76(of)18(fset,\325)]TJ 0.3261 Tc 23.945 0 Td (\325n)Tj 0 Tc 1.186 0 Td [(ormally )-76(a )-76(non-negative )-76(integer)]TJ -25.131 -1.2 Td [(that )-116(measur)18(es )-116(the )-116(number )-116(of )-116(bytes )-116(fr)18(om )-116(the )-116(beginning )-116(of )-116(the )-116(\336le.)]TJ 30.539 0.04 Td (\()Tj -0.092 Tc 0.333 -0.04 Td [(We )-301(d)]TJ 0 Tc 2.364 0 Td [(escribe )-116(some)]TJ -33.237 -1.2 Td [(exceptions )-367(to )-367(the )-367(\324)38(\324non-negative\325)]TJ 0.6166 Tc 15.378 0 Td (\325q)Tj 0 Tc 1.455 0 Td [(uali\336er )-366(later )-366(in )-366(this )-366(section.\))-866(Read )-366(and )-366(write)]TJ -16.832 -1.2 Td [(operations )-13(normally )-13(start )-13(at )-13(the )-13(curr)18(ent )-13(\336le )-13(of)18(fset )-13(and )-13(cause )-13(the )-13(of)14(fset )-13(to )-13(be )-13(incr)17(emented)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(by )-46(the )-46(number )-46(of )-46(bytes )-46(r)18(ead )-46(or )-46(written.)-546(By )-46(default, )-46(this )-46(of)20(fset )-46(is )-46(initialized )-46(to )-46(0 )-46(when )-46(a)]TJ T* (\336le is opened, unless the)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 11.078 0 Td (O_APPEND)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.05 0 Td (option is speci\336ed.)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46764 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (62)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3 0 Td [(File )-250(I/O)]TJ 39.741 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(3)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5911 668.9599 Tm [(By )-193(convention, )-193(UNIX )-193(System )-193(shells )-193(associate )-193(\336le )-193(descriptor )-193(0 )-193(with )-193(the )-193(standar)20(d)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(input )-54(of )-54(a )-54(pr)18(ocess, )-54(\336le )-54(descriptor )-54(1 )-54(with )-54(the )-54(standar)]TJ 0.3045 Tc 23.195 0 Td (do)Tj 0 Tc 1.461 0 Td [(utput, )-54(and )-54(\336le )-54(descriptor )-54(2 )-54(with)]TJ -24.656 -1.2 Td [(the )-121(standar)]TJ 0.3713 Tc 5.078 0 Td (de)Tj 0 Tc 1.461 0 Td [(rr)18(or)]TJ 0.6213 Tc 1.639 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.484 0 Td [(his )-121(convention )-121(is )-121(used )-121(by )-121(the )-121(shells )-121(and )-121(many )-121(applications; )-121(it )-121(is)]TJ -9.663 -1.2 Td [(not )-27(a )-27(featur)18(e)-277(of)-277(the )-27(UNIX )-27(kernel.)-527(Nevertheless, )-27(many )-27(applications )-27(would )-27(br)17(eak )-27(if )-27(these)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(associations wer)18(en\325t followed.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(Although )-68(their )-68(values )-68(ar)]TJ 0.3178 Tc 11.029 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.221 0 Td [(tandar)18(dized )-68(by )-68(POSIX.1, )-68(the )-68(magic )-68(numbers )-68(0, )-68(1, )-68(and )-68(2)]TJ -14.05 -1.2 Td [(should )-370(be )-370(r)18(eplaced )-370(in )-370(POSIX-compliant )-370(applications )-370(with )-370(the )-370(symbolic )-370(constants)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0 -1.2 TD (STDIN_FILENO)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.196 0 Td (STDOUT_FILENO)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.7465 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 9.296 0 Td (nd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.939 0 Td (STDERR_FILENO)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 8.546 0 Td [(to )-496(impr)18(ove )-496(r)17(eadability)111(.)]TJ -27.979 -1.2 Td (These constants ar)Tj 0.25 Tc 8.108 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.34 0 Td (e\336ned in the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 5.766 0 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.25 0 Td [(header)74(.)]TJ -19.664 -1.2 Td [(File )-223(descriptors )-223(range )-223(fr)18(om )-223(0 )-223(thr)20(ough)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 18.112 0 Td (OPEN_MAX)Tj /TT1 1 Tf (!)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (1)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.7226 Tc (.\()Tj 0 Tc 7.255 0 Td [(Recall )-223(Figur)]TJ 0.4726 Tc 5.529 0 Td (e2)Tj 0 Tc 1.452 0 Td [(.1)55(1.\) )-473(Early)]TJ -34.146 -1.2 Td [(historical )-157(implementations )-157(of )-157(the )-157(UNIX )-157(System )-157(had )-157(an )-157(upper )-157(limit )-157(of )-157(19, )-157(allowing )-157(a)]TJ T* [(maximum )-110(of )-110(20 )-110(open )-110(\336les )-110(per )-110(pr)18(ocess, )-110(but )-110(many )-110(systems )-110(subsequently )-110(incr)18(eased )-110(this)]TJ T* (limit to 63.)Tj -0.055 Tc 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 183.5885 504.9697 Tm (Wi)Tj 0 Tc 1.236 0 Td [(th )-58(Fr)18(eeBSD )-58(8.0, )-58(Linux )-58(3.2.0, )-58(Mac )-58(OS )-58(X )-58(10.6.8, )-58(and )-58(Solaris )-58(10, )-58(the )-58(limit )-58(is )-58(essentially )-58(in\336nite,)]TJ -1.236 -1.25 Td [(bounded )-3(by )-3(the )-3(amount )-3(of )-3(memory )-3(on )-3(the )-3(system, )-3(the )-3(size )-3(of )-3(an )-3(integer)]TJ 0.2529 Tc 31.762 0 Td (,a)Tj 0 Tc 1.003 0 Td [(nd )-3(any )-3(har)]TJ 0.2529 Tc 4.796 0 Td (da)Tj 0 Tc 1.364 0 Td [(nd )-3(soft)]TJ -38.925 -1.25 Td [(limits con\336gur)18(ed by the system administrator)74(.)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 11.9993 0 0 11.9993 93.5938 450.9729 Tm (3.3)Tj /TT3 1 Tf 3 0 Td (open)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 2.956 0 Td (and)Tj /TT3 1 Tf 2.334 0 Td (openat)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 4.156 0 Td (Functions)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.25 Tc 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5912 426.9744 Tm (A\336)Tj 0 Tc 1.633 0 Td [(le is opened or cr)18(eated by calling either the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 19.193 0 Td (open)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td (function or the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 6.785 0 Td (openat)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td (function.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5902 410.2754 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -2.021 TD (int open\(const char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (path)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 16.177 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (o\337ag)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,.)Tj 0 Tc 3.733 0 Td (.. /* mode_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 7.8 0 Td (mode)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.711 0 Td (*/ \);)Tj -32.221 -2.021 Td (int openat\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 9 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 2.578 0 Td (onst char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (path)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 10.177 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (o\337ag)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,.)Tj 0 Tc 3.733 0 Td (.. /* mode_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 7.8 0 Td (mode)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.711 0 Td (*/ \);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -18.185 -2.021 Td [(Both r)18(eturn: \336le descriptor if OK,)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 14.85 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 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re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (58)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3 0 Td [(UNIX )-250(Standar)18(dization )-250(and )-250(Implementations)]TJ 39.741 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(2)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 668.9599 Tm [(This )-52(causes )-52(the )-52(featur)]TJ 0.3019 Tc 9.695 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.107 0 Td [(est )-52(macr)18(o)-302(to)-302(be)-302(de\336ned )-52(befor)]TJ 0.3019 Tc 13.048 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.281 0 Td [(ny )-52(header )-52(\336les )-52(ar)]TJ 0.302 Tc 7.766 0 Td (ei)Tj 0 Tc 1.072 0 Td [(ncluded )-52(by)]TJ -33.968 -1.2 Td [(the )-42(C )-42(pr)18(ogram. )-292(If)-291(we )-42(want )-42(to )-42(use )-42(only )-42(the )-42(POSIX.1 )-42(de\336nitions, )-42(we )-42(can )-42(also )-42(set )-42(the )-42(\336rst)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(line of a sour)18(ce \336le to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5912 628.2623 Tm [(#define _POSIX_C_SOURCE)-1200(200809L)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf -0.092 Tc 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5912 610.2634 Tm [(To )-261(e)]TJ 0 Tc 1.873 0 Td [(nable )-77(the )-77(XSI )-77(option )-77(of )-77(V)111(ersion )-77(4 )-77(of )-77(the )-77(Single )-77(UNIX )-77(Speci\336cation, )-77(we )-77(need )-77(to)]TJ -3.673 -1.2 Td [(de\336ne )-132(the )-132(constant)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.02 0 Td (_XOPEN_SOURCE)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 8.182 0 Td [(to )-132(be )-132(700.)-632(Besides )-132(enabling )-132(the )-132(XSI )-132(option, )-132(this)]TJ -17.203 -1.2 Td [(has )-177(the )-177(same )-177(ef)18(fect )-177(as )-177(de\336ning)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 14.749 0 Td (_POSIX_C_SOURCE)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.427 0 Td [(to )-177(be )-177(200809L )-177(as )-177(far )-177(as )-177(POSIX.1)]TJ -24.176 -1.2 Td (functionality is concerned.)Tj 1.8 -1.2 Td [(The )-242(Single )-242(UNIX )-242(Speci\336cation )-242(de\336nes )-242(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 20.164 0 Td (c99)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.292 0 Td [(utility )-242(as )-242(the )-242(interface )-242(to )-242(the )-242(C)]TJ -24.256 -1.2 Td [(compilation envir)18(onment. 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-6.325 -1.2 Td [(variables. )-305(For)-304(example, )-55(major )-55(and )-55(minor )-55(device )-55(numbers )-55(have )-55(historically )-55(been )-55(stor)22(ed)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(in )-12(a )-12(16)]TJ 2.897 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(bit )-12(short )-12(integer)]TJ 0.2618 Tc 7.001 0 Td (,w)Tj 0 Tc 1.346 0 Td [(ith )-12(8 )-12(bits )-12(for )-12(the )-12(major )-12(device )-12(number )-12(and )-12(8 )-12(bits )-12(for )-12(the )-12(minor)]TJ -11.576 -1.2 Td [(device )-120(number)]TJ 0.6203 Tc 6.66 0 Td (.B)Tj 0 Tc 1.481 0 Td [(ut )-120(many )-120(lar)18(ger )-120(systems )-120(need )-120(mor)]TJ 0.3703 Tc 15.373 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.175 0 Td [(han )-120(256 )-120(values )-120(for )-120(these )-120(device)]TJ -24.689 -1.2 Td [(numbers, )-68(so )-68(a )-68(dif)19(fer)18(ent )-68(technique )-68(is )-68(needed.)-568(\(Indeed, )-68(the )-68(32)]TJ 27.163 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(bit )-68(version )-68(of )-68(Solaris )-68(uses)]TJ -27.496 -1.2 Td [(32 bits for the device number: 14 bits for the major and 18 bits for the\ minor)74(.\))]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(The )-100(header)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.421 0 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 8.15 0 Td [(de\336nes )-100(some )-100(implementation-dependent )-100(data )-100(types,)]TJ -15.371 -1.2 Td [(called )-207(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 4.917 0 Td [(primitive )-207(system )-207(data )-207(types)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 0.7072 Tc 11.705 0 Td (.M)Tj 0 Tc 1.903 0 Td [(or)18(e)-457(of)-457(these )-207(data )-207(types )-207(ar)]TJ 0.4571 Tc 12.057 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.547 0 Td [(e\336ned )-207(in )-207(other)]TJ -32.129 -1.2 Td [(headers )-216(as )-216(well.)-716(These )-216(data )-216(types )-216(ar)]TJ 0.4664 Tc 17.364 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.556 0 Td [(e\336ned )-216(in )-216(the )-216(headers )-216(with )-216(the )-216(C)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 15.88 0 Td (typedef)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -34.8 -1.2 Td (facility)Tj 0.5611 Tc 2.921 0 Td (.M)Tj 0 Tc 1.757 0 Td [(ost )-61(end )-61(in)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.774 0 Td (_t)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5611 Tc (.F)Tj 0 Tc 2.567 0 Td (igur)Tj 0.3111 Tc 1.827 0 Td 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[(the )-224(four )-224(sample )-224(systems )-224(we )-224(discuss )-224(in )-224(this )-224(text.)-724(An )-224(entry )-224(is )-224(\324)41(\324unsupported\325)37(\325)-474(if)-474(the)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(system )-21(de\336nes )-21(the )-21(symbolic )-21(constant )-21(but )-21(it )-21(has )-21(a )-21(value )-21(of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 25.778 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1, )-21(or )-21(if )-21(it )-21(has )-21(a )-21(value )-21(of )-21(0 )-21(but)]TJ -25.778 -1.2 Td [(the )-75(corr)18(esponding)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 8.472 0 Td (sysconf)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.526 0 Td (or)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.266 0 Td (pathconf)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.126 0 Td [(call )-75(r)18(eturned)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.029 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1. )-325(It)-326(is )-76(inter)18(esting )-76(to )-76(see )-76(that)]TJ -25.419 -1.2 Td [(some )-83(system )-83(implementations )-83(haven\325t )-83(yet )-83(caught )-83(up )-83(to )-83(the )-83(latest )-83(version )-83(of )-83(the )-83(Single)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD (UNIX Speci\336cation.)Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1400.25 5866.25 cm 0 0 m 3692 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 440.1112 574.5311 Tm (Solaris 10)Tj -21.738 -1.25 Td [(Fr)18(eeBSD )-2819(Linux)-2785(Mac OS X)]TJ ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4069.25 5706.25 cm 0 0 m 1023 0 l S Q Q BT /TT1 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 424.6915 558.4995 Tm [(UFS )-3571(PCFS)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf -1.458 -1.25 Td [(\336le system)-1554(\336le system)]TJ -17.079 0.625 Td [(8.0)-4646(3.2.0)-4021(10.6.8)]TJ -10.862 1.25 Td (Limit)Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1400.25 5446.25 cm 0 0 m 3692 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1400.25 5426.25 cm 0 0 m 3692 0 l S Q Q BT /TT1 1 Tf 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 143.9454 534.4717 Tm (_POSIX_CHOWN_RESTRICTED)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.771 Tc 19.571 0 Td (11)Tj 0 Tc 10.097 0 Td [(2001)55(12 )]TJ 8.716 0 Td (1 )Tj 6.271 0 Td (1)Tj /TT1 1 Tf -44.655 -1.25 Td (_POSIX_JOB_CONTROL)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.771 Tc 19.571 0 Td (11)Tj 0 Tc 10.097 0 Td 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(thnames)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.407 -1.92 Td [(Many )-10(pr)18(ograms )-10(need )-10(to )-10(allocate )-10(storage )-10(for )-10(a )-10(pathname.)]TJ -0.09 Tc 25.557 0 Td (Ty)Tj 0 Tc 1.079 0 Td (pically)Tj 0.2598 Tc 2.863 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 0.836 0 Td [(he )-10(storage )-10(has )-10(been)]TJ -30.335 -1.2 Td [(allocated )-136(at )-136(compile )-136(time, )-136(and )-136(various )-136(magic )-136(numbers)]TJ 0.0833 Tc 24.974 0 Td (\321f)Tj 0 Tc 1.416 0 Td [(ew )-136(of )-136(which )-136(ar)]TJ 0.3861 Tc 6.96 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.191 0 Td [(he )-136(corr)18(ect)]TJ -34.542 -1.2 Td [(value )167(\321 )167(have)-372(been )-121(used )-121(by )-121(dif)18(fer)18(ent )-121(pr)18(ograms )-121(as )-121(the )-121(array )-121(size: )-121(256, )-121(512, )-121(1024, )-121(or )-121(the)]TJ T* (standar)Tj 0.564 Tc 3.32 0 Td (dI)Tj 0 Tc 1.512 0 Td [(/O )-314(constant)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.25 0 Td (BUFSIZ)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.814 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 5.277 0 Td [(he )-314(4.3BSD )-314(constant)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.643 0 Td (MAXPATHLEN)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.564 0 Td [(in )-314(the )-314(header)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -32.566 -1.2 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.05 0 Td [(is the corr)18(ect value, but many 4.3BSD applications didn\325t use it.)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46771 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (42)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3 0 Td [(UNIX )-250(Standar)18(dization )-250(and )-250(Implementations)]TJ 39.741 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(2)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 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)-110(values )-110(that )-110(an )-110(implementation )-110(must )-110(support, )-110(but )-110(how)]TJ -1.387 -1.2 Td [(do )-55(we )-55(\336nd )-55(out )-55(the )-55(limits )-55(that )-55(a )-55(particular )-55(system )-55(actually )-55(supports?)-557(As )-55(we )-55(mentioned)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD (earlier)Tj 0.5952 Tc 2.756 0 Td (,s)Tj 0 Tc 1.269 0 Td [(ome )-345(of )-345(these )-345(limits )-345(might )-345(be )-345(available )-345(at )-345(compile )-345(time; )-345(others )-345(must )-345(be)]TJ -4.025 -1.2 Td [(determined )-45(at )-45(r)8(untime. )-295(W)92(e\325ve )-45(also )-45(mentioned )-45(that )-45(some )-45(limits )-45(don\325t )-45(change )-45(in )-45(a )-45(given)]TJ T* [(system, )-75(wher)18(eas )-75(others )-75(can )-75(change )-75(because )-75(they )-75(ar)]TJ 0.3248 Tc 23.014 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.304 0 Td [(ssociated )-75(with )-75(a )-75(\336le )-75(or )-75(dir)19(ectory)111(.)]TJ -24.318 -1.2 Td [(The r)8(untime limits ar)]TJ 0.25 Tc 9.358 0 Td (eo)Tj 0 Tc 1.275 0 Td [(btained by calling one of the following thr)18(ee functions.)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5909 568.2659 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.902 TD (long sysconf\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 10.2 0 Td (name)Tj /TT2 1 Tf (\);)Tj -10.2 -1.902 Td (long pathconf\(const char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (pathname)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 21.344 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (name)Tj /TT2 1 Tf (\);)Tj -23.144 -1.902 Td (long fpathconf\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 11.4 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 2.578 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (name)Tj /TT2 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -5.476 -1.902 Td [(All thr)18(ee r)18(eturn: corr)18(esponding value if OK,)]TJ /TT3 1 Tf 19.623 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or \(see later\))]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 4953.25 cm 0 0 m 0 820 l 3900 820 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 481.7622 Tm [(The )-263(dif)18(fer)18(ence )-263(between )-263(the )-263(last )-263(two )-263(functions )-263(is )-263(that )-263(one )-263(takes )-263(a )-263(pathname )-263(as )-263(its)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(ar)18(gument and the other takes a \336le descriptor ar)18(gument.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td (Figur)Tj 0.3792 Tc 2.383 0 Td (e2)Tj 0 Tc 1.358 0 Td (.1)Tj 0.3792 Tc 0.695 0 Td (1l)Tj 0 Tc 1.17 0 Td [(ists )-129(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 3.61 0 Td (name)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.546 0 Td [(ar)18(guments )-129(that)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 7.222 0 Td (sysconf)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.579 0 Td [(uses )-129(to )-129(identify )-129(system )-129(limits.)]TJ -25.365 -1.2 Td [(Constants )-229(beginning )-229(with)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 12.361 0 Td (_SC_)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.879 0 Td (ar)Tj 0.4791 Tc 0.877 0 Td (eu)Tj 0 Tc 1.561 0 Td [(sed )-229(as )-229(ar)18(guments )-229(to)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 9.956 0 Td (sysconf)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.679 0 Td [(to )-229(identify )-229(the)]TJ -0.008 Tc -32.314 -1.2 Td (ru)Tj 0 Tc 0.99 0 Td [(ntime )-166(limit.)-666(Figur)]TJ 0.4159 Tc 8.358 0 Td (e2)Tj 0 Tc 1.395 0 Td [(.12 )-166(lists )-166(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 5.641 0 Td (name)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.583 0 Td [(ar)18(guments )-166(that )-166(ar)]TJ 0.4158 Tc 8.173 0 Td (eu)Tj 0 Tc 1.498 0 Td [(sed )-166(by)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 3.455 0 Td (pathconf)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.216 0 Td (and)Tj /TT2 1 Tf -37.307 -1.2 Td (fpathconf)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.894 0 Td [(to )-244(identify )-244(system )-244(limits.)-744(Constants )-244(beginning )-244(with)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 24.825 0 Td (_PC_)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.895 0 Td (ar)Tj 0.4946 Tc 0.877 0 Td (eu)Tj 0 Tc 1.577 0 Td [(sed )-245(as)]TJ -36.067 -1.2 Td [(ar)18(guments to)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 6.102 0 Td (pathconf)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.05 0 Td (and)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 1.943 0 Td (fpathconf)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.65 0 Td [(to identify the r)8(untime limit.)]TJ -0.092 Tc -16.945 -1.2 Td [(We )-426(n)]TJ 0 Tc 2.461 0 Td [(eed )-242(to )-242(look )-242(in )-242(mor)]TJ 0.4924 Tc 9.029 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.582 0 Td [(etail )-242(at )-242(the )-242(dif)17(fer)18(ent )-242(r)18(eturn )-242(values )-242(fr)18(om )-242(these )-242(thr)17(ee)]TJ -14.872 -1.2 Td (functions.)Tj 1.8 -1.92 Td [(1. )-633(All)-337(thr)18(ee )-87(functions )-87(r)17(eturn)]TJ /TT3 1 Tf 13.479 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.3375 Tc (1a)Tj 0 Tc 1.886 0 Td [(nd )-87(set)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 3.097 0 Td (errno)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.338 0 Td (to)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 1.209 0 Td (EINVAL)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.938 0 Td [(if )-88(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 2.686 0 Td (name)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.505 0 Td [(isn\325t )-88(one )-88(of)]TJ -30.505 -1.2 Td [(the )-138(appr)18(opriate )-138(constants.)-638(The )-138(thir)]TJ 0.3883 Tc 16.061 0 Td (dc)Tj 0 Tc 1.443 0 Td [(olumn )-138(in )-138(Figur)17(es )-138(2.1)]TJ 0.3882 Tc 9.424 0 Td (1a)Tj 0 Tc 1.388 0 Td [(nd )-138(2.12 )-138(lists )-138(the)]TJ -28.317 -1.2 Td [(limit constants we\325ll deal with thr)18(oughout the r)18(est of this book.)]TJ -1.633 -1.6 Td [(2. )-633(Some)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 4.354 0 Td (name)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.2875 Tc (sc)Tj 0 Tc 3.322 0 Td [(an )-37(r)18(eturn )-37(either )-37(the )-37(value )-37(of )-37(the )-37(variable )-37(\(a )-37(r)18(eturn )-37(value)]TJ /TT3 1 Tf 25.256 0 Td (")Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.836 0 Td [(0\) )-37(or )-37(an)]TJ -32.136 -1.2 Td [(indication )-73(that )-73(the )-73(value )-73(is )-73(indeterminate.)-573(An )-73(indeterminate )-73(value )-73(is )-73(indicated)]TJ T* [(by r)18(eturning)]TJ /TT3 1 Tf 5.8 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (1a)Tj 0 Tc 1.799 0 Td (nd not changing the value of)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 12.944 0 Td (errno)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj -22.176 -1.6 Td [(3. )-633(The)-343(value )-93(r)18(eturned )-93(for)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 12.244 0 Td (_SC_CLK_TCK)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.943 0 Td [(is )-93(the )-93(number )-93(of )-93(clock )-93(ticks )-93(per )-93(second,)]TJ -17.554 -1.2 Td [(for use with the r)18(eturn values fr)18(om the)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 17.35 0 Td (times)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td (function \(Section 8.17\).)Tj -22.233 -1.92 Td [(Some )-102(r)18(estrictions )-102(apply )-102(to )-102(the)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 13.908 0 Td (pathconf)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 5.152 0 Td (pathname)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.296 0 Td [(ar)18(gument )-102(and )-102(the)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 8.443 0 Td (fpathconf)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -33.6 -1.2 Td (fd)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.028 0 Td [(ar)18(gument. )-250(If)-250(any of these r)18(estrictions isn\325t met, the r)18(esults ar)]TJ 0.25 Tc 26.715 0 Td (eu)Tj 0 Tc 1.332 0 Td (nde\336ned.)Tj -27.275 -1.92 Td [(1. )-633(The)]TJ -0.018 Tc 3.923 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(fer)18(enced )-366(\336le )-366(for)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 8.281 0 Td (_PC_MAX_CANON)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 8.416 0 Td (and)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 2.309 0 Td (_PC_MAX_INPUT)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 8.416 0 Td [(must )-366(be )-366(a)]TJ -30.567 -1.2 Td (terminal \336le.)Tj -1.633 -1.6 Td [(2. )-633(The)]TJ -0.018 Tc 3.562 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(fer)18(enced )-5(\336le )-5(for)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 7.198 0 Td (_PC_LINK_MAX)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.455 0 Td (and)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 1.948 0 Td (_PC_TIMESTAMP_RESOLUTION)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 14.655 0 Td (can)Tj -34.041 -1.2 Td [(be )-13(either )-13(a )-13(\336le )-13(or )-13(a )-13(dir)16(ectory)]TJ 0.5134 Tc 12.394 0 Td (.I)Tj 0.2634 Tc 1.1 0 Td (ft)Tj 0 Tc 0.922 0 Td [(he )-13(r)18(efer)18(enced )-13(\336le )-13(is )-13(a )-13(dir)16(ectory)]TJ 0.2635 Tc 13.522 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 0.839 0 Td [(he )-13(r)18(eturn )-13(value)]TJ -28.779 -1.2 Td [(applies to the dir)18(ectory itself, not to the \336lename entries within the dir)18(ectory)111(.)]TJ -1.633 -1.6 Td [(3. )-633(The)]TJ -0.018 Tc 3.79 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(fer)18(enced )-233(\336le )-233(for)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 7.881 0 Td (_PC_FILESIZEBITS)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 10.083 0 Td (and)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 2.176 0 Td (_PC_NAME_MAX)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.682 0 Td [(must )-232(be )-232(a)]TJ -30.834 -1.2 Td [(dir)18(ectory)]TJ 0.5 Tc 3.914 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.363 0 Td [(he r)18(eturn value applies to \336lenames within the dir)18(ectory)111(.)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46772 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(2.5)]TJ 41.507 0 Td (Limits)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.826 0 Td (41)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5911 668.9599 Tm [(Each )-447(of )-447(the )-447(25 )-447(invariant )-447(minimum )-447(values )-447(in )-447(Figur)]TJ 0.6974 Tc 25.548 0 Td (e2)Tj 0 Tc 1.676 0 Td [(.8 )-447(has )-447(an )-447(associated)]TJ -29.025 -1.2 Td [(implementation )-13(value )-13(whose )-13(name )-13(is )-13(formed )-13(by )-13(r)18(emoving )-13(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 27.908 0 Td (_POSIX_)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.463 0 Td [(pr)18(e\336x )-13(fr)18(om )-13(the)]TJ -32.371 -1.2 Td [(name )-86(in )-86(Figur)]TJ 0.3359 Tc 6.372 0 Td (e2)Tj 0 Tc 1.315 0 Td [(.8. )-336(The)-336(names )-86(without )-86(the )-86(leading)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 16.012 0 Td (_POSIX_)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.536 0 Td (wer)Tj 0.336 Tc 1.69 0 Td (ei)Tj 0 Tc 1.106 0 Td [(ntended )-86(to )-86(be )-86(the)]TJ -31.031 -1.2 Td [(actual )-95(values )-95(that )-95(a )-95(given )-95(implementation )-95(supports.)-595(\(These )-95(25 )-95(implementation )-95(values)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD (ar)Tj 0.481 Tc 0.877 0 Td (ef)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.293 0 Td (ro)Tj 0.481 Tc 0.923 0 Td (mi)Tj 0 Tc 1.655 0 Td [(tems )-231(1, )-231(4, )-231(5, )-231(and )-231(7 )-231(fr)18(om )-231(our )-231(list )-231(earlier )-231(in )-231(this )-231(section: )-231(2 )-231(of )-231(the )-231(r)7(untime)]TJ -4.748 -1.2 Td [(incr)18(easable )-98(values, )-98(15 )-98(of )-98(the )-98(r)8(untime )-98(invariant )-98(values, )-98(and )-98(7 )-98(of )-98(the )-98(pathname )-98(variable)]TJ T* [(values, )-22(along )-22(with)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.437 0 Td (SSIZE_MAX)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.672 0 Td [(fr)18(om )-22(the )-22(numeric )-22(values.\))-522(The )-22(pr)16(oblem )-22(is )-22(that )-22(not )-22(all )-22(of)]TJ -14.11 -1.2 Td (the 25 implementation values ar)Tj 0.25 Tc 14.186 0 Td (eg)Tj 0 Tc 1.285 0 Td (uaranteed to be de\336ned in the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 13.506 0 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.25 0 Td [(header)74(.)]TJ -33.427 -1.2 Td [(For )-17(example, )-17(a )-17(particular )-17(value )-17(may )-17(not )-17(be )-17(included )-17(in )-17(the )-17(header )-17(if )-17(its )-17(actual )-17(value)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(for )-44(a )-44(given )-44(pr)17(ocess )-45(depends )-45(on )-45(the )-45(amount )-45(of )-45(memory )-45(on )-45(the )-45(system.)-545(If )-45(the )-45(values )-45(ar)23(e)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(not )-215(de\336ned )-215(in )-215(the )-215(header)72(,)-465(we)-465(c)-1(an\325t )-215(use )-215(them )-215(as )-215(array )-215(bounds )-215(at )-215(compile )-215(time.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 37.933 0 Td (To)Tj 0 Tc -37.933 -1.2 Td [(determine )-226(the )-226(actual )-226(implementation )-226(value )-226(at )-226(r)8(untime, )-226(POSIX.1 )-226(decided )-226(to )-226(pr)16(ovide)]TJ T* [(thr)18(ee )-108(functions )-108(for )-108(us )-108(to )-108(call)-85(\321)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 14.031 0 Td (sysconf)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 4.808 0 Td (pathconf)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.3583 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 5.908 0 Td (nd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.551 0 Td (fpathconf)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.6083 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 6.871 0 Td (her)Tj 0.3583 Tc 1.438 0 Td (ei)Tj 0.3582 Tc 1.128 0 Td (ss)Tj 0 Tc 1.206 0 Td [(till )-108(a)]TJ -36.943 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(oblem, )-15(however)]TJ 0.2653 Tc 8.051 0 Td (,b)Tj 0 Tc 1.068 0 Td [(ecause )-15(some )-15(of )-15(the )-15(values )-15(ar)]TJ 0.2654 Tc 12.593 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.355 0 Td [(e\336ned )-15(by )-15(POSIX.1 )-15(as )-15(being )-15(possibly)]TJ -0.037 Tc -23.068 -1.2 Td (\324\324)Tj 0 Tc 0.519 0 Td (indeterminate\325)Tj 0.3826 Tc 6.465 0 Td (\325\()Tj 0 Tc 0.994 0 Td [(logically )-133(in\336nite\).)-632(This )-132(means )-132(that )-132(the )-132(value )-132(has )-132(no )-132(practical )-132(upper)]TJ -7.978 -1.2 Td [(bound. )-281(On)-282(Solaris, )-31(for )-31(example, )-31(the )-31(number )-31(of )-31(functions )-31(you )-31(can )-31(r)18(egister )-31(with)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 35.4 0 Td (atexit)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -35.4 -1.2 Td [(to )-37(be )-37(r)8(un )-37(when )-37(a )-37(pr)18(ocess )-37(ends )-37(is )-37(limited )-37(only )-37(by )-37(the )-37(amount )-37(of )-37(memory )-37(on )-37(the )-37(system.)]TJ T* (Thus)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.509 0 Td (ATEXIT_MAX)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.287 0 Td [(is )-37(consider)18(ed )-37(indeterminate )-37(on )-37(Solaris.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 17.82 0 Td (We)Tj 0 Tc 1.387 0 Td [(\325ll )-37(r)18(eturn )-37(to )-37(this )-37(pr)16(oblem)]TJ -28.003 -1.2 Td [(of indeterminate r)8(untime limits in Section 2.5.5.)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 11.9993 0 0 11.9993 129.5917 416.975 Tm [(2.5.3 )-556(XSI)-556(Limits)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5917 392.9764 Tm [(The )-412(XSI )-412(option )-412(also )-412(de\336nes )-412(constants )-412(r)16(epr)18(esenting )-412(implementation )-412(limits.)-913(They)]TJ T* (include:)Tj 1.8 -1.92 Td [(1. )-633(Minimum)-250(values: the \336ve constants in Figur)]TJ 0.25 Tc 21.17 0 Td (e2)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (.10)Tj -22.399 -1.6 Td [(2. )-633(Runtime)-250(invariant values, possibly indeterminate:)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 24.019 0 Td (IOV_MAX)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.943 0 Td (PAGE_SIZE)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -32.212 -1.92 Td [(The )-128(minimum )-128(values )-128(ar)]TJ 0.3778 Tc 10.962 0 Td (el)Tj 0 Tc 1.148 0 Td [(isted )-128(in )-128(Figur)]TJ 0.3778 Tc 6.143 0 Td (e2)Tj 0 Tc 1.357 0 Td [(.10. )-378(The)-378(last )-128(two )-128(illustrate )-128(the )-128(situation )-128(in)]TJ -19.609 -1.2 Td [(which )-215(the )-215(POSIX.1 )-215(minimums )-215(wer)]TJ 0.4647 Tc 16.178 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.27 0 Td [(oo )-215(small)]TJ 0.0833 Tc 4.029 0 Td (\321p)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.684 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(sumably )-215(to )-215(allow )-215(for )-215(embedded)]TJ -24.017 -1.2 Td [(POSIX.1 )-180(implementations)]TJ 0.0833 Tc 11.666 0 Td (\321s)Tj 0.4299 Tc 1.507 0 Td (os)Tj 0 Tc 1.4 0 Td [(ymbols )-180(with )-180(lar)18(ger )-180(minimum )-180(values )-180(wer)]TJ 0.43 Tc 19.001 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.409 0 Td [(dded )-180(for)]TJ -34.984 -1.2 Td (XSI-conforming systems.)Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1448.25 2646.25 cm 0 0 m 3596 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 402.0597 256.5692 Tm (Minimum)Tj -1.413 -1.25 Td (acceptable value)Tj -27.096 0.625 Td (Name)Tj 13.895 0 Td 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[(necessary)111(.)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 11.9921 0 0 11.9921 93.5381 192.0732 Tm [(1.12 )-776(Summar)-10(y)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9934 0 0 9.9934 129.5144 168.089 Tm [(This )-90(chapter )-90(has )-90(pr)18(ovided )-90(a )-90(short )-90(tour )-90(of )-90(the )-90(UNIX )-90(System.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 27.774 0 Td (We)Tj 0 Tc 1.387 0 Td [(\325ve )-89(described )-89(some )-89(of)]TJ -29.161 -1.2 Td [(the )-26(fundamental )-26(terms )-26(that )-26(we\325ll )-26(encounter )-26(over )-26(and )-26(over )-26(again.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 29.278 0 Td (We)Tj 0 Tc 1.387 0 Td [(\325ve )-26(seen )-26(numer)18(ous)]TJ -30.665 -1.2 Td [(small )-86(examples )-86(of )-86(UNIX )-86(pr)18(ograms )-86(to )-86(give )-86(us )-86(a )-86(feel )-86(for )-86(what )-86(the )-86(r)15(emainder )-86(of )-86(the )-86(text)]TJ T* (talks about.)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46783 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section 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[(\(r)18(ecall)]TJ -36.285 -1.2 Td (Figur)Tj 0.4077 Tc 2.383 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.387 0 Td [(.1\). )-408(V)111(ersion )-158(7 )-158(of )-158(the )-158(Resear)19(ch )-158(UNIX )-158(System )-158(pr)18(ovided )-158(about )-158(50 )-158(system )-158(calls,)]TJ -3.77 -1.2 Td [(4.4BSD )-143(pr)18(ovided )-143(about )-143(1)55(10, )-143(and )-143(SVR4 )-143(had )-143(ar)17(ound )-143(120.)-643(The )-143(exact )-143(number )-143(of )-143(system)]TJ T* [(calls )-25(varies )-25(depending )-25(on )-25(the )-25(operating )-25(system )-25(version.)-523(Mor)]TJ 0.2749 Tc 27.128 0 Td (er)Tj 0 Tc 1.131 0 Td [(ecent )-25(systems )-25(have )-25(seen)]TJ -28.259 -1.2 Td [(incr)18(edible )-51(gr)18(owth )-51(in )-51(the )-51(number )-51(of )-51(supported )-51(system )-51(calls.)-551(Linux )-51(3.2.0 )-51(has )-51(380 )-51(system)]TJ T* [(calls and Fr)18(eeBSD 8.0 has over 450.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(The )-163(system )-163(call )-163(interface )-163(has )-163(always )-163(been )-163(documented )-163(in 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functions.)Tj 1.8 -1.2 Td [(Section )-235(3 )-235(of )-235(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 7.901 0 Td [(UNIX )-235(Pr)18(ogrammer )213(\325)]TJ 0.4854 Tc 8.449 0 Td (sM)Tj 0 Tc 1.818 0 Td (anual)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.763 0 Td [(de\336nes )-235(the )-235(general-purpose )-235(library)]TJ -22.732 -1.2 Td [(functions )-20(available )-20(to )-20(pr)19(ogrammers. )-270(These)-269(functions )-20(ar)18(en\325t )-20(entry )-20(points )-20(into )-20(the )-20(kernel,)]TJ T* [(although )-115(they )-115(may )-115(invoke )-115(one )-115(or )-115(mor)20(e)-365(of)-365(t)1(he )-115(kernel\325s )-115(system )-115(calls.)-615(For )-115(example, )-115(the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf T* (printf)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.998 0 Td [(function )-148(may )-148(use )-148(the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 10.131 0 Td (write)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.398 0 Td [(system )-148(call )-148(to )-148(output )-148(a )-148(string, )-148(but )-148(the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 17.873 0 Td (strcpy)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -35.4 -1.2 Td [(\(copy )-4(a )-4(string\) )-4(and)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 8.598 0 Td (atoi)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.654 0 Td [(\(convert )-4(ASCII )-4(to )-4(integer\) )-4(functions )-4(don\325t )-4(involve )-4(the )-4(kernel )-4(at)]TJ -11.253 -1.2 Td (all.)Tj 1.8 -1.2 Td [(Fr)18(om )-98(an )-98(implementor)-75(\325s )-98(point )-98(of )-98(view)]TJ 0.3483 Tc 17.02 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 0.924 0 Td [(he )-98(distinction )-98(between )-98(a )-98(system )-98(call )-98(and )-98(a)]TJ -19.744 -1.2 Td [(library )-112(function )-112(is )-112(fundamental.)-613(Fr)18(om )-112(a )-112(user)-74(\325s )-112(perspective, )-112(however)]TJ 0.3624 Tc 31.171 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 0.938 0 Td [(he )-112(dif)18(fer)18(ence )-112(is)]TJ -32.109 -1.2 Td [(not )-29(as )-29(critical.)-528(Fr)18(om )-29(our )-29(perspective )-29(in )-29(this )-29(text, )-29(both )-29(system )-29(calls )-29(and )-29(library )-29(functions)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(appear )-62(as )-62(normal )-62(C )-62(functions.)-560(Both )-62(exist )-62(to )-62(pr)18(ovide )-62(services )-62(for )-62(application )-62(pr)20(ograms.)]TJ -0.092 Tc T* [(We )-492(s)]TJ 0 Tc 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(Usually)Tj 0.4834 Tc 3.332 0 Td (,ap)Tj -0.018 Tc 2.318 0 Td (ro)Tj 0 Tc 0.923 0 Td [(cess )-233(has )-233(only )-233(one )-233(thr)18(ead )-233(of )-233(contr)16(ol )167(\321 )167(one)-484(set )-233(of )-233(machine )-233(instr)7(uctions)]TJ -6.573 -1.2 Td [(executing )-91(at )-91(a )-91(time.)-591(Some )-91(pr)18(oblems )-91(ar)]TJ 0.3412 Tc 17.592 0 Td (ee)Tj 0 Tc 1.299 0 Td [(asier )-91(to )-91(solve )-91(when )-91(mor)]TJ 0.3412 Tc 10.914 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.146 0 Td [(han )-91(one )-91(thr)18(ead )-91(of)]TJ -30.951 -1.2 Td [(contr)18(ol )-51(can )-51(operate )-51(on )-51(dif)16(fer)18(ent )-51(parts )-51(of )-51(the )-51(pr)16(oblem. )-301(Additionally)]TJ 0.3014 Tc 29.903 0 Td (,m)Tj 0 Tc 1.434 0 Td [(ultiple )-51(thr)18(eads )-51(of)]TJ -31.337 -1.2 Td [(contr)18(ol can exploit the parallelism possible on multipr)18(ocessor systems.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(All )-100(thr)18(eads )-100(within )-100(a )-100(pr)20(ocess )-100(shar)]TJ 0.3497 Tc 14.991 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.155 0 Td [(he )-100(same )-100(addr)18(ess )-100(space, )-100(\336le )-100(descriptors, )-100(stacks,)]TJ -17.946 -1.2 Td [(and )-193(pr)18(ocess-r)18(elated )-193(attributes.)-693(Each )-193(thr)18(ead )-193(executes )-193(on )-193(its )-193(own )-193(stack, )-193(although )-193(any)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(thr)18(ead )-176(can )-176(access )-176(the )-176(stacks )-176(of )-176(other )-176(thr)18(eads )-176(in )-176(the )-176(same )-176(pr)16(ocess. )-426(Because)-426(they )-176(can)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(access )-65(the )-65(same )-65(memory)]TJ 0.315 Tc 10.964 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 0.891 0 Td [(he )-65(thr)18(eads )-65(need )-65(to )-65(synchr)18(onize )-65(access )-65(to )-65(shar)18(ed )-65(data )-65(among)]TJ -11.855 -1.2 Td (themselves to avoid inconsistencies.)Tj 1.8 -1.2 Td [(Like )-130(pr)18(ocesses, )-130(thr)18(eads )-130(ar)]TJ 0.3798 Tc 11.7 0 Td (ei)Tj 0 Tc 1.15 0 Td [(denti\336ed )-130(by )-130(IDs.)-629(Thr)18(ead )-130(IDs, )-130(however)]TJ 0.3799 Tc 17.78 0 Td (,a)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.13 0 Td [(re )-166(l)]TJ 0 Tc 1.527 0 Td [(ocal )-130(to )-130(a)]TJ -35.087 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ocess. )-423(A)-423(thr)18(ead )-173(ID )-173(fr)18(om )-173(one )-173(pr)18(ocess )-173(has )-173(no )-173(meaning )-173(in )-173(another )-173(pr)18(ocess. )-423(W)]TJ 0.423 Tc 36.592 0 Td (eu)Tj 0 Tc 1.505 0 Td (se)Tj -38.097 -1.2 Td [(thr)18(ead IDs to r)18(efer to speci\336c thr)18(eads as we manipulate the thr)18(eads within a pr)18(ocess.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(Functions )-302(to )-302(contr)18(ol )-302(thr)18(eads )-302(parallel )-302(those )-302(used )-302(to )-302(contr)18(ol )-302(pr)19(ocesses. )-552(Because)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(thr)18(eads )-72(wer)]TJ 0.3221 Tc 5.311 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.301 0 Td [(dded )-72(to )-72(the )-72(UNIX )-72(System )-72(long )-72(after )-72(the )-72(pr)17(ocess )-72(model )-72(was )-72(established,)]TJ -6.612 -1.2 Td (however)Tj 0.307 Tc 3.806 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 0.883 0 Td [(he )-57(thr)18(ead )-57(model )-57(and )-57(the )-57(pr)18(ocess )-57(model )-57(have )-57(some )-57(complicated )-57(interactions,)]TJ -4.689 -1.2 Td (as we shall see in Chapter 12.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 11.9993 0 0 11.9993 93.5957 434.9739 Tm [(1.7 )-1332(Err)20(or )-278(Handling)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5935 413.3752 Tm [(When )-123(an )-123(err)18(or )-123(occurs )-123(in )-123(one )-123(of )-123(the )-123(UNIX )-123(System )-123(functions, )-123(a )-123(negative )-123(value )-123(is )-123(often)]TJ -0.018 Tc T* (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(turned, )-102(and )-102(the )-102(integer)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 10.844 0 Td (errno)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.352 0 Td [(is )-102(usually )-102(set )-102(to )-102(a )-102(value )-102(that )-102(tells )-102(why)]TJ 0.6024 Tc 17.247 0 Td (.F)Tj 0 Tc 1.408 0 Td [(or )-102(example,)]TJ -33.708 -1.2 Td (the)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.758 0 Td (open)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.771 0 Td [(function )-121(r)18(eturns )-121(either )-121(a )-121(non-negative )-121(\336le )-121(descriptor )-121(if )-121(all )-121(is )-121(OK )-121(or)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 30.975 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-371(if)-371(a)1(n)]TJ -35.504 -1.2 Td [(err)18(or )-197(occurs.)-697(An )-197(err)18(or )-197(fr)19(om)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 13.473 0 Td (open)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.847 0 Td [(has )-197(about )-197(15 )-197(possible)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 10.43 0 Td (errno)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.447 0 Td [(values, )-197(such )-197(as )-197(\336le)]TJ -30.196 -1.2 Td [(doesn\325t )-120(exist, )-120(permission )-120(pr)18(oblem, )-120(and )-120(so )-120(on.)-620(Some )-120(functions )-120(use )-120(a )-120(convention )-120(other)]TJ T* [(than )-9(r)18(eturning )-9(a )-9(negative )-9(value.)-509(For )-9(example, )-9(most )-9(functions )-9(that )-9(r)18(eturn )-9(a )-9(pointer )-9(to )-9(an)]TJ T* [(object r)18(eturn a null pointer to indicate an err)18(or)74(.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(The )-136(\336le)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 3.821 0 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.786 0 Td [(de\336nes )-136(the )-136(symbol)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 8.978 0 Td (errno)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.386 0 Td [(and )-136(constants )-136(for )-136(each )-136(value )-136(that)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf -23.772 -1.2 Td (errno)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.308 0 Td [(can )-57(assume.)-557(Each )-57(of )-57(these )-57(constants )-57(begins )-57(with )-57(the )-57(character)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 28.244 0 Td (E)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5575 Tc (.A)Tj 0 Tc 2.186 0 Td [(lso, )-57(the )-57(\336rst)]TJ -33.737 -1.2 Td [(page )-66(of )-66(Section )-66(2 )-66(of )-66(the )-66(UNIX )-66(system )-66(manuals, )-66(named)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 24.925 0 Td (intro)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(\(2\), )-66(usually )-66(lists )-66(all )-66(these)]TJ -24.925 -1.2 Td [(err)18(or )-34(constants.)-534(For )-34(example, )-34(if)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 14.386 0 Td (errno)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.284 0 Td [(is )-34(equal )-34(to )-34(the )-34(constant)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 10.557 0 Td (EACCES)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.284 Tc (,t)Tj 0 Tc 4.46 0 Td [(his )-34(indicates )-34(a)]TJ -32.687 -1.2 Td [(permission pr)18(oblem, such as insuf)18(\336cient permission to open the r)18(equested \336le.)]TJ 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 183.5905 261.3843 Tm [(On Linux, the err)18(or constants ar)]TJ 0.25 Tc 14.081 0 Td (el)Tj 0 Tc 1.02 0 Td (isted in the)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 5.141 0 Td (errno)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (\(3\) manual page.)Tj 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5929 241.3855 Tm [(POSIX )-69(and )-69(ISO )-69(C )-69(de\336ne)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 11.321 0 Td (errno)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.319 0 Td [(as )-69(a )-69(symbol )-69(expanding )-69(into )-69(a )-69(modi\336able )-69(lvalue )-69(of)]TJ -16.44 -1.2 Td [(type )-59(integer)]TJ 0.5595 Tc 5.306 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.423 0 Td [(his )-59(can )-59(be )-59(either )-59(an )-59(integer )-59(that )-59(contains )-59(the )-59(err)14(or )-60(number )-60(or )-60(a )-60(function)]TJ -6.728 -1.2 Td [(that r)18(eturns a pointer to the err)18(or number)]TJ 0.5 Tc 18.262 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.363 0 Td (he historical de\336nition is)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5933 200.688 Tm (extern int errno;)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5944 182.689 Tm [(But )-4(in )-4(an )-4(envir)18(onment )-4(that )-4(supports )-4(thr)18(eads, )-4(the )-4(pr)18(ocess )-4(addr)20(ess )-4(space )-4(is )-4(shar)18(ed )-4(among)]TJ T* [(multiple )-146(thr)18(eads, )-146(and )-146(each )-146(thr)17(ead )-146(needs )-146(its )-146(own )-146(local )-146(copy )-146(of)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 28.923 0 Td (errno)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.396 0 Td [(to )-146(pr)18(event )-146(one)]TJ -32.319 -1.2 Td [(thr)18(ead )-306(fr)18(om )-306(interfering )-306(with )-306(another)]TJ 0.8059 Tc 17.316 0 Td (.L)Tj 0 Tc 1.667 0 Td [(inux, )-306(for )-306(example, )-306(supports )-306(multithr)18(eaded)]TJ -18.983 -1.2 Td (access to)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 4.087 0 Td (errno)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td (by de\336ning it as)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46788 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (10)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3 0 Td [(UNIX )-250(System )-250(Overview)]TJ 39.741 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(1)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 93.5944 668.9599 Tm (Standar)Tj 0.278 Tc 3.703 0 Td (dI)Tj 0 Tc 1.167 0 Td (/O)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -1.27 -1.92 Td [(The )-392(standar)]TJ 0.6421 Tc 5.636 0 Td (dI)Tj 0 Tc 1.59 0 Td [(/O )-392(functions )-392(pr)18(ovide )-392(a )-392(buf)18(fer)18(ed )-392(interface )-392(to )-392(the )-392(unbuf)18(fer)18(ed )-392(I/O)]TJ -7.226 -1.2 Td [(functions. )-339(Using)-340(standar)]TJ 0.3395 Tc 11.261 0 Td (dI)Tj 0 Tc 1.288 0 Td [(/O )-89(r)18(elieves )-89(us )-89(fr)18(om )-89(having )-89(to )-89(choose )-89(optimal )-89(buf)18(fer )-89(sizes,)]TJ -12.549 -1.2 Td [(such )-36(as )-36(the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 5.224 0 Td (BUFFSIZE)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.086 0 Td [(constant )-36(in )-36(Figur)]TJ 0.2865 Tc 7.559 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.266 0 Td [(.4. )-286(The)-287(standar)]TJ 0.2866 Tc 6.817 0 Td (dI)Tj 0 Tc 1.235 0 Td [(/O )-37(functions )-37(also )-37(simplify)]TJ -27.186 -1.2 Td [(dealing )-117(with )-117(lines )-117(of )-117(input )-117(\(a )-117(common )-117(occurr)15(ence )-117(in )-117(UNIX )-117(applications\).)-618(The)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 36 0 Td (fgets)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -36 -1.2 Td [(function, )-214(for )-214(example, )-214(r)18(eads )-214(an )-214(entir)]TJ 0.464 Tc 17.078 0 Td (el)Tj 0 Tc 1.234 0 Td [(ine. )-464(The)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 4.454 0 Td (read)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.864 0 Td [(function, )-214(in )-214(contrast, )-214(r)18(eads )-214(a)]TJ -25.63 -1.2 Td [(speci\336ed )-198(number )-198(of )-198(bytes.)-699(As )-198(we )-198(shall )-198(see )-198(in )-198(Section )-198(5.4, )-198(the )-198(standar)]TJ 0.4482 Tc 32.783 0 Td (dI)Tj 0 Tc 1.396 0 Td [(/O )-198(library)]TJ -34.179 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ovides functions that let us contr)18(ol the style of buf)18(fering used by the library)111(.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(The )-370(most )-370(common )-370(standar)]TJ 0.62 Tc 12.917 0 Td (dI)Tj 0 Tc 1.568 0 Td [(/O )-370(function )-370(is)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 7.674 0 Td (printf)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.87 Tc (.I)Tj 0.62 Tc 5.057 0 Td (np)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.803 0 Td (ro)Tj 0 Tc 0.923 0 Td [(grams )-370(that )-370(call)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf -31.742 -1.2 Td (printf)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.4109 Tc (,w)Tj 0 Tc 5.095 0 Td [(e\325ll )-161(always )-161(include)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 8.978 0 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.0833 Tc 5.483 0 Td (\321n)Tj 0 Tc 1.665 0 Td [(ormally )-161(by )-161(including)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 10.054 0 Td (apue.h)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.0833 Tc 3.683 0 Td (\321a)Tj 0.4108 Tc 1.583 0 Td (st)Tj 0 Tc 1.161 0 Td (his)Tj -37.703 -1.2 Td [(header contains the function pr)18(ototypes for all the standar)]TJ 0.25 Tc 25.68 0 Td (dI)Tj 0 Tc 1.198 0 Td (/O functions.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -30.478 -2.4 Td (Example)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.6 -2.04 Td [(The )-41(pr)18(ogram )-41(in )-41(Figur)]TJ 0.291 Tc 9.661 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.27 0 Td [(.5, )-41(which )-41(we\325ll )-41(examine )-41(in )-41(mor)]TJ 0.291 Tc 13.77 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.381 0 Td [(etail )-41(in )-41(Section )-41(5.8, )-41(is )-41(like )-41(the)]TJ -26.082 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(evious )-46(pr)18(ogram )-46(that )-46(called)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 13.279 0 Td (read)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.696 0 Td (and)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.989 0 Td (write)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5462 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 4.409 0 Td [(his )-46(pr)18(ogram )-46(copies )-46(standar)]TJ 0.2961 Tc 12.148 0 Td (di)Tj 0 Tc 1.198 0 Td [(nput )-46(to)]TJ -35.72 -1.2 Td (standar)Tj 0.25 Tc 3.32 0 Td (do)Tj 0 Tc 1.407 0 Td [(utput and can copy any r)18(egular \336le.)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 4662.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /TT1 1 Tf 8.9989 0 0 8.9989 129.5844 456.6442 Tm (#include "apue.h")Tj 0 -1.783 TD (int)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (main\(void\))Tj 0 -1.189 TD ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td [(int )-2400(c;)]TJ 0 -1.783 TD (while \(\(c = getc\(stdin\)\) != EOF\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(putc\(c, stdout\) == EOF\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_sys\("output error"\);)Tj -4.8 -1.783 Td (if \(ferror\(stdin\)\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_sys\("input error"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.783 Td (exit\(0\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 3128.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 196.1047 296.7446 Tm (Figure 1.5)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.195 0 Td (Copy standar)Tj 0.25 Tc 5.982 0 Td (di)Tj 0 Tc 1.152 0 Td (nput to standar)Tj 0.25 Tc 6.804 0 Td (do)Tj 0 Tc 1.407 0 Td (utput, using standar)Tj 0.25 Tc 8.985 0 Td (dI)Tj 0 Tc 1.198 0 Td (/O)Tj 9.9982 0 0 9.9982 129.5768 272.7489 Tm [(The )-51(function)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 5.983 0 Td (getc)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 2.701 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(ads )-51(one )-51(character )-51(at )-51(a )-51(time, )-51(and )-51(this )-51(character )-51(is )-51(written )-51(by)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 26.811 0 Td (putc)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj -36.35 -1.2 Td [(After )-128(the )-128(last )-128(byte )-128(of )-128(input )-128(has )-128(been )-128(r)16(ead,)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 19.655 0 Td (getc)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 2.778 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(turns )-128(the )-128(constant)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 8.582 0 Td (EOF)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.178 0 Td [(\(de\336ned )-128(in)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf -34.049 -1.2 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(\). )-353(The)-354(standar)]TJ 0.3535 Tc 11.934 0 Td (dI)Tj 0 Tc 1.301 0 Td [(/O )-103(constants)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 6.253 0 Td (stdin)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.354 0 Td (and)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 2.046 0 Td (stdout)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.954 0 Td (ar)Tj 0.3535 Tc 0.877 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.332 0 Td [(lso )-103(de\336ned )-103(in )-103(the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf -31.051 -1.2 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.65 0 Td [(header and r)18(efer to the standar)]TJ 0.25 Tc 13.631 0 Td (di)Tj 0 Tc 1.152 0 Td (nput and standar)Tj 0.25 Tc 7.625 0 Td (do)Tj 0 Tc 1.407 0 Td (utput.)Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5141.25 2368.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 50 50 l 0 50 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 11.9971 0 0 11.9971 93.5775 203.1492 Tm [(1.6 )-1332(Pr)20(ograms )-278(and )-278(Pr)20(ocesses)]TJ 9.9976 0 0 9.9976 93.5774 176.7556 Tm [(Pr)20(ogram)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 3.6 -1.92 Td (A)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.121 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 3.769 0 Td [(is )-93(an )-93(executable )-93(\336le )-93(r)18(esiding )-93(on )-93(disk )-93(in )-93(a )-93(dir)21(ectory)]TJ 0.5927 Tc 22.834 0 Td (.A)Tj 0 Tc 1.963 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram )-93(is )-93(r)18(ead )-93(into)]TJ -29.687 -1.2 Td [(memory )-103(and )-103(is )-103(executed )-103(by )-103(the )-103(kernel )-103(as )-103(a )-103(r)17(esult )-103(of )-103(one )-103(of )-103(the )-103(seven)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 31.866 0 Td (exec)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.753 0 Td (functions.)Tj -0.092 Tc -34.619 -1.2 Td (We)Tj 0 Tc 1.387 0 Td (\325ll cover these functions in Section 8.10.)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46789 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (8)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.5 0 Td [(UNIX )-250(System )-250(Overview)]TJ 40.241 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(1)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 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4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf -0.06 Tc 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 93.5944 668.9599 Tm (Wo)Tj 0 Tc 1.495 0 Td [(rking Director)-10(y)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 2.105 -1.92 Td [(Every )-201(pr)18(ocess )-201(has )-201(a)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 9.713 0 Td [(working )-201(dir)18(ectory)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 0.4515 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 8.521 0 Td [(ometimes )-201(called )-201(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 9.669 0 Td [(curr)18(ent )-201(working )-201(dir)17(ectory)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj -27.902 -1.2 Td [(This )-90(is )-90(the )-90(dir)18(ectory )-90(fr)17(om )-90(which )-90(all )-90(r)18(elative )-90(pathnames )-90(ar)]TJ 0.3402 Tc 26.115 0 Td (ei)Tj 0 Tc 1.11 0 Td [(nterpr)18(eted. )-340(A)-340(pr)18(ocess )-90(can)]TJ -27.225 -1.2 Td [(change its working dir)18(ectory with the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 16.889 0 Td (chdir)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td (function.)Tj -18.339 -1.2 Td [(For )-138(example, )-138(the )-138(r)18(elative )-138(pathname)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 16.584 0 Td (doc/memo/joe)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 7.588 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(fers )-138(to )-138(the )-138(\336le )-138(or )-138(dir)18(ectory)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf -26.829 -1.2 Td (joe)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(,)-324(in)-324(the )-74(dir)18(ectory)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 9.631 0 Td (memo)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(,)-324(in)-324(the )-74(dir)18(ectory)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 10.231 0 Td (doc)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.3241 Tc (,w)Tj 0 Tc 3.208 0 Td [(hich )-74(must )-74(be )-74(a )-74(dir)18(ectory )-74(within )-74(the)]TJ -23.071 -1.2 Td [(working )-157(dir)18(ectory)]TJ 0.657 Tc 8.081 0 Td (.F)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.463 0 Td (ro)Tj 0.407 Tc 0.923 0 Td (ml)Tj 0 Tc 1.581 0 Td [(ooking )-157(just )-157(at )-157(this )-157(pathname, )-157(we )-157(know )-157(that )-157(both)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 23.052 0 Td (doc)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.207 0 Td (and)Tj /TT1 1 Tf -37.307 -1.2 Td (memo)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.738 0 Td [(have )-88(to )-88(be )-88(dir)18(ectories, )-88(but )-88(we )-88(can\325t )-88(tell )-88(whether)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 21.976 0 Td (joe)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.138 0 Td [(is )-88(a )-88(\336le )-88(or )-88(a )-88(dir)18(ectory)]TJ 0.5881 Tc 9.636 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.451 0 Td (he)Tj -37.939 -1.2 Td (pathname)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 4.782 0 Td (/usr/lib/lint)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 8.129 0 Td [(is )-79(an )-79(absolute )-79(pathname )-79(that )-79(r)18(efers )-79(to )-79(the )-79(\336le )-79(or )-79(dir)13(ectory)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf -12.912 -1.2 Td (lint)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td [(in the dir)18(ectory)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 7.035 0 Td (lib)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(,)-250(in)-250(the dir)18(ectory)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 9.335 0 Td (usr)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (,w)Tj 0 Tc 3.134 0 Td [(hich is in the r)18(oot dir)18(ectory)111(.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -25.754 -2.28 Td [(Home Director)-10(y)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 3.6 -1.92 Td [(When )-48(we )-48(log )-48(in, )-48(the )-48(working )-48(dir)16(ectory )-48(is )-48(set )-48(to )-48(our)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 23.286 0 Td [(home )-48(dir)18(ectory)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5483 Tc (.O)Tj 0 Tc 7.605 0 Td [(ur )-48(home )-48(dir)17(ectory)]TJ -30.891 -1.2 Td [(is obtained fr)18(om our entry in the passwor)]TJ 0.25 Tc 18.34 0 Td (d\336)Tj 0 Tc 1.466 0 Td (le \(Section 1.3\).)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 11.9993 0 0 11.9993 93.5942 468.5719 Tm [(1.5 )-1332(Input)-556(and )-278(Output)]TJ 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 93.5942 442.1735 Tm [(File Descriptor)15(s)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 3.6 -1.92 Td [(File )-11(descriptors )-11(ar)]TJ 0.2609 Tc 7.952 0 Td (en)Tj 0 Tc 1.322 0 Td [(ormally )-11(small )-11(non-negative )-11(integers )-11(that )-11(the )-11(kernel )-11(uses )-11(to )-11(identify)]TJ -9.274 -1.2 Td [(the )-55(\336les )-55(accessed )-55(by )-55(a )-55(pr)17(ocess. )-305(Whenever)-305(it )-55(opens )-55(an )-55(existing )-55(\336le )-55(or )-55(cr)17(eates )-55(a )-55(new )-55(\336le,)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(the kernel r)18(eturns a \336le descriptor that we use when we want to r)18(ead or write the \336le.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -3.6 -2.28 Td (Standar)Tj 0.278 Tc 3.703 0 Td (dI)Tj 0 Tc 1.167 0 Td (nput, Standar)Tj 0.278 Tc 6.425 0 Td (dO)Tj 0 Tc 1.667 0 Td (utput, and Standar)Tj 0.278 Tc 8.814 0 Td (dE)Tj 0 Tc 1.556 0 Td [(rr)20(or)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf -19.732 -1.92 Td [(By )-291(convention, )-291(all )-291(shells 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> file.list)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5921 255.8646 Tm [(executes )-337(the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 6.311 0 Td (ls)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.787 0 Td [(command )-337(with )-337(its )-337(standar)]TJ 0.5867 Tc 12.603 0 Td (do)Tj 0 Tc 1.744 0 Td [(utput )-337(r)18(edir)18(ected )-337(to )-337(the )-337(\336le )-337(named)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf -22.444 -1.2 Td (file.list)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -3.6 -2.28 Td [(Unb)20(uff)10(ered I/O)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 3.6 -1.92 Td [(Unbuf)18(fer)18(ed )-83(I/O )-83(is )-83(pr)18(ovided )-83(by )-83(the )-83(functions)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 20.592 0 Td (open)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 2.983 0 Td (read)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 2.983 0 Td (write)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 3.583 0 Td (lseek)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.333 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 4.083 0 Td (nd)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.526 0 Td (close)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj -35.75 -1.2 Td (These functions all work with \336le descriptors.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -3.6 -2.16 Td (Example)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.6 -1.92 Td [(If )-58(we\325r)]TJ 0.3078 Tc 2.946 0 Td (ew)Tj 0 Tc 1.621 0 Td [(illing )-58(to )-58(r)18(ead )-58(fr)19(om )-58(the )-58(standar)]TJ 0.3077 Tc 13.526 0 Td (di)Tj 0 Tc 1.21 0 Td [(nput )-58(and )-58(write )-58(to )-58(the )-58(standar)]TJ 0.3077 Tc 13.248 0 Td (do)Tj 0 Tc 1.465 0 Td [(utput, )-58(then)]TJ -34.014 -1.2 Td [(the pr)18(ogram in Figur)]TJ 0.25 Tc 9.251 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td [(.4 copies any r)18(egular \336le on a UNIX system.)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46790 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (4)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.5 0 Td [(UNIX )-250(System )-250(Overview)]TJ 40.241 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(1)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 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-1.25 Td [(Bourne-again )-19(shell.)-519(Others )-19(use )-19(the )-19(BSD )-19(r)18(eplacement )-19(for )-19(the )-19(Bourne )-19(shell, )-19(called)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 35.819 0 Td (dash)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.669 0 Td (\(Debian)Tj -38.488 -1.25 Td [(Almquist )-279(shell, )-279(originally )-279(written )-279(by )-279(Kenneth )-279(Almquist )-279(and )-279(later )-279(ported )-279(to )-279(Linux\).)-781(The)]TJ 0 -1.25 TD [(default )-326(user )-326(shell )-326(in )-326(Fr)18(eeBSD )-326(is )-326(derived )-326(fr)18(om )-326(the )-326(Almquist )-326(shell.)-826(The )-326(default )-326(shell )-326(in)]TJ T* [(Mac OS X)-394(is )-144(the )-144(Bourne-again )-144(shell.)-645(Solaris, )-144(having )-144(its )-144(heritage )-144(in )-144(both )-144(BSD )-144(and )-144(System )-144(V)127(,)]TJ T* [(pr)18(ovides )-244(all )-244(the )-244(shells )-244(shown )-244(in )-244(Figur)]TJ 0.4945 Tc 18.045 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.473 0 Td [(.2. )-494(Fr)18(ee )-244(ports )-244(of )-244(the )-244(shells )-244(ar)]TJ 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2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 6670.25 cm 0 0 m 3910 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 217.8109 658.9605 Tm [(Fr)18(eeBSD )-250(Linux )-250(Mac)-250(OS X)-500(Solaris)]TJ 1.276 -1.25 Td [(8.0 )-1827(3.2.0)-1735(10.6.8 )-2170(10)]TJ -9.77 0.625 Td [(Option)-3034(SUS)]TJ 32.462 0 Td (Description)Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 6450.25 cm 0 0 m 3910 0 l S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 6430.25 cm 0 0 m 3910 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 133.584 634.9238 Tm (SA_INTERRUPT)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 15.828 0 Td (\245)Tj 10.444 0 Td [(System calls interr)8(upted by this signal ar)]TJ 0.25 Tc 17.977 0 Td (en)Tj 0 Tc 1.311 0 Td (ot)Tj -19.287 -1.25 Td [(automatically r)18(estarted \(the XSI default for)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0 -1.25 TD (sigaction)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(\). )-250(See)-250(Section 10.5 for mor)18(e)]TJ T* (information.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -26.272 -2.188 Td (SA_NOCLDSTOP)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.7085 Tc 8.811 0 Td [(\245\245 )2571(\245)]TJ 3.564 Tc 11.002 0 Td (\245\245)Tj 0 Tc 6.459 0 Td (If)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 0.92 0 Td (signo)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.417 0 Td (is)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.965 0 Td (SIGCHLD)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(,)-250(do)-250(not generate this signal)]TJ -4.302 -1.25 Td [(when a child pr)18(ocess stops \(job contr)18(ol\). )-250(This)]TJ T* (signal is still generated, of course, when a child)Tj T* (terminates \(but see the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 10.269 0 Td (SA_NOCLDWAIT)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.45 0 Td (option)Tj -17.719 -1.25 Td [(below\). )-250(When)-250(the XSI option is supported,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf T* (SIGCHLD)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td (won\325t be sent when a stopped child)Tj -4.45 -1.25 Td (continues if this \337ag is set.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -26.272 -2.188 Td (SA_NOCLDWAIT)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.7085 Tc 8.811 0 Td [(\245\245 )2571(\245)]TJ 3.564 Tc 11.002 0 Td (\245\245)Tj 0 Tc 6.459 0 Td (If)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 0.92 0 Td (signo)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.417 0 Td (is)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.965 0 Td (SIGCHLD)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (,t)Tj 0 Tc 5.026 0 Td [(his option pr)18(events the)]TJ -9.328 -1.25 Td [(system fr)18(om cr)18(eating zombie pr)18(ocesses when)]TJ T* [(childr)18(en of the calling pr)18(ocess terminate.)-500(If it)]TJ T* (subsequently calls)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.33 0 Td (wait)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (,t)Tj 0 Tc 3.226 0 Td [(he calling pr)18(ocess)]TJ -11.556 -1.25 Td [(blocks until all its child pr)18(ocesses have)]TJ T* [(terminated and then r)18(eturns)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 12.72 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (1w)Tj 0 Tc 2.133 0 Td (ith)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.449 0 Td (errno)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td (set)Tj -19.552 -1.25 Td (to)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.122 0 Td (ECHILD)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.5 Tc (.\()Tj 0 Tc 4.683 0 Td (Recall Section 10.7.\))Tj /TT0 1 Tf -32.077 -2.188 Td (SA_NODEFER)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.7085 Tc 8.811 0 Td [(\245\245 )2571(\245)]TJ 3.564 Tc 11.002 0 Td (\245\245)Tj 0 Tc 6.459 0 Td (When this signal is caught, the signal is not)Tj T* (automatically blocked by the system while the)Tj T* (signal-catching function executes \(unless the)Tj T* (signal is also included in)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 11.155 0 Td (sa_mask)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(\). )-250(Note)-250(that)]TJ -11.155 -1.25 Td [(this type of operation corr)18(esponds to the earlier)]TJ T* [(unr)18(eliable signals.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -26.272 -2.188 Td (SA_ONSTACK)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.35 0 Td [(XSI )-1997(\245)]TJ 3.3795 Tc 7.478 0 Td [(\245\245 )3445(\245)]TJ 0 Tc 10.445 0 Td [(If an alternative stack has been declar)18(ed with)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf T* (sigaltstack)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.6 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (2)Tj 0.5 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.25 Tc 0.333 -0.04 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 0.826 0 Td [(his signal is deliver)18(ed to the)]TJ -8.592 -1.25 Td [(pr)18(ocess on the alternative stack.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -26.272 -2.188 Td (SA_RESETHAND)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.7085 Tc 8.811 0 Td [(\245\245 )2571(\245)]TJ 3.564 Tc 11.002 0 Td (\245\245)Tj 0 Tc 6.459 0 Td [(The disposition for this signal is r)18(eset to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf T* (SIG_DFL)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 5.2 0 Td (nd the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.08 0 Td (SA_SIGINFO)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.25 0 Td [(\337ag is clear)18(ed)]TJ -14.53 -1.25 Td [(on entry to the signal-catching function.)-500(Note)]TJ T* [(that this type of operation corr)18(esponds to the)]TJ T* [(earlier unr)18(eliable signals.)-500(The disposition for)]TJ T* (the two signals)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 6.911 0 Td (SIGILL)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.943 0 Td (SIGTRAP)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td (can\325t be)Tj -0.018 Tc -17.154 -1.25 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (set automatically)Tj 0.25 Tc 7.425 0 Td (,h)Tj 0 Tc 1.082 0 Td (owever)Tj 0.5 Tc 3.224 0 Td (.S)Tj 0 Tc 1.275 0 Td (etting this \337ag)Tj -13.862 -1.25 Td (can optionally cause)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 9.256 0 Td (sigaction)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.65 0 Td (to behave as if)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -14.906 -1.25 Td (SA_NODEFER)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.25 0 Td (is also set.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -32.522 -2.188 Td (SA_RESTART)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.7085 Tc 8.811 0 Td [(\245\245 )2571(\245)]TJ 3.564 Tc 11.002 0 Td (\245\245)Tj 0 Tc 6.459 0 Td [(System calls interr)8(upted by this signal ar)18(e)]TJ T* [(automatically r)18(estarted. )-250(\(Refer)-250(to Section 10.5.\))]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -26.272 -2.188 Td (SA_SIGINFO)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.7085 Tc 8.811 0 Td [(\245\245 )2571(\245)]TJ 3.564 Tc 11.002 0 Td (\245\245)Tj 0 Tc 6.459 0 Td [(This option pr)18(ovides additional information to a)]TJ T* (signal handler: a pointer to a)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 12.926 0 Td (siginfo)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e)]TJ -17.376 -1.25 Td [(and a pointer to an identi\336er for the pr)18(ocess)]TJ T* (context.)Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 1685.25 cm 0 0 m 3910 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3418.25 1685.25 cm 0 0 m 0 4985 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2158.25 1685.25 cm 0 0 m 0 4985 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1952.25 1685.25 cm 0 0 m 0 4985 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5206.25 1685.25 cm 0 0 m 0 4985 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 1685.25 cm 0 0 m 0 4985 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 200.3039 150.4729 Tm (Figure 10.16)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.195 0 Td (Option \337ags \()Tj /TT0 1 Tf (sa_flags)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (\)f)Tj 0 Tc 11.769 0 Td (or the handling of each signal)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46798 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(10.7)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 35.279 0 Td (SIGCLD)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.1 0 Td (Semantics)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.454 0 Td (333)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5911 668.9599 Tm [(The )-5(semantics )-5(of )-5(the )-5(BSD)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.479 0 Td (SIGCHLD)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.455 0 Td [(signal )-5(ar)]TJ 0.2553 Tc 3.776 0 Td (en)Tj 0 Tc 1.316 0 Td [(ormal, )-5(in )-5(the )-5(sense )-5(that )-5(its )-5(semantics)]TJ -22.827 -1.2 Td (ar)Tj 0.2712 Tc 0.877 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.174 0 Td [(imilar )-21(to )-21(those )-21(of )-21(all )-21(other )-21(signals.)-521(When )-21(the )-21(signal )-21(occurs, )-21(the )-21(status )-21(of )-21(a )-21(child )-21(has)]TJ -2.051 -1.2 Td [(changed, )-314(and )-314(we )-314(need )-314(to )-314(call )-314(one )-314(of )-314(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 20.505 0 Td (wait)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.964 0 Td [(functions )-314(to )-314(determine )-314(what )-314(has)]TJ -23.469 -1.2 Td (happened.)Tj 1.8 -1.2 Td [(System )-153(V)]TJ 0.403 Tc 4.189 0 Td (,h)Tj 0 Tc 1.235 0 Td (owever)Tj 0.403 Tc 3.224 0 Td (,h)Tj 0 Tc 1.235 0 Td [(as )-153(traditionally )-153(handled )-153(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 13.085 0 Td (SIGCLD)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.003 0 Td [(signal )-153(dif)18(fer)18(ently )-153(fr)18(om)]TJ -28.771 -1.2 Td [(other )-680(signals.)-1180(SVR4)]TJ 10.171 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(based )-680(systems )-680(continue )-680(this )-680(questionable )-680(tradition )-680(\(i.e.,)]TJ -10.504 -1.2 Td [(compatibility )-112(constraint\) )-112(if )-112(we )-112(set )-112(its )-112(disposition )-112(using )-112(either)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 28.053 0 Td (signal)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.962 0 Td (or)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.303 0 Td (sigset)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.962 0 Td (\(the)Tj -37.28 -1.2 Td (older)Tj 0.267 Tc 2.248 0 Td (,S)Tj 0 Tc 1.042 0 Td [(VR3-compatible )-17(functions )-17(to )-17(set )-17(the )-17(disposition )-17(of )-17(a )-17(signal\).)-517(This )-17(older )-17(handling)]TJ -3.29 -1.2 Td (of)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.129 0 Td (SIGCLD)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td (consists of the following behavior:)Tj -3.179 -2.16 Td [(1. )-633(If)-288(the )-38(pr)18(ocess )-38(speci\336cally )-38(sets )-38(its )-38(disposition )-38(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 22.718 0 Td (SIG_IGN)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.2885 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 5.182 0 Td [(hildr)18(en )-38(of )-38(the )-38(calling)]TJ -26.268 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ocess )-95(will )-95(not )-95(generate )-95(zombie )-95(pr)19(ocesses. )-345(Note)-345(that )-95(this )-95(is )-95(dif)18(fer)18(ent )-95(fr)18(om )-95(its)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(default )-78(action )-78(\()]TJ /TT0 1 Tf (SIG_DFL)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(\), )-78(which )-78(fr)18(om )-78(Figur)]TJ 0.3281 Tc 19.844 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.307 0 Td [(0.1 )-78(is )-78(to )-78(be )-78(ignor)18(ed. )-328(Instead,)-328(on)]TJ -21.151 -1.2 Td [(termination, )-96(the )-96(status )-96(of )-96(these )-96(child )-96(pr)16(ocesses )-96(is )-96(discar)17(ded. )-346(If)-347(it )-96(subsequently)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(calls )-289(one )-289(of )-289(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.981 0 Td (wait)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.939 0 Td [(functions, )-289(the )-289(calling )-289(pr)17(ocess )-289(will )-289(block )-289(until )-289(all )-289(its)]TJ -10.921 -1.2 Td [(childr)18(en )-32(have )-32(terminated, )-32(and )-32(then)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 15.976 0 Td (wait)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 2.682 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (turns)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 2.612 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.2818 Tc (1w)Tj 0 Tc 2.165 0 Td (ith)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.481 0 Td (errno)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.282 0 Td [(set )-32(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 2.665 0 Td (ECHILD)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj -31.717 -1.2 Td [(\(The )-80(default )-80(disposition )-80(of )-80(this )-80(signal )-80(is )-80(to )-80(be )-80(ignor)19(ed, )-80(but )-80(this )-80(default )-80(will )-80(not)]TJ T* [(cause )-101(the )-101(pr)18(eceding )-101(semantics )-101(to )-101(occur)]TJ 0.6009 Tc 17.594 0 Td (.I)Tj 0 Tc 1.188 0 Td [(nstead, )-101(we )-101(speci\336cally )-101(have )-101(to )-101(set )-101(its)]TJ -18.782 -1.2 Td (disposition to)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 6.305 0 Td (SIG_IGN)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.\))Tj 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 201.5882 435.3739 Tm [(POSIX.1 )-144(does )-144(not )-144(specify )-144(what )-144(happens )-144(when)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 21.559 0 Td (SIGCHLD)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.594 0 Td [(is )-144(ignor)18(ed, )-144(so )-144(this )-144(behavior )-144(is)]TJ -26.153 -1.25 Td [(allowed. )-250(The)-250(XSI option r)18(equir)18(es this behavior to be supported for)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 29.785 0 Td (SIGCHLD)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj -29.785 -2.5 Td [(4.4BSD )-102(always )-102(generates )-102(zombies )-102(if)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 16.543 0 Td (SIGCHLD)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.552 0 Td [(is )-102(ignor)18(ed. )-352(If)-351(we )-102(want )-102(to )-102(avoid )-102(zombies,)]TJ -21.095 -1.25 Td [(we )-15(have )-15(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.106 0 Td (wait)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.665 0 Td [(for )-15(our )-15(childr)18(en. )-265(W)55(ith )-15(SVR4, )-15(if )-15(either)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 16.815 0 Td (signal)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.865 0 Td (or)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.206 0 Td (sigset)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.865 0 Td [(is )-15(called )-15(to )-15(set)]TJ -33.523 -1.25 Td [(the )-340(disposition )-340(of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.969 0 Td (SIGCHLD)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.79 0 Td [(to )-340(be )-340(ignor)18(ed, )-340(zombies )-340(ar)]TJ 0.59 Tc 12.509 0 Td (en)Tj 0 Tc 1.651 0 Td [(ever )-340(generated.)-840(All )-340(four)]TJ -27.918 -1.25 Td [(platforms described in this book follow SVR4 in this behavior)74(.)]TJ -0.055 Tc 0 -2.5 TD (Wi)Tj 0 Tc 1.236 0 Td (th)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.287 0 Td (sigaction)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(,)-379(we)-379(can )-129(set )-129(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 13 0 Td (SA_NOCLDWAIT)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.579 0 Td [(\337ag )-129(\(Figur)]TJ 0.379 Tc 4.759 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.358 0 Td [(0.16\) )-129(to )-129(avoid )-129(zombies.)]TJ -29.219 -1.25 Td (This action is also supported on all four platforms.)Tj 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5906 321.3807 Tm [(2. )-633(If)-285(we )-35(set )-35(the )-35(disposition )-35(of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 13.753 0 Td (SIGCLD)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.885 0 Td [(to )-35(be )-35(caught, )-35(the )-35(kernel )-35(immediately )-35(checks)]TJ -16.005 -1.2 Td [(whether )-190(any )-190(child )-190(pr)18(ocesses )-190(ar)]TJ 0.4403 Tc 14.37 0 Td (er)Tj 0 Tc 1.296 0 Td [(eady )-190(to )-190(be)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.371 0 Td (wait)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(ed )-190(for )-190(and, )-190(if )-190(so, )-190(calls )-190(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.037 -1.2 Td (SIGCLD)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td [(handler)74(.)]TJ -7.283 -2.28 Td [(Item )-2(2 )-2(changes )-2(the )-2(way )-2(we )-2(have )-2(to )-2(write )-2(a )-2(signal )-2(handler )-2(for )-2(this )-2(signal, )-2(as )-2(illustrated )-2(in)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD (the following example.)Tj /TT2 1 Tf -3.6 -3.12 Td (Example)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.6 -2.4 Td [(Recall )-82(fr)18(om )-82(Section )-82(10.4 )-82(that )-82(the )-82(\336rst )-82(thing )-82(to )-82(do )-82(on )-82(entry )-82(to )-82(a )-82(signal )-82(handler )-82(is )-82(to )-82(call)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf T* (signal)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.084 0 Td [(again, )-233(to )-233(r)17(eestablish )-234(the )-234(handler)]TJ 0.7336 Tc 14.964 0 Td (.\()Tj 0 Tc 1.317 0 Td [(This )-234(action )-234(is )-234(intended )-234(to )-234(minimize )-234(the)]TJ -20.364 -1.2 Td [(window )-2(of )-2(time )-2(when )-2(the )-2(signal )-2(is )-2(r)17(eset )-2(back )-2(to )-2(its )-2(default )-2(and )-2(could )-2(get )-2(lost.\))]TJ -0.092 Tc 34.975 0 Td [(We )-186(s)]TJ 0 Tc 2.063 0 Td (how)Tj -37.038 -1.2 Td [(this )-48(in )-48(Figur)]TJ 0.2978 Tc 5.475 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.277 0 Td [(0.6. )-298(This)-298(pr)18(ogram )-48(doesn\325t )-48(work )-48(on )-48(traditional )-48(System )-48(V )-48(platforms.)-547(The)]TJ -6.751 -1.2 Td [(output )-131(is )-131(a )-131(continual )-131(string )-131(of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 14.125 0 Td [(SIGCLD )219(received)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 9.162 0 Td [(lines. )-381(Eventually)]TJ 0.3811 Tc 7.641 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 0.957 0 Td [(he )-131(pr)18(ocess )-131(r)8(uns)]TJ -31.886 -1.2 Td [(out of stack space and terminates abnormally)111(.)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46799 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Chapter )-250(8)]TJ 39.788 0 Td [(Exer)18(cises)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 6.045 0 Td (283)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 668.9599 Tm (exec)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.954 0 Td [(functions: )-304(interpr)18(eter )-304(\336les )-304(and )-304(how )-304(they )-304(operate.)-807(An )-304(understanding )-304(of )-304(the)]TJ -2.954 -1.2 Td [(various )-294(user )-294(IDs )-294(and )-294(gr)18(oup )-294(IDs )-294(that )-294(ar)]TJ 0.5436 Tc 19.087 0 Td (ep)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.624 0 Td (ro)Tj 0 Tc 0.923 0 Td [(vided )167(\321 )167(r)17(eal, )-294(ef)18(fective, )-294(and )-294(saved)]TJ 0.0833 Tc 15.568 0 Td (\321i)Tj 0 Tc 1.374 0 Td (s)Tj -38.576 -1.2 Td [(critical to writing safe set-user)18(-ID pr)18(ograms.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(Given )-47(an )-47(understanding )-47(of )-47(a )-47(single )-47(pr)18(ocess )-47(and )-47(its )-47(childr)18(en, )-47(in )-47(the )-47(next )-47(chapter )-47(we)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(examine )-61(the )-61(r)18(elationship )-61(of )-61(a )-61(pr)18(ocess )-61(to )-61(other )-61(pr)16(ocesses )167(\321 )167(sessions)-312(and )-61(job )-61(contr)17(ol. )-311(W)92(e)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(then complete our discussion of pr)18(ocesses in Chapter 10 when we describe signals.)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 11.9993 0 0 11.9993 129.5923 560.9663 Tm [(Ex)10(er)20(cises)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 129.5923 539.9676 Tm (8.1)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.602 0 Td [(In )-76(Figur)]TJ 0.3259 Tc 3.628 0 Td (e8)Tj 0 Tc 1.305 0 Td [(.3, )-76(we )-76(said )-76(that )-76(r)18(eplacing )-76(the )-76(call )-76(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 16.386 0 Td (_exit)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.326 0 Td [(with )-76(a )-76(call )-76(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.234 0 Td (exit)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.726 0 Td [(might )-76(cause )-76(the)]TJ -33.605 -1.222 Td (standar)Tj 0.4797 Tc 3.32 0 Td (do)Tj 0 Tc 1.637 0 Td [(utput )-230(to )-230(be )-230(closed )-230(and)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.249 0 Td (printf)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.08 0 Td [(to )-230(r)18(eturn)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 4.593 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1. )-480(Modify)-479(the )-230(pr)18(ogram )-230(to )-230(check)]TJ -24.879 -1.222 Td [(whether )-89(your )-89(implementation )-89(behaves )-89(this )-89(way)]TJ 0.589 Tc 21.517 0 Td (.I)Tj 0 Tc 1.176 0 Td [(f)-339(it)-339(does )-89(not, )-89(how )-89(can 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)-70(child )-70(does )-70(a )-70(r)18(eturn )-70(fr)18(om )-70(this )-70(function )-70(after )-70(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -16.02 -1.222 Td (vfork)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.5 Tc (?W)Tj 0 Tc 4.87 0 Td [(rite a test pr)18(ogram to verify this, and draw a pictur)18(e)-250(of)-250(what\325s happening.)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf -7.472 -1.667 Td (8.3)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.602 0 Td [(Rewrite )-248(the )-248(pr)18(ogram )-248(in )-248(Figur)]TJ 0.4976 Tc 13.963 0 Td (e8)Tj 0 Tc 1.477 0 Td [(.6 )-248(to )-248(use)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.621 0 Td (waitid)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.098 0 Td [(instead )-248(of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.087 0 Td (wait)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.7477 Tc (.I)Tj 0 Tc 3.735 0 Td [(nstead )-248(of )-248(calling)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -32.98 -1.222 Td (pr_exit)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (,d)Tj 0 Tc 5.311 0 Td [(etermine the equivalent information fr)18(om the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 20.278 0 Td (siginfo)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e.)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf -32.641 -1.667 Td (8.4)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.602 0 Td [(When we execute the pr)18(ogram in Figur)]TJ 0.25 Tc 17.283 0 Td (e8)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (.13 one time, as in)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -16.512 -1.8 Td ($)Tj /TT3 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (./a.out)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -3.2 -1.833 Td [(the )-181(output )-181(is )-181(corr)17(ect. )-431(But)-432(if )-181(we )-181(execute )-181(the )-181(pr)18(ogram )-181(multiple )-181(times, )-181(one )-181(right )-181(after )-181(the)]TJ -0 -1.222 Td [(other)74(,)-250(as)-250(in)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 2 -1.8 Td ($)Tj /TT3 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (./a.out ; ./a.out ; ./a.out)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -1.2 -1.189 Td (output from parent)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (ooutput from parent)Tj T* (ouotuptut from child)Tj T* (put from parent)Tj T* (output from child)Tj T* (utput from child)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -2 -1.833 Td [(the )-76(output )-76(is )-76(not )-76(corr)20(ect. )-326(What\325s)-326(happening? )-326(How)-324(can )-76(we )-76(corr)19(ect )-76(this?)-576(Can )-76(this )-76(pr)19(oblem)]TJ -0 -1.222 Td (happen if we let the child write its output \336rst?)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -2.602 -1.667 Td (8.5)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.602 0 Td [(In )-294(the )-294(pr)18(ogram )-294(shown )-294(in )-294(Figur)]TJ 0.5444 Tc 15.11 0 Td (e8)Tj 0 Tc 1.523 0 Td [(.20, )-294(we )-294(call)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.972 0 Td (execl)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.5443 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 4.218 0 Td [(pecifying )-294(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 6.609 0 Td (pathname)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.488 0 Td [(of )-294(the)]TJ -37.921 -1.222 Td [(interpr)18(eter )-104(\336le.)-604(If )-104(we )-104(called)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 12.973 0 Td (execlp)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.954 0 Td [(instead, )-104(specifying )-104(a)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 9.581 0 Td (\336lename)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.716 0 Td (of)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.233 0 Td (testinterp)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.3539 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 7.104 0 Td [(nd )-104(if)]TJ -38.56 -1.222 Td [(the )-10(dir)18(ectory)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.932 0 Td (/home/sar/bin)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.06 0 Td [(was )-10(a )-10(path )-10(pr)18(e\336x, )-10(what )-10(would )-10(be )-10(printed )-10(as)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 19.802 0 Td (argv[2])Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.46 0 Td (when)Tj -38.254 -1.222 Td [(the pr)18(ogram is r)8(un?)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf -2.602 -1.667 Td (8.6)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.074 Tc 2.602 0 Td (Wr)Tj 0 Tc 1.321 0 Td [(ite )-17(a )-17(pr)18(ogram )-17(that )-17(cr)18(eates )-17(a )-17(zombie, )-17(and )-17(then )-17(call)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 22.076 0 Td (system)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.867 0 Td [(to )-17(execute )-17(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.386 0 Td (ps)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.2 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (1)Tj 0.5 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.6 -0.04 Td (command)Tj -36.282 -1.222 Td [(to verify that the pr)18(ocess is a zombie.)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf -2.602 -1.667 Td (8.7)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.092 Tc 2.602 0 Td [(We )-350(m)]TJ 0 Tc 2.686 0 Td [(entioned )-166(in )-166(Section )-166(8.10 )-166(that )-166(POSIX.1 )-166(r)16(equir)18(es )-166(open )-166(dir)18(ectory )-166(str)18(eams )-166(to )-166(be )-166(closed)]TJ -2.686 -1.222 Td [(acr)18(oss )-145(an)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.586 0 Td (exec)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.6447 Tc (.V)Tj 0 Tc 3.906 0 Td [(erify )-145(this )-145(as )-145(follows: )-145(call)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.615 0 Td (opendir)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.595 0 Td [(for )-145(the )-145(r)18(oot 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l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 668.9599 Tm (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.938 0 Td (waitpid)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.464 0 Td [(function )-14(r)18(eturns )-14(the )-14(pr)18(ocess 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Tc 3.224 0 Td (,i)Tj 0 Tc 0.968 0 Td [(t\325s )-177(also )-177(possible )-177(to )-177(get )-177(an )-177(err)20(or )-177(if )-177(the )-177(speci\336ed )-177(pr)18(ocess )-177(or)]TJ -12.221 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ocess gr)18(oup does not exist or is not a child of the calling pr)18(ocess.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td (The)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 2.252 0 Td (options)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.522 0 Td [(ar)18(gument )-328(lets )-328(us )-328(further )-328(contr)16(ol )-328(the )-328(operation )-328(of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 24.237 0 Td (waitpid)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.8283 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 5.891 0 Td (his)Tj -37.703 -1.2 Td [(ar)18(gument )-17(either )-17(is )-17(0 )-17(or )-17(is )-17(constr)8(ucted )-17(fr)18(om )-17(the )-17(bitwise )-17(OR )-17(of )-17(the )-17(constants )-17(in )-17(Figur)]TJ 0.2667 Tc 36.754 0 Td (e8)Tj 0 Tc 1.246 0 Td (.7.)Tj 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 183.5886 562.9662 Tm [(Fr)18(eeBSD )-2(8.0 )-2(and )-2(Solaris )-2(10 )-2(support )-2(one )-2(additional, )-2(but )-2(nonstandar)18(d,)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 30.511 0 Td (option)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.807 0 Td (constant.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 4.482 0 Td (WNOWAIT)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -37.8 -1.25 Td [(has )-106(the )-106(system )-106(keep )-106(the )-106(pr)16(ocess )-107(whose )-107(termination )-107(status )-107(is )-107(r)18(eturned )-107(by)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 33.406 0 Td (waitpid)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.557 0 Td [(in )-107(a )-107(wait)]TJ -37.963 -1.25 Td (state, so that it may be waited for again.)Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1646.25 5170.25 cm 0 0 m 3200 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 176.5988 508.9389 Tm (Constant )Tj 19.671 0 Td (Description)Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1646.25 5050.25 cm 0 0 m 3200 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1646.25 5030.25 cm 0 0 m 3200 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 168.5697 494.9109 Tm (WCONTINUED)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.5 0 Td [(If the implementation supports job contr)18(ol, the status of any child)]TJ 0 -1.25 TD (speci\336ed by)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 5.543 0 Td (pid)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.528 0 Td (that has been continued after being stopped, but)Tj -7.071 -1.25 Td [(whose status has not yet been r)18(eported, is r)18(eturned \(XSI option\).)]TJ ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1646.25 4710.25 cm 0 0 m 3200 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 168.5595 462.8889 Tm (WNOHANG)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.5 0 Td (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.924 0 Td (waitpid)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td (function will not block if a child speci\336ed by)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 19.894 0 Td (pid)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.528 0 Td (is not)Tj -27.796 -1.25 Td [(immediately available.)-500(In this case, the r)18(eturn value is 0.)]TJ ET q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1646.25 4490.25 cm 0 0 m 3200 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9976 0 0 7.9976 168.5494 440.8677 Tm (WUNTRACED)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.5 0 Td [(If the implementation supports job contr)18(ol, the status of any child)]TJ T* (speci\336ed by)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 5.543 0 Td (pid)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.528 0 Td (that has stopped, and whose status has not been)Tj -0.018 Tc -7.071 -1.25 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(ported since it has stopped, is r)18(eturned. )-250(The)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 19.88 0 Td (WIFSTOPPED)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.25 0 Td [(macr)18(o)]TJ -26.986 -1.25 Td [(determines whether the r)18(eturn value corr)18(esponds to a stopped child)]TJ T* [(pr)18(ocess.)]TJ ET q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1646.25 3970.25 cm 0 0 m 3200 0 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2226.25 3970.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1200 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4846.25 3970.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1200 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1646.25 3970.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1200 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9971 0 0 7.9971 243.7482 378.8636 Tm (Figure 8.7)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.945 0 Td (The)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.924 0 Td (options)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.194 0 Td (constants for)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 5.928 0 Td (waitpid)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9964 0 0 9.9964 147.5471 347.6748 Tm (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.102 0 Td (waitpid)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.628 0 Td [(function )-178(pr)18(ovides )-178(thr)18(ee )-178(featur)18(es )-178(that )-178(ar)18(en\325t )-178(pr)18(ovided )-178(by )-178(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 28.07 0 Td (wait)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -36.6 -1.2 Td (function.)Tj 1.8 -2.04 Td [(1. )-633(The)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.578 0 Td (waitpid)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.471 0 Td [(function )-21(lets )-21(us )-21(wait )-21(for )-21(one )-21(particular )-21(pr)17(ocess, )-21(wher)18(eas )-21(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 26.751 0 Td (wait)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -33.167 -1.2 Td [(function )-81(r)18(eturns )-81(the )-81(status )-81(of )-81(any )-81(terminated )-81(child.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 23.641 0 Td (We)Tj 0 Tc 1.387 0 Td [(\325ll )-81(r)18(eturn )-81(to )-81(this )-81(featur)17(e)]TJ -25.028 -1.2 Td (when we discuss the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 9.398 0 Td (popen)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td (function.)Tj -14.281 -1.6 Td [(2. )-633(The)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.819 0 Td (waitpid)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.712 0 Td [(function )-262(pr)18(ovides )-262(a )-262(nonblocking )-262(version )-262(of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 20.861 0 Td (wait)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.7616 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 4.025 0 Td (her)Tj 0.5116 Tc 1.438 0 Td (ea)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.491 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc -34.711 -1.2 Td (times when we want to fetch a child\325s status, but we don\325t want to\ block.)Tj -1.633 -1.6 Td [(3. )-633(The)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.713 0 Td (waitpid)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.606 0 Td [(function )-156(pr)18(ovides )-156(support )-156(for )-156(job )-156(contr)18(ol )-156(with )-156(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 23.482 0 Td (WUNTRACED)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -30.167 -1.2 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.943 0 Td (WCONTINUED)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.25 0 Td (options.)Tj /TT1 1 Tf -15.226 -3.24 Td (Example)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.6 -2.4 Td [(Recall )-209(our )-209(discussion )-209(in )-209(Section )-209(8.5 )-209(about )-209(zombie )-209(pr)17(ocesses. )-459(If)-459(we )-209(want )-209(to )-209(write )-209(a)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(pr)18(ocess )-36(so )-36(that )-36(it)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.759 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.2858 Tc (sac)Tj 0 Tc 4.34 0 Td [(hild )-36(but )-36(we )-36(don\325t )-36(want )-36(to )-36(wait )-36(for )-36(the )-36(child )-36(to )-36(complete )-36(and)]TJ -12.098 -1.2 Td [(we )-24(don\325t )-24(want )-24(the )-24(child )-24(to )-24(become )-24(a )-24(zombie )-24(until )-24(we )-24(terminate, )-24(the )-24(trick )-24(is )-24(to )-24(call)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 36.601 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -36.601 -1.2 Td [(twice. )-250(The)-250(pr)18(ogram in Figur)]TJ 0.25 Tc 12.662 0 Td (e8)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (.8 does this.)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46801 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (238)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Pr)18(ocess )-250(Contr)18(ol )]TJ 39.241 0 Td [(Chapter)-500(8)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5911 668.9599 Tm [(The )-58(\336nal )-58(condition )-58(to )-58(consider )-58(is )-58(this: )-58(What )-58(happens )-58(when )-58(a )-58(pr)16(ocess )-58(that )-58(has )-58(been)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(inherited )-50(by)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.746 0 Td (init)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.7 0 Td [(terminates? )-300(Does)-301(it )-50(become )-50(a )-50(zombie?)-550(The )-50(answer )-50(is )-50(\324)34(\324no,\325)]TJ 0.3003 Tc 26.494 0 Td (\325b)Tj 0 Tc 1.131 0 Td (ecause)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -36.071 -1.2 Td (init)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.747 0 Td [(is )-97(written )-97(so )-97(that )-97(whenever )-97(one )-97(of )-97(its )-97(childr)18(en )-97(terminates,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 26.64 0 Td (init)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.747 0 Td [(calls )-97(one )-97(of )-97(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -32.135 -1.2 Td (wait)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.662 0 Td [(functions )-12(to )-12(fetch )-12(the )-12(termination )-12(status.)-511(By )-12(doing )-12(this,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 24.841 0 Td (init)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.662 0 Td [(pr)18(events )-12(the )-12(system)]TJ -30.164 -1.2 Td [(fr)18(om )-204(being )-204(clogged )-204(by )-204(zombies.)-704(When )-204(we )-204(say )-204(\324)37(\324one )-204(of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 26.352 0 Td (init)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(\325s )-204(childr)18(en,\325)]TJ 0.4543 Tc 7.704 0 Td (\325w)Tj 0.4544 Tc 1.566 0 Td (em)Tj 0 Tc 1.816 0 Td (ean)Tj -37.439 -1.2 Td [(either )-194(a )-194(pr)18(ocess )-194(that)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.856 0 Td (init)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.844 0 Td [(generates )-194(dir)18(ectly )-194(\(such )-194(as)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 12.68 0 Td (getty)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.4437 Tc (,w)Tj 0 Tc 4.528 0 Td [(hich )-194(we )-194(describe )-194(in)]TJ -29.908 -1.2 Td [(Section )-267(9.2\) )-267(or )-267(a )-267(pr)18(ocess )-267(whose )-267(par)16(ent )-267(has )-267(terminated )-267(and )-267(has )-267(been )-267(subsequently)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD (inherited by)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 5.645 0 Td (init)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 11.9993 0 0 11.9993 93.5938 548.9671 Tm (8.6)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 3 0 Td (wait)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 2.956 0 Td (and)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 2.334 0 Td (waitpid)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 4.756 0 Td (Functions)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5912 524.9685 Tm [(When )-15(a )-15(pr)18(ocess )-15(terminates, )-15(either )-15(normally )-15(or )-15(abnormally)]TJ 0.265 Tc 25.751 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 0.841 0 Td [(he )-15(kernel )-15(noti\336es )-15(the )-15(par)18(ent)]TJ -26.592 -1.2 Td [(by )-82(sending )-82(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.019 0 Td (SIGCHLD)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.532 0 Td [(signal )-82(to )-82(the )-82(par)17(ent. )-332(Because)-333(the )-83(termination )-83(of )-83(a )-83(child )-83(is )-83(an)]TJ -11.551 -1.2 Td [(asynchr)18(onous )-249(event)]TJ 0.0833 Tc 9.179 0 Td (\321i)Tj 0.499 Tc 1.374 0 Td (tc)Tj 0 Tc 1.269 0 Td [(an )-249(happen )-249(at )-249(any )-249(time )-249(while )-249(the )-249(par)18(ent )-249(is )-249(r)8(unning )167(\321 )167(this)]TJ -11.823 -1.2 Td [(signal )-139(is )-139(the )-139(asynchr)18(onous )-139(noti\336cation )-139(fr)18(om )-139(the )-139(kernel )-139(to )-139(the )-139(par)22(ent. )-389(The)-388(par)18(ent )-139(can)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(choose )-89(to )-89(ignor)]TJ 0.3391 Tc 6.923 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.144 0 Td [(his )-89(signal, )-89(or )-89(it )-89(can )-89(pr)18(ovide )-89(a )-89(function )-89(that )-89(is )-89(called )-89(when )-89(the )-89(signal)]TJ -8.067 -1.2 Td [(occurs: )-31(a )-31(signal )-31(handler)]TJ 0.5308 Tc 10.458 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.394 0 Td [(he )-31(default )-31(action )-31(for )-31(this )-31(signal )-31(is )-31(to )-31(be )-31(ignor)19(ed. )-281(W)]TJ 0.2809 Tc 22.712 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.371 0 Td (escribe)Tj -35.935 -1.2 Td [(these )-159(options )-159(in )-159(Chapter )-159(10.)-658(For )-159(now)92(,)-409(we)-409(need )-159(to )-159(be )-159(awar)]TJ 0.4088 Tc 27.264 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.214 0 Td [(hat )-159(a )-159(pr)18(ocess )-159(that )-159(calls)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -28.478 -1.2 Td (wait)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td (or)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.191 0 Td (waitpid)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td (can)Tj 0.883 Tc -6.491 -2.04 Td (\245B)Tj 0 Tc 2.1 0 Td [(lock, if all of its childr)18(en ar)]TJ 0.25 Tc 11.747 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.153 0 Td [(till r)8(unning)]TJ 0.883 Tc -15 -1.6 Td (\245R)Tj 0 Tc 2.157 0 Td [(eturn )-346(immediately )-346(with )-346(the )-346(termination )-346(status )-346(of )-346(a )-346(child, )-346(if )-346(a )-346(child )-346(has)]TJ -0.668 -1.2 Td (terminated and is waiting for its termination status to be fetched)Tj 0.883 Tc -1.489 -1.6 Td (\245R)Tj 0 Tc 2.157 0 Td [(eturn immediately with an err)18(or)74(,)-250(if)-250(it)-250(doesn\325t have any child pr)18(ocesses)]TJ -3.957 -2.04 Td [(If )-6(the )-6(pr)18(ocess )-6(is )-6(calling)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.303 0 Td (wait)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.656 0 Td [(because )-6(it )-6(r)18(eceived )-6(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.236 0 Td (SIGCHLD)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.456 0 Td [(signal, )-6(we )-6(expect)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.821 0 Td (wait)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.656 0 Td (to)Tj -0.018 Tc -38.128 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (turn immediately)Tj 0.5 Tc 7.635 0 Td (.B)Tj 0 Tc 1.361 0 Td (ut if we call it at any random point in time, it can block.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5904 325.0805 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -2.021 TD (pid_t wait\(int *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (statloc)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj 0 -2.021 TD (pid_t waitpid\(pid_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 12 0 Td (pid)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 3.078 0 Td (nt *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (statloc)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 6.828 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (options)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -9.341 -2.021 Td [(Both r)18(eturn: pr)18(ocess ID if OK, 0 \(see later\), or)]TJ /TT3 1 Tf 20.099 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 2660.25 cm 0 0 m 0 681 l 3900 681 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 250.1 Tm [(The dif)18(fer)18(ences between these two functions ar)18(e)-250(as)-250(follows:)]TJ 0.883 Tc 1.8 -2.04 Td (\245T)Tj 0 Tc 2.102 0 Td (he)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.354 0 Td (wait)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.693 0 Td [(function )-42(can )-42(block )-42(the )-42(caller )-42(until )-42(a )-42(child )-42(pr)18(ocess )-42(terminates, )-42(wher)13(eas)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.659 -1.2 Td (waitpid)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td [(has an option that pr)18(events it fr)18(om blocking.)]TJ 0.883 Tc -5.939 -1.6 Td (\245T)Tj 0 Tc 2.102 0 Td (he)Tj /TT0 1 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3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 668.9599 Tm [(action )-266(to )-266(occur)]TJ 0.5158 Tc 6.951 0 Td (,w)Tj 0 Tc 1.6 0 Td [(hich )-266(for )-266(this )-266(signal )-266(terminates )-266(the )-266(pr)19(ocess. )-516(This)-516(is )-266(one )-266(of )-266(those)]TJ -8.55 -1.2 Td [(conditions )-108(that )-108(works )-108(corr)18(ectly )-108(most )-108(of )-108(the )-108(time, )-108(causing )-108(us )-108(to )-108(think )-108(that )-108(it )-108(is )-108(corr)15(ect,)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD (when it isn\325t.)Tj 1.8 -1.2 Td [(Another )-11(pr)18(oblem )-11(with )-11(these )-11(earlier )-11(systems )-11(was )-11(that )-11(the )-11(pr)17(ocess )-11(was )-11(unable )-11(to )-11(turn)]TJ 0.2696 Tc -1.8 -1.2 Td (as)Tj 0 Tc 1.194 0 Td [(ignal )-20(of)]TJ 0.2696 Tc 3.351 0 Td (fw)Tj 0 Tc 1.437 0 Td [(hen )-20(it )-20(didn\325t )-20(want 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39.241 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(9)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 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-1.489 -1.72 Td (\245)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.489 0 Td (p_pglist)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.113 0 Td [(is )-63(a )-63(str)8(uctur)]TJ 0.3131 Tc 5.331 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.236 0 Td [(ontaining )-63(pointers )-63(to )-63(the )-63(next )-63(and )-63(pr)18(evious )-63(pr)17(ocesses)]TJ -11.68 -1.2 Td [(in the pr)18(ocess gr)18(oup, as we mentioned earlier)74(.)]TJ -1.489 -2.16 Td [(Finally)111(,)-659(we)-659(h)-1(ave )-409(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.67 0 Td (vnode)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.659 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e. )-659(This)-660(str)8(uctur)18(e)-659(is)-659(a)-1(llocated )-409(when )-409(the)]TJ -16.129 -1.2 Td [(contr)18(olling )-232(terminal )-232(device )-232(is )-232(opened.)-732(All )-232(r)18(efer)18(ences )-232(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 26.502 0 Td (/dev/tty)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.282 0 Td [(in )-232(a )-232(pr)18(ocess )-232(go)]TJ -31.784 -1.2 Td [(thr)18(ough this)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.695 0 Td (vnode)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e.)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 11.9993 0 0 11.9993 93.5938 490.1706 Tm [(9.12 )-776(Summar)-10(y)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5916 466.172 Tm [(This )-188(chapter )-188(has )-188(described )-188(the )-188(r)18(elationships )-188(between )-188(gr)18(oups )-188(of )-188(pr)18(ocesses )167(\321 )167(sessions,)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(which )-24(ar)]TJ 0.274 Tc 3.884 0 Td (em)Tj 0 Tc 1.636 0 Td [(ade )-24(up )-24(of )-24(pr)18(ocess )-24(gr)18(oups. )-274(Job)-274(contr)18(ol )-24(is )-24(a )-24(featur)]TJ 0.274 Tc 21.418 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.177 0 Td [(upported )-24(by )-24(most )-24(UNIX)]TJ -28.115 -1.2 Td [(systems )-84(today)]TJ 0.334 Tc 6.278 0 Td (,a)Tj 0 Tc 1.084 0 Td [(nd )-84(we\325ve )-84(described )-84(how )-84(it\325s )-84(implemented )-84(by )-84(a )-84(shell )-84(that )-84(supports )-84(job)]TJ -7.362 -1.2 Td [(contr)18(ol. )-433(The)-433(contr)18(olling )-183(terminal )-183(for )-183(a )-183(pr)18(ocess,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 22.216 0 Td (/dev/tty)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(,)-433(is)-433(also )-183(involved )-183(in )-183(these)]TJ -22.215 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ocess r)18(elationships.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 1.8 -1.2 Td (We)Tj 0 Tc 1.387 0 Td [(\325ve )-134(made )-134(numer)18(ous )-134(r)17(efer)18(ences )-134(to )-134(the )-134(signals )-134(that )-134(ar)]TJ 0.3841 Tc 23.757 0 Td (eu)Tj 0 Tc 1.466 0 Td [(sed )-134(in )-134(all )-134(these )-134(pr)18(ocess)]TJ -0.018 Tc -28.41 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(lationships. )-393(The)-393(next )-143(chapter )-143(continues )-143(the )-143(discussion )-143(of )-143(signals, )-143(looking )-143(at )-143(all )-143(the)]TJ -0.856 -1.2 Td (UNIX System signals in detail.)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 11.9993 0 0 11.9993 129.5912 340.1796 Tm [(Ex)10(er)20(cises)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 129.5912 319.1808 Tm (9.1)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.602 0 Td [(Refer )-53(back )-53(to )-53(our )-53(discussion )-53(of )-53(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 15.848 0 Td (utmp)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.703 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.996 0 Td (wtmp)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.703 0 Td [(\336les )-53(in )-53(Section )-53(6.8.)-553(Why )-53(ar)]TJ 0.3027 Tc 12.143 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.108 0 Td [(he )-53(logout)]TJ -0.018 Tc -36.5 -1.222 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(cor)18(ds written by the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.131 0 Td (init)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td [(pr)18(ocess? )-250(Is)-250(this handled the same way for a network login?)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf -15.239 -1.667 Td (9.2)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.074 Tc 2.602 0 Td (Wr)Tj 0 Tc 1.321 0 Td [(ite )-101(a )-101(small )-101(pr)18(ogram )-101(that )-101(calls)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 13.63 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.751 0 Td [(and )-101(has )-101(the )-101(child )-101(cr)20(eate )-101(a )-101(new )-101(session.)]TJ -0.111 Tc 18.28 0 Td (Ve)Tj 0 Tc 1.09 0 Td [(rify )-101(that)]TJ -37.072 -1.222 Td [(the )-166(child )-166(becomes )-166(a )-166(pr)18(ocess )-166(gr)18(oup )-166(leader )-166(and )-166(that )-166(the )-166(child )-166(no )-166(longer )-166(has )-166(a )-166(contr)21(olling)]TJ 0 -1.222 TD (terminal.)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46810 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (310)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Pr)18(ocess )-250(Relationships)]TJ 39.241 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(9)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 11.9993 0 0 11.9993 93.5944 668.9599 Tm [(9.11 )-776(FreeBSD)-556(Implementation)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 647.3612 Tm [(Having )-182(talked )-182(about )-182(the )-182(various )-182(attributes )-182(of )-182(a )-182(pr)18(ocess, )-182(pr)18(ocess )-182(gr)18(oup, )-182(session, )-182(and)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(contr)18(olling )-70(terminal, )-70(it\325s )-70(worth )-70(looking )-70(at )-70(how )-70(all )-70(this )-70(can )-70(be )-70(implemented.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 34.494 0 Td (We)Tj 0 Tc 1.387 0 Td [(\325ll )-70(look)]TJ -35.881 -1.2 Td [(brie\337y )-594(at )-594(the )-594(implementation )-594(used )-594(by )-594(Fr)19(eeBSD. )-844(Some)-844(details )-594(of )-594(the )-594(SVR4)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(implementation of these featur)18(es can be found in W)53(illiams)]TJ 26.024 0.04 Td ([)Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (1989)Tj 2 0.04 Td (])Tj 0.5003 Tc 0.333 -0.04 Td (.F)Tj 0 Tc 1.306 0 Td (igur)Tj 0.2503 Tc 1.827 0 Td (e9)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (.13 shows the)Tj -33.052 -1.2 Td [(various data str)8(uctur)18(es used by Fr)18(eeBSD.)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 1590 3686 576 144 re S Q BT /TT1 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 162.9804 373.9951 Tm (p_pglist)Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 1590 3542 576 144 re S Q BT /TT1 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 162.9707 359.5753 Tm (p_pid)Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 1590 3398 576 144 re S Q BT /TT1 1 Tf 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 162.9609 345.1571 Tm (p_pptr)Tj ET q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 1590 3110 576 288 re S Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 1590 2966 576 144 re S Q BT /TT1 1 Tf 7.9976 0 0 7.9976 162.9511 301.9494 Tm (p_pgrp)Tj ET q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 1590 2678 576 288 re S Q BT /TT1 1 Tf 7.9971 0 0 7.9971 161.2659 386.101 Tm (proc)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e)]TJ ET q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2742 3686 576 144 re S Q BT /TT1 1 Tf 7.9966 0 0 7.9966 278.0832 373.8829 Tm (p_pglist)Tj ET q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2742 3542 576 144 re S Q BT /TT1 1 Tf 7.9962 0 0 7.9962 278.0665 359.4674 Tm (p_pid)Tj ET q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2742 3398 576 144 re S Q BT /TT1 1 Tf 7.9957 0 0 7.9957 278.0498 345.0536 Tm (p_pptr)Tj ET q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2742 3110 576 288 re S Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2742 2966 576 144 re S Q BT /TT1 1 Tf 7.9952 0 0 7.9952 278.0331 301.8588 Tm (p_pgrp)Tj ET q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2742 2678 576 288 re S Q BT /TT1 1 Tf 7.9947 0 0 7.9947 276.3415 385.9852 Tm (proc)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e)]TJ ET q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 3894 3686 576 144 re S Q BT /TT1 1 Tf 7.9942 0 0 7.9942 393.1168 373.7708 Tm (p_pglist)Tj ET q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 3894 3542 576 144 re S Q BT /TT1 1 Tf 7.9938 0 0 7.9938 393.0933 359.3596 Tm (p_pid)Tj ET q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 3894 3398 576 144 re S Q BT /TT1 1 Tf 7.9933 0 0 7.9933 393.0697 344.9501 Tm (p_pptr)Tj ET q 0.099916 0 0 0.099916 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 3894 3110 576 288 re S Q q 0.099916 0 0 0.099916 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 3894 2966 576 144 re S Q BT /TT1 1 Tf 7.9928 0 0 7.9928 393.0461 301.7683 Tm (p_pgrp)Tj ET q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 3894 2678 576 288 re S Q BT /TT1 1 Tf 7.9923 0 0 7.9923 391.3481 385.8694 Tm (proc)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e)]TJ ET q 0.099904 0 0 0.099904 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2670 4478 576 288 re S Q q 0.099904 0 0 0.099904 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2670 4334 576 144 re S Q BT /TT1 1 Tf 7.9918 0 0 7.9918 270.7237 438.3926 Tm (pg_id)Tj ET q 0.099898 0 0 0.099898 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2670 4190 576 144 re S Q BT /TT1 1 Tf 7.9914 0 0 7.9914 270.7075 423.9818 Tm (pg_session)Tj ET q 0.0998921 0 0 0.0998921 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2670 4046 576 144 re S Q BT /TT1 1 Tf 7.9909 0 0 7.9909 270.6912 409.5728 Tm (pg_members)Tj -0.21 8.725 Td (pgrp)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e)]TJ ET q 0.0998861 0 0 0.0998861 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 3462 5558 576 144 re S Q BT /TT1 1 Tf 7.9904 0 0 7.9904 349.78 560.5669 Tm (s_count)Tj ET q 0.0998801 0 0 0.0998801 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 3462 5414 576 144 re S Q BT /TT1 1 Tf 7.9899 0 0 7.9899 349.759 546.1514 Tm (s_leader)Tj ET q 0.0998741 0 0 0.0998741 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 3462 5270 576 144 re S Q BT /TT1 1 Tf 7.9894 0 0 7.9894 349.738 531.7376 Tm (s_ttyvp)Tj ET q 0.0998681 0 0 0.0998681 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 3462 5126 576 144 re S Q BT /TT1 1 Tf 7.989 0 0 7.989 349.717 517.3256 Tm (s_ttyp)Tj ET q 0.0998621 0 0 0.0998621 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 3462 4982 576 144 re S Q BT /TT1 1 Tf 7.9885 0 0 7.9885 349.6961 502.9153 Tm (s_sid)Tj -1.11 8.725 Td (session)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e)]TJ ET q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 4542 4838 576 288 re S Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 4542 4694 576 144 re S Q BT /TT1 1 Tf 7.988 0 0 7.988 457.5132 474.1283 Tm (v_data)Tj -0.51 5.125 Td (vnode)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e)]TJ ET q 0.0998501 0 0 0.0998501 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 1374 5270 576 288 re S Q q 0.0998501 0 0 0.0998501 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 1374 5126 576 144 re S Q BT /TT1 1 Tf 7.9875 0 0 7.9875 141.1796 517.2325 Tm (t_session)Tj ET q 0.0998441 0 0 0.0998441 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 1374 4982 576 144 re S Q BT /TT1 1 Tf 7.9871 0 0 7.9871 141.1711 502.8247 Tm (t_pgrp)Tj ET q 0.0998381 0 0 0.0998381 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 1374 4766 576 216 re S Q BT /TT1 1 Tf 7.9866 0 0 7.9866 141.1626 484.8248 Tm (t_termios)Tj ET q 0.0998321 0 0 0.0998321 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 1374 4550 576 216 re S Q BT /TT1 1 Tf 7.9861 0 0 7.9861 141.1542 463.2332 Tm (t_winsize)Tj ET q 0.0998261 0 0 0.0998261 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 1374 4406 576 144 re S Q BT /TT1 1 Tf 7.9856 0 0 7.9856 141.8684 558.0346 Tm (tty)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.05 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e)]TJ ET q 0.0998202 0 0 0.0998202 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2166.25 3038.25 cm 0 0 m 180 0 l 180 1670 l S Q Q q 0.9981417 0 0 0.9981417 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 267 470.84 cm 0 0 m -7.2 -1.44 l -7.2 1.44 l f Q Q q 0.0998142 0 0 0.0998142 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2670 4708.3999 cm 0 0 m -72 -14.4 l -72 14.4 l h S Q Q q 0.0998142 0 0 0.0998142 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2346.25 4708.25 cm 0 0 m 252 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998142 0 0 0.0998142 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2742.25 3038.25 cm 0 0 m -267 0 l -267 1555 l S Q Q q 0.9980818 0 0 0.9980818 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 267 459.32 cm 0 0 m -7.2 -1.44 l -7.2 1.44 l f Q Q q 0.0998082 0 0 0.0998082 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2670 4593.2002 cm 0 0 m -72 -14.4 l -72 14.4 l h S Q Q q 0.0998082 0 0 0.0998082 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2475.25 4593.25 cm 0 0 m 123 0 l S Q Q q 0.9980219 0 0 0.9980219 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 267 411.8 cm 0 0 m -7.2 -1.44 l -7.2 1.44 l f Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2670 4118 cm 0 0 m -72 -14.4 l -72 14.4 l h S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2598.25 4118.25 cm 0 0 m -1224 0 l -1224 -360 l S Q Q q 0.997962 0 0 0.997962 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 159 375.8 cm 0 0 m -7.2 -1.44 l -7.2 1.44 l f Q Q q 0.0997962 0 0 0.0997962 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1590 3758 cm 0 0 m -72 -14.4 l -72 14.4 l h S Q Q q 0.0997962 0 0 0.0997962 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1374.25 3758.25 cm 0 0 m 144 0 l S Q Q q 0.9979021 0 0 0.9979021 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 216.6 375.8 cm 0 0 m 7.2 1.44 l 7.2 -1.44 l f Q Q q 0.0997902 0 0 0.0997902 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2166 3758 cm 0 0 m 72 14.4 l 72 -14.4 l h S Q Q q 0.9978423 0 0 0.9978423 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 274.2 375.8 cm 0 0 m -7.2 -1.44 l -7.2 1.44 l f Q Q q 0.0997842 0 0 0.0997842 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2742 3758 cm 0 0 m -72 -14.4 l -72 14.4 l h S Q Q q 0.0997842 0 0 0.0997842 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2238.25 3758.25 cm 0 0 m 432 0 l S Q Q q 0.9977824 0 0 0.9977824 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 331.8 375.8 cm 0 0 m 7.2 1.44 l 7.2 -1.44 l f Q Q q 0.0997782 0 0 0.0997782 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3318 3758 cm 0 0 m 72 14.4 l 72 -14.4 l h S Q Q q 0.9977225 0 0 0.9977225 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 389.4 375.8 cm 0 0 m -7.2 -1.44 l -7.2 1.44 l f Q Q q 0.0997723 0 0 0.0997723 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3894 3758 cm 0 0 m -72 -14.4 l -72 14.4 l h S Q Q q 0.0997723 0 0 0.0997723 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3390.25 3758.25 cm 0 0 m 432 0 l S Q Q q 0.0997723 0 0 0.0997723 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3246.25 4262.25 cm 0 0 m 72 0 l 72 1332 l S Q Q q 0.9976627 0 0 0.9976627 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 346.2 559.4 cm 0 0 m -7.2 -1.44 l -7.2 1.44 l f Q Q q 0.0997663 0 0 0.0997663 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3462 5594 cm 0 0 m -72 -14.4 l -72 14.4 l h S Q Q q 0.0997663 0 0 0.0997663 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3318.25 5594.25 cm 0 0 m 72 0 l S Q Q q 0.9976028 0 0 0.9976028 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 454.2 512.6 cm 0 0 m -7.2 1.512 l -6.048 4.176 l f Q Q q 0.0997603 0 0 0.0997603 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4542 5126 cm 0 0 m -72 15.12 l -60.48 41.76 l h S Q Q q 0.0997603 0 0 0.0997603 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4038.25 5342.25 cm 0 0 m 438 -188 l S Q Q q 0.9975429 0 0 0.9975429 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 195 555.8 cm 0 0 m 7.344 -0.288 l 6.696 -3.096 l f Q Q q 0.0997543 0 0 0.0997543 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1950 5558 cm 0 0 m 73.44 -2.88 l 66.96 -30.96 l h S Q Q q 0.0997543 0 0 0.0997543 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3462.25 5198.25 cm 0 0 m -1442 343 l S Q Q q 0.9974831 0 0 0.9974831 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 346.2 570.2 cm 0 0 m -6.408 -3.672 l -7.344 -0.936 l f Q Q q 0.0997483 0 0 0.0997483 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3462 5702 cm 0 0 m -64.08 -36.72 l -73.44 -9.36 l h S Q Q q 0.0997483 0 0 0.0997483 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1950.25 5198.25 cm 0 0 m 1443 481 l S Q Q q 0.9974232 0 0 0.9974232 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 267 476.6 cm 0 0 m -7.2 1.368 l -6.12 4.032 l f Q Q q 0.0997423 0 0 0.0997423 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2670 4766 cm 0 0 m -72 13.68 l -61.2 40.32 l h S Q Q q 0.0997423 0 0 0.0997423 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1950.25 5054.25 cm 0 0 m 653 -262 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 6.4822 -2.5928 2.5928 6.4822 215.3537 499.2013 Tm [(for)18(egr)18(ound)]TJ -0.609 -1.429 Td [(pr)18(ocess gr)18(oup)]TJ ET q 0.0997363 0 0 0.0997363 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4038.25 5486.25 cm 0 0 m 288 0 l -288 -1512 l S Q Q q 0.9973036 0 0 0.9973036 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 389.4 383 cm 0 0 m -6.12 4.104 l -4.104 6.12 l f Q Q q 0.0997304 0 0 0.0997304 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3894 3830 cm 0 0 m -61.2 41.04 l -41.04 61.2 l h S Q Q q 0.0997304 0 0 0.0997304 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3750.25 3974.25 cm 0 0 m 93 -93 l S Q Q q 0.0997304 0 0 0.0997304 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3894.25 3038.25 cm 0 0 m -432 -504 l -1483 -504 l -1483 1613 l S Q Q q 0.9972437 0 0 0.9972437 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 267 465.08 cm 0 0 m -7.2 -1.44 l -7.2 1.44 l f Q Q q 0.0997244 0 0 0.0997244 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2670 4650.7998 cm 0 0 m -72 -14.4 l -72 14.4 l h S Q Q q 0.0997244 0 0 0.0997244 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2411.25 4651.25 cm 0 0 m 187 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 6.9803 0 0 6.9803 160.8228 413.8712 Tm (linked list of)Tj -2.527 -1.429 Td [(pr)18(ocess gr)18(oup members)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9775 0 0 7.9775 201.5349 215.5912 Tm (Figure 9.13)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.695 0 Td [(Fr)18(eeBSD implementation of sessions and pr)18(ocess gr)18(oups)]TJ 9.9718 0 0 9.9718 147.1845 191.6587 Tm [(Let\325s )-87(look )-87(at )-87(all )-87(the )-87(\336elds )-87(that )-87(we\325ve )-87(labeled, )-87(starting )-87(with )-87(the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 28.444 0 Td (session)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.537 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e.)]TJ -34.781 -1.2 Td [(One of these str)8(uctur)18(es is allocated for each session \(e.g., each time)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 29.663 0 Td (setsid)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td (is called\).)Tj -31.713 -2.16 Td (\245)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.489 0 Td (s_count)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.534 0 Td [(is )-84(the )-84(number )-84(of )-84(pr)18(ocess )-84(gr)18(oups )-84(in )-84(the )-84(session.)-584(When )-84(this )-84(counter )-84(is)]TJ -4.534 -1.2 Td [(decr)18(emented to 0, the str)8(uctur)]TJ 0.25 Tc 13.249 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.173 0 Td [(an be fr)18(eed.)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46811 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(9.10)]TJ 31.685 0 Td [(Orphaned )-250(Pr)18(ocess )-250(Gr)18(oups)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 14.148 0 Td (307)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5911 670.2598 Tm (ps -o pid,ppid,pgid,sid,tpgid,comm | cat1 &)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 653.3307 Tm [(the )-10(r)18(esults )-10(ar)]TJ 0.2596 Tc 5.707 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.163 0 Td (imilar)Tj 0.2596 Tc 2.577 0 Td (,b)Tj 0 Tc 1.063 0 Td [(ut )-10(now)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.41 0 Td (ps)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.46 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.953 0 Td (cat1)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.66 0 Td (ar)Tj 0.2596 Tc 0.877 0 Td (ep)Tj 0 Tc 1.34 0 Td [(laced )-10(in )-10(the )-10(same )-10(backgr)18(ound )-10(pr)20(ocess)]TJ -22.208 -1.2 Td [(gr)18(oup:)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 158.3911 625.7023 Tm [(PID )-600(PPID )-600(PGID)-1800(SID TPGID COMMAND)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf -0.6 -1.189 Td (2837)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.6 0 Td (2818)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 3.6 0 Td (2837)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.6 0 Td [(2837 )-600(2837)-600(bash)]TJ -10.8 -1.189 Td [(5801 )-600(2837 )-600(5801 )-600(2837 )-600(2837)-600(ps)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(5802 )-600(2837 )-600(5801 )-600(2837 )-600(2837)-600(cat1)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5928 576.6755 Tm [(Note )-224(that )-224(the )-224(or)18(der )-224(in )-224(which )-224(a )-224(shell )-224(cr)18(eates )-224(pr)18(ocesses )-224(can )-224(dif)21(fer )-224(depending )-224(on )-224(the)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD (particular shell in use.)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 11.9993 0 0 11.9993 93.595 528.6784 Tm [(9.10 )-776(Orphaned)-556(Pr)20(ocess )-278(Gr)20(oups)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf -0.092 Tc 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5927 504.6798 Tm (We)Tj 0 Tc 1.387 0 Td [(\325ve )-176(mentioned )-176(that )-176(a )-176(pr)17(ocess )-176(whose )-176(par)18(ent )-176(terminates )-176(is )-176(called )-176(an )-176(orphan )-176(and )-176(is)]TJ -1.387 -1.2 Td [(inherited )-245(by )-245(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.017 0 Td (init)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.895 0 Td [(pr)18(ocess. )-495(W)]TJ 0.4951 Tc 5.198 0 Td (en)Tj 0 Tc 1.556 0 Td [(ow )-245(look )-245(at )-245(entir)]TJ 0.4951 Tc 7.685 0 Td (ep)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.575 0 Td (ro)Tj 0 Tc 0.923 0 Td [(cess )-245(gr)18(oups )-245(that )-245(can )-245(be)]TJ -27.85 -1.2 Td (orphaned and see how POSIX.1 handles this situation.)Tj /TT2 1 Tf -3.6 -2.4 Td (Example)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.6 -1.92 Td [(Consider )-133(a )-133(pr)18(ocess )-133(that)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.098 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.3829 Tc (sac)Tj 0 Tc 4.534 0 Td [(hild )-133(and )-133(then )-133(terminates.)-633(Although )-133(this )-133(is )-133(nothing)]TJ -15.631 -1.2 Td [(abnormal )-202(\(it )-202(happens )-202(all )-202(the )-202(time\), )-202(what )-202(happens )-202(if )-202(the )-202(child )-202(is )-202(stopped )-202(\(using )-202(job)]TJ T* [(contr)18(ol\) )-97(when )-97(the )-97(par)18(ent )-97(terminates?)-595(How )-96(will )-96(the )-96(child )-96(ever )-96(be )-96(continued, )-96(and )-96(does)]TJ T* [(the )-75(child )-75(know )-75(that )-75(it )-75(has )-75(been )-75(orphaned?)-577(Figur)]TJ 0.3254 Tc 22.05 0 Td (e9)Tj 0 Tc 1.304 0 Td (.1)Tj 0.3254 Tc 0.695 0 Td (1s)Tj 0 Tc 1.249 0 Td [(hows )-75(this )-75(situation: )-75(the )-75(par)16(ent)]TJ -25.298 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ocess has)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.301 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(ed a child that stops, and the par)18(ent is about to exit.)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2850 3291.1 432 216 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 288.2334 343.1088 Tm (login shell)Tj -0.024 -1.25 Td (\(PID 2837\))Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2850 2751.1 432 216 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 295.0869 289.098 Tm [(par)18(ent)]TJ -0.883 -1.25 Td (\(PID 6099\))Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 3210 2283.1 432 216 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 333.6439 242.2918 Tm (child)Tj -1.206 -1.25 Td (\(PID 6100\))Tj ET q 0.99976 0 0 0.99976 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 306.6 296.71 cm 0 0 m -1.8 7.2 l 1.8 7.2 l f Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3066 2967.1001 cm 0 0 m -18 72 l 18 72 l h S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3066.25 3291.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -252 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9976 0 0 7.9976 308.5074 311.0567 Tm (fork/exec)Tj ET q 0.9997 0 0 0.9997 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 342.6 249.91 cm 0 0 m -6.912 2.664 l -4.824 5.616 l f Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3426 2499.1001 cm 0 0 m -69.12 26.64 l -48.24 56.16 l h S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3066.25 2751.25 cm 0 0 m 29 -21 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3120.25 2713.25 cm 0 0 m 29 -21 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3174.25 2675.25 cm 0 0 m 30 -21 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3228.25 2637.25 cm 0 0 m 30 -21 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3283.25 2599.25 cm 0 0 m 30 -21 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3337.25 2561.25 cm 0 0 m 30 -21 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 6.5515 -4.586 4.586 6.5515 318.4783 270.5726 Tm (fork)Tj ET q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2778.25 3219.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2778.25 3284.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2778.25 3348.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2778.25 3413.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2778.25 3478.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2778.25 3543.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l 36 36 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2845.25 3579.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2913.25 3579.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2980.25 3579.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3048.25 3579.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3115.25 3579.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3183.25 3579.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3250.25 3579.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3318.25 3579.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l 36 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3354.25 3514.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3354.25 3449.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3354.25 3384.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3354.25 3320.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3354.25 3255.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l -36 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3286.25 3219.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3219.25 3219.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3151.25 3219.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3084.25 3219.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3016.25 3219.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2949.25 3219.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2881.25 3219.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2814.25 3219.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9966 0 0 7.9966 272.5735 360.9983 Tm [(pr)18(ocess gr)18(oup 2837)]TJ ET q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2778.25 2211.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2778.25 2283.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2778.25 2355.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2778.25 2427.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2778.25 2499.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2778.25 2571.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2778.25 2643.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2778.25 2715.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2778.25 2787.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2778.25 2859.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2778.25 2931.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2778.25 3003.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l 36 36 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2847.25 3039.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2916.25 3039.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2985.25 3039.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3055.25 3039.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3124.25 3039.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3193.25 3039.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3262.25 3039.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3331.25 3039.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3401.25 3039.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3470.25 3039.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3540.25 3039.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3609.25 3039.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3678.25 3039.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l 36 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3714.25 2967.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3714.25 2895.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3714.25 2823.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3714.25 2751.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3714.25 2679.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3714.25 2607.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3714.25 2535.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3714.25 2463.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3714.25 2391.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3714.25 2319.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3714.25 2247.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l -36 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3645.25 2211.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3576.25 2211.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3506.25 2211.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3437.25 2211.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3367.25 2211.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3298.25 2211.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3229.25 2211.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3160.25 2211.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3091.25 2211.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3021.25 2211.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2952.25 2211.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2883.25 2211.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2814.25 2211.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9962 0 0 7.9962 290.5485 214.2471 Tm [(pr)18(ocess gr)18(oup 6099)]TJ ET q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2634.25 2067.25 cm 0 0 m 0 144 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2634.25 2369.25 cm 0 0 m 0 144 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2634.25 2672.25 cm 0 0 m 0 144 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2634.25 2974.25 cm 0 0 m 0 144 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2634.25 3276.25 cm 0 0 m 0 144 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2634.25 3579.25 cm 0 0 m 0 144 l 144 144 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2904.25 3723.25 cm 0 0 m 144 0 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3174.25 3723.25 cm 0 0 m 144 0 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3444.25 3723.25 cm 0 0 m 144 0 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3714.25 3723.25 cm 0 0 m 144 0 l 144 -144 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3858.25 3420.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -144 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3858.25 3118.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -144 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3858.25 2816.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -144 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3858.25 2513.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -144 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3858.25 2211.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -144 l -144 -144 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3588.25 2067.25 cm 0 0 m -144 0 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3318.25 2067.25 cm 0 0 m -144 0 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3048.25 2067.25 cm 0 0 m -144 0 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2778.25 2067.25 cm 0 0 m -144 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9946 0 0 9.9946 229.0763 287.5947 Tm (session)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9957 0 0 7.9957 213.9883 181.412 Tm [(Figure 9.1)37(1)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 5.658 0 Td [(Example of a pr)18(ocess gr)18(oup about to be orphaned)]TJ 9.9946 0 0 9.9946 129.53 157.425 Tm [(The )-30(pr)18(ogram )-30(that )-30(cr)18(eates )-30(this )-30(situation )-30(is )-30(shown )-30(in )-30(Figur)]TJ 0.2799 Tc 25.265 0 Td (e9)Tj 0 Tc 1.259 0 Td [(.13. )-280(This)-280(pr)18(ogram )-30(has )-30(some)]TJ -26.524 -1.2 Td [(new )-234(featur)18(es. )-484(Her)18(e, )-234(we )-234(ar)]TJ 0.4837 Tc 12.458 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.463 0 Td [(ssuming )-234(a )-234(job-contr)19(ol )-234(shell.)-734(Recall )-234(fr)18(om )-234(the )-234(pr)19(evious)]TJ -13.92 -1.2 Td [(section )-61(that )-61(the )-61(shell )-61(places )-61(the )-61(for)17(egr)18(ound )-61(pr)18(ocess )-61(into )-61(its )-61(own )-61(pr)18(ocess )-61(gr)18(oup )-61(\(6099 )-61(in)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46812 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(9.9)]TJ 30.603 0 Td [(Shell )-250(Execution )-250(of )-250(Pr)18(ograms)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 15.23 0 Td (303)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 668.9599 Tm (driver)Tj 0.5447 Tc 2.662 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 1.121 0 Td [(he )-295(shell, )-295(and )-295(some )-295(applications)]TJ 0.0833 Tc 15.062 0 Td (\321i)Tj 0.5447 Tc 1.374 0 Td (sah)Tj 0 Tc 2.595 0 Td [(ack. )-545(Some)-544(use )-295(job )-295(contr)19(ol )-295(with )-295(a)]TJ -22.815 -1.2 Td [(windowing )-29(system, )-29(claiming )-29(a )-29(need )-29(for )-29(both.)-528(Regar)18(dless )-29(of )-29(your )-29(opinion, )-29(job )-29(contr)18(ol )-29(is)]TJ 0.25 Tc 0 -1.2 TD (ar)Tj 0 Tc 1.127 0 Td [(equir)18(ed featur)18(e)-250(of)-250(POSIX.1.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.9993 0 0 11.9993 93.5939 608.9635 Tm [(9.9 )-1332(Shell)-556(Ex)10(ecution )-278(of )-278(Pr)20(ograms)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5918 584.9649 Tm [(Let\325s )-76(examine )-76(how )-76(the )-76(shells )-76(execute )-76(pr)18(ograms )-76(and )-76(how )-76(this )-76(r)17(elates )-76(to )-76(the )-76(concepts )-76(of)]TJ T* [(pr)18(ocess )-329(gr)18(oups, )-329(contr)18(olling )-329(terminals, )-329(and )-329(sessions.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 25.165 0 Td [(To )-513(d)]TJ 0.5787 Tc 2.257 0 Td (ot)Tj 0 Tc 1.451 0 Td [(his, )-329(we\325ll )-329(use )-329(the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 8.928 0 Td (ps)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -37.8 -1.2 Td (command again.)Tj 1.8 -1.2 Td [(First, )-178(we\325ll )-178(use )-178(a )-178(shell )-178(that )-178(doesn\325t )-178(support )-178(job )-178(contr)18(ol )167(\321 )167(the)-429(classic )-178(Bourne )-178(shell)]TJ -0.008 Tc -1.8 -1.2 Td (ru)Tj 0 Tc 0.99 0 Td [(nning on Solaris.)-500(If we execute)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5912 521.3386 Tm (ps -o pid,ppid,pgid,sid,comm)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5923 504.4095 Tm (the output is)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 158.3906 488.7808 Tm [(PID )-600(PPID )-600(PGID)-1800(SID COMMAND)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(949 )-1200(947 )-1200(949 )-1200(949)-600(sh)]TJ -0.6 -1.189 Td [(1774 )-1200(949 )-1200(949 )-1200(949)-600(ps)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5923 450.453 Tm [(The )-40(par)18(ent )-40(of )-40(the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 7.965 0 Td (ps)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.49 0 Td [(command )-40(is )-40(the )-40(shell, )-40(which )-40(we )-40(would )-40(expect.)-540(Both )-40(the )-40(shell )-40(and)]TJ -9.455 -1.2 Td (the)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.721 0 Td (ps)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.534 0 Td [(command )-84(ar)18(e)-334(in)-334(the )-84(same )-84(session )-84(and )-84(for)18(egr)18(ound )-84(pr)18(ocess )-84(gr)18(oup)]TJ 29.543 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (949)Tj 1.5 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.5842 Tc 0.333 -0.04 Td (.W)Tj 0.3342 Tc 1.742 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.237 0 Td (ay)Tj -37.944 -1.2 Td [(that )-12(949 )-12(is )-12(the )-12(for)18(egr)18(ound )-12(pr)18(ocess )-12(gr)18(oup )-12(because )-12(that )-12(is )-12(what )-12(you )-12(get )-12(when )-12(you )-12(execute)]TJ 0.25 Tc -0 -1.2 Td (ac)Tj 0 Tc 1.194 0 Td [(ommand with a shell that doesn\325t support job contr)18(ol.)]TJ 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 183.5895 394.4563 Tm [(Some )-173(platforms )-173(support )-173(an )-173(option )-173(to )-173(have )-173(the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 21.974 0 Td (ps)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.2 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (1)Tj 0.5 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.756 -0.04 Td [(command )-173(print )-173(the )-173(pr)18(ocess )-173(gr)18(oup )-173(ID)]TJ -24.763 -1.25 Td [(associated )-254(with )-254(the )-254(session\325s )-254(contr)19(olling )-254(terminal. )-254(This )-254(value )-254(would )-254(be )-254(shown )-254(under )-254(the)]TJ 0 -1.25 TD [(TPGID )-23(column.)-523(Unfortunately)]TJ 0.2731 Tc 13.672 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 0.849 0 Td [(he )-23(output )-23(of )-23(the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 7.425 0 Td (ps)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.473 0 Td [(command )-23(often )-23(dif)18(fers )-23(among )-23(versions )-23(of)]TJ -23.419 -1.25 Td [(the )-130(UNIX )-130(System.)-630(For )-130(example, )-130(Solaris )-130(10 )-130(doesn\325t )-130(support )-130(this )-130(option.)-627(Under )-130(Fr)18(eeBSD )-130(8.0,)]TJ T* (Linux 3.2.0, and Mac OS X 10.6.8, the command)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 3.125 -1.8 Td (ps -o pid,ppid,pgid,sid,tpgid,comm)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -3.125 -1.55 Td (prints exactly the information we want.)Tj 0 -1.875 TD [(Note )-66(that )-66(it )-66(is )-66(misleading )-66(to )-66(associate )-66(a )-66(pr)15(ocess )-66(with )-66(a )-66(terminal )-66(pr)18(ocess )-66(gr)18(oup )-66(ID )-66(\(the )-66(TPGID)]TJ 0 -1.25 TD [(column\). )-359(A)-360(pr)18(ocess )-109(does )-109(not )-109(have )-109(a )-109(terminal )-109(pr)18(ocess )-109(contr)18(ol )-109(gr)14(oup. )-359(A)-360(pr)18(ocess )-109(belongs )-109(to )-109(a)]TJ -0 -1.25 Td [(pr)18(ocess )-14(gr)18(oup, )-14(and )-14(the )-14(pr)18(ocess )-14(gr)16(oup )-15(belongs )-15(to )-15(a )-15(session.)-515(The )-15(session )-15(may )-15(or )-15(may )-15(not )-15(have )-15(a)]TJ -0 -1.25 Td [(contr)18(olling )-74(terminal.)-574(If )-74(the )-74(session )-74(does )-74(have )-74(a )-74(contr)18(olling )-74(terminal, )-74(then )-74(the )-74(terminal )-74(device)]TJ T* [(knows )-85(the )-85(pr)18(ocess )-85(gr)18(oup )-85(ID )-85(of )-85(the )-85(for)15(egr)18(ound )-85(pr)18(ocess. )-336(This)-335(value )-86(can )-86(be )-86(set )-86(in )-86(the )-86(terminal)]TJ 0 -1.25 Td [(driver )-15(with )-15(the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 6.952 0 Td (tcsetpgrp)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.665 0 Td [(function, )-15(as )-15(we )-15(show )-15(in )-15(Figur)]TJ 0.2655 Tc 13.164 0 Td (e9)Tj 0 Tc 1.244 0 Td [(.9. )-265(The)-266(for)18(egr)18(ound )-15(pr)18(ocess )-15(gr)17(oup)]TJ -27.026 -1.25 Td [(ID )-12(is )-12(an )-12(attribute )-12(of )-12(the )-12(terminal, )-12(not )-12(the )-12(pr)19(ocess. )-262(This)-262(value )-12(fr)18(om )-12(the )-12(terminal )-12(device )-12(driver )-12(is)]TJ -0 -1.25 Td (what)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 2.497 0 Td (ps)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.455 0 Td [(prints )-5(as )-5(the )-5(TPGID.)-505(If )-5(it )-5(\336nds )-5(that )-5(the )-5(session )-5(doesn\325t )-5(have )-5(a )-5(contr)18(olling )-5(terminal,)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 36.847 0 Td (ps)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -40.8 -1.25 Td (prints either 0 or)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.612 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (1, depending on the platform.)Tj 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5931 214.6671 Tm [(If we execute the command in the backgr)18(ound,)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.592 197.9681 Tm (ps -o pid,ppid,pgid,sid,comm &)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5931 179.9692 Tm [(the only value that changes is the pr)18(ocess ID of the command:)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 158.3914 164.34 Tm [(PID )-600(PPID )-600(PGID)-1800(SID COMMAND)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(949 )-1200(947 )-1200(949 )-1200(949)-600(sh)]TJ -0.6 -1.189 Td [(1812 )-1200(949 )-1200(949 )-1200(949)-600(ps)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46813 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(9.8)]TJ 38.524 0 Td [(Job )-250(Contr)18(ol)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 7.309 0 Td (299)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5911 668.9599 Tm [(Most )-61(applications )-61(don\325t )-61(call )-61(these )-61(two )-61(functions )-61(dir)20(ectly)]TJ 0.5607 Tc 25.074 0 Td (.I)Tj 0 Tc 1.148 0 Td [(nstead, )-61(the )-61(functions )-61(ar)19(e)]TJ -28.022 -1.2 Td [(normally called by job-contr)18(ol shells.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.926 0 Td (tcgetsid)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.052 0 Td [(function )-2(allows )-2(an )-2(application )-2(to )-2(obtain )-2(the )-2(pr)18(ocess )-2(gr)21(oup )-2(ID )-2(for )-2(the)]TJ -8.777 -1.2 Td [(session leader given a \336le descriptor for the contr)18(olling TTY)111(.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.591 616.263 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.783 TD (pid_t tcgetsid\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 11.4 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.161 -1.783 Td [(Returns: session leader)-74(\325s pr)18(ocess gr)18(oup ID if OK,)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 21.903 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 5797.25 cm 0 0 m 0 456 l 3900 456 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 147.5823 566.1321 Tm [(Applications )-306(that )-306(need )-306(to )-306(manage )-306(contr)18(olling )-306(terminals )-306(can )-306(use)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 30.972 0 Td (tcgetsid)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.356 0 Td (to)Tj -38.128 -1.2 Td [(identify )-78(the )-78(session )-78(ID )-78(of )-78(the )-78(contr)19(olling )-78(terminal\325s )-78(session )-78(leader )-78(\(which )-78(is )-78(equivalent)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(to the session leader)-74(\325s pr)18(ocess gr)18(oup ID\).)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 11.9986 0 0 11.9986 93.5887 506.1393 Tm [(9.8 )-1332(Job)-556(Contr)20(ol)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5843 484.5418 Tm [(Job )-97(contr)18(ol )-97(is )-97(a )-97(featur)]TJ 0.3467 Tc 9.764 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.152 0 Td [(hat )-97(was )-97(added )-97(to )-97(BSD )-97(ar)18(ound )-97(1980.)-597(This )-97(featur)]TJ 0.3467 Tc 21.781 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.326 0 Td [(llows )-97(us )-97(to)]TJ -34.022 -1.2 Td [(start )-153(multiple )-153(jobs )-153(\(gr)18(oups )-153(of )-153(pr)18(ocesses\) )-153(fr)18(om )-153(a )-153(single )-153(terminal )-153(and )-153(to )-153(contr)19(ol )-153(which)]TJ T* [(jobs )-187(can )-187(access )-187(the )-187(terminal )-187(and )-187(which )-187(jobs )-187(ar)]TJ 0.4375 Tc 21.692 0 Td (er)Tj 0 Tc 1.304 0 Td [(un )-187(in )-187(the )-187(backgr)17(ound. )-437(Job)-438(contr)18(ol)]TJ -0.018 Tc -22.995 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(quir)18(es thr)18(ee forms of support:)]TJ 0.944 -1.8 Td [(1. )-633(A)-250(shell that supports job contr)18(ol)]TJ 0 -1.48 TD [(2. )-633(The)-250(terminal driver in the kernel must support job contr)18(ol)]TJ T* [(3. )-633(The)-250(kernel must support certain job-contr)18(ol signals)]TJ 7.999 0 0 7.999 183.5786 378.5546 Tm [(SVR3 )-67(pr)18(ovided )-67(a )-67(dif)17(fer)18(ent )-67(form )-67(of )-67(job )-67(contr)18(ol )-67(called)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 23.741 0 Td [(shell )-67(layers)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 0.5673 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 5.971 0 Td [(he )-67(BSD )-67(form )-67(of )-67(job )-67(contr)17(ol,)]TJ -29.712 -1.25 Td (however)Tj 0.4066 Tc 3.806 0 Td (,w)Tj 0 Tc 1.491 0 Td [(as )-156(selected )-156(by )-156(POSIX.1 )-156(and )-156(is )-156(what )-156(we )-156(describe )-156(her)14(e. )-406(In)-407(earlier )-156(versions )-156(of )-156(the)]TJ -5.297 -1.25 Td [(standar)18(d, job contr)18(ol support was optional, but POSIX.1 now r)18(equir)18(es platforms to support it.)]TJ 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 147.5832 335.5597 Tm [(Fr)18(om )-157(our )-157(perspective, )-157(when )-157(using )-157(job )-157(contr)18(ol )-157(fr)16(om )-157(a )-157(shell, )-157(we )-157(can )-157(start )-157(a )-157(job )-157(in)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(either )-14(the )-14(for)19(egr)18(ound )-14(or )-14(the )-14(backgr)19(ound. )-264(A)-263(job )-14(is )-14(simply )-14(a )-14(collection )-14(of )-14(pr)20(ocesses, )-13(often)]TJ 0.25 Tc -0 -1.2 Td (ap)Tj 0 Tc 1.351 0 Td [(ipeline of pr)18(ocesses. )-250(For)-250(example,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9989 0 0 8.9989 147.5833 294.8646 Tm (vi main.c)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5854 276.8668 Tm [(starts a job consisting of one pr)18(ocess in the for)18(egr)18(ound. )-250(The)-250(commands)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9989 0 0 8.9989 147.5835 260.1688 Tm (pr *.c | lpr &)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (make all &)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5856 231.4722 Tm [(start )-90(two )-90(jobs )-90(in )-90(the )-90(backgr)19(ound. )-340(All)-340(the )-90(pr)18(ocesses )-90(invoked )-90(by )-90(these )-90(backgr)19(ound )-90(jobs)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(ar)18(e)-250(in)-250(the backgr)18(ound.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(As )-61(we )-61(said, )-61(to )-61(use )-61(the )-61(featur)18(es )-61(pr)18(ovided )-61(by )-61(job )-61(contr)13(ol, )-61(we )-61(need )-61(to )-61(use )-61(a )-61(shell )-61(that)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(supports )-88(job )-88(contr)18(ol. )-338(W)55(ith )-88(older )-88(systems, )-88(it )-88(was )-88(simple )-88(to )-88(say )-88(which )-88(shells )-88(supported)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(job )-6(contr)18(ol )-6(and )-6(which )-6(didn\325t.)-506(The )-6(C )-6(shell )-6(supported )-6(job )-6(contr)18(ol, )-6(the )-6(Bourne )-6(shell )-6(didn\325t,)]TJ T* [(and )-29(it )-29(was )-29(an )-29(option )-29(with )-29(the )-29(Korn )-29(shell, )-29(depending )-29(on )-29(whether )-29(the )-29(host )-29(supported )-29(job)]TJ T* [(contr)18(ol. )-331(But)-330(the )-81(C )-81(shell )-81(has )-81(been )-81(ported )-81(to )-81(systems )-81(\(e.g., )-81(earlier )-81(versions )-81(of )-81(System )-81(V\))]TJ T* [(that )-83(don\325t )-83(support )-83(job )-83(contr)20(ol, )-83(and )-83(the )-83(SVR4 )-83(Bourne )-83(shell, )-83(when )-83(invoked )-83(by )-83(the )-83(name)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf T* (jsh)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.065 0 Td [(instead )-15(of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.622 0 Td (sh)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.2652 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 2.139 0 Td [(upports )-15(job )-15(contr)18(ol. )-265(The)-265(Korn )-15(shell )-15(continues )-15(to )-15(support )-15(job )-15(contr)17(ol)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46814 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (298)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Pr)18(ocess )-250(Relationships)]TJ 39.241 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(9)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1839.25 6670.25 cm 0 0 m 2814 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 311.7573 658.9605 Tm [(Fr)18(eeBSD )-1416(Linux)-1382(Mac OS X)-1198(Solaris)]TJ 1.275 -1.25 Td [(8.0 )-2993(3.2.0)-2618(10.6.8 )-2868(10)]TJ -11.653 0.625 Td (Method)Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1839.25 6450.25 cm 0 0 m 2814 0 l S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1839.25 6430.25 cm 0 0 m 2814 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 187.8935 634.9238 Tm (open)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td (without)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.758 0 Td (O_NOCTTY)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.262 Tc 15.54 0 Td (\245\245\245)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0 Tc -21.948 -1.25 Td (TIOCSCTTY ioctl)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.25 0 Td [(command )-3131(\245)]TJ 4.262 Tc 12.698 0 Td (\245\245\245)Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1839.25 6210.25 cm 0 0 m 2814 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3035.25 6210.25 cm 0 0 m 0 460 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4653.25 6210.25 cm 0 0 m 0 460 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1839.25 6210.25 cm 0 0 m 0 460 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 0 Tc 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 197.1845 602.8915 Tm (Figure 9.8)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.195 0 Td [(How various implementations allocate contr)18(olling terminals)]TJ 9.9982 0 0 9.9982 147.5735 576.4962 Tm (Ther)Tj 0.2507 Tc 2.051 0 Td (ea)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.23 0 Td [(re )-37(t)]TJ 0 Tc 1.433 0 Td [(imes )-1(when )-1(a )-1(pr)18(ogram )-1(wants )-1(to )-1(talk )-1(to )-1(the )-1(contr)18(olling )-1(terminal, )-1(r)21(egar)18(dless)]TJ -6.513 -1.2 Td [(of )-153(whether )-153(the )-153(standar)]TJ 0.4027 Tc 10.471 0 Td (di)Tj 0 Tc 1.305 0 Td [(nput )-153(or )-153(standar)]TJ 0.4027 Tc 7.178 0 Td (do)Tj 0 Tc 1.56 0 Td [(utput )-153(is )-153(r)19(edir)18(ected. )-403(The)-402(way )-153(a )-153(pr)19(ogram)]TJ -20.514 -1.2 Td [(guarantees )-132(that )-132(it )-132(is )-132(talking )-132(to )-132(the )-132(contr)18(olling )-132(terminal )-132(is )-132(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 27.641 0 Td (open)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.782 0 Td [(the )-132(\336le)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.526 0 Td (/dev/tty)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj -33.95 -1.2 Td [(This )-65(special )-65(\336le )-65(is )-65(a )-65(synonym )-65(within )-65(the )-65(kernel )-65(for )-65(the )-65(contr)19(olling )-65(terminal.)-565(Naturally)111(,)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(if the pr)18(ogram doesn\325t have a contr)18(olling terminal, the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 24.207 0 Td (open)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td (of this device will fail.)Tj -25.057 -1.2 Td [(The )-225(classic )-225(example )-225(is )-225(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 12.719 0 Td (getpass)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.2 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (3)Tj 0.5 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.808 -0.04 Td [(function, )-225(which )-225(r)18(eads )-225(a )-225(passwor)]TJ 0.4751 Tc 15.188 0 Td (d\()Tj 0 Tc 1.419 0 Td (with)Tj -36.967 -1.2 Td [(terminal )-1(echoing )-1(turned )-1(of)18(f, )-1(of )-1(course\).)-501(This )-1(function )-1(is )-1(called )-1(by )-1(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 30.725 0 Td (crypt)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (1)Tj 0.5 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.584 -0.04 Td [(pr)18(ogram)]TJ -35.142 -1.2 Td [(and can be used in a pipeline.)-500(For example,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9984 0 0 8.9984 147.5734 474.7446 Tm (crypt < salaries | lpr)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9982 0 0 9.9982 129.5767 455.6782 Tm [(decrypts )-90(the )-90(\336le)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.618 0 Td (salaries)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.14 0 Td [(and )-90(pipes )-90(the )-90(output )-90(to )-90(the )-90(print )-90(spooler)]TJ 0.5899 Tc 18.522 0 Td (.B)Tj 0 Tc 1.451 0 Td (ecause)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.269 0 Td (crypt)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.018 Tc -36 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(ads )-95(its )-95(input )-95(\336le )-95(on )-95(its )-95(standar)]TJ 0.3448 Tc 13.912 0 Td (di)Tj 0 Tc 1.247 0 Td [(nput, )-95(the )-95(standar)]TJ 0.3448 Tc 7.759 0 Td (di)Tj 0 Tc 1.247 0 Td [(nput )-95(can\325t )-95(be )-95(used )-95(to )-95(enter )-95(the)]TJ -25.02 -1.2 Td [(passwor)18(d. )-336(Also,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.777 0 Td (crypt)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.336 0 Td [(is )-86(designed )-86(so )-86(that )-86(we )-86(have )-86(to )-86(enter )-86(the )-86(encryption )-86(passwor)21(d)]TJ -11.113 -1.2 Td [(each )-47(time )-47(we )-47(r)8(un )-47(the )-47(pr)18(ogram, )-47(to )-47(pr)18(event )-47(us )-47(fr)18(om )-47(saving )-47(the )-47(passwor)18(d)-297(in)-297(a)-297(\336le )-47(\(which)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td (could be a security hole\).)Tj 1.8 -1.2 Td (Ther)Tj 0.4332 Tc 2.051 0 Td (ea)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.412 0 Td [(re )-219(k)]TJ 0 Tc 1.845 0 Td [(nown )-183(ways )-183(to )-183(br)17(eak )-183(the )-183(encoding )-183(used )-183(by )-183(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 22.184 0 Td (crypt)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.433 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram. )-433(See)]TJ -32.726 -1.2 Td (Gar\336nkel et al.)Tj 6.767 0.04 Td ([)Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (2003)Tj 2 0.04 Td (])Tj 0.583 -0.04 Td (for mor)Tj 0.25 Tc 3.33 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.34 0 Td (etails on encrypting \336les.)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 11.9978 0 0 11.9978 93.5839 347.6976 Tm (9.7)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 3 0 Td (tcgetpgrp)Tj /TT1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 6.234 0 Td (tcsetpgrp)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 0.556 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 6.79 0 Td (nd)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 1.778 0 Td (tcgetsid)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 5.356 0 Td (Functions)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.092 Tc 9.9982 0 0 9.9982 129.5771 323.7019 Tm [(We )-240(n)]TJ 0 Tc 2.275 0 Td [(eed )-56(a )-56(way )-56(to )-56(tell )-56(the )-56(kernel )-56(which )-56(pr)18(ocess )-56(gr)18(oup )-56(is )-56(the )-56(for)16(egr)18(ound )-56(pr)18(ocess )-56(gr)18(oup,)]TJ -2.275 -1.2 Td [(so )-198(that )-198(the )-198(terminal )-198(device )-198(driver )-198(knows )-198(wher)15(e)-448(to)-448(s)-1(end )-198(the )-198(terminal )-198(input )-198(and )-198(the)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td (terminal-generated signals \(Figur)Tj 0.25 Tc 14.771 0 Td (e9)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (.7\).)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9984 0 0 8.9984 147.574 281.8095 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.902 TD (pid_t tcgetpgrp\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 12 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -5.105 -1.902 Td [(Returns: pr)18(ocess gr)18(oup ID of for)18(egr)18(ound pr)18(ocess gr)18(oup if OK,)]TJ /TT3 1 Tf 27.569 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -34.464 -1.902 Td (int tcsetpgrp\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 10.8 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,p)Tj 0 Tc 2.578 0 Td (id_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3 0 Td (pgrpid)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 10.473 -1.902 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT3 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 2089.25 cm 0 0 m 0 819 l 3900 819 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9976 0 0 9.9976 129.5689 194.1334 Tm [(The )-25(function)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.931 0 Td (tcgetpgrp)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 5.675 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(turns )-25(the )-25(pr)18(ocess )-25(gr)17(oup )-25(ID )-25(of )-25(the )-25(for)17(egr)18(ound )-25(pr)18(ocess )-25(gr)17(oup)]TJ -12.463 -1.2 Td (associated with the terminal open on)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 16.548 0 Td (fd)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj -14.748 -1.2 Td [(If )-64(the )-64(pr)18(ocess )-64(has )-64(a )-64(contr)20(olling )-64(terminal, )-64(the )-64(pr)18(ocess )-64(can )-64(call)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 27.371 0 Td (tcsetpgrp)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.714 0 Td [(to )-64(set )-64(the)]TJ -34.885 -1.2 Td [(for)18(egr)18(ound )-76(pr)18(ocess )-76(gr)18(oup )-76(ID )-76(to)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 14.604 0 Td (pgrpid)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5765 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 4.106 0 Td [(he )-76(value )-76(of)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 5.357 0 Td (pgrpid)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.994 0 Td [(must )-76(be )-76(the )-76(pr)18(ocess )-76(gr)16(oup)]TJ -27.061 -1.2 Td [(ID )-60(of )-60(a )-60(pr)18(ocess )-60(gr)18(oup )-60(in )-60(the )-60(same )-60(session, )-60(and)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 21.226 0 Td (fd)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.088 0 Td [(must )-60(r)18(efer )-60(to )-60(the )-60(contr)18(olling )-60(terminal)]TJ -22.314 -1.2 Td (of the session.)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46815 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (296)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Pr)18(ocess )-250(Relationships)]TJ 39.241 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(9)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 668.9599 Tm [(This )-71(function )-71(r)18(eturns )-71(an )-71(err)19(or )-71(if )-71(the )-71(caller )-71(is )-71(alr)18(eady )-71(a )-71(pr)18(ocess )-71(gr)18(oup )-71(leader)]TJ 0.5709 Tc 33.847 0 Td (.T)Tj 0.3209 Tc 1.342 0 Td (oe)Tj 0 Tc 1.346 0 Td [(nsur)18(e)]TJ -36.535 -1.2 Td [(this )-38(is )-38(not )-38(the )-38(case, )-38(the )-38(usual )-38(practice )-38(is )-38(to )-38(call)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 20.846 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.688 0 Td [(and )-38(have )-38(the )-38(par)18(ent )-38(terminate )-38(and)]TJ -23.534 -1.2 Td [(the )-203(child )-203(continue.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 9.319 0 Td [(We )-388(a)]TJ -0.018 Tc 2.341 0 Td [(re )-240(g)]TJ 0 Tc 1.866 0 Td [(uaranteed )-203(that )-203(the )-203(child )-203(is )-203(not )-203(a )-203(pr)18(ocess )-203(gr)18(oup )-203(leader)70(,)]TJ -13.525 -1.2 Td [(because )-34(the )-34(pr)18(ocess )-34(gr)18(oup )-34(ID )-34(of )-34(the )-34(par)20(ent )-34(is )-34(inherited )-34(by )-34(the )-34(child, )-34(but )-34(the )-34(child )-34(gets )-34(a)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(new )-60(pr)18(ocess )-60(ID.)-559(Hence, )-60(it )-60(is )-60(impossible )-60(for )-60(the )-60(child\325s )-60(pr)18(ocess )-60(ID )-60(to )-60(equal )-60(its )-60(inherited)]TJ T* [(pr)18(ocess gr)18(oup ID.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(The )-257(Single )-257(UNIX )-257(Speci\336cation )-257(talks )-257(only )-257(about )-257(a )-257(\324)38(\324session )-257(leader)]TJ -0.037 Tc 30.825 0 Td (\325\325)Tj 0.5068 Tc 0.519 0 Td (;t)Tj 0 Tc 1.083 0 Td [(her)18(e)-507(is)-507(no)]TJ -0.037 Tc -34.227 -1.2 Td (\324\324)Tj 0 Tc 0.519 0 Td [(session )-58(ID\325)]TJ 0.3079 Tc 4.83 0 Td (\325s)Tj 0 Tc 1.01 0 Td [(imilar )-58(to )-58(a )-58(pr)18(ocess )-58(ID )-58(or )-58(a )-58(pr)18(ocess )-58(gr)19(oup )-58(ID.)-558(Obviously)]TJ 0.308 Tc 25.042 0 Td (,as)Tj 0 Tc 1.79 0 Td [(ession )-58(leader)]TJ -33.191 -1.2 Td [(is )-20(a )-20(single )-20(pr)18(ocess )-20(that )-20(has )-20(a )-20(unique )-20(pr)18(ocess )-20(ID, )-20(so )-20(we )-20(could )-20(talk )-20(about )-20(a )-20(session )-20(ID )-20(that)]TJ T* [(is )-86(the )-86(pr)17(ocess )-86(ID )-86(of )-86(the )-86(session )-86(leader)]TJ 0.5864 Tc 16.98 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.449 0 Td [(his )-86(concept )-86(of )-86(a )-86(session )-86(ID )-86(was )-86(intr)18(oduced )-86(in)]TJ -18.429 -1.2 Td [(SVR4. )-325(Historically)]TJ 0.3247 Tc 8.316 0 Td (,B)Tj 0 Tc 1.186 0 Td (SD)Tj 1.299 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(based )-75(systems )-75(didn\325t )-75(support )-75(this )-75(notion, )-75(but )-75(have )-75(since )-75(been)]TJ -11.133 -1.2 Td [(updated )-33(to )-33(include )-33(it.)-532(The)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 12.109 0 Td (getsid)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.883 0 Td [(function )-33(r)18(eturns )-33(the )-33(pr)18(ocess )-33(gr)18(oup )-33(ID )-33(of )-33(a )-33(pr)19(ocess\325s)]TJ -15.992 -1.2 Td [(session leader)74(.)]TJ 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 183.5896 504.9697 Tm [(Some )-46(implementations, )-46(such )-46(as )-46(Solaris, )-46(join )-46(with )-46(the )-46(Single )-46(UNIX )-46(Speci\336cation )-46(in )-46(the )-46(practice)]TJ 0 -1.25 TD [(of )-91(avoiding )-91(the )-91(use )-91(of )-91(the )-91(phrase )-91(\324)37(\324session )-91(ID,\325)]TJ 0.3411 Tc 20.981 0 Td (\325o)Tj 0 Tc 1.165 0 Td [(pting )-91(instead )-91(to )-91(r)18(efer )-91(to )-91(this )-91(as )-91(the )-91(\324)35(\324pr)18(ocess)]TJ -22.146 -1.25 Td [(gr)18(oup )-42(ID )-42(of )-42(the )-42(session )-42(leader)75(.\325)]TJ 0.5419 Tc 13.861 0 Td (\325T)Tj 0 Tc 1.433 0 Td [(he )-42(two )-42(ar)]TJ 0.2918 Tc 4.228 0 Td (ee)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td [(quivalent, )-42(since )-42(the )-42(session )-42(leader )-42(is )-42(always )-42(the)]TJ -20.772 -1.25 Td [(leader of a pr)18(ocess gr)18(oup.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5916 449.873 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.902 TD (pid_t getsid\(pid_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 11.4 0 Td (pid)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.161 -1.902 Td [(Returns: session leader)-74(\325s pr)18(ocess gr)18(oup ID if OK,)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 21.903 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 4111.25 cm 0 0 m 0 478 l 3900 478 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 395.2126 Tm (If)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.004 0 Td (pid)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.612 0 Td [(is )-84(0,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 2.132 0 Td (getsid)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 3.934 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(turns )-84(the )-84(pr)18(ocess )-84(gr)19(oup )-84(ID )-84(of )-84(the )-84(calling )-84(pr)18(ocess\325s )-84(session )-84(leader)75(.)]TJ -9.538 -1.2 Td [(For )-331(security )-331(r)18(easons, )-331(some )-331(implementations )-331(may )-331(r)18(estrict )-331(the )-331(calling )-331(pr)18(ocess )-331(fr)18(om)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(obtaining )-110(the )-110(pr)18(ocess )-110(gr)18(oup )-110(ID )-110(of )-110(the )-110(session )-110(leader )-110(if)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 25.122 0 Td (pid)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.638 0 Td [(doesn\325t )-110(belong )-110(to )-110(the )-110(same)]TJ -26.76 -1.2 Td [(session as the caller)74(.)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 11.9986 0 0 11.9986 93.5891 323.2212 Tm [(9.6 )-1332(Contr)20(olling )-278(T)60(erminal)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5848 299.2241 Tm [(Sessions and pr)18(ocess gr)18(oups have a few other characteristics.)]TJ 0.883 Tc 1.8 -1.92 Td (\245A)Tj 0 Tc 2.731 0 Td [(session )-214(can )-214(have )-214(a )-214(single)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 12.266 0 Td [(contr)18(olling )-214(terminal)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 0.7142 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 9.931 0 Td [(his )-214(is )-214(usually )-214(the )-214(terminal)]TJ -23.44 -1.2 Td [(device )-2(\(in )-2(the )-2(case )-2(of )-2(a )-2(terminal )-2(login\) )-2(or )-2(pseudo )-2(terminal )-2(device )-2(\(in )-2(the )-2(case )-2(of )-2(a)]TJ T* (network login\) on which we log in.)Tj 0.883 Tc -1.489 -1.6 Td (\245T)Tj 0 Tc 2.102 0 Td [(he )-99(session )-99(leader )-99(that )-99(establishes )-99(the )-99(connection )-99(to )-99(the )-99(contr)14(olling )-99(terminal )-99(is)]TJ -0.613 -1.2 Td (called the)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 4.503 0 Td [(contr)18(olling pr)18(ocess)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj 0.883 Tc -5.992 -1.6 Td (\245T)Tj 0 Tc 2.102 0 Td [(he )-230(pr)18(ocess )-230(gr)18(oups )-230(within )-230(a )-230(session )-230(can )-230(be )-230(divided )-230(into )-230(a )-230(single)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 30.689 0 Td [(for)18(egr)18(ound)]TJ -31.302 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ocess gr)18(oup)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 5.76 0 Td [(and one or mor)18(e)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 7.526 0 Td [(backgr)18(ound pr)18(ocess gr)18(oups)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj 0.883 Tc -14.775 -1.6 Td (\245I)Tj 0.331 Tc 1.826 0 Td (fas)Tj 0 Tc 1.919 0 Td [(ession )-81(has )-81(a )-81(contr)18(olling )-81(terminal, )-81(it )-81(has )-81(a )-81(single )-81(for)19(egr)18(ound )-81(pr)18(ocess )-81(gr)18(oup)]TJ -2.256 -1.2 Td [(and all other pr)18(ocess gr)18(oups in the session ar)]TJ 0.25 Tc 19.812 0 Td (eb)Tj 0 Tc 1.282 0 Td [(ackgr)18(ound pr)18(ocess gr)18(oups.)]TJ 0.883 Tc -22.583 -1.6 Td (\245W)Tj 0 Tc 2.489 0 Td [(henever )-124(we )-124(pr)18(ess )-124(the )-124(terminal\325s )-124(interr)8(upt )-124(key )-124(\(often )-124(DELETE )-124(or )-124(Contr)16(ol)]TJ 33.086 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td (C\),)Tj -34.419 -1.2 Td [(the interr)8(upt signal is sent to all pr)18(ocesses in the for)18(egr)18(ound pr)18(ocess gr)18(oup.)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46816 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(9.5)]TJ 40.138 0 Td (Sessions)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.695 0 Td (295)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 11.9993 0 0 11.9993 93.5944 668.9599 Tm [(9.5 )-1332(Sessions)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 0.2603 Tc 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 644.9613 Tm (As)Tj 0 Tc 1.462 0 Td [(ession )-10(is )-10(a )-10(collection )-10(of )-10(one )-10(or )-10(mor)]TJ 0.2604 Tc 15.257 0 Td (ep)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.34 0 Td (ro)Tj 0 Tc 0.923 0 Td [(cess )-10(gr)18(oups. )-260(For)-261(example, )-10(we )-10(could )-10(have )-10(the)]TJ -18.982 -1.2 Td [(arrangement )-259(shown )-259(in )-259(Figur)]TJ 0.5095 Tc 13.43 0 Td (e9)Tj 0 Tc 1.489 0 Td [(.6. )-509(Her)18(e)-509(we)-509(h)-1(ave )-259(thr)18(ee )-259(pr)18(ocess )-259(gr)18(oups )-259(in )-259(a )-259(single)]TJ -14.918 -1.2 Td (session.)Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 1662 5474 432 216 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 169.4477 556.3732 Tm (login shell)Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2454 5474 432 216 re S Q BT /TT1 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 254.9541 556.3398 Tm (proc1)Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 3030 5474 432 216 re S Q BT /TT1 1 Tf 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 312.525 556.3065 Tm (proc2)Tj ET q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 3822 5474 432 216 re S Q BT /TT1 1 Tf 7.9976 0 0 7.9976 391.6825 556.2731 Tm (proc3)Tj ET q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 4398 5474 432 216 re S Q BT /TT1 1 Tf 7.9971 0 0 7.9971 449.2382 556.2397 Tm (proc4)Tj ET q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 4110 5042 432 216 re S Q BT /TT1 1 Tf 7.9966 0 0 7.9966 420.4234 513.0245 Tm (proc5)Tj ET q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1590.25 5402.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1590.25 5467.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1590.25 5531.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1590.25 5596.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1590.25 5661.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1590.25 5726.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l 36 36 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1657.25 5762.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1725.25 5762.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1792.25 5762.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1860.25 5762.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1927.25 5762.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1995.25 5762.25 cm 0 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0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1896.25 5402.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1828.25 5402.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1761.25 5402.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1693.25 5402.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1626.25 5402.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9962 0 0 7.9962 162.8098 529.5857 Tm [(pr)18(ocess gr)18(oup)]TJ ET q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2382.25 5402.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2382.25 5467.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2382.25 5531.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2382.25 5596.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2382.25 5661.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2382.25 5726.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l 36 36 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2452.25 5762.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2521.25 5762.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2591.25 5762.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2661.25 5762.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2730.25 5762.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2800.25 5762.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2870.25 5762.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2940.25 5762.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3010.25 5762.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3079.25 5762.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3149.25 5762.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3218.25 5762.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3288.25 5762.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3358.25 5762.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3428.25 5762.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3498.25 5762.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l 36 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3534.25 5697.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3534.25 5632.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3534.25 5567.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3534.25 5503.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3534.25 5438.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l -36 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3464.25 5402.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3394.25 5402.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3324.25 5402.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3254.25 5402.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3185.25 5402.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3115.25 5402.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3046.25 5402.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2976.25 5402.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2906.25 5402.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2836.25 5402.25 cm 0 0 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3750.25 5176.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3750.25 5245.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3750.25 5313.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3750.25 5382.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3750.25 5451.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3750.25 5520.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3750.25 5588.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3750.25 5657.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3750.25 5726.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l 36 36 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3824.25 5762.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3899.25 5762.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 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0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4792.25 5762.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4866.25 5762.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l 36 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4902.25 5693.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4902.25 5624.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4902.25 5556.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4902.25 5487.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4902.25 5418.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4902.25 5349.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4902.25 5281.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4902.25 5212.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4902.25 5143.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4902.25 5074.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4902.25 5006.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l -36 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4828.25 4970.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4753.25 4970.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4679.25 4970.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4604.25 4970.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4530.25 4970.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4455.25 4970.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4381.25 4970.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4306.25 4970.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 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5978.25 cm 0 0 m 144 0 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4374.25 5978.25 cm 0 0 m 144 0 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4674.25 5978.25 cm 0 0 m 144 0 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4974.25 5978.25 cm 0 0 m 144 0 l 144 -144 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5118.25 5708.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -144 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5118.25 5438.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -144 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5118.25 5168.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -144 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5118.25 4898.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -144 l -144 -144 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4818.25 4754.25 cm 0 0 m -144 0 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4518.25 4754.25 cm 0 0 m -144 0 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4218.25 4754.25 cm 0 0 m -144 0 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3918.25 4754.25 cm 0 0 m -144 0 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3618.25 4754.25 cm 0 0 m -144 0 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3318.25 4754.25 cm 0 0 m -144 0 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3018.25 4754.25 cm 0 0 m -144 0 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2718.25 4754.25 cm 0 0 m -144 0 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2418.25 4754.25 cm 0 0 m -144 0 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2118.25 4754.25 cm 0 0 m -144 0 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1818.25 4754.25 cm 0 0 m -144 0 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1518.25 4754.25 cm 0 0 m -144 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9934 0 0 9.9934 308.5463 461.1355 Tm (session)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9947 0 0 7.9947 198.8247 442.7079 Tm (Figure 9.6)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.195 0 Td [(Arrangement of pr)18(ocesses into pr)18(ocess gr)18(oups and sessions)]TJ 9.9934 0 0 9.9934 129.5147 412.7277 Tm [(The )-228(pr)18(ocesses )-228(in )-228(a )-228(pr)18(ocess )-228(gr)18(oup )-228(ar)]TJ 0.4783 Tc 16.97 0 Td (eu)Tj 0 Tc 1.56 0 Td [(sually )-228(placed )-228(ther)17(e)-478(by)-478(a)-478(s)-1(hell )-228(pipeline.)-729(For)]TJ -18.53 -1.2 Td [(example, )-224(the )-224(arrangement )-224(shown )-224(in )-224(Figur)]TJ 0.4739 Tc 19.657 0 Td (e9)Tj 0 Tc 1.453 0 Td [(.6 )-224(could )-224(have )-224(been )-224(generated )-224(by )-224(shell)]TJ -21.109 -1.2 Td (commands of the form)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 8.9941 0 0 8.9941 147.503 367.7773 Tm (proc1 | proc2 &)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (proc3 | proc4 | proc5)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.25 Tc 9.9934 0 0 9.9934 147.503 334.8189 Tm (Ap)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.629 0 Td (ro)Tj 0 Tc 0.923 0 Td (cess establishes a new session by calling the)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 19.56 0 Td (setsid)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td (function.)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 8.9941 0 0 8.9941 147.5029 316.9312 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.902 TD (pid_t setsid\(void\);)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 19.762 -1.902 Td [(Returns: pr)18(ocess gr)18(oup ID if OK,)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 14.702 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 2784.25 cm 0 0 m 0 477 l 3900 477 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9928 0 0 9.9928 129.5067 263.5102 Tm [(If )-79(the )-79(calling )-79(pr)18(ocess )-79(is )-79(not )-79(a )-79(pr)18(ocess )-79(gr)18(oup )-79(leader)]TJ 0.3294 Tc 22.6 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 0.905 0 Td [(his )-79(function )-79(cr)18(eates )-79(a )-79(new )-79(session.)]TJ -23.505 -1.2 Td [(Thr)18(ee things happen.)]TJ 1.8 -1.92 Td [(1. )-633(The)-336(pr)18(ocess )-86(becomes )-86(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 13.139 0 Td [(session )-86(leader)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 5.894 0 Td [(of )-85(this )-85(new )-85(session.)-585(\(A )-85(session )-85(leader )-85(is)]TJ -17.4 -1.2 Td [(the )-99(pr)18(ocess )-99(that )-99(cr)18(eates )-99(a )-99(session.\))-599(The )-99(pr)18(ocess )-99(is )-99(the )-99(only )-99(pr)18(ocess )-99(in )-99(this )-99(new)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD (session.)Tj -1.633 -1.6 Td [(2. )-633(The)-258(pr)18(ocess )-8(becomes )-8(the )-8(pr)18(ocess )-8(gr)18(oup )-8(leader )-8(of )-8(a )-8(new )-8(pr)18(ocess )-8(gr)22(oup. )-258(The)-257(new)]TJ 1.633 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ocess gr)18(oup ID is the pr)18(ocess ID of the calling pr)18(ocess.)]TJ -1.633 -1.6 Td [(3. )-633(The)-321(pr)18(ocess )-71(has )-71(no )-71(contr)18(olling )-71(terminal.)-570(\(W)92(e\325ll )-71(discuss )-71(contr)18(olling )-71(terminals )-71(in)]TJ 1.633 -1.2 Td [(the )-341(next )-341(section.\))-841(If )-341(the )-341(pr)16(ocess )-341(had )-341(a )-341(contr)18(olling )-341(terminal )-341(befor)]TJ 0.5914 Tc 31.542 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.514 0 Td (alling)Tj /TT1 1 Tf -33.056 -1.2 Td (setsid)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (,t)Tj 0 Tc 4.426 0 Td [(hat association is br)18(oken.)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46817 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(9.4)]TJ 36.721 0 Td [(Pr)18(ocess )-250(Gr)18(oups)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 9.112 0 Td (293)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 183.589 670.9597 Tm [(By )-42(default, )-42(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.825 0 Td (telnet)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.892 0 Td [(daemon )-42(is )-42(disabled )-42(on )-42(Mac )-42(OS )-42(X )-42(\(although )-42(it )-42(can )-42(be )-42(enabled )-42(with )-42(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -10.717 -1.25 Td (launchctl)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.4 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (1)Tj 0.5 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.744 -0.04 Td [(command\). )-411(The)-411(pr)18(eferr)18(ed )-161(way )-161(to )-161(perform )-161(a )-161(network )-161(login )-161(on )-161(Mac )-161(OS )-161(X )-161(is)]TJ -6.977 -1.25 Td (with)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.283 0 Td (ssh)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (,t)Tj 0 Tc 2.626 0 Td (he secur)Tj 0.25 Tc 3.638 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.153 0 Td (hell command.)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 93.5938 622.9626 Tm [(Lin)10(ux Netw)20(ork Logins)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 3.6 -2.4 Td [(Network )-36(logins )-36(under )-36(Linux )-36(ar)]TJ 0.2856 Tc 13.95 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.091 0 Td [(he )-36(same )-36(as )-36(under )-36(BSD, )-36(except )-36(that )-36(some )-36(distributions)]TJ -15.04 -1.2 Td [(use )-394(an )-394(alternative)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.254 0 Td (inetd)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.644 0 Td [(pr)18(ocess )-394(called )-394(the )-394(extended )-394(Internet )-394(services )-394(daemon,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -12.898 -1.2 Td (xinetd)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.6564 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 5.119 0 Td (he)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.467 0 Td (xinetd)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.006 0 Td [(pr)18(ocess )-156(pr)18(ovides )-156(a )-156(\336ner )-156(level )-156(of )-156(contr)18(ol )-156(over )-156(services )-156(it )-156(starts)]TJ -10.593 -1.2 Td [(compar)18(ed to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.813 0 Td (inetd)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj /TT1 1 Tf -9.413 -2.88 Td [(Solaris Netw)20(ork Logins)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 3.6 -2.16 Td [(The )-18(scenario )-18(for )-18(network )-18(logins )-18(under )-18(Solaris )-18(is )-18(almost )-18(identical )-18(to )-18(the )-18(steps )-18(under )-18(BSD)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(and )-200(Linux.)-701(An)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.507 0 Td (inetd)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.45 0 Td [(server )-200(is )-200(used )-200(that )-200(is )-200(similar )-200(in )-200(concept )-200(to )-200(the )-200(BSD )-200(version,)]TJ -10.958 -1.2 Td [(except )-166(that )-166(the )-166(Solaris )-166(version )-166(r)8(uns )-166(as )-166(a)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 18.968 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.76 0 Td (starter)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.082 0 Td [(in )-166(the )-166(Service )-166(Management )-166(Facility)]TJ -22.81 -1.16 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (SMF)Tj 2.027 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.6372 Tc 0.333 -0.04 Td (.A)Tj -0.018 Tc 2.052 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(starter )-137(is )-137(a )-137(daemon )-137(that )-137(has )-137(the )-137(r)17(esponsibility )-137(to )-137(start )-137(and )-137(monitor )-137(other)]TJ -5.601 -1.2 Td [(daemon )-97(pr)18(ocesses, )-97(and )-97(r)18(estart )-97(them )-97(if )-97(they )-97(fail.)-597(Although )-97(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 28.445 0 Td (inetd)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.347 0 Td [(server )-97(is )-97(started)]TJ -31.792 -1.2 Td [(by )-81(the )-81(master )-81(r)18(estarter )-81(in )-81(the )-81(SMF)]TJ 0.3308 Tc 15.384 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 0.907 0 Td [(he )-81(master )-81(r)18(estarter )-81(is )-81(started )-81(by)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 14.639 0 Td (init)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.731 0 Td [(and )-81(we )-81(end)]TJ -33.66 -1.2 Td [(up with the same overall pictur)18(e)-250(as)-250(in)-250(Figur)]TJ 0.25 Tc 19.278 0 Td (e9)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (.5.)Tj 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 183.588 420.5748 Tm [(The )-126(Solaris )-126(Service )-126(Management )-126(Facility )-126(is )-126(a )-126(framework )-126(that )-126(manages )-126(and )-126(monitors )-126(system)]TJ 0 -1.25 TD [(services )-229(and )-229(pr)18(ovides )-229(a )-229(way )-229(to )-229(r)18(ecover )-229(fr)18(om )-229(failur)18(es )-229(af)18(fecting )-229(system )-229(services.)-729(For )-229(mor)18(e)]TJ T* [(details )-130(on )-130(the )-130(Service )-130(Management )-130(Facility)]TJ 0.3803 Tc 19.493 0 Td (,s)Tj 0 Tc 1.054 0 Td [(ee )-130(Adams)]TJ 4.915 0.04 Td ([)Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (2005)Tj 2 0.04 Td (])Tj 0.713 -0.04 Td [(and )-130(the )-130(Solaris )-130(manual )-130(pages)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -28.508 -1.25 Td (smf)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (\(5\) and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 5.159 0 Td (inetd)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (1M)Tj 1.446 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (.)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 11.9993 0 0 11.9993 93.5933 348.5791 Tm [(9.4 )-1332(Pr)20(ocess )-278(Gr)20(oups)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5911 324.5805 Tm [(In )-206(addition )-206(to )-206(having )-206(a )-206(pr)18(ocess )-206(ID, )-206(each )-206(pr)18(ocess )-206(belongs )-206(to )-206(a )-206(pr)18(ocess )-206(gr)12(oup. )-456(W)92(e\325ll)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(encounter pr)18(ocess gr)18(oups again when we discuss signals in Chapter 10.)]TJ 0.2568 Tc 1.8 -1.2 Td (Ap)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.636 0 Td (ro)Tj 0 Tc 0.923 0 Td [(cess )-7(gr)18(oup )-7(is )-7(a )-7(collection )-7(of )-7(one )-7(or )-7(mor)]TJ 0.2569 Tc 17.196 0 Td (ep)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.337 0 Td (ro)Tj 0 Tc 0.923 0 Td [(cesses, )-7(usually )-7(associated )-7(with )-7(the)]TJ -23.815 -1.2 Td [(same )-45(job )-45(\(job )-45(contr)18(ol )-45(is )-45(discussed )-45(in )-45(Section )-45(9.8\), )-45(that )-45(can )-45(r)18(eceive )-45(signals )-45(fr)18(om )-45(the )-45(same)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(terminal. )-389(Each)-388(pr)18(ocess )-139(gr)18(oup )-139(has )-139(a )-139(unique )-139(pr)18(ocess )-139(gr)18(oup )-139(ID.)-637(Pr)18(ocess )-139(gr)18(oup )-139(IDs )-139(ar)19(e)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(similar )-5(to )-5(pr)18(ocess )-5(IDs: )-5(they )-5(ar)]TJ 0.2552 Tc 13.123 0 Td (ep)Tj 0 Tc 1.335 0 Td [(ositive )-5(integers )-5(and )-5(can )-5(be )-5(stor)18(ed )-5(in )-5(a)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 16.883 0 Td (pid_t)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.255 0 Td [(data )-5(type.)]TJ -34.596 -1.2 Td (The function)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 5.881 0 Td (getpgrp)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 4.45 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(turns the pr)18(ocess gr)18(oup ID of the calling pr)18(ocess.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5895 233.486 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.902 TD (pid_t getpgrp\(void\);)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 19.888 -1.902 Td [(Returns: pr)18(ocess gr)18(oup ID of calling pr)18(ocess)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 1947.25 cm 0 0 m 0 478 l 3900 478 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 178.8385 Tm [(In )-35(older )-35(BSD-derived )-35(systems, )-35(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 15.494 0 Td (getpgrp)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.485 0 Td [(function )-35(took )-35(a)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 7.037 0 Td (pid)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.563 0 Td [(ar)18(gument )-35(and )-35(r)18(eturned)]TJ -28.579 -1.2 Td [(the )-35(pr)18(ocess )-35(gr)18(oup )-35(for )-35(that )-35(pr)18(ocess. )-285(The)-285(Single )-35(UNIX )-35(Speci\336cation )-35(de\336nes )-35(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 34.8 0 Td (getpgid)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -34.8 -1.2 Td [(function that mimics this behavior)74(.)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46818 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (290)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Pr)18(ocess )-250(Relationships)]TJ 39.241 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(9)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 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2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 161.9903 670.2598 Tm (\(tmsend->tms_cutime - tmsstart->tms_cutime\) / \(double\) clktck\);)Tj -1.2 -1.189 Td [(printf\(" )-600(child)-600(sys: )-1200(%7.2f\\n",)]TJ 1.2 -1.189 Td (\(tmsend->tms_cstime - tmsstart->tms_cstime\) / \(double\) clktck\);)Tj -3.6 -1.189 Td (})Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 6334.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 218.9257 617.3249 Tm (Figure 8.31)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.055 Tc 5.695 0 Td (Ti)Tj 0 Tc 0.849 0 Td (me and execute all command)Tj 12.912 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(line ar)18(guments)]TJ 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5848 587.3285 Tm [(If we r)8(un this pr)18(ogram, we get)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9989 0 0 8.9989 147.5827 570.6305 Tm ($)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (./a.out "sleep 5" "date" "man bash >/dev/null")Tj /TT0 1 Tf -1.2 -2.021 Td (command: sleep 5)Tj 1.2 -1.189 Td [(real: )-2400(5.01)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(user: )-2400(0.00)]TJ T* [(sys: )-3000(0.00)]TJ T* [(child user:)-3000(0.00)]TJ T* [(child sys:)-3600(0.00)]TJ -1.2 -1.189 Td (normal termination, exit status = 0)Tj 0 -2.021 TD (command: date)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (Sun Feb 26 18:39:23 EST 2012)Tj 1.2 -1.189 Td [(real: )-2400(0.00)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(user: )-2400(0.00)]TJ T* [(sys: )-3000(0.00)]TJ T* [(child user:)-3000(0.00)]TJ T* [(child sys:)-3600(0.00)]TJ -1.2 -1.189 Td (normal termination, exit status = 0)Tj 0 -2.021 TD (command: man bash >/dev/null)Tj 1.2 -1.189 Td [(real: )-2400(1.46)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(user: )-2400(0.00)]TJ T* [(sys: )-3000(0.00)]TJ T* [(child user:)-3000(1.32)]TJ T* [(child sys:)-3600(0.07)]TJ -1.2 -1.189 Td (normal termination, exit status = 0)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5848 294.7934 Tm [(In )-61(the )-61(\336rst )-61(two )-61(commands, )-61(execution )-61(is )-61(fast )-61(enough )-61(to )-61(avoid )-61(r)18(egistering )-61(any )-61(CPU )-61(time)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(at )-149(the )-149(r)17(eported )-149(r)18(esolution. )-399(In)-400(the )-149(thir)]TJ 0.3994 Tc 17.27 0 Td (dc)Tj 0 Tc 1.454 0 Td [(ommand, )-149(however)74(,)-399(we)-399(r)7(un )-149(a )-149(command )-149(that)]TJ -18.725 -1.2 Td [(takes )-21(enough )-21(pr)18(ocessing )-21(time )-21(to )-21(note )-21(that )-21(all )-21(the )-21(CPU )-21(time )-21(appears )-21(in )-21(the )-21(child )-21(pr)21(ocess,)]TJ T* (which is wher)Tj 0.25 Tc 6.22 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.055 0 Td (he shell and the command execute.)Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5141.25 2588.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 50 50 l 0 50 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /TT2 1 Tf 11.9978 0 0 11.9978 93.5832 222.7889 Tm [(8.18 )-776(Summar)-10(y)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5997 Tc 9.9982 0 0 9.9982 129.5767 198.7932 Tm (At)Tj 0 Tc 1.704 0 Td [(hor)18(ough )-350(understanding )-350(of )-350(the )-350(UNIX )-350(System\325s )-350(pr)20(ocess )-350(contr)18(ol )-350(is )-350(essential )-350(for)]TJ -1.704 -1.2 Td [(advanced )-194(pr)18(ogramming. )-444(Ther)]TJ 0.4445 Tc 13.902 0 Td (ea)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.424 0 Td [(re )-231(o)]TJ 0 Tc 1.846 0 Td [(nly )-194(a )-194(few )-194(functions )-194(to )-194(master:)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 14.502 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.4445 Tc (,t)Tj 0 Tc 3.421 0 Td (he)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.506 0 Td (exec)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -36.6 -1.2 Td [(family)111(,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.364 0 Td (_exit)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.621 0 Td (wait)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.3707 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 3.521 0 Td (nd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.564 0 Td (waitpid)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.6206 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 5.684 0 Td [(hese )-121(primitives )-121(ar)]TJ 0.3706 Tc 8.128 0 Td (eu)Tj 0 Tc 1.453 0 Td [(sed )-121(in )-121(many )-121(applications.)]TJ -27.333 -1.2 Td (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.924 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td (function also gave us an opportunity to look at race conditions.)Tj -2.774 -1.2 Td [(Our )-109(examination )-109(of )-109(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.982 0 Td (system)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.959 0 Td [(function )-109(and )-109(pr)18(ocess )-109(accounting )-109(gave )-109(us )-109(another)]TJ -16.74 -1.2 Td [(look )-118(at )-118(all )-118(these )-118(pr)18(ocess )-118(contr)18(ol )-118(functions.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 19.75 0 Td [(We )-302(a)]TJ 0 Tc 2.255 0 Td [(lso )-118(looked )-118(at )-118(another )-118(variation )-118(of )-118(the)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46821 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (280)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Pr)18(ocess )-250(Contr)18(ol )]TJ 39.241 0 Td [(Chapter)-500(8)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5911 668.9599 Tm [(In )-44(contrast, )-44(when )-44(the )-44(child )-44(has )-44(the )-44(highest )-44(possible )-44(nice )-44(value )-44(\(the )-44(lowest )-44(priority\),)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(we )-16(see )-16(that )-16(the )-16(par)18(ent )-16(gets )-16(98.5% )-16(of )-16(the )-16(CPU, )-16(while )-16(the )-16(child )-16(gets )-16(only )-16(1.5% )-16(of )-16(the )-16(CPU.)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(These )-145(values )-145(will )-145(vary )-145(based )-145(on )-145(how )-145(the )-145(pr)21(ocess )-145(scheduler )-145(uses )-145(the )-145(nice )-145(value, )-145(so )-145(a)]TJ T* [(dif)18(fer)18(ent UNIX system will pr)18(oduce dif)18(fer)18(ent ratios.)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5141.25 6330.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 50 50 l 0 50 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 11.9986 0 0 11.9986 93.5888 596.9284 Tm [(8.17 )-776(Pr)20(ocess )-278(Times)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 572.9312 Tm [(In )-160(Section )-160(1.10, )-160(we )-160(described )-160(thr)18(ee )-160(times )-160(that )-160(we )-160(can )-160(measur)18(e: )-160(wall )-160(clock )-160(time, )-160(user)]TJ T* [(CPU )-128(time, )-128(and )-128(system )-128(CPU )-128(time.)-631(Any )-128(pr)18(ocess )-128(can )-128(call )-128(the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 27.488 0 Td (times)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.378 0 Td [(function )-128(to )-128(obtain)]TJ -30.866 -1.2 Td [(these values for itself and any terminated childr)18(en.)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 8.9989 0 0 8.9989 147.5823 531.0363 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.902 TD (clock_t times\(struct tms *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (buf)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 17.082 0 Td (\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -5.987 -1.902 Td (Returns: elapsed wall clock time in clock ticks if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 23.369 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 4923.25 cm 0 0 m 0 478 l 3900 478 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9982 0 0 9.9982 129.5767 477.574 Tm (This function \336lls in the)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 10.738 0 Td (tms)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.05 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)]TJ 0.25 Tc 3.49 0 Td (ep)Tj 0 Tc 1.33 0 Td (ointed to by)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 5.566 0 Td (buf)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.464 0 Td (:)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 8.9984 0 0 8.9984 147.5735 460.877 Tm (struct tms {)Tj 1.2 -1.189 Td [(clock_t )-600(tms_utime; )-600(/*)-600(user CPU time */)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(clock_t )-600(tms_stime; )-600(/*)-600(system CPU time */)]TJ T* [(clock_t )-600(tms_cutime;)-600(/* user CPU time, terminated children */)]TJ T* [(clock_t )-600(tms_cstime;)-600(/* system CPU time, terminated children */)]TJ -1.2 -1.189 Td (};)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9982 0 0 9.9982 129.5768 389.3899 Tm [(Note )-227(that )-227(the )-227(str)8(uctur)]TJ 0.4771 Tc 10.224 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.567 0 Td [(oes )-227(not )-227(contain )-227(any )-227(measur)18(ement )-227(for )-227(the )-227(wall )-227(clock )-227(time.)]TJ -11.791 -1.2 Td [(Instead, )-63(the )-63(function )-63(r)18(eturns )-63(the )-63(wall )-63(clock )-63(time )-63(as )-63(the )-63(value )-63(of )-63(the )-63(function, )-63(each )-63(time)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(it\325s )-9(called.)-509(This )-9(value )-9(is )-9(measur)18(ed )-9(fr)18(om )-9(some )-9(arbitrary )-9(point )-9(in )-9(the )-9(past, )-9(so )-9(we )-9(can\325t )-9(use)]TJ T* [(its )-104(absolute )-104(value; )-104(instead, )-104(we )-104(use )-104(its )-104(r)18(elative )-104(value.)-604(For )-104(example, )-104(we )-104(call)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 33.953 0 Td (times)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.354 0 Td (and)Tj -37.307 -1.2 Td [(save )-53(the )-53(r)18(eturn )-53(value.)-551(At )-53(some )-53(later )-53(time, )-53(we )-53(call)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 22.577 0 Td (times)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.303 0 Td [(again )-53(and )-53(subtract )-53(the )-53(earlier)]TJ -0.018 Tc -25.879 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(turn )-158(value )-158(fr)18(om )-158(the )-158(new )-158(r)18(eturn )-158(value.)-658(The )-158(dif)15(fer)18(ence )-158(is )-158(the )-158(wall )-158(clock )-158(time.)-658(\(It )-158(is)]TJ -0.856 -1.2 Td [(possible, )-128(though )-128(unlikely)]TJ 0.3783 Tc 11.349 0 Td (,f)Tj 0 Tc 0.961 0 Td [(or )-128(a )-128(long-r)8(unning )-128(pr)17(ocess )-128(to )-128(over\337ow )-128(the )-128(wall )-128(clock )-128(time;)]TJ -12.31 -1.2 Td [(see Exer)18(cise 1.5.\))]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(The )-32(two )-32(str)8(uctur)]TJ 0.2819 Tc 7.434 0 Td (e\336)Tj 0 Tc 1.366 0 Td [(elds )-32(for )-32(child )-32(pr)18(ocesses )-32(contain )-32(values )-32(only )-32(for )-32(childr)18(en )-32(that )-32(we)]TJ -10.6 -1.2 Td (have waited for with one of the)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 14.097 0 Td (wait)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td [(functions discussed earlier in this chapter)74(.)]TJ -14.947 -1.2 Td [(All )-123(the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 3.493 0 Td (clock_t)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.573 0 Td [(values )-123(r)18(eturned )-123(by )-123(this )-123(function )-123(ar)]TJ 0.3733 Tc 15.896 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.296 0 Td [(onverted )-123(to )-123(seconds )-123(using)]TJ -27.059 -1.2 Td [(the )-78(number )-78(of )-78(clock )-78(ticks )-78(per )-78(second)]TJ 0.0833 Tc 16.693 0 Td (\321t)Tj 0 Tc 1.409 0 Td (he)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.389 0 Td (_SC_CLK_TCK)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.928 0 Td [(value )-78(r)18(eturned )-77(by)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 8.382 0 Td (sysconf)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -34.8 -1.2 Td (\(Section 2.5.4\).)Tj 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 183.5674 225.4194 Tm [(Most )-186(implementations )-186(pr)18(ovide )-186(the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 16.328 0 Td (getrusage)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.4 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (2)Tj 0.5 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.769 -0.04 Td [(function. )-436(This)-437(function )-186(r)18(eturns )-186(the )-186(CPU)]TJ -23.33 -1.25 Td [(times )-15(and )-15(14 )-15(other )-15(values )-15(indicating )-15(r)17(esour)18(ce )-15(usage.)-515(Historically)]TJ 0.2653 Tc 28.749 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 0.841 0 Td [(his )-15(function )-15(originated )-15(with)]TJ -29.59 -1.25 Td [(the )-185(BSD )-185(operating )-185(system, )-185(so )-185(BSD-derived )-185(implementations )-185(generally )-185(support )-185(mor)]TJ 0.4346 Tc 38.386 0 Td (eo)Tj 0.4348 Tc 1.46 0 Td (ft)Tj 0 Tc 1.094 0 Td (he)Tj -40.939 -1.25 Td (\336elds than do other implementations.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 9.9982 0 0 9.9982 93.5835 171.4291 Tm (Example)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.6 -2.4 Td [(The )-46(pr)18(ogram )-46(in )-46(Figur)]TJ 0.2964 Tc 9.678 0 Td (e8)Tj 0 Tc 1.275 0 Td [(.31 )-46(executes )-46(each )-46(command)]TJ 12.343 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(line )-46(ar)18(gument )-46(as )-46(a )-46(shell )-46(command)]TJ -23.629 -1.2 Td [(string, timing the command and printing the values fr)18(om the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 27.181 0 Td (tms)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.05 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e.)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46822 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (276)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Pr)18(ocess )-250(Contr)18(ol )]TJ 39.241 0 Td [(Chapter)-500(8)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5911 668.9599 Tm [(Given )-210(the )-210(login )-210(name, )-210(we )-210(can )-210(then )-210(use )-210(it )-210(to )-210(look )-210(up )-210(the )-210(user )-210(in )-210(the )-210(passwor)16(d)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(\336le )167(\321 )167(to)-251(determine the login shell, for example)]TJ 0.0833 Tc 20.515 0 Td (\321u)Tj 0 Tc 1.686 0 Td (sing)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.103 0 Td (getpwnam)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj -0.092 Tc 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 183.5889 636.9618 Tm [(To )-575(\336)]TJ 0 Tc 2.313 0 Td [(nd )-390(the )-390(login )-390(name, )-390(UNIX )-390(systems )-390(have )-390(historically )-390(called )-390(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 31.14 0 Td (ttyname)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.84 0 Td (function)Tj -38.293 -1.25 Td [(\(Section )-94(18.9\) )-94(and )-94(then )-94(tried )-94(to )-94(\336nd )-94(a )-94(matching )-94(entry )-94(in )-94(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 27.437 0 Td (utmp)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.744 0 Td [(\336le )-94(\(Section )-94(6.8\).)-595(Fr)18(eeBSD)]TJ -30.182 -1.25 Td [(and )-86(Mac )-86(OS )-86(X )-86(stor)]TJ 0.3364 Tc 8.579 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.141 0 Td [(he )-86(login )-86(name )-86(in )-86(the )-86(session )-86(str)6(uctur)]TJ 0.3364 Tc 16.709 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.315 0 Td [(ssociated )-86(with )-86(the )-86(pr)18(ocess )-86(table)]TJ -27.745 -1.25 Td [(entry and pr)18(ovide system calls to fetch and stor)]TJ 0.25 Tc 20.945 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.055 0 Td (his name.)Tj -22 -2.25 Td [(System )-230(V )-230(pr)18(ovided )-230(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.305 0 Td (cuserid)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.681 0 Td [(function )-230(to )-230(r)18(eturn )-230(the )-230(login )-230(name.)-733(This )-230(function )-230(called)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -15.986 -1.25 Td (getlogin)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.152 0 Td [(and, )-102(if )-102(that )-102(failed, )-102(did )-102(a)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.181 0 Td (getpwuid\(getuid\(\)\))Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.602 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 12.265 0 Td [(he )-102(IEEE )-102(Standar)]TJ 0.352 Tc 7.356 0 Td (d1)Tj 0 Tc 1.463 0 Td (003.1)Tj 2.25 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td (1988)Tj -40 -1.25 Td (speci\336ed)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 4.204 0 Td (cuserid)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.27 Tc (,b)Tj 0 Tc 5.273 0 Td [(ut )-20(it )-20(called )-20(for )-20(the )-20(ef)18(fective )-20(user )-20(ID )-20(to )-20(be )-20(used, )-20(instead )-20(of )-20(the )-20(r)18(eal )-20(user )-20(ID.)]TJ -9.477 -1.25 Td [(The 1990 version of POSIX.1 dr)18(opped the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 18.467 0 Td (cuserid)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td (function.)Tj -22.917 -2.25 Td [(The )-292(envir)18(onment )-292(variable)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 12.567 0 Td (LOGNAME)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.742 0 Td [(is )-292(usually )-292(initialized )-292(with )-292(the )-292(user)-74(\325s )-292(login )-292(name )-292(by)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -17.309 -1.25 Td (login)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (1)Tj 0.5 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.854 -0.04 Td [(and )-271(inherited )-271(by )-271(the )-271(login )-271(shell.)-771(Realize, )-271(however)]TJ 0.5214 Tc 23.972 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 1.097 0 Td [(hat )-271(a )-271(user )-271(can )-271(modify )-271(an)]TJ -29.756 -1.25 Td [(envir)18(onment )-52(variable, )-52(so )-52(we )-52(shouldn\325t )-52(use)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 19.361 0 Td (LOGNAME)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.502 0 Td [(to )-52(validate )-52(the )-52(user )-52(in )-52(any )-52(way)]TJ 0.5523 Tc 13.826 0 Td (.I)Tj 0 Tc 1.139 0 Td (nstead,)Tj -38.828 -1.25 Td (we should use)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 6.626 0 Td (getlogin)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 11.9993 0 0 11.9993 93.5935 474.9715 Tm [(8.16 )-776(Pr)20(ocess )-278(Sc)10(heduling)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5912 450.9729 Tm (Historically)Tj 0.3851 Tc 5.076 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 0.961 0 Td [(he )-135(UNIX )-135(System )-135(pr)18(ovided )-135(pr)18(ocesses )-135(with )-135(only )-135(coarse )-135(contr)18(ol )-135(over )-135(their)]TJ -6.037 -1.2 Td [(scheduling )-37(priority)]TJ 0.5367 Tc 8.44 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.4 0 Td [(he )-37(scheduling )-37(policy )-37(and )-37(priority )-37(wer)]TJ 0.2867 Tc 16.87 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.377 0 Td [(etermined )-37(by )-37(the )-37(kernel.)]TJ 0.4098 Tc -28.087 -1.2 Td (Ap)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.789 0 Td (ro)Tj 0 Tc 0.923 0 Td [(cess )-160(could )-160(choose )-160(to )-160(r)9(un )-160(with )-160(lower )-160(priority )-160(by )-160(adjusting )-160(its)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 28.494 0 Td [(nice )-160(value)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 4.616 0 Td [(\(thus )-160(a)]TJ -35.822 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ocess )-137(could )-137(be )-137(\324)37(\324nice\325)]TJ 0.3869 Tc 10.539 0 Td (\325a)Tj 0 Tc 1.165 0 Td [(nd )-137(r)18(educe )-137(its )-137(shar)18(e)-387(of)-387(the )-137(CPU )-137(by )-137(adjusting )-137(its )-137(nice )-137(value\).)]TJ -11.704 -1.2 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(275)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 668.9599 Tm [(Section )-90(8.6.)-590(The )-90(only )-90(information )-90(in )-90(this )-90(byte )-90(is )-90(a )-90(cor)22(e-\337ag )-90(bit )-90(\(usually )-90(the )-90(high-or)19(der)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(bit\) )-57(and )-57(the )-57(signal )-57(number )-57(\(usually )-57(the )-57(seven )-57(low-or)16(der )-57(bits\), )-57(if )-57(the )-57(pr)18(ocess )-57(terminated)]TJ T* (abnormally)Tj 0.6887 Tc 4.986 0 Td (.I)Tj 0.4387 Tc 1.276 0 Td (ft)Tj 0 Tc 1.098 0 Td [(he )-189(pr)18(ocess )-189(terminated )-189(normally)112(,)-439(we)-439(a)]TJ -0.018 Tc [(re )-225(n)]TJ 0 Tc 19.295 0 Td [(ot )-189(able )-189(to )-189(obtain )-189(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.946 0 Td (exit)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -36.6 -1.2 Td [(status )-99(fr)18(om )-99(the )-99(accounting )-99(\336le.)-599(For )-99(the )-99(\336rst )-99(child, )-99(this )-99(value )-99(is )-99(128)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 30.612 0 Td (+)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.716 0 Td [(6. )-349(The)-349(128 )-99(is )-99(the)]TJ -31.328 -1.2 Td (cor)Tj 0.4602 Tc 1.367 0 Td (e\337)Tj 0 Tc 1.547 0 Td [(ag )-210(bit, )-210(and )-210(6 )-210(happens )-210(to )-210(be )-210(the )-210(value )-210(on )-210(this )-210(system )-210(for)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 27.267 0 Td (SIGABRT)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.4603 Tc (,w)Tj 0 Tc 5.744 0 Td [(hich )-210(is)]TJ -35.925 -1.2 Td [(generated )-166(by )-166(the )-166(call )-166(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.379 0 Td (abort)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.6656 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 4.529 0 Td [(he )-166(value )-166(9 )-166(for )-166(the )-166(fourth )-166(child )-166(corr)18(esponds )-166(to )-166(the)]TJ -15.908 -1.2 Td [(value )-27(of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.871 0 Td (SIGKILL)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.5268 Tc (.W)Tj 0.2768 Tc 5.885 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.2 0 Td [(an\325t )-27(tell )-27(fr)18(om )-27(the )-27(accounting )-27(data )-27(that )-27(the )-27(par)18(ent\325s )-27(ar)18(gument )-27(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -10.955 -1.2 Td (exit)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td (was 2 and that the thir)Tj 0.25 Tc 9.898 0 Td (dc)Tj 0 Tc 1.305 0 Td [(hild\325s ar)18(gument to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.405 0 Td (exit)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td (was 0.)Tj -23.108 -1.2 Td [(The )-77(size )-77(of )-77(the )-77(\336le)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.646 0 Td (/etc/passwd)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.927 0 Td [(that )-77(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.776 0 Td (dd)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.527 0 Td [(pr)18(ocess )-77(copies )-77(in )-77(the )-77(second )-77(child )-77(is)]TJ -22.676 -1.2 Td [(777 )-53(bytes.)-553(The )-53(number )-53(of )-53(characters )-53(of )-53(I/O )-53(is )-53(just )-53(over )-53(twice )-53(this )-53(value.)-553(It )-53(is )-53(twice )-53(the)]TJ T* [(value, )-57(as )-57(777 )-57(bytes )-57(ar)]TJ 0.3068 Tc 9.555 0 Td (er)Tj 0 Tc 1.163 0 Td [(ead )-57(in, )-57(then )-57(777 )-57(bytes )-57(ar)]TJ 0.3068 Tc 10.931 0 Td (ew)Tj 0 Tc 1.62 0 Td [(ritten )-57(out.)-557(Even )-57(though )-57(the )-57(output)]TJ -23.268 -1.2 Td [(goes )-83(to )-83(the )-83(null )-83(device, )-83(the )-83(bytes )-83(ar)]TJ 0.3332 Tc 16.084 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.236 0 Td [(till )-83(accounted )-83(for)]TJ 0.5832 Tc 7.6 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.446 0 Td [(he )-83(31 )-83(additional )-83(bytes )-83(come)]TJ -26.367 -1.2 Td [(fr)18(om )-15(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.056 0 Td (dd)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.465 0 Td [(command )-15(r)18(eporting )-15(the )-15(summary )-15(of )-15(bytes )-15(r)18(ead )-15(and )-15(written, )-15(which )-15(it )-15(prints)]TJ -5.522 -1.2 Td (to)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.122 0 Td (stdout)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj 0.678 -1.2 Td (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.07 0 Td (ac_flag)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.596 0 Td [(values )-146(ar)]TJ 0.3963 Tc 4.135 0 Td (ea)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.375 0 Td [(re )-182(w)]TJ 0 Tc 2.086 0 Td [(hat )-146(we )-146(would )-146(expect.)-648(The)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 12.607 0 Td (F)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.996 0 Td [(\337ag )-146(is )-146(set )-146(for )-146(all )-146(the)]TJ -29.667 -1.2 Td [(child )-32(pr)18(ocesses )-32(except )-32(the )-32(second )-32(child, )-32(which )-32(does )-32(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 24.919 0 Td (execl)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.5316 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 4.395 0 Td (he)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.343 0 Td (F)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.882 0 Td [(\337ag )-32(is )-32(not )-32(set )-32(for)]TJ -31.537 -1.2 Td [(the )-4(par)18(ent, )-4(because )-4(the )-4(interactive )-4(shell )-4(that )-4(executed )-4(the )-4(par)18(ent )-4(did )-4(a)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 31.095 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.654 0 Td [(and )-4(then )-4(an)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -33.749 -1.2 Td (exec)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.662 0 Td [(of )-12(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 2.79 0 Td (a.out)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.262 0 Td [(\336le. )-262(The)-262(\336rst )-12(child )-12(pr)18(ocess )-12(calls)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 14.335 0 Td (abort)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.262 Tc (,w)Tj 0 Tc 4.346 0 Td [(hich )-12(generates )-12(a)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.405 0 Td (SIGABRT)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -34.8 -1.2 Td [(signal )-104(to )-104(generate )-104(the )-104(cor)]TJ 0.3536 Tc 11.48 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.444 0 Td [(ump. )-354(Note)-353(that )-104(neither )-104(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 12.792 0 Td (X)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.954 0 Td [(\337ag )-104(nor )-104(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.635 0 Td (D)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.954 0 Td [(\337ag )-104(is )-104(on, )-104(as)]TJ -33.258 -1.2 Td [(they )-93(ar)]TJ 0.3427 Tc 3.163 0 Td (en)Tj 0 Tc 1.404 0 Td [(ot )-93(supported )-93(on )-93(Solaris; )-93(the )-93(information )-93(they )-93(r)21(epr)18(esent )-93(can )-93(be )-93(derived )-93(fr)20(om)]TJ -4.566 -1.2 Td (the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.939 0 Td (ac_stat)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.752 0 Td [(\336eld. )-552(The)-552(fourth )-302(child )-302(also )-302(terminates )-302(because )-302(of )-302(a )-302(signal, )-302(but )-302(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -6.691 -1.2 Td (SIGKILL)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td (signal does not generate a cor)Tj 0.25 Tc 13.071 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.34 0 Td [(ump; it just terminates the pr)18(ocess.)]TJ -17.061 -1.2 Td [(As )-41(a )-41(\336nal )-41(note, )-41(the )-41(\336rst )-41(child )-41(has )-41(a )-41(0 )-41(count )-41(for )-41(the )-41(number )-41(of )-41(characters )-41(of )-41(I/O, )-41(yet)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(this )-92(pr)18(ocess )-92(generated )-92(a)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.192 0 Td (core)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.742 0 Td [(\336le. )-342(It)-341(appears )-92(that )-92(the )-92(I/O )-92(r)19(equir)18(ed )-92(to )-92(write )-92(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 22.666 0 Td (core)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -36.6 -1.2 Td [(\336le is not char)18(ged to the pr)18(ocess.)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5141.25 3810.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 50 50 l 0 50 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /TT2 1 Tf 11.9986 0 0 11.9986 93.5888 332.96 Tm [(8.15 )-776(User)-556(Identi\336cation)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 308.9629 Tm [(Any )-237(pr)18(ocess )-237(can )-237(\336nd )-237(out )-237(its )-237(r)18(eal )-237(and )-237(ef)21(fective )-237(user )-237(ID )-237(and )-237(gr)18(oup )-237(ID.)-735(Sometimes,)]TJ T* [(however)74(,)-349(we)-349(want )-99(to )-99(\336nd )-99(out )-99(the )-99(login )-99(name )-99(of )-99(the )-99(user )-99(who\325s )-99(r)8(unning )-99(the )-99(pr)15(ogram.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 0 -1.2 Td [(We )-403(c)]TJ 0 Tc 2.3 0 Td [(ould )-219(call)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.516 0 Td (getpwuid\(getuid\(\)\))Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.4694 Tc (,b)Tj 0 Tc 12.072 0 Td [(ut )-219(what )-219(if )-219(a )-219(single )-219(user )-219(has )-219(multiple )-219(login)]TJ -18.889 -1.2 Td [(names, )-219(each )-219(with )-219(the )-219(same )-219(user )-219(ID?)-719(\(A )-219(person )-219(might )-219(have )-219(multiple )-219(entries )-219(in )-219(the)]TJ T* (passwor)Tj 0.3095 Tc 3.706 0 Td (d\336)Tj 0 Tc 1.526 0 Td [(le )-59(with )-59(the )-59(same )-59(user )-59(ID )-59(to )-59(have )-59(a )-59(dif)14(fer)18(ent )-60(login )-60(shell )-60(for )-60(each )-60(entry)113(.\) )-310(The)]TJ -5.232 -1.2 Td [(system )-300(normally )-300(keeps )-300(track )-300(of )-300(the )-300(name )-300(we )-300(log )-300(in )-300(under )-300(\(Section )-300(6.8\), )-300(and )-300(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf T* (getlogin)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.05 0 Td [(function pr)18(ovides a way to fetch that login name.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9989 0 0 8.9989 147.582 214.2743 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -2.378 TD (char *getlogin\(void\);)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 10.533 -2.378 Td (Returns: pointer to string giving login name if OK,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 22.58 0 Td (NULL)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td [(on err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 1670.25 cm 0 0 m 0 563 l 3900 563 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9982 0 0 9.9982 129.5767 147.4735 Tm [(This )-23(function )-23(can )-23(fail )-23(if )-23(the )-23(pr)18(ocess )-23(is )-23(not )-23(attached )-23(to )-23(a )-23(terminal )-23(that )-23(a )-23(user )-23(logged )-23(in )-23(to.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 0 -1.2 TD [(We )-184(n)]TJ 0 Tc 2.219 0 Td [(ormally call these pr)18(ocesses)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 12.476 0 Td (daemons)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.5 Tc (.W)Tj 0.25 Tc 5.158 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.34 0 Td (iscuss them in Chapter 13.)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46824 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(8.14)]TJ 34.883 0 Td [(Pr)18(ocess )-250(Accounting)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 10.95 0 Td (269)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 668.9599 Tm [(The )-4(super)8(user )-4(permissions )-4(that )-4(we )-4(gave )-4(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 19.718 0 Td (tsys)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.654 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram )-3(ar)]TJ 0.2535 Tc 4.989 0 Td (er)Tj 0 Tc 1.109 0 Td [(etained )-3(acr)18(oss )-3(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.131 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -36.6 -1.2 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.943 0 Td (exec)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td (that ar)Tj 0.25 Tc 2.861 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.34 0 Td (one by)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.216 0 Td (system)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 183.5899 636.9618 Tm [(Some )-281(implementations )-281(have )-281(closed )-281(this )-281(security )-281(hole )-281(by )-281(changing)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 31.861 0 Td (/bin/sh)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.731 0 Td [(to )-281(r)18(eset )-281(the)]TJ -36.593 -1.25 Td [(ef)18(fective )-104(user )-104(ID )-104(to )-104(the )-104(r)18(eal )-104(user )-104(ID )-104(when )-104(they )-104(don\325t )-104(match.)-604(On )-104(these )-104(systems, )-104(the )-104(pr)18(evious)]TJ -0 -1.25 Td [(example )-24(doesn\325t )-24(work )-24(as )-24(shown.)-524(Instead, )-24(the )-24(same )-24(ef)19(fective )-24(user )-24(ID )-24(will )-24(be )-24(printed )-24(r)18(egar)18(dless)]TJ 0 -1.25 TD [(of the status of the set-user)18(-ID bit on the pr)18(ogram calling)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 25.272 0 Td (system)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5919 584.9649 Tm [(If )-96(it )-96(is )-96(r)8(unning )-96(with )-96(special )-96(permissions)]TJ 0.0833 Tc 18.148 0 Td (\321e)Tj 0 Tc 1.562 0 Td [(ither )-96(set-user)18(-ID )-96(or )-96(set-gr)18(oup-ID )167(\321 )167(and)]TJ -21.51 -1.2 Td [(wants )-115(to )-115(spawn )-115(another )-115(pr)18(ocess, )-115(a )-115(pr)18(ocess )-115(should )-115(use)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 25.073 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.765 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.058 0 Td (exec)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.765 0 Td [(dir)18(ectly)]TJ 0.3647 Tc 3.264 0 Td (,b)Tj 0 Tc 1.168 0 Td (eing)Tj -37.092 -1.2 Td [(certain )-68(to )-68(change )-68(back )-68(to )-68(normal )-68(permissions )-68(after )-68(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 24.78 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.3184 Tc (,b)Tj 0 Tc 3.521 0 Td (efor)Tj 0.3184 Tc 1.735 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.241 0 Td (alling)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.829 0 Td (exec)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.5684 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 3.831 0 Td (he)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -37.939 -1.2 Td (system)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td (function should)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 7.264 0 Td (never)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.473 0 Td [(be used fr)18(om a set-user)18(-ID or a set-gr)18(oup-ID pr)18(ogram.)]TJ 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 183.5902 528.9683 Tm [(One )-37(r)18(eason )-37(for )-37(this )-37(admonition )-37(is )-37(that)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 17.271 0 Td (system)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.888 0 Td [(invokes )-38(the )-38(shell )-38(to )-38(parse )-38(the )-38(command )-38(string,)]TJ -21.159 -1.25 Td [(and )-163(the )-163(shell )-163(uses )-163(its)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.185 0 Td (IFS)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.213 0 Td [(variable )-163(as )-163(the )-163(input )-163(\336eld )-163(separator)]TJ 0.6634 Tc 16.433 0 Td (.O)Tj 0 Tc 1.699 0 Td [(lder )-163(versions )-163(of )-163(the )-163(shell)]TJ -30.531 -1.25 Td [(didn\325t )-64(r)18(eset )-64(this )-64(variable )-64(to )-64(a )-64(normal )-64(set )-64(of )-64(characters )-64(when )-64(invoked.)-561(As )-64(a )-64(r)18(esult, )-64(a )-64(malicious)]TJ T* [(user )-35(could )-35(set)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.479 0 Td (IFS)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.085 0 Td [(befor)18(e)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.052 0 Td (system)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.885 0 Td [(was )-35(called, )-35(causing)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.878 0 Td (system)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.885 0 Td [(to )-35(execute )-35(a )-35(dif)19(fer)18(ent )-35(pr)18(ogram.)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 11.9993 0 0 11.9993 93.5952 456.9726 Tm [(8.14 )-776(Pr)20(ocess )-278(Accounting)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.593 432.974 Tm [(Most )-143(UNIX )-143(systems )-143(pr)19(ovide )-143(an )-143(option )-143(to )-143(do )-143(pr)18(ocess )-143(accounting.)-643(When )-143(enabled, )-143(the)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(kernel )-138(writes )-138(an )-138(accounting )-138(r)19(ecor)]TJ 0.3876 Tc 15.261 0 Td (de)Tj 0 Tc 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if \(pid == 0\) {)Tj 0.6 -1.189 Td (charatatime\("output from child\\n"\);)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (TELL_PARENT\(getppid\(\)\);)Tj 0.6 Tc -2.4 -1.189 Td (}e)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (lse {)Tj 0.6 -1.189 Td [(WAIT_CHILD\(\); )-4200(/*)-600(child goes first */)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD (charatatime\("output from parent\\n"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 558.0665 Tm [(Exer)18(cise 8.4 continues this example.)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5141.25 5581.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 50 50 l 0 50 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /TT1 1 Tf 11.9986 0 0 11.9986 93.5888 516.0381 Tm (8.10)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 3 0 Td (exec)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 2.956 0 Td (Functions)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.092 Tc 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 492.0409 Tm [(We )-194(m)]TJ 0 Tc 2.53 0 Td [(entioned )-10(in )-10(Section )-10(8.3 )-10(that )-10(one )-10(use )-10(of )-10(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 18.663 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.66 0 Td [(function )-10(is )-10(to )-10(cr)18(eate )-10(a )-10(new )-10(pr)20(ocess)]TJ -23.853 -1.2 Td [(\(the 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-1.2 Td [(cr)18(eated;)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.006 0 Td (exec)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.94 0 Td [(mer)18(ely )-290(r)18(eplaces )-290(the )-290(curr)18(ent )-290(pr)18(ocess )167(\321 )167(its)-541(text, )-290(data, )-290(heap, )-290(and )-290(stack)]TJ -6.946 -1.2 Td [(segments )167(\321 )167(with)]TJ 0.25 Tc 7.603 0 Td (ab)Tj 0 Tc 1.303 0 Td [(rand-new pr)18(ogram fr)18(om disk.)]TJ -7.106 -1.2 Td (Ther)Tj 0.308 Tc 2.051 0 Td (ea)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.287 0 Td [(re )-94(s)]TJ 0 Tc 1.588 0 Td [(even )-58(dif)18(fer)18(ent)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.514 0 Td (exec)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.708 0 Td [(functions, )-58(but )-58(we\325ll )-58(often )-58(simply )-58(r)18(efer )-58(to )-58(\324)38(\324the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 20.652 0 Td (exec)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -36.6 -1.2 Td (function,\325)Tj 0.4388 Tc 4.198 0 Td (\325w)Tj 0 Tc 1.551 0 Td [(hich )-189(means )-189(that )-189(we )-189(could )-189(use )-189(any )-189(of )-189(the )-189(seven )-189(functions.)-687(These )-189(seven)]TJ -5.749 -1.2 Td [(functions )-116(r)18(ound )-116(out )-116(the )-116(UNIX )-116(System )-116(pr)16(ocess )-116(contr)18(ol )-116(primitives.)]TJ -0.055 Tc 30.268 0 Td (Wi)Tj 0 Tc 1.236 0 Td (th)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.274 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(,)-366(we)-366(c)-1(an)]TJ -32.779 -1.2 Td [(cr)18(eate )-49(new )-49(pr)18(ocesses; )-49(and )-49(with )-49(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 15.853 0 Td (exec)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.699 0 Td [(functions, )-49(we )-49(can )-49(initiate )-49(new )-49(pr)20(ograms. )-299(The)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -18.551 -1.2 Td (exit)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.694 0 Td [(function )-44(and )-44(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.67 0 Td (wait)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.694 0 Td [(functions )-44(handle )-44(termination )-44(and )-44(waiting )-44(for )-44(termination.)]TJ -13.059 -1.2 Td [(These )-160(ar)]TJ 0.4097 Tc 3.864 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.215 0 Td [(he )-160(only )-160(pr)18(ocess )-160(contr)18(ol )-160(primitives )-160(we )-160(need.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 20.821 0 Td (We)Tj 0 Tc 1.387 0 Td [(\325ll )-160(use )-160(these )-160(primitives )-160(in)]TJ -27.286 -1.2 Td (later sections to build additional functions, such as)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 22.635 0 Td (popen)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.943 0 Td (system)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9989 0 0 8.9989 135.344 311.2228 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -2.14 TD (int execl\(const char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (pathname)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 18.944 0 Td (onst char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf [(ar)18(g0)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,.)Tj 0 Tc 10.215 0 Td (.. /* \(char *\)0 */ \);)Tj -29.159 -2.14 Td (int execv\(const char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (pathname)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 18.944 0 Td (har *const)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 6.6 0 Td [(ar)18(gv)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf ([]\);)Tj -25.544 -2.14 Td (int execle\(const char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (pathname)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 19.544 0 Td (onst char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf [(ar)18(g0)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,.)Tj 0 Tc 10.215 0 Td (..)Tj -23.159 -1.189 Td (/* \(char *\)0, char *const)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 15.6 0 Td (envp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf ([] */ \);)Tj -22.2 -2.14 Td (int execve\(const char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (pathname)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 19.544 0 Td (har *const)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 6.6 0 Td [(ar)18(gv)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf ([], char *const)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 11.415 0 Td (envp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf ([]\);)Tj -37.559 -2.14 Td (int execlp\(const char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (\336lename)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 18.962 0 Td (onst char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf [(ar)18(g0)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,.)Tj 0 Tc 10.215 0 Td (.. /* \(char *\)0 */ \);)Tj -29.177 -2.14 Td (int execvp\(const char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (\336lename)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 18.962 0 Td (har *const)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 6.6 0 Td [(ar)18(gv)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf ([]\);)Tj -25.562 -2.14 Td (int fexecve\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 9.6 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 2.578 0 Td (har *const)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 6.6 0 Td [(ar)18(gv)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf ([], char *const)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 11.415 0 Td (envp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf ([]\);)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -10.096 -2.14 Td [(All seven r)18(eturn:)]TJ /TT3 1 Tf 7.651 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)74(,)-250(no)-250(r)18(eturn on success)]TJ ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 1398.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1826 l 3900 1826 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46829 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(8.9)]TJ 36.334 0 Td [(Race )-250(Conditions)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 9.499 0 Td (245)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 11.9993 0 0 11.9993 93.5944 668.9599 Tm (8.8)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 3 0 Td (wait3)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.556 0 Td (and)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 2.334 0 Td (wait4)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.556 0 Td (Functions)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5918 644.9613 Tm [(Most )-280(UNIX )-280(system )-280(implementations )-280(pr)18(ovide )-280(two )-280(additional )-280(functions:)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 33.777 0 Td (wait3)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.53 0 Td (and)Tj /TT2 1 Tf -37.307 -1.2 Td (wait4)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.7161 Tc (.H)Tj 0 Tc 4.798 0 Td (istorically)Tj 0.4661 Tc 4.244 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 1.042 0 Td [(hese )-216(two )-216(variants )-216(descend )-216(fr)18(om )-216(the )-216(BSD )-216(branch )-216(of )-216(the )-216(UNIX)]TJ -10.084 -1.2 Td [(System. )-387(The)-387(only )-137(featur)]TJ 0.3871 Tc 11.121 0 Td (ep)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.467 0 Td (ro)Tj 0 Tc 0.923 0 Td [(vided )-137(by )-137(these )-137(two )-137(functions )-137(that )-137(isn\325t )-137(pr)17(ovided )-137(by )-137(the)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf -13.511 -1.2 Td (wait)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 2.903 0 Td (waitid)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.2529 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 4.603 0 Td (nd)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 1.446 0 Td (waitpid)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.453 0 Td [(functions )-3(is )-3(an )-3(additional )-3(ar)18(gument )-3(that )-3(allows )-3(the )-3(kernel)]TJ -13.405 -1.2 Td [(to )-109(r)18(eturn )-109(a )-109(summary )-109(of )-109(the )-109(r)17(esour)18(ces )-109(used )-109(by )-109(the )-109(terminated )-109(pr)18(ocess )-109(and )-109(all )-109(its )-109(child)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ocesses.)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5905 567.066 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.189 TD (#include )Tj T* (#include )Tj T* (#include )Tj 0 -1.902 TD (pid_t wait3\(int *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (statloc)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 14.628 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (options)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 4.744 0 Td (truct rusage *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (rusage)Tj /TT2 1 Tf (\);)Tj -21.172 -1.902 Td (pid_t wait4\(pid_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 10.8 0 Td (pid)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 3.078 0 Td (nt *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (statloc)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 6.828 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (options)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 4.744 0 Td (truct rusage *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (rusage)Tj /TT2 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -8.346 -1.902 Td [(Both r)18(eturn: pr)18(ocess ID if OK, 0, or)]TJ /TT3 1 Tf 15.56 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 4791.25 cm 0 0 m 0 970 l 3900 970 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 147.5823 464.3843 Tm [(The )-93(r)18(esour)18(ce )-93(information )-93(includes )-93(such )-93(statistics )-93(as )-93(the )-93(amount )-93(of )-93(user )-93(CPU )-93(time,)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(amount )-2(of )-2(system )-2(CPU )-2(time, )-2(number )-2(of )-2(page )-2(faults, )-2(number )-2(of )-2(signals )-2(r)18(eceived, )-2(and )-2(the)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(like. )-454(Refer)-454(to )-204(the)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 8.545 0 Td (getrusage)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.4 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (2)Tj 0.5 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.787 -0.04 Td [(manual )-204(page )-204(for )-204(additional )-204(details.)-703(\(This )-204(r)18(esour)18(ce)]TJ -15.565 -1.2 Td [(information )-114(dif)18(fers )-114(fr)18(om )-114(the )-114(r)19(esour)18(ce )-114(limits )-114(we )-114(described )-114(in )-114(Section )-114(7.1)57(1.\) )-364(Figur)]TJ 0.3637 Tc 36.462 0 Td (e8)Tj 0 Tc 1.343 0 Td [(.1)55(1)]TJ -37.805 -1.2 Td [(details the various ar)18(guments supported by the)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 21.195 0 Td (wait)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td (functions.)Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1498.25 4024.25 cm 0 0 m 3495 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 345.7698 394.369 Tm [(Fr)18(eeBSD )-1416(Linux)-1382(Mac OS X)-1198(Solaris)]TJ 1.275 -1.25 Td [(8.0 )-2993(3.2.0)-2618(10.6.8 )-2868(10)]TJ -25.137 0.625 Td (Function)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 6.276 0 Td [(pid)-2211(options)-1516(rusage)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 12.133 0 Td (POSIX.1)Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1498.25 3804.25 cm 0 0 m 3495 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1498.25 3784.25 cm 0 0 m 3495 0 l S Q Q BT /TT2 1 Tf 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 153.8231 370.3511 Tm (wait)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.9125 Tc 20.076 0 Td (\245\245)Tj 4.262 Tc 10.387 0 Td (\245\245\245)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 0 Tc -30.462 -1.25 Td (waitid)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.716 Tc 6.747 0 Td [(\245\245 )-719(\245)]TJ 4.262 Tc 23.715 0 Td (\245\245\245)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 0 Tc -30.462 -1.25 Td (waitpid)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.716 Tc 6.747 0 Td [(\245\245 )-719(\245)]TJ 4.262 Tc 18.847 0 Td (\245\245\245\245)Tj ET q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1498.25 3464.25 cm 0 0 m 3495 0 l S Q Q BT /TT2 1 Tf 0 Tc 7.9976 0 0 7.9976 153.8138 338.3385 Tm (wait3)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.716 Tc 11.069 0 Td [(\245\245 )-1915(\245)]TJ 4.262 Tc 19.393 0 Td (\245\245\245)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 0 Tc -30.462 -1.25 Td (wait4)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.716 Tc 6.747 0 Td [(\245\245\245 )-1915(\245)]TJ 4.262 Tc 23.715 0 Td (\245\245\245)Tj ET q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1498.25 3244.25 cm 0 0 m 3495 0 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3375.25 3244.25 cm 0 0 m 0 780 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2952.25 3244.25 cm 0 0 m 0 780 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2972.25 3244.25 cm 0 0 m 0 780 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2626.25 3244.25 cm 0 0 m 0 780 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2270.25 3244.25 cm 0 0 m 0 780 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1934.25 3244.25 cm 0 0 m 0 780 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4993.25 3244.25 cm 0 0 m 0 780 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1498.25 3244.25 cm 0 0 m 0 780 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 0 Tc 7.9971 0 0 7.9971 194.0901 306.3297 Tm [(Figure 8.1)37(1)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 5.658 0 Td [(Ar)18(guments supported by)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 11.453 0 Td (wait)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td (functions on various systems)Tj -21.081 -2.5 Td (The)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 2.127 0 Td (wait3)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.453 0 Td [(function )-203(was )-203(included )-203(in )-203(earlier )-203(versions )-203(of )-203(the )-203(Single )-203(UNIX )-203(Speci\336cation.)-699(In)]TJ -0.111 Tc -5.579 -1.25 Td (Ve)Tj 0 Tc 1.09 0 Td [(rsion )-421(2,)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 4.329 0 Td (wait3)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.671 0 Td [(was )-421(moved )-421(to )-421(the )-421(legacy )-421(category;)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 18.003 0 Td (wait3)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.671 0 Td [(was )-421(r)18(emoved )-421(fr)18(om )-421(the)]TJ -30.764 -1.25 Td [(speci\336cation in V)111(ersion 3.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.9957 0 0 11.9957 93.566 230.3571 Tm [(8.9 )-1332(Race)-556(Conditions)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9964 0 0 9.9964 129.5531 206.3657 Tm [(For )-189(our )-189(purposes, )-189(a )-189(race )-189(condition )-189(occurs )-189(when )-189(multiple )-189(pr)18(ocesses )-189(ar)]TJ 0.4394 Tc 32.468 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.244 0 Td [(rying )-189(to )-189(do)]TJ -33.712 -1.2 Td [(something )-93(with )-93(shar)18(ed )-93(data )-93(and )-93(the )-93(\336nal )-93(outcome )-93(depends )-93(on )-93(the )-93(or)19(der )-93(in )-93(which )-93(the)]TJ T* [(pr)18(ocesses )-22(r)8(un. )-272(The)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 8.761 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.672 0 Td [(function )-22(is )-22(a )-22(lively )-22(br)18(eeding )-22(gr)18(ound )-22(for )-22(race )-22(conditions, )-22(if )-22(any)]TJ -11.433 -1.2 Td [(of )-43(the )-43(logic )-43(after )-43(the)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 9.278 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.693 0 Td [(either )-43(explicitly )-43(or )-43(implicitly )-43(depends )-43(on )-43(whether )-43(the )-43(par)20(ent)]TJ -11.971 -1.2 Td [(or )-8(child )-8(r)8(uns )-8(\336rst )-8(after )-8(the)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 11.877 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.5085 Tc (.I)Tj 0.2585 Tc 3.496 0 Td (ng)Tj 0 Tc 1.396 0 Td [(eneral, )-8(we )-8(cannot )-8(pr)18(edict )-8(which )-8(pr)18(ocess )-8(r)8(uns )-8(\336rst.)]TJ -16.768 -1.2 Td [(Even )-66(if )-66(we )-66(knew )-66(which )-66(pr)18(ocess )-66(would )-66(r)9(un )-66(\336rst, )-66(what )-66(happens )-66(after )-66(that )-66(pr)18(ocess )-66(starts)]TJ -0.008 Tc T* (ru)Tj 0 Tc 0.99 0 Td (nning depends on the system load and the kernel\325s scheduling algorith\ m.)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46830 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (244)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Pr)18(ocess )-250(Contr)18(ol )]TJ 39.241 0 Td [(Chapter)-500(8)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 11.9993 0 0 11.9993 93.5944 668.9599 Tm (8.7)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 3 0 Td (waitid)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 4.156 0 Td (Function)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 644.9613 Tm [(The )-36(Single )-36(UNIX )-36(Speci\336cation )-36(includes )-36(an )-36(additional )-36(function )-36(to )-36(r)22(etrieve )-35(the )-35(exit )-35(status)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(of a pr)18(ocess. )-250(The)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 7.848 0 Td (waitid)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td (function is similar to)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 9.369 0 Td (waitpid)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (,b)Tj 0 Tc 5.253 0 Td [(ut pr)18(ovides extra \337exibility)111(.)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5911 613.8632 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.902 TD (int waitid\(idtype_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 12 0 Td (idtype)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 4.3 0 Td (d_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 2.4 0 Td (id)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 2.578 0 Td (iginfo_t *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (infop)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 9.856 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (options)Tj /TT2 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -6.083 -1.902 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT3 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 5751.25 cm 0 0 m 0 478 l 3900 478 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 147.5823 559.1929 Tm (Like)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 2.426 0 Td (waitpid)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 4.939 0 Td (waitid)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.089 0 Td [(allows )-239(a )-239(pr)18(ocess )-239(to )-239(specify )-239(which )-239(childr)18(en )-239(to )-239(wait )-239(for)73(.)]TJ -13.254 -1.2 Td [(Instead )-8(of )-8(encoding )-8(this )-8(information )-8(in )-8(a )-8(single )-8(ar)16(gument )-8(combined )-8(with )-8(the )-8(pr)18(ocess )-8(ID)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(or )-53(pr)18(ocess )-53(gr)18(oup )-53(ID, )-53(two )-53(separate )-53(ar)20(guments )-53(ar)]TJ 0.3028 Tc 21.416 0 Td (eu)Tj 0 Tc 1.385 0 Td [(sed. )-303(The)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 4.294 0 Td (id)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.081 0 Td [(parameter )-53(is )-53(interpr)18(eted)]TJ -28.175 -1.2 Td (based on the value of)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 9.649 0 Td (idtype)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 3.863 0 Td (he types supported ar)Tj 0.25 Tc 9.66 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.153 0 Td (ummarized in Figur)Tj 0.25 Tc 8.901 0 Td (e8)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (.9.)Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1546.25 5032.25 cm 0 0 m 3400 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 158.5915 495.1709 Tm (Constant )Tj 20.918 0 Td (Description)Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1546.25 4912.25 cm 0 0 m 3400 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1546.25 4892.25 cm 0 0 m 3400 0 l S Q Q BT /TT2 1 Tf 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 158.5819 481.1445 Tm (P_PID)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.092 Tc 5.495 0 Td (Wa)Tj 0 Tc 1.408 0 Td [(it for a particular pr)18(ocess:)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 11.532 0 Td (id)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.028 0 Td [(contains the pr)18(ocess ID of the child to wait for)74(.)]TJ ET q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1546.25 4772.25 cm 0 0 m 3400 0 l S Q Q BT /TT2 1 Tf 7.9976 0 0 7.9976 158.5724 469.1192 Tm (P_PGID)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.092 Tc 5.495 0 Td (Wa)Tj 0 Tc 1.408 0 Td [(it for any child pr)18(ocess in a particular pr)18(ocess gr)18(oup:)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 23.49 0 Td (id)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.028 0 Td [(contains the pr)18(ocess)]TJ -25.926 -1.25 Td [(gr)18(oup ID of the childr)18(en to wait for)74(.)]TJ ET q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1546.25 4552.25 cm 0 0 m 3400 0 l S Q Q BT /TT2 1 Tf 7.9971 0 0 7.9971 158.5629 447.099 Tm (P_ALL)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.092 Tc 5.495 0 Td (Wa)Tj 0 Tc 1.408 0 Td [(it for any child pr)18(ocess:)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 10.543 0 Td (id)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.028 0 Td [(is ignor)18(ed.)]TJ ET q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1546.25 4432.25 cm 0 0 m 3400 0 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1966.25 4432.25 cm 0 0 m 0 600 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4946.25 4432.25 cm 0 0 m 0 600 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1546.25 4432.25 cm 0 0 m 0 600 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9966 0 0 7.9966 247.9079 425.0814 Tm (Figure 8.9)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.945 0 Td (The)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.924 0 Td (idtype)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.75 0 Td (constants for)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 5.928 0 Td (waitid)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9958 0 0 9.9958 147.5382 398.6925 Tm (The)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.97 0 Td (options)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.24 0 Td [(ar)18(gument )-46(is )-46(a )-46(bitwise )-46(OR )-46(of )-46(the )-46(\337ags )-46(shown )-46(in )-46(Figur)]TJ 0.2958 Tc 23.709 0 Td (e8)Tj 0 Tc 1.275 0 Td [(.10. )-296(These)-296(\337ags)]TJ -31.993 -1.2 Td [(indicate which state changes the caller is inter)18(ested in.)]TJ ET q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1466.25 3668.25 cm 0 0 m 3560 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9962 0 0 7.9962 158.5439 358.6878 Tm (Constant )Tj 21.921 0 Td (Description)Tj ET q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1466.25 3548.25 cm 0 0 m 3560 0 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1466.25 3528.25 cm 0 0 m 3560 0 l S Q Q BT /TT2 1 Tf 7.9957 0 0 7.9957 150.5187 344.6738 Tm (WCONTINUED)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.092 Tc 7.5 0 Td (Wa)Tj 0 Tc 1.408 0 Td [(it for a pr)18(ocess that has pr)18(eviously stopped and has been continued, and)]TJ -1.408 -1.25 Td [(whose status has not yet been r)18(eported.)]TJ ET q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1466.25 3308.25 cm 0 0 m 3560 0 l S Q Q BT /TT2 1 Tf 7.9952 0 0 7.9952 150.5097 322.6663 Tm (WEXITED)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.092 Tc 7.5 0 Td (Wa)Tj 0 Tc 1.408 0 Td [(it for pr)18(ocesses that have exited.)]TJ ET q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1466.25 3188.25 cm 0 0 m 3560 0 l S Q Q BT /TT2 1 Tf 7.9947 0 0 7.9947 150.5006 310.6549 Tm (WNOHANG)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.5 0 Td [(Return immediately instead of blocking if ther)18(e)-250(is)-250(no)-250(child exit status available.)]TJ ET q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1466.25 3068.25 cm 0 0 m 3560 0 l S Q Q BT /TT2 1 Tf 7.9942 0 0 7.9942 150.4916 298.6449 Tm (WNOWAIT)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.5 0 Td [(Don\325t destr)18(oy the child exit status.)-500(The child\325s exit status can be r)18(etrieved by a)]TJ 0 -1.25 TD (subsequent call to)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 8.181 0 Td (wait)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 2.9 0 Td (waitid)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (,o)Tj 0 Tc 4.646 0 Td (r)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 0.645 0 Td (waitpid)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj ET q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1466.25 2848.25 cm 0 0 m 3560 0 l S Q Q BT /TT2 1 Tf 7.9938 0 0 7.9938 150.4826 276.6441 Tm (WSTOPPED)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.092 Tc 7.5 0 Td (Wa)Tj 0 Tc 1.408 0 Td [(it for a pr)18(ocess that has stopped and whose status has not yet been r)18(eported.)]TJ ET q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1466.25 2728.25 cm 0 0 m 3560 0 l S Q Q q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2046.25 2728.25 cm 0 0 m 0 940 l S Q Q q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5026.25 2728.25 cm 0 0 m 0 940 l S Q Q q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1466.25 2728.25 cm 0 0 m 0 940 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9933 0 0 7.9933 244.0309 254.646 Tm (Figure 8.10)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.445 0 Td (The)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.924 0 Td (options)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.194 0 Td (constants for)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 5.928 0 Td (waitid)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9916 0 0 9.9916 129.4914 228.2682 Tm [(At )-99(least )-99(one )-99(of)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 7.008 0 Td (WCONTINUED)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 6.599 0 Td (WEXITED)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.3495 Tc (,o)Tj 0 Tc 5.346 0 Td (r)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 0.744 0 Td (WSTOPPED)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.149 0 Td [(must )-99(be )-99(speci\336ed )-99(in )-99(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 11.209 0 Td (options)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -36.056 -1.2 Td [(ar)18(gument.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td (The)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 2.1 0 Td (infop)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.482 0 Td [(ar)18(gument )-176(is )-176(a )-176(pointer )-176(to )-176(a)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 12.67 0 Td (siginfo)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.626 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e. )-426(This)-426(str)8(uctur)]TJ 0.4262 Tc 10.721 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.349 0 Td (ontains)Tj -35.749 -1.2 Td [(detailed )-5(information )-5(about )-5(the )-5(signal )-5(generated )-5(that )-5(caused )-5(the )-5(state )-5(change )-5(in )-5(the )-5(child)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(pr)18(ocess. )-250(The)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 5.969 0 Td (siginfo)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e)-250(is)-250(discussed further in Section 10.14.)]TJ 7.9933 0 0 7.9933 183.4458 160.3253 Tm [(Of )-89(the )-89(four )-89(platforms )-89(cover)18(ed )-89(in )-89(this )-89(book, )-89(only )-89(Linux )-89(3.2.0, )-89(Mac )-89(OS )-89(X )-89(10.6.8, )-89(and )-89(Solaris )-89(10)]TJ 0 -1.25 TD [(pr)18(ovide )-330(support )-330(for)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 9.982 0 Td (waitid)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.8305 Tc (.N)Tj 0 Tc 5.512 0 Td [(ote, )-330(however)]TJ 0.5805 Tc 5.988 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 1.156 0 Td [(hat )-330(Mac )-330(OS )-330(X )-330(10.6.8 )-330(doesn\325t )-330(set )-330(all )-330(the)]TJ -22.637 -1.25 Td (information we expect in the)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 12.943 0 Td (siginfo)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e.)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46831 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (236)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Pr)18(ocess )-250(Contr)18(ol )]TJ 39.241 0 Td [(Chapter)-500(8)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 183.589 670.9597 Tm [(Most )-267(modern )-267(implementations )-267(of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 16.17 0 Td (exit)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.917 0 Td [(do )-267(not )-267(bother )-267(to )-267(close )-267(the )-267(str)17(eams. )-517(Because)-517(the)]TJ -19.087 -1.25 Td [(pr)18(ocess )-242(is )-242(about )-242(to )-242(exit, )-242(the )-242(kernel )-242(will )-242(close )-242(all )-242(the )-242(\336le )-242(descriptors )-242(open )-242(in )-242(the )-242(pr)16(ocess.)]TJ -0 -1.25 Td [(Closing them in the library simply adds over)18(head without any bene\336t.)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5141.25 6450.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 50 50 l 0 50 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 147.5823 620.9255 Tm [(Section )-377(5.6 )-377(of )-377(McKusick )-377(et )-377(al.)]TJ 15.365 0.04 Td ([)Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (1996)Tj 2 0.04 Td (])Tj 0.96 -0.04 Td [(contains )-377(additional )-377(information )-377(on )-377(the)]TJ -20.458 -1.2 Td [(implementation )-418(issues )-418(of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 12.587 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.068 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.361 0 Td (vfork)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.9177 Tc (.E)Tj 0 Tc 4.779 0 Td [(xer)18(cises )-418(8.1 )-418(and )-418(8.2 )-418(continue )-418(the)]TJ -22.794 -1.2 Td (discussion of)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 6.019 0 Td (vfork)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 11.9986 0 0 11.9986 93.5889 560.9327 Tm (8.5)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 3 0 Td (exit)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 2.956 0 Td (Functions)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5845 536.9356 Tm [(As we described in Section 7.3, a pr)18(ocess can terminate normally in \336ve ways:)]TJ 1.8 -2.04 Td [(1. )-633(Executing)-339(a)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.219 0 Td (return)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.939 0 Td [(fr)18(om )-89(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.204 0 Td (main)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.739 0 Td [(function. )-339(As)-339(we )-89(saw )-89(in )-89(Section )-89(7.3, )-89(this )-89(is)]TJ -16.469 -1.2 Td (equivalent to calling)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 9.253 0 Td (exit)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj -10.886 -1.6 Td [(2. )-633(Calling)-337(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.914 0 Td (exit)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.737 0 Td [(function. )-337(This)-337(function )-87(is )-87(de\336ned )-87(by )-87(ISO )-87(C )-87(and )-87(includes )-87(the)]TJ -8.019 -1.2 Td [(calling )-205(of )-205(all )-205(exit )-205(handlers )-205(that )-205(have )-205(been )-205(r)14(egister)18(ed )-205(by )-205(calling)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 29.818 0 Td (atexit)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.056 0 Td (and)Tj -33.874 -1.2 Td [(closing )-340(all )-340(standar)]TJ 0.5899 Tc 8.716 0 Td (dI)Tj 0 Tc 1.538 0 Td [(/O )-340(str)18(eams. )-590(Because)-590(ISO )-340(C )-340(does )-340(not )-340(deal )-340(with )-340(\336le)]TJ -10.254 -1.2 Td [(descriptors, )-315(multiple )-315(pr)18(ocesses )-315(\(par)18(ents )-315(and )-315(childr)17(en\), )-315(and )-315(job )-315(contr)18(ol, )-315(the)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD (de\336nition of this function is incomplete for a UNIX system.)Tj -1.633 -1.6 Td [(3. )-633(Calling)-349(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.939 0 Td (_exit)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.349 0 Td (or)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.291 0 Td (_Exit)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.349 0 Td [(function. )-349(ISO)]TJ 0.3495 Tc 6.554 0 Td (Cd)Tj 0 Tc 1.669 0 Td (e\336nes)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.918 0 Td (_Exit)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.349 0 Td [(to )-99(pr)18(ovide )-99(a )-99(way)]TJ -27.787 -1.2 Td [(for )-213(a )-213(pr)18(ocess )-213(to )-213(terminate )-213(without )-213(r)5(unning )-214(exit )-214(handlers )-214(or )-214(signal )-214(handlers.)]TJ T* [(Whether )-26(standar)]TJ 0.2758 Tc 7.439 0 Td (dI)Tj 0 Tc 1.224 0 Td [(/O )-26(str)18(eams )-26(ar)]TJ 0.2758 Tc 6.234 0 Td (e\337)Tj 0 Tc 1.363 0 Td [(ushed )-26(depends )-26(on )-26(the )-26(implementation.)-525(On)]TJ -16.259 -1.2 Td [(UNIX )-112(systems,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.103 0 Td (_Exit)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.362 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.055 0 Td (_exit)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.362 0 Td (ar)Tj 0.3623 Tc 0.877 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.265 0 Td [(ynonymous )-112(and )-112(do )-112(not )-112(\337ush )-112(standar)17(d)]TJ -18.025 -1.2 Td [(I/O )-212(str)18(eams. )-462(The)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.702 0 Td (_exit)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.462 0 Td [(function )-212(is )-212(called )-212(by)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.994 0 Td (exit)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.862 0 Td [(and )-212(handles )-212(the )-212(UNIX)]TJ -25.02 -1.2 Td (system-speci\336c details;)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 10.385 0 Td (_exit)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td (is speci\336ed by POSIX.1.)Tj 7.999 0 0 7.999 219.5735 344.5586 Tm [(In )-214(most )-214(UNIX )-214(system )-214(implementations,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 18.86 0 Td (exit)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.4 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (3)Tj 0.5 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.798 -0.04 Td [(is )-215(a )-215(function )-215(in )-215(the )-215(standar)]TJ 0.4646 Tc 12.825 0 Td (dC)Tj 0 Tc -35.715 -1.25 Td (library)Tj 0.25 Tc 2.87 0 Td (,w)Tj 0 Tc 1.334 0 Td [(her)18(eas)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.091 0 Td (_exit)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (2)Tj 0.5 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.583 -0.04 Td (is a system call.)Tj 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 147.582 313.5624 Tm [(4. )-633(Executing)-282(a)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.105 0 Td (return)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.882 0 Td [(fr)18(om )-32(the )-32(start )-32(r)18(outine )-32(of )-32(the )-32(last )-32(thr)18(ead )-32(in )-32(the )-32(pr)19(ocess. )-282(The)]TJ -0.018 Tc -9.354 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(turn )-294(value )-294(of )-294(the )-294(thr)18(ead )-294(is )-294(not )-294(used )-294(as )-294(the )-294(r)17(eturn )-294(value )-294(of )-294(the )-294(pr)17(ocess,)]TJ -0.856 -1.2 Td (however)Tj 0.6089 Tc 3.806 0 Td (.W)Tj 0 Tc 1.859 0 Td [(hen )-109(the )-109(last )-109(thr)18(ead )-109(r)18(eturns )-109(fr)18(om )-109(its )-109(start )-109(r)18(outine, )-109(the )-109(pr)18(ocess )-109(exits)]TJ -5.665 -1.2 Td (with a termination status of 0.)Tj -1.633 -1.6 Td [(5. )-633(Calling)-441(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.122 0 Td (pthread_exit)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.641 0 Td [(function )-191(fr)18(om )-191(the )-191(last )-191(thr)18(ead )-191(in )-191(the )-191(pr)16(ocess. )-441(As)]TJ -13.131 -1.2 Td [(with )-20(the )-20(pr)18(evious )-20(case, )-20(the )-20(exit )-20(status )-20(of )-20(the )-20(pr)18(ocess )-20(in )-20(this )-20(situation )-20(is )-20(always )-20(0,)]TJ -0.018 Tc T* (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(gar)18(dless )-183(of )-183(the )-183(ar)18(gument )-183(passed )-183(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 16.741 0 Td (pthread_exit)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.6826 Tc (.W)Tj 0 Tc 9.041 0 Td [(e\325ll )-183(say )-183(mor)]TJ 0.4326 Tc 5.49 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.412 0 Td (bout)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -33.539 -1.2 Td (pthread_exit)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.45 0 Td [(in Section 1)55(1.5.)]TJ -10.883 -2.04 Td [(The thr)18(ee forms of abnormal termination ar)18(e)-250(as)-250(follows:)]TJ 1.8 -2.04 Td [(1. )-633(Calling)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.374 0 Td (abort)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.7714 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 4.634 0 Td [(his )-271(is )-271(a )-271(special )-271(case )-271(of )-271(the )-271(next )-271(item, )-271(as )-271(it )-271(generates )-271(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -8.376 -1.2 Td (SIGABRT)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td (signal.)Tj -6.083 -1.6 Td [(2. )-633(When)-260(the )-10(pr)18(ocess )-10(r)18(eceives )-10(certain )-10(signals.)-512(\(W)]TJ 0.2605 Tc 21.885 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.351 0 Td [(escribe )-10(signals )-10(in )-10(mor)]TJ 0.2605 Tc 9.594 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.351 0 Td [(etail )-10(in)]TJ -32.547 -1.2 Td [(Chapter )-115(10.\))-615(The )-115(signal )-115(can )-115(be )-115(generated )-115(by )-115(the )-115(pr)20(ocess )-115(itself )-115(\(e.g., )-115(by )-115(calling)]TJ T* (the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.86 0 Td (abort)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.473 0 Td [(function\), )-223(by )-223(some )-223(other )-223(pr)19(ocess, )-223(or )-223(by )-223(the )-223(kernel.)-723(Examples )-223(of)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46832 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (234)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Pr)18(ocess )-250(Contr)18(ol )]TJ 39.241 0 Td [(Chapter)-500(8)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 668.9599 Tm [(Some )-105(operating )-105(systems )-105(combine )-105(the )-105(operations )-105(fr)18(om )-105(step )-105(2)]TJ 0.0833 Tc 27.474 0 Td (\321a)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0 Tc 1.939 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.755 0 Td [(followed )-105(by )-105(an)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -32.168 -1.2 Td (exec)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.0833 Tc 2.483 0 Td (\321i)Tj 0 Tc 1.374 0 Td [(nto )-73(a )-73(single )-73(operation )-73(called )-73(a)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 13.896 0 Td (spawn)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5729 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 4.047 0 Td [(he )-73(UNIX )-73(System )-73(separates )-73(the )-73(two, )-73(as)]TJ -21.801 -1.2 Td (ther)Tj 0.4414 Tc 1.764 0 Td (ea)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.42 0 Td [(re )-227(n)]TJ 0 Tc 1.879 0 Td [(umer)18(ous )-191(cases )-191(wher)17(e)-441(it)-441(is)-441(u)-1(seful )-191(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 16.964 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.841 0 Td [(without )-191(doing )-191(an)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.501 0 Td (exec)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.6915 Tc (.A)Tj 0 Tc 4.119 0 Td (lso,)Tj -37.489 -1.2 Td [(separating )-237(the )-237(two )-237(operations )-237(allows )-237(the )-237(child )-237(to )-237(change )-237(the )-237(per)14(-pr)18(ocess )-237(attributes)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(between )-127(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.873 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.777 0 Td [(and )-127(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.834 0 Td (exec)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.3771 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 3.451 0 Td [(uch )-127(as )-127(I/O )-127(r)17(edir)18(ection, )-127(user )-127(ID, )-127(signal )-127(disposition,)]TJ -15.936 -1.2 Td (and so on.)Tj -0.092 Tc 5.041 0 Td (We)Tj 0 Tc 1.387 0 Td [(\325ll see numer)18(ous examples of this in Chapter 15.)]TJ 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 183.5893 588.9647 Tm [(The )-28(Single )-28(UNIX )-28(Speci\336cation )-28(does )-28(include)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 19.675 0 Td (spawn)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.278 0 Td [(interfaces )-28(in )-28(the )-28(advanced )-28(r)18(eal-time )-28(option)]TJ -22.953 -1.25 Td [(gr)18(oup. )-413(These)-414(interfaces )-163(ar)]TJ 0.4134 Tc 12.13 0 Td (en)Tj 0 Tc 1.474 0 Td [(ot )-163(intended )-163(to )-163(be )-163(r)18(eplacements )-163(for)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 16.356 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.813 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.106 0 Td (exec)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.4135 Tc (,h)Tj 0 Tc 3.646 0 Td [(owever)74(.)]TJ -38.526 -1.25 Td [(They )-251(ar)]TJ 0.5015 Tc 3.609 0 Td (ei)Tj 0 Tc 1.271 0 Td [(ntended )-251(to )-251(support )-251(systems )-251(that )-251(have )-251(dif)15(\336culty )-251(implementing)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 29.712 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.901 0 Td [(ef)18(\336ciently)111(,)]TJ -37.493 -1.25 Td [(especially systems without har)18(dwar)]TJ 0.25 Tc 15.911 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.153 0 Td (upport for memory management.)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 11.9993 0 0 11.9993 93.5943 524.1685 Tm (8.4)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 3 0 Td (vfork)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 3.556 0 Td (Function)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5921 500.17 Tm [(The )-20(function)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.92 0 Td (vfork)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.27 0 Td [(has )-20(the )-20(same )-20(calling )-20(sequence )-20(and )-20(same )-20(r)18(eturn )-20(values )-20(as)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 25.408 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.2698 Tc (,b)Tj 0 Tc 3.473 0 Td (ut)Tj -38.071 -1.2 Td [(the semantics of the two functions dif)18(fer)74(.)]TJ 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 183.5889 468.1719 Tm (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.949 0 Td (vfork)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.275 0 Td [(function )-25(originated )-25(with )-25(2.9BSD.)-525(Some )-25(consider )-25(the )-25(function )-25(a )-25(blemish, )-25(but )-25(all )-25(the)]TJ -5.223 -1.25 Td [(platforms )-141(cover)18(ed )-141(in )-141(this )-141(book )-141(support )-141(it.)-642(In )-141(fact, )-141(the )-141(BSD )-141(developers )-141(r)18(emoved )-141(it )-141(fr)18(om )-141(the)]TJ 0 -1.25 TD [(4.4BSD )-234(r)18(elease, )-234(but )-234(all )-234(the )-234(open )-234(sour)18(ce )-234(BSD )-234(distributions )-234(that )-234(derive )-234(fr)18(om )-234(4.4BSD )-234(added)]TJ T* [(support )-28(for )-28(it )-28(back )-28(into )-28(their )-28(own )-28(r)21(eleases. )-278(The)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 21.346 0 Td (vfork)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.278 0 Td [(function )-28(was )-28(marked )-28(as )-28(an )-28(obsolescent)]TJ -24.623 -1.25 Td [(interface )-51(in )-51(V)112(ersion )-51(3 )-51(of )-51(the )-51(Single )-51(UNIX )-51(Speci\336cation )-51(and )-51(was )-51(r)18(emoved )-51(entir)18(ely )-51(in )-51(V)111(ersion )-51(4.)]TJ -0.092 Tc T* [(We )-184(i)]TJ 0 Tc 1.928 0 Td (nclude it her)Tj 0.25 Tc 5.565 0 Td (ef)Tj 0 Tc 1.062 0 Td [(or historical r)18(easons only)]TJ 0.5 Tc 10.977 0 Td (.P)Tj 0 Tc 1.354 0 Td (ortable applications should not use it.)Tj 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5909 398.1761 Tm (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.193 0 Td (vfork)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.519 0 Td [(function )-269(was )-269(intended )-269(to )-269(cr)19(eate )-269(a )-269(new )-269(pr)18(ocess )-269(for )-269(the )-269(purpose )-269(of)]TJ -7.511 -1.2 Td [(executing )-201(a )-201(new )-201(pr)18(ogram )-201(\(step )-201(2 )-201(at )-201(the )-201(end )-201(of )-201(the )-201(pr)18(evious )-201(section\), )-201(similar )-201(to )-201(the)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(method )-98(used )-98(by )-98(the )-98(bar)18(e-bones )-98(shell )-98(fr)18(om )-98(Figur)]TJ 0.3476 Tc 21.888 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.327 0 Td [(.7. )-348(The)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.619 0 Td (vfork)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.348 0 Td [(function )-98(cr)18(eates )-98(the)]TJ -30.182 -1.2 Td [(new )-114(pr)18(ocess, )-114(just )-114(like)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.101 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.3642 Tc (,w)Tj 0 Tc 3.848 0 Td [(ithout )-114(copying )-114(the )-114(addr)18(ess )-114(space )-114(of )-114(the )-114(par)18(ent )-114(into )-114(the)]TJ -13.949 -1.2 Td [(child, )-126(as )-126(the )-126(child )-126(won\325t )-126(r)16(efer)18(ence )-127(that )-127(addr)18(ess )-127(space; )-127(the )-127(child )-127(simply )-127(calls)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 34.949 0 Td (exec)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.777 0 Td (\(or)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -37.726 -1.2 Td (exit)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.3214 Tc (\)r)Tj 0 Tc 3.449 0 Td [(ight )-71(after )-71(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.139 0 Td (vfork)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5714 Tc (.I)Tj 0 Tc 4.158 0 Td [(nstead, )-71(the )-71(child )-71(r)8(uns )-71(in )-71(the )-71(addr)18(ess )-71(space )-71(of )-71(the )-71(par)14(ent)]TJ -13.747 -1.2 Td [(until )-363(it )-363(calls )-363(either)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.665 0 Td (exec)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.013 0 Td (or)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.554 0 Td (exit)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.8633 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 4.126 0 Td [(his )-363(optimization )-363(is )-363(mor)]TJ 0.6133 Tc 11.341 0 Td (ee)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.571 0 Td (f\336)Tj 0 Tc 0.92 0 Td [(cient )-363(on )-363(some)]TJ -32.191 -1.2 Td [(implementations )-319(of )-319(the )-319(UNIX )-319(System, )-319(but )-319(leads )-319(to )-319(unde\336ned )-319(r)17(esults )-319(if )-319(the )-319(child)]TJ T* [(modi\336es )-221(any )-221(data )-221(\(except )-221(the )-221(variable )-221(used )-221(to )-221(hold )-221(the )-221(r)18(eturn )-221(value )-221(fr)22(om)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 35.417 0 Td (vfork)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (\),)Tj -35.417 -1.2 Td [(makes )-2(function )-2(calls, )-2(or )-2(r)18(eturns )-2(without )-2(calling)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 21.106 0 Td (exec)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.652 0 Td (or)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.193 0 Td (exit)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5023 Tc (.\()Tj 0 Tc 3.485 0 Td [(As )-2(we )-2(mentioned )-2(in )-2(the)]TJ -28.437 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(evious )-244(section, )-244(implementations )-244(use )-244(copy-on-write )-244(to )-244(impr)18(ove )-244(the )-244(ef)18(\336ciency )-244(of )-244(a)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf T* (fork)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td (followed by an)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 6.872 0 Td (exec)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (,b)Tj 0 Tc 3.453 0 Td (ut no copying is still faster than some copying.\))Tj -11.175 -1.2 Td [(Another )-182(dif)18(fer)18(ence )-182(between )-182(the )-182(two )-182(functions )-182(is )-182(that)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 24.939 0 Td (vfork)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.432 0 Td [(guarantees )-182(that )-182(the)]TJ -30.171 -1.2 Td [(child )-61(r)8(uns )-61(\336rst, )-61(until )-61(the )-61(child )-61(calls)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 16.04 0 Td (exec)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.711 0 Td (or)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.252 0 Td (exit)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5609 Tc (.W)Tj 0 Tc 4.211 0 Td [(hen )-61(the )-61(child )-61(calls )-61(either )-61(of )-61(these)]TJ -24.214 -1.2 Td [(functions, )-249(the )-249(par)18(ent )-249(r)17(esumes. )-499(\(This)-500(can )-249(lead )-249(to )-249(deadlock )-249(if )-249(the )-249(child )-249(depends )-249(on)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(further actions of the par)18(ent befor)]TJ 0.25 Tc 14.895 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.173 0 Td (alling either of these two functions.\))Tj /TT1 1 Tf -19.668 -2.64 Td (Example)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.6 -2.16 Td [(The )-42(pr)18(ogram )-42(in )-42(Figur)]TJ 0.2917 Tc 9.663 0 Td (e8)Tj 0 Tc 1.271 0 Td [(.3 )-42(is )-42(a )-42(modi\336ed )-42(version )-42(of )-42(the )-42(pr)20(ogram )-42(fr)18(om )-42(Figur)]TJ 0.2918 Tc 22.544 0 Td (e8)Tj 0 Tc 1.271 0 Td [(.1. )-292(W)92(e\325ve)]TJ -0.018 Tc -34.749 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(placed )-206(the )-206(call )-206(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.533 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.856 0 Td (with)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.489 0 Td (vfork)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.456 0 Td [(and )-205(r)18(emoved )-205(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.387 0 Td (write)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.456 0 Td [(to )-205(standar)]TJ 0.4555 Tc 4.647 0 Td (do)Tj 0 Tc 1.612 0 Td (utput.)Tj -36.291 -1.2 Td [(Also, )-45(we )-45(don\325t )-45(need )-45(to )-45(have )-45(the )-45(par)18(ent )-45(call)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 19.523 0 Td (sleep)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(,)-295(as)-295(w)1(e\325r)]TJ 0.2946 Tc 6.731 0 Td (eg)Tj 0 Tc 1.33 0 Td [(uaranteed )-45(that )-45(it )-45(is )-45(put )-45(to)]TJ -27.584 -1.2 Td (sleep by the kernel until the child calls either)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 20.003 0 Td (exec)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td (or)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.191 0 Td (exit)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46833 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(8.3)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 37.003 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.9 0 Td (Function)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.93 0 Td (229)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT1 1 Tf 11.9993 0 0 11.9993 93.5944 668.9599 Tm (8.3)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 3 0 Td (fork)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 2.956 0 Td (Function)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 644.9613 Tm [(An existing pr)18(ocess can cr)18(eate a new one by calling the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 24.454 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td (function.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5911 625.8624 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.902 TD (pid_t fork\(void\);)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 12.903 -1.902 Td [(Returns: 0 in child, pr)18(ocess ID of child in par)18(ent,)]TJ /TT3 1 Tf 21.561 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 5871.25 cm 0 0 m 0 478 l 3900 478 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 571.1915 Tm [(The )-39(new )-39(pr)18(ocess )-39(cr)18(eated )-39(by)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 12.637 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.689 0 Td [(is )-39(called )-39(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 5.586 0 Td [(child )-39(pr)18(ocess)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 0.5394 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 6.544 0 Td [(his )-39(function )-39(is )-39(called )-39(once)]TJ -27.456 -1.2 Td [(but )-29(r)18(eturns )-29(twice.)-529(The )-29(only )-29(dif)20(fer)18(ence )-29(in )-29(the )-29(r)18(eturns )-29(is )-29(that )-29(the )-29(r)21(eturn )-29(value )-29(in )-29(the )-29(child)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(is )-167(0, )-167(wher)18(eas )-167(the )-167(r)18(eturn )-167(value )-167(in )-167(the )-167(par)18(ent )-167(is )-167(the )-167(pr)18(ocess )-167(ID )-167(of )-167(the )-167(new )-167(child.)-664(The)]TJ -0.018 Tc 0 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(ason )-94(the )-94(child\325s )-94(pr)18(ocess )-94(ID )-94(is )-94(r)18(eturned )-94(to )-94(the )-94(par)18(ent )-94(is )-94(that )-94(a )-94(pr)17(ocess )-94(can )-94(have )-94(mor)17(e)]TJ -0.856 -1.2 Td [(than )-1(one )-1(child, )-1(and )-1(ther)18(e)-251(is)-251(no)-251(function )-1(that )-1(allows )-1(a )-1(pr)18(ocess )-1(to )-1(obtain )-1(the )-1(pr)18(ocess )-1(IDs )-1(of)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(its )-120(childr)18(en. )-370(The)]TJ -0.018 Tc 7.981 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (ason)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.422 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 2.77 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(turns )-120(0 )-120(to )-120(the )-120(child )-120(is )-120(that )-120(a )-120(pr)18(ocess )-120(can )-120(have )-120(only )-120(a)]TJ -14.885 -1.2 Td [(single )-165(par)18(ent, )-165(and )-165(the )-165(child )-165(can )-165(always )-165(call)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 20.513 0 Td (getppid)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.615 0 Td [(to )-165(obtain )-165(the )-165(pr)18(ocess )-165(ID )-165(of )-165(its)]TJ -25.128 -1.2 Td [(par)18(ent. )-271(\(Pr)18(ocess )-21(ID )-21(0 )-21(is )-21(r)18(eserved )-21(for )-21(use )-21(by )-21(the )-21(kernel, )-21(so )-21(it\325s )-21(not )-21(possible )-21(for )-21(0 )-21(to )-21(be )-21(the)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(pr)18(ocess ID of a child.\))]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(Both )-103(the )-103(child )-103(and )-103(the )-103(par)19(ent )-103(continue )-103(executing )-103(with )-103(the )-103(instr)8(uction )-103(that )-103(follows)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(the )-14(call )-14(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.577 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.514 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 3.777 0 Td [(he )-14(child )-14(is )-14(a )-14(copy )-14(of )-14(the )-14(par)18(ent. )-264(For)-264(example, )-14(the )-14(child )-14(gets )-14(a )-14(copy )-14(of)]TJ -8.354 -1.2 Td [(the )-1(par)18(ent\325s )-1(data )-1(space, )-1(heap, )-1(and )-1(stack.)-504(Note )-1(that )-1(this )-1(is )-1(a )-1(copy )-1(for )-1(the )-1(child; )-1(the )-1(par)15(ent)]TJ T* [(and )-22(the )-22(child )-22(do )-22(not )-22(shar)]TJ 0.2725 Tc 11.156 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.077 0 Td [(hese )-22(portions )-22(of )-22(memory)]TJ 0.5225 Tc 11.003 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.386 0 Td [(he )-22(par)18(ent )-22(and )-22(the )-22(child )-22(do )-22(shar)15(e)]TJ -24.621 -1.2 Td (the text segment, however \(Section 7.6\).)Tj 1.8 -1.2 Td [(Modern )-20(implementations )-20(don\325t )-20(perform )-20(a )-20(complete )-20(copy )-20(of )-20(the )-20(par)18(ent\325s )-20(data, )-20(stack,)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(and )-236(heap, )-236(since )-236(a)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.768 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.886 0 Td [(is )-236(often )-236(followed )-236(by )-236(an)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.532 0 Td (exec)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.7358 Tc (.I)Tj 0 Tc 3.723 0 Td [(nstead, )-236(a )-236(technique )-236(called)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf -26.908 -1.2 Td (copy-on-write)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.94 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (COW)Tj 2.495 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.645 -0.04 Td [(is )-62(used.)-562(These )-62(r)18(egions )-62(ar)]TJ 0.3118 Tc 11.288 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.215 0 Td [(har)18(ed )-62(by )-62(the )-62(par)18(ent )-62(and )-62(the )-62(child )-62(and)]TJ -21.916 -1.2 Td [(have )-243(their )-243(pr)18(otection )-243(changed )-243(by )-243(the )-243(kernel )-243(to )-243(r)17(ead-only)]TJ 0.7432 Tc 26.73 0 Td (.I)Tj 0.4932 Tc 1.33 0 Td (fe)Tj 0 Tc 1.305 0 Td [(ither )-243(pr)18(ocess )-243(tries )-243(to)]TJ -29.365 -1.2 Td [(modify )-230(these )-230(r)18(egions, )-230(the )-230(kernel )-230(then )-230(makes )-230(a )-230(copy )-230(of )-230(that )-230(piece )-230(of )-230(memory )-230(only)115(,)]TJ T* [(typically )-61(a )-61(\324)37(\324page\325)37(\325)-311(in)-311(a)-311(v)-1(irtual )-61(memory )-61(system.)-561(Section )-61(9.2 )-61(of )-61(Bach)]TJ 30.401 0.04 Td ([)Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (1986)Tj 2 0.04 Td (])Tj 0.644 -0.04 Td [(and 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)]TJ 34.118 0 Td (177)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -31.598 -1.82 Td [(6.1 )-3012(Introduction)-2160(177)]TJ T* [(6.2 )-3012(P)40(ass)]TJ -0.01 Tc 6.833 0 Td (wo)Tj 0 Tc 1.268 0 Td [(rd )-278(File)-2160(177)]TJ -8.101 -1.3 Td [(6.3 )-3012(Shado)]TJ 0.556 Tc 7.556 0 Td (wP)Tj 0 Tc 1.905 0 Td (ass)Tj -0.01 Tc 1.526 0 Td (wo)Tj 0 Tc 1.268 0 Td [(rds )-1882(181)]TJ -12.255 -1.3 Td [(6.4 )-3012(Group)-556(File )-1882(182)]TJ T* [(6.5 )-3012(Supplementar)]TJ 0.556 Tc 10.935 0 Td (yG)Tj 0 Tc 1.834 0 Td [(roup )-278(IDs)-2160(183)]TJ -12.769 -1.3 Td [(6.6 )-3012(Implementation)-556(Diff)30(erences )-1882(184)]TJ T* [(6.7 )-3012(Other)-556(Data )-278(Files)-2160(185)]TJ -0 -1.3 Td [(6.8 )-3012(Login)-556(Accounting )-1882(186)]TJ T* [(6.9 )-3012(System)-556(Identi\336cation )-1882(187)]TJ T* [(6.10 )-2456(Time)-556(and )-278(Date )-278(Routines)-2160(189)]TJ 0 -1.3 Td [(6.11 )-2456(Summar)]TJ 2.16 Tc 8.488 0 Td (y1)Tj 0 Tc 3.216 0 Td (96)Tj /TT1 1 Tf -14.224 -2.47 Td [(Chapter )-278(7.)-2032(Pr)20(ocess )-278(En)40(vir)20(onment )]TJ 34.118 0 Td (197)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -31.598 -1.82 Td [(7.1 )-3012(Introduction)-2160(197)]TJ T* (7.2)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 4.68 0 Td (main)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.956 0 Td [(Function )-1882(197)]TJ -7.636 -1.3 Td [(7.3 )-3012(Process)]TJ -0.12 Tc 8.848 0 Td (Te)Tj 0.025 Tc 1.047 0 Td (rm)Tj 0 Tc 1.191 0 Td [(ination )-1882(198)]TJ -11.086 -1.3 Td [(7.4 )-3012(Command)]TJ 9.292 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(Line )-278(Arguments)-2160(203)]TJ -9.625 -1.3 Td [(7.5 )-3012(En)20(vironment )-278(List)-2160(203)]TJ T* [(7.6 )-3012(Memor)]TJ 0.556 Tc 7.821 0 Td (yL)Tj -0.03 Tc 1.612 0 Td [(ay )238(o)]TJ 0 Tc 1.562 0 Td [(ut )-278(of )-278(a )-278(C )-278(Prog)]TJ -0.01 Tc 7.272 0 Td (ra)Tj 2.16 Tc 0.879 0 Td (m2)Tj 0 Tc 3.549 0 Td (04)Tj -22.695 -1.3 Td [(7.7 )-3012(Shared)-556(Libr)10(ar )263(ies)-2160(206)]TJ -0 -1.3 Td [(7.8 )-3012(Memor)]TJ 0.556 Tc 7.821 0 Td (yA)Tj 0 Tc 1.723 0 Td [(llocation )-1882(207)]TJ -9.544 -1.3 Td [(7.9 )-3012(En)20(vironment )-278(V)70(ar )263(iab)20(les )-1882(210)]TJ 0 -1.3 Td (7.10)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 4.68 0 Td (setjmp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 4.156 0 Td (and)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 2.224 0 Td (longjmp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 4.756 0 Td [(Functions )-1882(213)]TJ -15.816 -1.3 Td (7.11)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 4.68 0 Td (getrlimit)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 5.956 0 Td (and)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 2.224 0 Td (setrlimit)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 5.956 0 Td [(Functions )-1882(220)]TJ -18.816 -1.3 Td [(7.12 )-2456(Summar)]TJ 2.16 Tc 8.488 0 Td (y2)Tj 0 Tc 3.216 0 Td (25)Tj /TT1 1 Tf -14.224 -2.47 Td [(Chapter )-278(8.)-2032(Pr)20(ocess )-278(Contr)20(ol )]TJ 34.118 0 Td (227)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -31.598 -1.82 Td [(8.1 )-3012(Introduction)-2160(227)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46836 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(7.12)]TJ 39.488 0 Td (Summary)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.345 0 Td (225)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 668.9599 Tm [(Running this pr)18(ogram under Fr)18(eeBSD gives us the following output:)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5911 651.191 Tm ($)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (./a.out)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -1.2 -1.189 Td [(RLIMIT_AS )-3600(\(infinite\))-1200(\(infinite\))]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(RLIMIT_CORE )-2400(\(infinite\))-1200(\(infinite\))]TJ T* [(RLIMIT_CPU )-3000(\(infinite\))-1200(\(infinite\))]TJ T* [(RLIMIT_DATA )-3000(536870912)-1800(536870912)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(RLIMIT_FSIZE )-1800(\(infinite\))-1200(\(infinite\))]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(RLIMIT_MEMLOCK )-600(\(infinite\) )-600(\(infinite\))]TJ T* [(RLIMIT_NOFILE )-4800(3520)-4800(3520)]TJ T* (RLIMIT_NPROC )Tj 13.2 0 Td [(1760)-4800(1760)]TJ -13.2 -1.189 Td [(RLIMIT_NPTS )-2400(\(infinite\))-1200(\(infinite\))]TJ T* [(RLIMIT_RSS )-3000(\(infinite\))-1200(\(infinite\))]TJ T* [(RLIMIT_SBSIZE )-1200(\(infinite\))-1200(\(infinite\))]TJ T* [(RLIMIT_STACK )-3000(67108864)-2400(67108864)]TJ T* [(RLIMIT_SWAP )-2400(\(infinite\))-1200(\(infinite\))]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(RLIMIT_VMEM )-2400(\(infinite\))-1200(\(infinite\))]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 482.3313 Tm [(Solaris gives us the following r)18(esults:)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5911 464.562 Tm ($)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (./a.out)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -1.2 -1.189 Td [(RLIMIT_AS )-3600(\(infinite\))-1200(\(infinite\))]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(RLIMIT_CORE )-2400(\(infinite\))-1200(\(infinite\))]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(RLIMIT_CPU )-3000(\(infinite\))-1200(\(infinite\))]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(RLIMIT_DATA )-2400(\(infinite\))-1200(\(infinite\))]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(RLIMIT_FSIZE )-1800(\(infinite\))-1200(\(infinite\))]TJ 0 -1.189 TD (RLIMIT_NOFILE )Tj 13.8 0 Td [(256)-4200(65536)]TJ -13.8 -1.189 Td [(RLIMIT_STACK )-3600(8388608)-1200(\(infinite\))]TJ T* [(RLIMIT_VMEM )-2400(\(infinite\))-1200(\(infinite\))]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5141.25 3719.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 50 50 l 0 50 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 347.8783 Tm [(Exer)18(cise 10.1)]TJ 0.25 Tc 5.566 0 Td (1c)Tj 0 Tc 1.194 0 Td [(ontinues the discussion of r)18(esour)18(ce limits, after we\325ve cover)18(ed signals.)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 11.9986 0 0 11.9986 93.5888 313.0824 Tm [(7.12 )-776(Summar)-10(y)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 290.2852 Tm [(Understanding )-3(the )-3(envir)18(onment )-3(of )-3(a )-3(C )-3(pr)17(ogram )-3(within )-3(a )-3(UNIX )-3(system\325s )-3(envir)18(onment )-3(is)]TJ 0.2592 Tc 0 -1.2 TD (ap)Tj 0 Tc 1.36 0 Td [(r)18(er)18(equisite )-9(to )-9(understanding )-9(the )-9(pr)18(ocess )-9(contr)18(ol )-9(featur)18(es )-9(of )-9(the )-9(UNIX )-9(System.)-511(In )-9(this)]TJ -1.36 -1.2 Td (chapter)Tj 0.3756 Tc 3.253 0 Td (,w)Tj 0 Tc 1.46 0 Td [(e\325ve )-126(looked )-126(at )-126(how )-126(a )-126(pr)18(ocess )-126(is )-126(started, )-126(how )-126(it )-126(can )-126(terminate, )-126(and )-126(how )-126(it\325s)]TJ -4.713 -1.2 Td [(passed )-50(an )-50(ar)18(gument )-50(list )-50(and )-50(an )-50(envir)19(onment. )-300(Although)-300(both )-50(the )-50(ar)18(gument )-50(list )-50(and )-50(the)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(envir)18(onment )-84(ar)]TJ 0.3338 Tc 6.903 0 Td (eu)Tj 0 Tc 1.416 0 Td [(ninterpr)18(eted )-84(by )-84(the )-84(kernel, )-84(it )-84(is )-84(the )-84(kernel )-84(that )-84(passes )-84(both )-84(fr)20(om )-84(the)]TJ -8.319 -1.2 Td (caller of)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.779 0 Td (exec)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td [(to the new pr)18(ocess.)]TJ -0.092 Tc -4.629 -1.2 Td (We)Tj 0 Tc 1.387 0 Td [(\325ve )-133(also )-133(examined )-133(the )-133(typical )-133(memory )-133(layout )-133(of )-133(a )-133(C )-133(pr)17(ogram )-133(and )-133(seen )-133(how )-133(a)]TJ -3.187 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ocess )-54(can )-54(dynamically )-54(allocate )-54(and )-54(fr)18(ee )-54(memory)]TJ 0.5542 Tc 22.52 0 Td (.I)Tj 0 Tc 1.141 0 Td [(t)-304(is)-304(worthwhile )-54(to )-54(look )-54(in )-54(detail )-54(at)]TJ -23.661 -1.2 Td [(the )-118(functions )-118(available )-118(for )-118(manipulating )-118(the )-118(envir)18(onment, )-118(since )-118(they )-118(involve )-118(memory)]TJ T* [(allocation. )-402(The)-403(functions)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.829 0 Td (setjmp)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.002 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.095 0 Td (longjmp)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.602 0 Td (wer)Tj 0.4024 Tc 1.69 0 Td (ep)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.482 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(sented, )-152(pr)18(oviding )-152(a )-152(way )-152(to)]TJ -26.558 -1.2 Td [(perform )-9(nonlocal )-9(branching )-9(within )-9(a )-9(pr)20(ocess. )-259(W)]TJ 0.2586 Tc 21.56 0 Td (e\336)Tj 0 Tc 1.343 0 Td [(nished )-9(the )-9(chapter )-9(by )-9(describing )-9(the)]TJ -0.018 Tc -22.902 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(sour)18(ce limits that various implementations pr)18(ovide.)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46837 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (220)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Pr)18(ocess )-250(Envir)18(onment )]TJ 39.241 0 Td [(Chapter)-500(7)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 6690.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 129.5922 659.4594 Tm [(#include )-1800()]TJ 0 -2.14 TD (FILE *)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (open_data\(void\))Tj T* ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td [(FILE )-1800(*fp;)]TJ T* [(char )-1800(databuf[BUFSIZ];)-1200(/* setvbuf makes this the stdio buffer */)]TJ 0 -2.14 TD (if \(\(fp = fopen\("datafile", "r"\)\) == NULL\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (return\(NULL\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(setvbuf\(fp, databuf, _IOLBF, BUFSIZ\) != 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (return\(NULL\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td [(return\(fp\); )-2400(/*)-600(error */)]TJ -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 5199.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 231.0083 503.8175 Tm (Figure 7.14)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.695 0 Td [(Incorr)18(ect usage of an automatic variable)]TJ 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5846 479.8204 Tm [(The )-134(pr)18(oblem )-134(is )-134(that )-134(when)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 12.251 0 Td (open_data)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 5.784 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(turns, )-134(the )-134(space )-134(it )-134(used )-134(on )-134(the )-134(stack )-134(will )-134(be)]TJ -18.891 -1.2 Td [(used )-9(by )-9(the )-9(stack )-9(frame )-9(for )-9(the )-9(next )-9(function )-9(that )-9(is )-9(called.)-508(But )-9(the )-9(standar)]TJ 0.259 Tc 33.161 0 Td (dI)Tj 0 Tc 1.207 0 Td [(/O )-9(library)]TJ -34.368 -1.2 Td [(will )-72(still )-72(be )-72(using )-72(that )-72(portion )-72(of )-72(memory )-72(for )-72(its )-72(str)18(eam )-72(buf)18(fer)]TJ 0.5719 Tc 27.91 0 Td (.C)Tj 0 Tc 1.531 0 Td [(haos )-72(is )-72(sur)18(e)-322(to)-322(r)18(esult.)]TJ -0.092 Tc -29.441 -1.2 Td [(To )-254(c)]TJ 0 Tc 1.831 0 Td [(orr)18(ect )-70(this )-70(pr)18(oblem, )-70(the )-70(array)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 13.504 0 Td (databuf)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.52 0 Td [(needs )-70(to )-70(be )-70(allocated )-70(fr)18(om )-70(global )-70(memory)110(,)]TJ -19.855 -1.2 Td (either statically \()Tj /TT0 1 Tf (static)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 11.184 0 Td (or)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.191 0 Td (extern)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(\))-250(or)-250(dynamically \(one of the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 16.085 0 Td (alloc)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td (functions\).)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 11.9986 0 0 11.9986 93.589 395.8305 Tm (7.11)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 3 0 Td (getrlimit)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 5.956 0 Td (and)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 2.334 0 Td (setrlimit)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 5.956 0 Td (Functions)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5842 371.8334 Tm [(Every )-1(pr)18(ocess )-1(has )-1(a )-1(set )-1(of )-1(r)15(esour)18(ce )-1(limits, )-1(some )-1(of )-1(which )-1(can )-1(be )-1(queried )-1(and )-1(changed )-1(by)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td (the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.637 0 Td (getrlimit)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.65 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.943 0 Td (setrlimit)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.65 0 Td (functions.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9989 0 0 8.9989 147.5819 340.7371 Tm (#include )Tj T* (int getrlimit\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 10.8 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.76 0 Td [(sour)18(ce)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 4.356 0 Td (truct rlimit *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (rlptr)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -15.916 -2.14 Td (int setrlimit\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 10.8 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.76 0 Td [(sour)18(ce)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 4.356 0 Td (onst struct rlimit *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (rlptr)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.335 -2.14 Td [(Both r)18(eturn: 0 if OK,)]TJ /TT3 1 Tf 9.213 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 2785.25 cm 0 0 m 0 713 l 3900 713 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 183.567 254.5522 Tm [(These )-234(two )-234(functions )-234(ar)]TJ 0.484 Tc 10.743 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.574 0 Td [(e\336ned )-234(in )-234(the )-234(XSI )-234(option )-234(in )-234(the )-234(Single )-234(UNIX )-234(Speci\336cation.)-735(The)]TJ -0.018 Tc -12.317 -1.25 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(sour)18(ce )-304(limits )-304(for )-304(a )-304(pr)18(ocess )-304(ar)]TJ 0.5544 Tc 14.097 0 Td (en)Tj 0 Tc 1.615 0 Td [(ormally )-304(established )-304(by )-304(pr)18(ocess )-304(0 )-304(when )-304(the )-304(system )-304(is)]TJ -16.568 -1.25 Td [(initialized )-138(and )-138(then )-138(inherited )-138(by )-138(each )-138(successive )-138(pr)18(ocess. )-388(Each)-388(implementation )-138(has )-138(its )-138(own)]TJ 0 -1.25 Td (way of tuning the various limits.)Tj 9.9982 0 0 9.9982 147.574 198.5623 Tm [(Each )-227(call )-227(to )-227(these )-227(two )-227(functions )-227(speci\336es )-227(a )-227(single)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 23.827 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.76 0 Td [(sour)18(ce)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 3.033 0 Td [(and )-227(a )-227(pointer )-227(to )-227(the)]TJ -29.42 -1.2 Td [(following str)8(uctur)18(e:)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9984 0 0 8.9984 147.5738 169.8674 Tm (struct rlimit {)Tj 1.2 -1.189 Td [(rlim_t )-600(rlim_cur; )-600(/*)-600(soft limit: current limit */)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(rlim_t )-600(rlim_max; )-600(/*)-600(hard limit: maximum value for rlim_cur */)]TJ -1.2 -1.189 Td (};)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46838 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(7.10)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 28.486 0 Td (setjmp)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.1 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.193 0 Td (longjmp)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.7 0 Td (Functions)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.354 0 Td (213)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 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(em)Tj 0 Tc 1.612 0 Td (odifying an existing)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 9.063 0 Td (name:)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -13.563 -1.8 Td [(a. )-633(If)-381(the )-131(size )-131(of )-131(the )-131(new)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 11.83 0 Td (value)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.548 0 Td [(is )-131(less )-131(than )-131(or )-131(equal )-131(to )-131(the )-131(size )-131(of )-131(the )-131(existing)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf -12.745 -1.2 Td (value)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(,)-250(we)-250(can just copy the new string over the old string.)]TJ -1.633 -1.6 Td [(b. )-580(If)-417(the )-167(size )-167(of )-167(the )-167(new)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 12.047 0 Td (value)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.584 0 Td [(is )-167(lar)18(ger )-167(than )-167(the )-167(old )-167(one, )-167(however)74(,)-417(we)-417(must)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -12.998 -1.2 Td (malloc)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.909 0 Td [(to )-59(obtain )-59(r)18(oom )-59(for )-59(the )-59(new )-59(string, )-59(copy )-59(the )-59(new )-59(string )-59(to )-59(this )-59(ar)17(ea,)]TJ -3.909 -1.2 Td [(and )-127(then )-127(r)18(eplace )-127(the )-127(old )-127(pointer 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[(,)-311(we)-311(h)-1(ave )-61(to )-61(call)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.811 0 Td (malloc)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -30.334 -1.2 Td [(to )-71(obtain )-71(r)18(oom )-71(for )-71(a )-71(new )-71(list )-71(of )-71(pointers.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 18.936 0 Td [(We )-255(c)]TJ 0 Tc 2.152 0 Td [(opy )-71(the )-71(old )-71(envir)18(onment )-71(list)]TJ -21.088 -1.2 Td [(to )-122(this )-122(new )-122(ar)18(ea )-122(and )-122(stor)]TJ 0.3724 Tc 11.474 0 Td (eap)Tj 0 Tc 2.325 0 Td [(ointer )-122(to )-122(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 5.995 0 Td (name=value)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.312 0 Td [(string )-122(at )-122(the )-122(end )-122(of)]TJ -25.106 -1.2 Td [(this )-145(list )-145(of )-145(pointers.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 9.558 0 Td [(We )-329(a)]TJ 0 Tc 2.282 0 Td [(lso )-145(stor)]TJ 0.3951 Tc 3.329 0 Td (ean)Tj 0 Tc 2.351 0 Td [(ull )-145(pointer )-145(at )-145(the )-145(end )-145(of )-145(this )-145(list, )-145(of)]TJ -17.52 -1.2 Td [(course. )-342(Finally)111(,)-342(we)-342(s)-1(et)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.508 0 Td (environ)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.542 0 Td [(to 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3.893 0 Td [(family )-42(of )-42(library )-42(functions )-42(is )-42(the )-42(default)]TJ -21.155 -1.2 Td [(memory )-289(allocator )-289(in )-289(Fr)18(eeBSD )-289(8.0.)-789(It )-289(was )-289(designed )-289(to )-289(scale )-289(well )-289(when )-289(used )-289(with)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(multithr)18(eaded )-55(applications )-55(r)8(unning )-55(on )-55(multipr)18(ocessor )-55(systems.)-554(Evans)]TJ 31.929 0.04 Td ([)Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (2006)Tj 2 0.04 Td (])Tj 0.638 -0.04 Td (describes)Tj -34.9 -1.2 Td (the implementation and evaluates its performance.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -3.6 -2.4 Td (TCMalloc)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 3.6 -1.8 Td (TCMalloc)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.346 0 Td [(was )-296(designed )-296(as )-296(a )-296(r)18(eplacement )-296(for )-296(the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 19.136 0 Td (malloc)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.146 0 Td [(family )-296(of )-296(functions )-296(to)]TJ -28.627 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ovide )-320(high )-320(performance, )-320(scalability)]TJ 0.5705 Tc 17.436 0 Td (,a)Tj 0 Tc 1.321 0 Td [(nd )-320(memory )-320(ef)17(\336ciency)]TJ 0.8204 Tc 10.16 0 Td (.I)Tj 0.5704 Tc 1.407 0 Td (tu)Tj 0 Tc 1.499 0 Td [(ses )-320(thr)18(ead)]TJ 4.772 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td (local)Tj -36.928 -1.2 Td [(caches )-54(to )-54(avoid )-54(locking )-54(over)18(head )-54(when )-54(allocating )-54(buf)18(fers )-54(fr)20(om )-54(and )-54(r)18(eleasing )-54(buf)18(fers )-54(to)]TJ T* [(the )-113(cache.)-613(It )-113(also )-113(has )-113(a )-113(heap )-113(checker )-113(and )-113(a )-113(heap )-113(pr)18(o\336ler )-113(built )-113(in )-113(to )-113(aid )-113(in )-113(debugging)]TJ T* [(and )-205(analyzing )-205(dynamic )-205(memory )-205(usage.)-705(The)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 21.127 0 Td (TCMalloc)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.255 0 Td [(library )-205(is )-205(available )-205(as )-205(open)]TJ -26.382 -1.2 Td [(sour)18(ce fr)18(om Google.)-500(It is brie\337y described by Ghemawat and Menage)]TJ 31.201 0.04 Td ([)Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (2005)Tj 2 0.04 Td (])Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -37.467 -2.4 Td (alloca)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 3.878 0 Td (Function)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.278 -1.8 Td [(One )-80(additional )-80(function )-80(is )-80(also )-80(worth )-80(mentioning.)-580(The )-80(function)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 29.231 0 Td (alloca)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.93 0 Td [(has )-80(the )-80(same)]TJ -33.161 -1.2 Td [(calling )-56(sequence )-56(as)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 8.849 0 Td (malloc)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.3066 Tc (;h)Tj 0 Tc 4.739 0 Td (owever)Tj 0.3066 Tc 3.224 0 Td (,i)Tj 0 Tc 0.848 0 Td [(nstead )-57(of )-57(allocating )-57(memory )-57(fr)18(om )-57(the )-57(heap, )-57(the)]TJ -17.659 -1.2 Td [(memory )-19(is )-19(allocated )-19(fr)18(om )-19(the )-19(stack )-19(frame )-19(of )-19(the )-19(curr)16(ent )-19(function.)-519(The )-19(advantage )-19(is )-19(that)]TJ T* [(we )-73(don\325t )-73(have )-73(to )-73(fr)20(ee )-73(the )-73(space; )-73(it )-73(goes )-73(away )-73(automatically )-73(when )-73(the )-73(function )-73(r)21(eturns.)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td (The)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 2.079 0 Td (alloca)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.005 0 Td [(function )-155(incr)18(eases )-155(the )-155(size )-155(of )-155(the )-155(stack )-155(frame.)-655(The )-155(disadvantage )-155(is )-155(that)]TJ -6.084 -1.2 Td [(some )-100(systems )-100(can\325t )-100(support)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 12.875 0 Td (alloca)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(,)-350(if)-350(i)-1(t\325s )-100(impossible )-100(to )-100(incr)18(ease )-100(the )-100(size )-100(of )-100(the )-100(stack)]TJ -12.875 -1.2 Td [(frame )-66(after )-66(the )-66(function )-66(has )-66(been )-66(called.)-566(Nevertheless, )-66(many )-66(softwar)]TJ 0.3159 Tc 31.14 0 Td (ep)Tj 0 Tc 1.396 0 Td [(ackages )-66(use )-66(it,)]TJ -32.536 -1.2 Td (and implementations exist for a wide variety of systems.)Tj 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 183.5889 365.7781 Tm [(All four platforms discussed in this text pr)18(ovide the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 23.097 0 Td (alloca)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td (function.)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 11.9993 0 0 11.9993 93.5943 333.38 Tm [(7.9 )-1332(En)40(vir)20(onment )-278(V)60(ariab)10(les)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5921 311.7813 Tm (As we mentioned earlier)Tj 0.25 Tc 10.8 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 0.826 0 Td [(he envir)18(onment strings ar)]TJ 0.25 Tc 11.378 0 Td (eu)Tj 0 Tc 1.332 0 Td (sually of the form)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5911 295.0823 Tm (name)Tj /TT1 1 Tf (=)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (value)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 277.0834 Tm [(The )-109(UNIX )-109(kernel )-109(never )-109(looks )-109(at )-109(these )-109(strings; )-109(their )-109(interpr)17(etation )-109(is )-109(up )-109(to )-109(the )-109(various)]TJ T* [(applications. )-504(The)-505(shells, )-254(for )-254(example, )-254(use )-254(numer)18(ous )-254(envir)18(onment )-254(variables.)-756(Some,)]TJ T* [(such )-72(as)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 3.62 0 Td (HOME)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.722 0 Td (and)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 2.015 0 Td (USER)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.3217 Tc (,a)Tj -0.018 Tc 3.472 0 Td [(re )-108(s)]TJ 0 Tc 1.602 0 Td [(et )-72(automatically )-72(at )-72(login; )-72(others )-72(ar)]TJ 0.3218 Tc 15.442 0 Td (el)Tj 0 Tc 1.092 0 Td [(eft )-72(for )-72(us )-72(to )-72(set.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 7.649 0 Td (We)Tj 0 Tc -37.613 -1.2 Td [(normally )-74(set )-74(envir)18(onment )-74(variables )-74(in )-74(a )-74(shell )-74(start-up )-74(\336le )-74(to )-74(contr)18(ol )-74(the )-74(shell\325s )-74(actions.)]TJ T* [(If )-170(we )-170(set )-170(the )-170(envir)18(onment )-170(variable)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 16.387 0 Td (MAILPATH)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.4203 Tc (,f)Tj 0 Tc 5.803 0 Td [(or )-170(example, )-170(it )-170(tells )-170(the )-170(Bourne )-170(shell,)]TJ -22.19 -1.2 Td [(GNU Bourne-again shell, and Korn shell wher)18(e)-250(to)-250(look for mail.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(ISO )-52(C )-52(de\336nes )-52(a )-52(function )-52(that )-52(we )-52(can )-52(use )-52(to )-52(fetch )-52(values )-52(fr)18(om )-52(the )-52(envir)18(onment, )-52(but)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td (this standar)Tj 0.25 Tc 5.193 0 Td (ds)Tj 0 Tc 1.285 0 Td [(ays that the contents of the envir)18(onment ar)]TJ 0.25 Tc 18.895 0 Td (ei)Tj 0 Tc 1.02 0 Td (mplementation de\336ned.)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5911 176.3894 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.783 TD (char *getenv\(const 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840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 668.9599 Tm [(an )-102(example )-102(of )-102(the )-102(size )-102(dif)19(fer)18(ences, )-102(the )-102(following )-102(executable )-102(\336le)]TJ 0.0833 Tc 28.808 0 Td (\321t)Tj 0 Tc 1.409 0 Td [(he )-102(classic)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.583 0 Td (hello.c)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -34.8 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ogram )167(\321 )167(was)-251(\336rst cr)18(eated without shar)18(ed libraries:)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.591 640.2616 Tm ($)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (gcc -static hello1.c)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 16.4 0 Td [(pr)18(event gcc fr)18(om using shar)18(ed libraries)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -17.6 -1.189 Td ($)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (ls -l a.out)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -1.2 -1.189 Td [(-rwxr-xr-x )-600(1)-600(sar )-2400(879443)-600(Sep 2 10:39 a.out)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD ($)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (size a.out)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 -1.189 Td [(text )-1800(data )-1800(bss)-3000(dec )-2400(hex)-1200(filename)]TJ -1.2 -1.189 Td [(787775 )-1800(6128)-1200(11272 )-600(805175)-1800(c4937 )-600(a.out)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5921 568.7659 Tm [(If )-266(we )-266(compile )-266(this )-266(pr)20(ogram )-265(to )-265(use )-265(shar)18(ed )-265(libraries, )-265(the )-265(text )-265(and )-265(data )-265(sizes )-265(of )-265(the)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD (executable \336le ar)Tj 0.25 Tc 7.422 0 Td (eg)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.285 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(atly decr)18(eased:)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5909 540.0676 Tm ($)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (gcc hello1.c)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 16.4 0 Td [(gcc defaults to use shar)18(ed libraries)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -17.6 -1.189 Td ($)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (ls -l a.out)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -1.2 -1.189 Td [(-rwxr-xr-x )-600(1)-600(sar )-3600(8378)-600(Sep 2 10:39 a.out)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD ($)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (size a.out)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 -1.189 Td [(text )-1800(data )-1800(bss)-3000(dec )-2400(hex)-1200(filename)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(1176 )-2400(504 )-2400(16)-2400(1696 )-2400(6a0)-1200(a.out)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 11.9993 0 0 11.9993 93.5942 449.373 Tm [(7.8 )-1332(Memor)]TJ 0.556 Tc 6.288 0 Td (yA)Tj 0 Tc 1.834 0 Td (llocation)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.592 425.3745 Tm [(ISO C speci\336es thr)18(ee functions for memory allocation:)]TJ 1.8 -1.56 Td (1.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.633 0 Td (malloc)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.4346 Tc (,w)Tj 0 Tc 5.119 0 Td [(hich )-185(allocates )-185(a )-185(speci\336ed )-185(number )-185(of )-185(bytes )-185(of )-185(memory)]TJ 0.6847 Tc 24.833 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.548 0 Td [(he )-185(initial)]TJ -31.499 -1.2 Td (value of the memory is indeterminate.)Tj -1.633 -1.6 Td (2.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.633 0 Td (calloc)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.3612 Tc (,w)Tj 0 Tc 5.045 0 Td [(hich )-111(allocates )-111(space )-111(for )-111(a )-111(speci\336ed )-111(number )-111(of )-111(objects )-111(of )-111(a )-111(speci\336ed)]TJ -5.045 -1.2 Td [(size. )-250(The)-250(space is initialized to all 0 bits.)]TJ -1.633 -1.6 Td (3.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.633 0 Td (realloc)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.358 Tc (,w)Tj 0 Tc 5.642 0 Td [(hich )-108(incr)18(eases )-108(or )-108(decr)18(eases )-108(the )-108(size )-108(of )-108(a )-108(pr)18(eviously )-108(allocated )-108(ar)17(ea.)]TJ -5.642 -1.2 Td [(When )-144(the )-144(size )-144(incr)19(eases, )-144(it )-144(may )-144(involve )-144(moving )-144(the )-144(pr)18(eviously )-144(allocated )-144(ar)20(ea)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td (somewher)Tj 0.2845 Tc 4.604 0 Td (ee)Tj 0 Tc 1.242 0 Td [(lse, )-34(to )-34(pr)18(ovide )-34(the )-34(additional )-34(r)18(oom )-34(at )-34(the )-34(end.)-539(Also, )-35(when )-35(the )-35(size)]TJ -5.846 -1.2 Td [(incr)18(eases, )-57(the )-57(initial )-57(value )-57(of )-57(the )-57(space )-57(between )-57(the )-57(old )-57(contents )-57(and )-57(the )-57(end )-57(of)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(the new ar)18(ea is indeterminate.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5906 285.4829 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.902 TD (void *malloc\(size_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 12 0 Td (size)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -12 -1.902 Td (void *calloc\(size_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 12 0 Td (nobj)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 3.541 0 Td (ize_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3.6 0 Td (size)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -19.141 -1.902 Td (void *realloc\(void *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (ptr)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 15.022 0 Td (ize_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3.6 0 Td (newsize)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -3.29 -1.902 Td [(All thr)18(ee r)18(eturn: non-null pointer if OK,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 17.781 0 Td (NULL)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td [(on err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -35.763 -1.902 Td (void free\(void *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (ptr)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 1954.25 cm 0 0 m 0 991 l 3900 991 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 181.8782 Tm [(The )-239(pointer )-239(r)18(eturned )-239(by )-239(the )-239(thr)18(ee )-239(allocation )-239(functions )-239(is )-239(guaranteed )-239(to )-239(be )-239(suitably)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(aligned )-105(so )-105(that )-105(it )-105(can )-105(be )-105(used )-105(for )-105(any )-105(data )-105(object.)-605(For )-105(example, )-105(if )-105(the )-105(most )-105(r)18(estrictive)]TJ T* [(alignment )-261(r)18(equir)18(ement )-261(on )-261(a )-261(particular )-261(system )-261(r)16(equir)18(es )-262(that)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 28.408 0 Td (double)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.5116 Tc (sm)Tj 0 Tc 5.419 0 Td [(ust )-262(start )-262(at)]TJ -33.827 -1.2 Td [(memory )-228(locations )-228(that )-228(ar)]TJ 0.4778 Tc 11.736 0 Td (em)Tj 0 Tc 1.84 0 Td [(ultiples )-228(of )-228(8, )-228(then )-228(all )-228(pointers )-228(r)19(eturned )-228(by )-228(these )-228(thr)19(ee)]TJ -13.576 -1.2 Td (functions would be so aligned.)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46841 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (206)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Pr)18(ocess )-250(Envir)18(onment )]TJ 39.241 0 Td [(Chapter)-500(7)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 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1 0 0 1 3291.25 6206.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3367.25 6206.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2683.25 5558.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2760.25 5558.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2835.25 5558.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2912.25 5558.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2987.25 5558.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3064.25 5558.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3139.25 5558.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3216.25 5558.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3291.25 5558.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3367.25 5558.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2683.68 5342 720 1008 re S Q q 0.9997 0 0 0.9997 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 304.368 602.6 cm 0 0 m -1.8 7.2 l 1.8 7.2 l f Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3043.6799 6026 cm 0 0 m -18 72 l 18 72 l h S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3043.25 6206.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -108 l S Q Q q 0.9996401 0 0 0.9996401 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 304.368 573.8 cm 0 0 m 1.8 -7.2 l -1.8 -7.2 l f Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3043.6799 5738 cm 0 0 m 18 -72 l -18 -72 l h S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3043.25 5558.25 cm 0 0 m 0 108 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3516 6521.3599 cm 0 0 m 0 24.65 -19.99 44.64 -44.64 44.64 c S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3516.25 6521.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -40 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3516.25 6480.25 cm 0 0 m 22 -22 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3539.25 6458.25 cm 0 0 m -23 -23 l -23 -63 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3471.3601 6350 cm 0 0 m 24.65 0 44.64 19.99 44.64 44.64 c S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9966 0 0 7.9966 355.7545 648.7675 Tm (command)Tj 4.449 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(line ar)18(guments)]TJ -4.782 -1.25 Td [(and envir)18(onment variables)]TJ ET q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3516 5297.3599 cm 0 0 m 0 24.65 -19.99 44.64 -44.64 44.64 c S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3516.25 5297.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -69 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3516.25 5227.25 cm 0 0 m 22 -22 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3539.25 5205.25 cm 0 0 m -23 -22 l -23 -91 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3471.3601 5068.3999 cm 0 0 m 24.65 0 44.64 19.99 44.64 44.64 c S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9962 0 0 7.9962 355.7332 523.5086 Tm (initialized to)Tj 0 -1.25 TD (zer)Tj 0.25 Tc 1.356 0 Td (ob)Tj 0 Tc 1.349 0 Td (y)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.806 0 Td (exec)Tj ET q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3516 4994.96 cm 0 0 m 0 24.65 -19.99 44.64 -44.64 44.64 c S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3516.25 4995.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -141 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3516.25 4853.25 cm 0 0 m 22 -22 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3539.25 4831.25 cm 0 0 m -23 -23 l -23 -164 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3471.3601 4622 cm 0 0 m 24.65 0 44.64 19.99 44.64 44.64 c S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 7.9957 0 0 7.9957 355.7119 491.0548 Tm (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(ad fr)18(om)]TJ -0.856 -1.25 Td [(pr)18(ogram \336le)]TJ T* (by)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.359 0 Td (exec)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -18.238 22.315 Td [(high addr)18(ess)]TJ 0.34 -23.05 Td [(low addr)18(ess)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 3.466 -3.555 Td (Figure 7.6)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.09 Tc 5.195 -0 Td (Ty)Tj 0 Tc 1.079 0 Td (pical memory arrangement)Tj 9.9946 0 0 9.9946 147.5204 412.7772 Tm (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.254 0 Td (size)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.4 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (1)Tj 0.5 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.913 -0.04 Td [(command )-330(r)18(eports )-330(the )-330(sizes )-330(\(in )-330(bytes\) )-330(of )-330(the )-330(text, )-330(data, )-330(and )-330(bss)]TJ -8.199 -1.2 Td [(segments. )-250(For)-250(example:)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9951 0 0 8.9951 147.5206 384.0927 Tm ($)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (size /usr/bin/cc /bin/sh)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 -1.189 Td [(text )-1800(data)-3000(bss )-2400(dec)-2400(hex )-600(filename)]TJ -1.2 -1.189 Td [(346919 )-1800(3576 )-1800(6680)-1200(357175 )-600(57337 )-600(/usr/bin/cc)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(102134 )-1800(1776)-1800(11272 )-600(115182 )-600(1c1ee )-600(/bin/sh)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9946 0 0 9.9946 129.5303 334.0198 Tm [(The )-96(fourth )-96(and )-96(\336fth )-96(columns )-96(ar)]TJ 0.3461 Tc 14.379 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.151 0 Td [(he )-96(total )-96(of )-96(the )-96(thr)18(ee )-96(sizes, )-96(displayed )-96(in )-96(decimal )-96(and)]TJ -15.53 -1.2 Td [(hexadecimal, r)18(espectively)111(.)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 11.9935 0 0 11.9935 93.5496 286.0457 Tm [(7.7 )-1332(Shared)-556(Libraries)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9946 0 0 9.9946 129.5301 265.6567 Tm [(Most )-134(UNIX )-134(systems )-134(today )-134(support )-134(shar)18(ed )-134(libraries.)-638(Arnold)]TJ 27.777 0.04 Td ([)Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (1986)Tj 2 0.04 Td (])Tj 0.718 -0.04 Td [(describes )-135(an )-135(early)]TJ -30.828 -1.2 Td [(implementation )-460(under )-460(System )-460(V)]TJ 0.7097 Tc 15.645 0 Td (,a)Tj 0 Tc 1.46 0 Td [(nd )-460(Gingell )-460(et )-460(al.)]TJ 9.131 0.04 Td ([)Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (1987)Tj 2 0.04 Td (])Tj 1.043 -0.04 Td [(describe )-460(a )-460(dif)19(fer)18(ent)]TJ -29.612 -1.2 Td [(implementation )-177(under )-177(SunOS.)-678(Shar)18(ed )-177(libraries )-177(r)17(emove )-177(the )-177(common )-177(library )-177(r)16(outines)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(fr)18(om )-322(the )-322(executable )-322(\336le, )-322(instead )-322(maintaining )-322(a )-322(single )-322(copy )-322(of )-322(the )-322(library )-322(r)20(outine)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(somewher)18(e)-539(in)-539(memory )-289(that )-289(all )-289(pr)18(ocesses )-289(r)18(efer)18(ence. )-539(This)]TJ -0.018 Tc 27.462 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(duces )-289(the )-289(size )-289(of )-289(each)]TJ -28.318 -1.2 Td [(executable )-119(\336le )-119(but )-119(may )-119(add )-119(some )-119(r)8(untime )-119(over)18(head, )-119(either )-119(when )-119(the )-119(pr)18(ogram )-119(is )-119(\336rst)]TJ T* [(executed )-82(or )-82(the )-82(\336rst )-82(time )-82(each )-82(shar)18(ed )-82(library )-82(function )-82(is )-82(called.)-588(Another )-83(advantage )-83(of)]TJ T* [(shar)18(ed )-197(libraries )-197(is )-197(that )-197(library )-197(functions )-197(can )-197(be )-197(r)18(eplaced )-197(with )-197(new )-197(versions )-197(without)]TJ T* [(having to r)18(elink edit every pr)18(ogram that uses the library \(assuming that the number and)]TJ T* [(type of ar)18(guments haven\325t changed\).)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(Dif)18(fer)18(ent )-5(systems )-5(pr)18(ovide )-5(dif)17(fer)18(ent )-5(ways )-5(for )-5(a )-5(pr)18(ogram )-5(to )-5(say )-5(that )-5(it )-5(wants )-5(to )-5(use )-5(or)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(not )-34(use )-34(the )-34(shar)18(ed )-34(libraries.)-534(Options )-34(for )-34(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 19.93 0 Td (cc)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.2 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (1)Tj 0.5 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.617 -0.04 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.977 0 Td (ld)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.2 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (1)Tj 0.5 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.617 -0.04 Td [(commands )-34(ar)]TJ 0.2843 Tc 6.034 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.089 0 Td [(ypical. )-284(As)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46842 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (204)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Pr)18(ocess )-250(Envir)18(onment )]TJ 39.241 0 Td [(Chapter)-500(7)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2058 6170 432 180 re S Q q 0.99994 0 0 0.99994 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 299.4 626 cm 0 0 m -7.2 -1.8 l -7.2 1.8 l f Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2994 6260 cm 0 0 m -72 -18 l -72 18 l h S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2418.25 6260.25 cm 0 0 m 504 0 l S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2994 6170 432 180 re S Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2994 5990 432 180 re S Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2994 5810 432 180 re S Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2994 5630 432 180 re S Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2994 5450 432 180 re S Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2994 5270 432 180 re S Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 311.3626 534.1759 Tm (NULL)Tj -18.25 11.25 Td (environ:)Tj ET q 0.99988 0 0 0.99988 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 378.6 626 cm 0 0 m -7.2 -1.8 l -7.2 1.8 l f Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3786 6260 cm 0 0 m -72 -18 l -72 18 l h S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3354.25 6260.25 cm 0 0 m 360 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 380.5315 624.1276 Tm (HOME=/home/sar\\0)Tj ET q 0.99982 0 0 0.99982 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 378.6 608 cm 0 0 m -7.2 -1.8 l -7.2 1.8 l f Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3786 6080 cm 0 0 m -72 -18 l -72 18 l h S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3354.25 6080.25 cm 0 0 m 360 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 380.5087 606.0945 Tm (PATH=:/bin:/usr/bin\\0)Tj ET q 0.99976 0 0 0.99976 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 378.6 590 cm 0 0 m -7.2 -1.8 l -7.2 1.8 l f Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3786 5900 cm 0 0 m -72 -18 l -72 18 l h S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3354.25 5900.25 cm 0 0 m 360 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9976 0 0 7.9976 380.4858 588.0635 Tm (SHELL=/bin/bash\\0)Tj ET q 0.9997 0 0 0.9997 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 378.6 572 cm 0 0 m -7.2 -1.8 l -7.2 1.8 l f Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3786 5720 cm 0 0 m -72 -18 l -72 18 l h S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3354.25 5720.25 cm 0 0 m 360 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9971 0 0 7.9971 380.463 570.0347 Tm (USER=sar\\0)Tj ET q 0.9996401 0 0 0.9996401 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 378.6 554 cm 0 0 m -7.2 -1.8 l -7.2 1.8 l f Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3786 5540 cm 0 0 m -72 -18 l -72 18 l h S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3354.25 5540.25 cm 0 0 m 360 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9966 0 0 7.9966 380.4402 552.0081 Tm (LOGNAME=sar\\0)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -21.996 12.55 Td [(envir)18(onment)]TJ 1.236 -1.25 Td (pointer)Tj 10.464 1.25 Td [(envir)18(onment)]TJ 2.18 -1.25 Td (list)Tj 10.42 1.025 Td [(envir)18(onment)]TJ 1.347 -1.25 Td (strings)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -24.294 -17.38 Td (Figure 7.5)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.195 0 Td [(Envir)18(onment consisting of \336ve C character strings)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 9.9958 0 0 9.9958 129.546 465.6044 Tm [(envir)18(onment )-14(pointer)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 0.2637 Tc (,t)Tj 0 Tc 9.142 0 Td [(he )-14(array )-14(of )-14(pointers )-14(the )-14(envir)18(onment )-14(list, )-14(and )-14(the )-14(strings )-14(they )-14(point)]TJ -9.142 -1.2 Td (to the)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 2.759 0 Td [(envir)18(onment strings)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj -0.959 -1.2 Td [(By convention, the envir)18(onment consists of)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 0 -2.04 TD (name)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (=)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (value)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -1.8 -2.04 Td [(strings, )-45(as )-45(shown )-45(in )-45(Figur)]TJ 0.2954 Tc 11.578 0 Td (e7)Tj 0 Tc 1.274 0 Td [(.5. )-295(Most)-296(pr)18(ede\336ned )-45(names )-45(ar)]TJ 0.2955 Tc 13.243 0 Td (ee)Tj 0 Tc 1.254 0 Td [(ntir)18(ely )-45(upper)18(case, )-45(but )-45(this)]TJ -27.349 -1.2 Td (is only a convention.)Tj 1.8 -1.2 Td (Historically)Tj 0.5189 Tc 5.076 0 Td (,m)Tj 0 Tc 1.652 0 Td [(ost )-269(UNIX )-269(systems )-269(have )-269(pr)18(ovided )-269(a )-269(thir)]TJ 0.5188 Tc 18.821 0 Td (da)Tj 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[(POSIX.1 )-432(speci\336es )-432(that)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.196 0 Td (environ)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.882 0 Td [(should )-432(be )-432(used )-432(instead )-432(of )-432(the )-432(\(possible\) )-432(thir)17(d)]TJ -16.078 -1.2 Td [(ar)18(gument. )-403(Access)-404(to )-153(speci\336c )-153(envir)18(onment )-153(variables )-153(is )-153(normally )-153(thr)18(ough )-153(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 35.4 0 Td (getenv)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -35.4 -1.2 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.259 0 Td (putenv)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.166 0 Td [(functions, )-316(described )-316(in )-316(Section )-316(7.9, )-316(instead )-316(of )-316(thr)21(ough )-316(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 28.376 0 Td (environ)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -34.8 -1.2 Td [(variable. )-272(But)-272(to )-22(go )-22(thr)18(ough )-22(the )-22(entir)]TJ 0.2719 Tc 16.234 0 Td (ee)Tj 0 Tc 1.23 0 Td [(nvir)18(onment, )-22(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.394 0 Td (environ)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.472 0 Td [(pointer )-22(must )-22(be )-22(used.)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 11.995 0 0 11.995 93.5596 223.9259 Tm [(7.6 )-1332(Memor)]TJ 0.556 Tc 6.288 0 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)-126(the )-126(system )-126(was )-126(r)18(ebooted )-126(and )-126(right )-126(befor)]TJ 0.376 Tc 21.394 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.355 0 Td [(nd )-126(after )-126(the )-126(system\325s )-126(time )-126(and )-126(date)]TJ -22.749 -1.2 Td [(was )-197(changed.)-697(The)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.027 0 Td (who)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.8 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (1)Tj 0.5 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.78 -0.04 Td [(pr)18(ogram )-197(r)18(ead )-197(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.553 0 Td (utmp)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.847 0 Td [(\336le )-197(and )-197(printed )-197(its )-197(contents )-197(in )-197(a)]TJ -0.018 Tc -23.841 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(adable )-180(form.)-680(Later )-180(versions )-180(of )-180(the )-180(UNIX )-180(System )-180(pr)18(ovided )-180(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 29.449 0 Td (last)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.4 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (1)Tj 0.5 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.763 -0.04 Td (command,)Tj -34.301 -1.2 Td [(which r)18(ead thr)18(ough the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.659 0 Td (wtmp)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td (\336le and printed selected entries.)Tj -11.509 -1.2 Td [(Most )-161(versions )-161(of )-161(the )-161(UNIX )-161(System )-161(still )-161(pr)19(ovide )-161(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 24.197 0 Td (utmp)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.811 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.104 0 Td (wtmp)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.811 0 Td [(\336les, )-161(but )-161(as)]TJ -33.723 -1.2 Td [(expected, )-7(the )-7(amount )-7(of )-7(information )-7(in )-7(these )-7(\336les )-7(has )-7(gr)14(own. )-257(The)-258(20)]TJ 30.535 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(byte )-7(str)8(uctur)]TJ 0.2574 Tc 5.661 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.062 0 Td (hat)Tj -37.592 -1.2 Td [(was )-42(written )-42(by )-42(V)111(ersion )-42(7 )-42(gr)18(ew )-42(to )-42(36 )-42(bytes )-42(with )-42(SVR2, )-42(and )-42(the )-42(extended)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 32.339 0 Td (utmp)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.692 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e)]TJ -35.031 -1.2 Td (with SVR4 takes mor)Tj 0.25 Tc 9.289 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.055 0 Td (han 350 bytes!)Tj 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 183.5876 432.7938 Tm [(The )-132(detailed )-132(format )-132(of )-132(these )-132(r)18(ecor)18(ds )-132(in )-132(Solaris )-132(is )-132(given )-132(in )-132(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 28.549 0 Td (utmpx)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(\(4\) )-132(manual )-132(page.)]TJ -0.055 Tc 11.307 0 Td (Wi)Tj 0 Tc 1.236 0 Td (th)Tj -41.092 -1.25 Td [(Solaris )-221(10, )-221(both )-221(\336les )-221(ar)20(e)-471(in)-471(t)1(he)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 14.938 0 Td (/var/adm)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.271 0 Td [(dir)18(ectory)]TJ 0.7208 Tc 3.914 0 Td (.S)Tj 0 Tc 1.496 0 Td [(olaris )-221(pr)18(ovides )-221(numer)18(ous )-221(functions)]TJ -25.619 -1.25 Td (described in)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 5.66 0 Td (getutxent)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(\(3\) to r)18(ead and write these two \336les.)]TJ -5.66 -2.5 Td [(On )-23(Fr)18(eeBSD )-23(8.0 )-23(and )-23(Linux )-23(3.2.0, )-23(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 16.262 0 Td (utmp)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(\(5\) )-23(manual )-23(page )-23(gives )-23(the )-23(format )-23(of )-23(their )-23(versions )-23(of)]TJ -16.262 -1.25 Td [(these )-624(login )-624(r)19(ecor)18(ds. )-874(The)-873(pathnames )-624(of )-624(these )-624(two )-624(\336les )-624(ar)19(e)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 31.633 0 Td (/var/run/utmp)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.674 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -40.307 -1.25 Td (/var/log/wtmp)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.5245 Tc (.O)Tj 0.2745 Tc 9.361 0 Td (nM)Tj 0 Tc 1.802 0 Td [(ac )-24(OS )-24(X )-24(10.6.8, )-24(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.431 0 Td (utmp)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.674 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.967 0 Td (wtmp)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.674 0 Td [(\336les )-24(do )-24(not )-24(exist.)-524(As )-24(of )-24(Mac )-24(OS )-24(X)]TJ -26.91 -1.25 Td [(10.5, )-84(the )-84(information )-84(found )-84(in )-84(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 15.603 0 Td (wtmp)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.734 0 Td [(\336le )-84(can )-84(be )-84(obtained )-84(fr)18(om )-84(the )-84(system )-84(logging )-84(facility)108(,)]TJ -18.337 -1.25 Td (and the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.58 0 Td (utmpx)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td (\336le contains information about the active login sessions.)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 11.9993 0 0 11.9993 93.5923 310.8012 Tm [(6.9 )-1332(System)-556(Identi\336cation)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5901 286.8026 Tm [(POSIX.1 )-238(de\336nes )-238(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.7 0 Td (uname)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.488 0 Td [(function )-238(to )-238(r)18(eturn )-238(information )-238(on )-238(the )-238(curr)18(ent )-238(host )-238(and)]TJ -13.188 -1.2 Td (operating system.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5891 255.7045 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -2.14 TD (int uname\(struct utsname *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (name)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 18.842 -2.14 Td (Returns: non-negative value if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 15.622 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 2127.25 cm 0 0 m 0 520 l 3900 520 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf -0.092 Tc 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 196.7764 Tm [(We )-233(p)]TJ 0 Tc 2.287 0 Td [(ass )-49(the )-49(addr)18(ess )-49(of )-49(a)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.034 0 Td (utsname)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.499 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e)-299(to)-299(this )-49(function, )-49(and )-49(the )-49(function )-49(then )-49(\336lls)]TJ -15.82 -1.2 Td [(it )-54(in.)-554(POSIX.1 )-54(de\336nes )-54(only )-54(the )-54(minimum )-54(\336elds )-54(in )-54(the )-54(str)6(uctur)18(e, )-54(which )-54(ar)]TJ 0.3041 Tc 32.766 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.283 0 Td [(ll )-54(character)]TJ -34.049 -1.2 Td [(arrays, )-364(and )-364(it\325s )-364(up )-364(to )-364(each )-364(implementation )-364(to )-364(set )-364(the )-364(size )-364(of )-364(each )-364(array)]TJ 0.8638 Tc 35.453 0 Td (.S)Tj 0 Tc 1.639 0 Td (ome)Tj -37.092 -1.2 Td [(implementations pr)18(ovide additional \336elds in the str)8(uctur)18(e.)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46849 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (186)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(System )-250(Data )-250(Files )-250(and )-250(Information)]TJ 39.241 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(6)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5911 668.9599 Tm [(The general principle is that every data \336le has at least thr)18(ee functions:)]TJ 0 -2.04 TD [(1. )-633(A)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 2.758 0 Td (get)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.147 0 Td [(function )-97(that )-97(r)18(eads )-97(the )-97(next )-97(r)18(ecor)18(d, )-97(opening )-97(the )-97(\336le )-97(if )-97(necessary)]TJ 0.597 Tc 28.871 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.46 0 Td (hese)Tj -33.603 -1.2 Td [(functions )-145(normally )-145(r)18(eturn )-145(a )-145(pointer )-145(to )-145(a )-145(str)9(uctur)18(e. )-395(A)-394(null )-145(pointer )-145(is )-145(r)19(eturned)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(when )-50(the )-50(end )-50(of )-50(\336le )-50(is )-50(r)19(eached. )-300(Most)-300(of )-50(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 19.983 0 Td (get)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.1 0 Td [(functions )-50(r)18(eturn )-50(a )-50(pointer )-50(to )-50(a)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -22.083 -1.2 Td (static)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.865 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e, )-15(so )-15(we )-15(always )-15(have )-15(to )-15(copy )-15(the )-15(str)9(uctur)]TJ 0.2649 Tc 21.748 0 Td (ei)Tj 0 Tc 1.035 0 Td [(f)-265(we)-265(want )-15(to )-15(save )-15(it.)]TJ -28.281 -1.6 Td [(2. )-633(A)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 2.685 0 Td (set)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.074 0 Td [(function )-24(that )-24(opens )-24(the )-24(\336le, )-24(if )-24(not )-24(alr)18(eady )-24(open, )-24(and )-24(r)18(ewinds )-24(the )-24(\336le.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 31.054 0 Td (We)Tj 0 Tc -34.18 -1.2 Td [(use )-60(this )-60(function )-60(when )-60(we )-60(know )-60(we )-60(want )-60(to )-60(start )-60(again )-60(at )-60(the )-60(beginning )-60(of )-60(the)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD (\336le.)Tj -1.633 -1.6 Td [(3. )-633(An)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.256 0 Td (end)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.063 0 Td [(entry )-13(that )-13(closes )-13(the )-13(data )-13(\336le.)-514(As )-13(we )-13(mentioned )-13(earlier)73(,)-263(we)-263(always )-13(have)]TJ -3.686 -1.2 Td (to call this function when we\325r)Tj 0.25 Tc 13.423 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.34 0 Td (one, to close all the \336les.)Tj -18.196 -2.04 Td [(Additionally)111(,)-264(if)-264(t)-1(he )-14(data )-14(\336le )-14(supports )-14(some )-14(form )-14(of )-14(keyed )-14(lookup, )-14(r)14(outines )-14(ar)]TJ 0.2643 Tc 34.176 0 Td (ep)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.344 0 Td (ro)Tj 0 Tc 0.923 0 Td (vided)Tj -36.443 -1.2 Td [(to )-77(sear)18(ch )-77(for )-77(a )-77(r)19(ecor)]TJ 0.3268 Tc 8.982 0 Td (dw)Tj 0 Tc 1.772 0 Td [(ith )-77(a )-77(speci\336c )-77(key)]TJ 0.5769 Tc 7.448 0 Td (.F)Tj 0 Tc 1.383 0 Td [(or )-77(example, )-77(two )-77(keyed )-77(lookup )-77(r)18(outines )-77(ar)19(e)]TJ -19.584 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ovided )-45(for )-45(the )-45(passwor)]TJ 0.295 Tc 11.333 0 Td (d\336)Tj 0 Tc 1.511 0 Td (le:)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.315 0 Td (getpwnam)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.095 0 Td [(looks )-45(for )-45(a )-45(r)18(ecor)]TJ 0.2949 Tc 7.245 0 Td (dw)Tj 0 Tc 1.74 0 Td [(ith )-45(a )-45(speci\336c )-45(user )-45(name,)]TJ -28.238 -1.2 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.943 0 Td (getpwuid)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.05 0 Td [(looks for a r)18(ecor)]TJ 0.25 Tc 7.11 0 Td (dw)Tj 0 Tc 1.695 0 Td (ith a speci\336c user ID.)Tj -13.998 -1.2 Td (Figur)Tj 0.3466 Tc 2.383 0 Td (e6)Tj 0 Tc 1.326 0 Td [(.6 )-97(shows )-97(some )-97(of )-97(these )-97(r)18(outines, )-97(which )-97(ar)]TJ 0.3466 Tc 18.975 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.27 0 Td [(ommon )-97(to )-97(UNIX )-97(systems.)-595(In)]TJ -25.753 -1.2 Td [(this )-212(\336gur)18(e, )-212(we )-212(show )-212(the )-212(functions )-212(for )-212(the )-212(passwor)]TJ 0.4618 Tc 23.772 0 Td (d\336)Tj 0 Tc 1.678 0 Td [(les )-212(and )-212(gr)18(oup )-212(\336le, )-212(which )-212(we)]TJ -25.45 -1.2 Td [(discussed )-46(earlier )-46(in )-46(this )-46(chapter)]TJ 0.2965 Tc 14.076 0 Td (,a)Tj 0 Tc 1.046 0 Td [(nd )-46(some )-46(of )-46(the )-46(networking )-46(functions.)-549(Ther)]TJ 0.2966 Tc 19.399 0 Td (ea)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.276 0 Td (re)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0 Tc 1.153 0 Td (get)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -36.95 -1.2 Td (set)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 2.8 0 Td (nd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.443 0 Td (end)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.05 0 Td [(functions for all the data \336les in this \336gur)18(e.)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1332.25 4190.25 cm 0 0 m 3828 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 137.1715 410.9507 Tm [(Description )-3087(Data)-250(\336le )-4439(Header)-2717(Str)8(uctur)]TJ 2.849 Tc 26.509 0 Td (eA)Tj 0 Tc 4.106 0 Td (dditional keyed lookup functions)Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1332.25 4070.25 cm 0 0 m 3828 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1332.25 4050.25 cm 0 0 m 3828 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 137.1633 396.9285 Tm [(passwor)18(ds)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.153 0 Td [(/etc/passwd )-2200( )-2200(passwd)-2200(getpwnam)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 27.5 0 Td (getpwuid)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -33.653 -1.25 Td [(gr)18(oups)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.153 0 Td [(/etc/group )-2800()-2800(group )-2200(getgrnam)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 27.5 0 Td (getgrgid)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -33.653 -1.25 Td (shadow)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 6.153 0 Td [(/etc/shadow )-2200()-1000(spwd )-2800(getspnam)]TJ ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1332.25 3730.25 cm 0 0 m 3828 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 137.1551 364.9124 Tm (hosts)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 6.153 0 Td [(/etc/hosts )-2800()-1600(hostent )-1000(getnameinfo)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 29.3 0 Td (getaddrinfo)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -35.453 -1.25 Td (networks)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 6.153 0 Td [(/etc/networks )-1000( )-1000(netent)-2200(getnetbyname)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 29.9 0 Td (getnetbyaddr)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -36.053 -1.25 Td [(pr)18(otocols)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.153 0 Td [(/etc/protocols )-400()-1600(protoent )-400(getprotobyname)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 31.1 0 Td (getprotobynumber)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -37.253 -1.25 Td (services)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 6.153 0 Td [(/etc/services )-1000( )-1000(servent )-1000(getservbyname)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 30.5 0 Td (getservbyport)Tj ET q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1332.25 3310.25 cm 0 0 m 3828 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3600.25 3310.25 cm 0 0 m 0 880 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3136.25 3310.25 cm 0 0 m 0 880 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2576.25 3310.25 cm 0 0 m 0 880 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1824.25 3310.25 cm 0 0 m 0 880 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5160.25 3310.25 cm 0 0 m 0 880 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1332.25 3310.25 cm 0 0 m 0 880 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9976 0 0 7.9976 221.5535 312.9061 Tm (Figure 6.6)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.195 0 Td [(Similar r)18(outines for accessing system data \336les)]TJ -9.948 -3.1 Td [(Under )-42(Solaris, )-42(the )-42(last )-42(four )-42(data )-42(\336les )-42(in )-42(Figur)]TJ 0.2918 Tc 20.199 0 Td (e6)Tj 0 Tc 1.271 0 Td [(.6 )-42(ar)]TJ 0.2918 Tc 1.919 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.195 0 Td [(ymbolic )-42(links )-42(to )-42(\336les )-42(of )-42(the )-42(same )-42(name)]TJ -24.583 -1.25 Td [(in )-98(the )-98(dir)19(ectory)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.328 0 Td (/etc/inet)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5976 Tc (.M)Tj 0 Tc 7.194 0 Td [(ost )-98(UNIX )-98(System )-98(implementations )-98(have )-98(additional )-98(functions)]TJ -14.521 -1.25 Td [(that )-106(ar)]TJ 0.3559 Tc 2.967 0 Td (el)Tj 0 Tc 1.126 0 Td [(ike )-106(these, )-106(but )-106(the )-106(additional )-106(functions )-106(tend )-106(to )-106(deal )-106(with )-106(system )-106(administration )-106(\336les)]TJ -4.093 -1.25 Td (and ar)Tj 0.25 Tc 2.82 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.153 0 Td (peci\336c to each implementation.)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 11.9964 0 0 11.9964 93.5723 222.1333 Tm [(6.8 )-1332(Login)-556(Accounting)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf -0.09 Tc 9.997 0 0 9.997 129.5615 198.1405 Tm (Tw)Tj 0.2532 Tc 1.357 0 Td (od)Tj 0 Tc 1.41 0 Td [(ata )-3(\336les )-3(pr)18(ovided )-3(with )-3(most )-3(UNIX )-3(systems )-3(ar)]TJ 0.2533 Tc 20.197 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.058 0 Td (he)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.314 0 Td (utmp)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.653 0 Td [(\336le, )-3(which )-3(keeps )-3(track )-3(of)]TJ -27.99 -1.2 Td [(all )-66(the )-66(users )-66(curr)18(ently )-66(logged )-66(in, )-66(and )-66(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 18.614 0 Td (wtmp)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.716 0 Td [(\336le, )-65(which )-65(keeps 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Tf 4.12 0 Td [(contains )-221(the )-221(array )-221(of )-221(gr)18(oup )-221(IDs, )-221(and)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf -21.705 -1.2 Td [(ngr)18(oups)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 3.667 0 Td [(speci\336es )-101(the )-101(number )-101(of )-101(elements )-101(in )-101(the )-101(array)]TJ 0.6013 Tc 20.406 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.464 0 Td [(he )-101(value )-101(of)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 5.432 0 Td [(ngr)18(oups)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 3.667 0 Td [(cannot )-101(be)]TJ -34.637 -1.2 Td [(lar)18(ger than)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.088 0 Td (NGROUPS_MAX)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj -3.288 -1.2 Td (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.034 0 Td (setgroups)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.76 0 Td [(function )-110(is )-110(usually )-110(called )-110(fr)18(om )-110(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 15.994 0 Td (initgroups)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.36 0 Td [(function, )-110(which)]TJ -0.018 Tc -31.95 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(ads )-57(the )-57(entir)]TJ 0.307 Tc 5.591 0 Td (eg)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.342 0 Td (ro)Tj 0 Tc 0.923 0 Td [(up )-57(\336le)]TJ 0.0833 Tc 2.969 0 Td (\321w)Tj 0 Tc 1.917 0 Td [(ith )-57(the 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(.I)Tj 0.5378 Tc 6.775 0 Td (na)Tj 0 Tc 1.62 0 Td [(ddition )-288(to)]TJ -34.332 -1.2 Td [(\336nding )-196(all )-196(the )-196(gr)18(oups )-196(that)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 12.766 0 Td (username)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.336 0 Td [(is )-196(a )-196(member )-196(of )-196(in )-196(the )-196(gr)18(oup )-196(\336le,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 15.899 0 Td (initgroups)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -33 -1.2 Td (includes)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 4.123 0 Td (basegid)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.361 0 Td [(in )-148(the )-148(supplementary )-148(gr)18(oup )-148(ID )-148(list;)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 16.743 0 Td (basegid)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.361 0 Td [(is )-148(the )-148(gr)18(oup )-148(ID )-148(fr)18(om )-148(the)]TJ -27.588 -1.2 Td (passwor)Tj 0.25 Tc 3.706 0 Td (d\336)Tj 0 Tc 1.466 0 Td (le for)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 2.544 0 Td (username)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj -5.916 -1.2 Td (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.277 0 Td (initgroups)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.603 0 Td [(function )-353(is )-353(called )-353(by )-353(only )-353(a )-353(few )-353(pr)16(ograms. )-603(The)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 24.154 0 Td (login)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (1)Tj 0.5 0.04 Td (\))Tj -38.667 -1.24 Td [(pr)18(ogram, for example, calls it when we log in.)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 11.9986 0 0 11.9986 93.5886 180.9583 Tm [(6.6 )-1332(Implementation)-556(Diff)10(erences)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf -0.092 Tc 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5842 156.9612 Tm (We)Tj 0 Tc 1.387 0 Td [(\325ve )-193(alr)18(eady )-193(discussed )-193(the )-193(shadow )-193(passwor)]TJ 0.4434 Tc 19.753 0 Td (d\336)Tj 0 Tc 1.659 0 Td [(le )-193(supported )-193(by )-193(Linux )-193(and )-193(Solaris.)]TJ -22.8 -1.2 Td [(Fr)18(eeBSD )-91(and )-91(Mac )-91(OS )-91(X )-91(stor)]TJ 0.3408 Tc 12.739 0 Td (ee)Tj 0 Tc 1.299 0 Td [(ncrypted )-91(passwor)18(ds )-91(dif)18(fer)18(ently)]TJ 0.5908 Tc 13.946 0 Td (.F)Tj 0 Tc 1.397 0 Td (igur)Tj 0.3408 Tc 1.827 0 Td (e6)Tj 0 Tc 1.32 0 Td [(.5 )-91(summarizes)]TJ -32.527 -1.2 Td [(how the four platforms cover)18(ed in this book stor)]TJ 0.25 Tc 21.396 0 Td (eu)Tj 0 Tc 1.332 0 Td [(ser and gr)18(oup information.)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46852 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(6.5)]TJ 31.587 0 Td [(Supplementary )-250(Gr)18(oup )-250(IDs)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 14.246 0 Td (183)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 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(if \(fwrite\(&item, sizeof\(item\), 1, fp\) != 1\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_sys\("fwrite error"\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 163.911 148.8425 Tm [(Her)18(e, )-25(we )-25(specify)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 7.682 0 Td (size)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.775 0 Td [(as )-25(the )-25(size )-25(of )-25(str)8(uctur)]TJ 0.2749 Tc 9.474 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.254 0 Td (nd)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.468 0 Td (nobj)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.016 0 Td [(as )-25(1 )-25(\(the )-25(number )-25(of )-25(objects)]TJ -23.669 -1.2 Td (to write\).)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46864 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(5.8)]TJ 32.745 0 Td (Standar)Tj 0.5 Tc 3.421 0 Td (dI)Tj 0 Tc 1.448 0 Td [(/O )-250(Ef)18(\336ciency)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 8.219 0 Td (153)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 668.9599 Tm [(buf)18(fer)]TJ 0.5675 Tc 2.604 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.431 0 Td [(he )-67(buf)18(fer )-67(is )-67(terminated )-67(with )-67(a )-67(null )-67(byte.)-567(If )-67(the )-67(line, )-67(including )-67(the )-67(terminating)]TJ -4.035 -1.2 Td [(newline, )-31(is )-31(longer )-31(than)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 10.466 0 Td (n)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.723 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 0.716 0 Td (1)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.281 Tc (,o)Tj 0 Tc 1.577 0 Td [(nly )-31(a )-31(partial )-31(line )-31(is )-31(r)18(eturned, )-31(but )-31(the )-31(buf)18(fer )-31(is )-31(always )-31(null)]TJ -13.481 -1.2 Td [(terminated. )-250(Another)-250(call to)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 12.458 0 Td (fgets)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td [(will r)18(ead what follows on the line.)]TJ -13.908 -1.2 Td (The)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 2.006 0 Td (gets)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.732 0 Td [(function )-82(should )-82(never )-82(be )-82(used.)-582(The )-82(pr)18(oblem )-82(is )-82(that )-82(it )-82(doesn\325t )-82(allow )-82(the)]TJ -6.538 -1.2 Td [(caller )-88(to )-88(specify )-88(the )-88(buf)18(fer )-88(size.)-591(This )-89(allows )-89(the )-89(buf)18(fer )-89(to )-89(over\337ow )-89(if )-89(the )-89(line )-89(is )-89(longer)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(than )-93(the )-93(buf)18(fer)]TJ 0.343 Tc 6.667 0 Td (,w)Tj 0 Tc 1.427 0 Td [(riting )-93(over )-93(whatever )-93(happens )-93(to )-93(follow )-93(the )-93(buf)18(fer )-93(in )-93(memory)]TJ 0.5929 Tc 27.723 0 Td (.F)Tj 0 Tc 1.399 0 Td [(or )-93(a)]TJ -37.216 -1.2 Td [(description )-24(of )-24(how )-24(this )-24(\337aw )-24(was )-24(used )-24(as )-24(part )-24(of )-24(the )-24(Internet )-24(worm )-24(of )-24(1988, )-24(see )-24(the )-24(June)]TJ T* [(1989 )-67(issue )-67(\(vol. )-67(32, )-67(no. )-67(6\) )-67(of)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 12.765 0 Td [(Communications )-67(of )-67(the )-67(ACM)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 0.5669 Tc (.A)Tj 0.3169 Tc 13.731 0 Td (na)Tj 0 Tc 1.399 0 Td [(dditional )-67(dif)18(fer)18(ence )-67(with)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf -27.894 -1.2 Td (gets)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td (is that it doesn\325t stor)Tj 0.25 Tc 8.985 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.055 0 Td [(he newline in the buf)18(fer)]TJ 0.25 Tc 10.463 0 Td (,a)Tj 0 Tc 1 0 Td (s)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 0.674 0 Td (fgets)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td (does.)Tj 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 183.5885 552.9668 Tm [(This )-29(dif)18(fer)18(ence )-29(in )-29(newline )-29(handling )-29(between )-29(the )-29(two )-29(functions )-29(goes )-29(way )-29(back )-29(in )-29(the )-29(evolution)]TJ 0 -1.25 TD [(of )-28(the )-28(UNIX )-28(System.)-530(Even )-28(the )-28(V)111(ersion )-28(7 )-28(manual)]TJ 21.889 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (1979)Tj 2 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.611 -0.04 Td [(states )-28(\324)37(\324)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf (gets)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.955 0 Td [(deletes )-28(a )-28(newline,)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 8.212 0 Td (fgets)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -39 -1.25 Td (keeps it, all in the name of backwar)Tj 0.25 Tc 15.585 0 Td (dc)Tj 0 Tc 1.305 0 Td [(ompatibility)111(.\325)37(\325)]TJ 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5915 510.9693 Tm [(Even )-268(though )-268(ISO )-268(C )-268(r)17(equir)18(es )-268(an )-268(implementation )-268(to )-268(pr)17(ovide)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 28.527 0 Td (gets)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.5183 Tc (,y)Tj 0 Tc 3.724 0 Td [(ou )-268(should )-268(use)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf -32.251 -1.2 Td (fgets)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.363 0 Td [(instead. )-363(In)-363(fact,)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 7.574 0 Td (gets)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.763 0 Td [(is )-113(marked )-113(as )-113(an )-113(obsolescent )-113(interface )-113(in )-113(SUSv4 )-113(and )-113(has)]TJ -13.7 -1.2 Td [(been omitted fr)18(om the latest version of the ISO C standar)]TJ 0.25 Tc 25.152 0 Td (d\()Tj 0 Tc 1.194 0 Td [(ISO/IEC 9899:201)55(1\).)]TJ -24.546 -1.2 Td [(Line-at-a-time output is pr)18(ovided by)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 16.427 0 Td (fputs)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td (and)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.943 0 Td (puts)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5909 453.4728 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -2.021 TD (int fputs\(const char *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 18.6 0 Td (str)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,F)Tj 0 Tc 2.911 0 Td (ILE *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 8.4 0 Td (fp)Tj /TT1 1 Tf (\);)Tj -29.911 -2.021 Td (int puts\(const char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (str)Tj /TT1 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 16.491 -2.021 Td [(Both r)18(eturn: non-negative value if OK,)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 17.222 0 Td (EOF)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.05 0 Td [(on err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 3944.25 cm 0 0 m 0 681 l 3900 681 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 376.0849 Tm [(The )-68(function)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 6.017 0 Td (fputs)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.318 0 Td [(writes )-68(the )-68(null-terminated )-68(string )-68(to )-68(the )-68(speci\336ed )-68(str)19(eam. )-318(The)-318(null)]TJ -9.334 -1.2 Td [(byte )-20(at )-20(the )-20(end )-20(is )-20(not )-20(written.)-518(Note )-20(that )-20(this )-20(need )-20(not )-20(be )-20(line-at-a-time )-20(output, )-20(since )-20(the)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(string )-182(need )-182(not )-182(contain )-182(a )-182(newline )-182(as )-182(the )-182(last )-182(non-null )-182(character)]TJ 0.6823 Tc 29.464 0 Td (.U)Tj 0 Tc 1.71 0 Td (sually)Tj 0.4323 Tc 2.554 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 1.008 0 Td [(his )-182(is )-182(the)]TJ -34.737 -1.2 Td [(case )167(\321 )167(the)-251(last non-null character is a newline)]TJ 0.0833 Tc 20.153 0 Td (\321b)Tj 0 Tc 1.636 0 Td [(ut it\325s not r)18(equir)18(ed.)]TJ -19.989 -1.2 Td (The)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.927 0 Td (puts)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.653 0 Td [(function )-3(writes )-3(the )-3(null-terminated )-3(string )-3(to )-3(the )-3(standar)]TJ 0.2531 Tc 24.74 0 Td (do)Tj 0 Tc 1.41 0 Td [(utput, )-3(without)]TJ -32.53 -1.2 Td [(writing )-32(the )-32(null )-32(byte.)-533(But)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 11.794 0 Td (puts)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.682 0 Td [(then )-32(writes )-32(a )-32(newline )-32(character )-32(to )-32(the )-32(standar)]TJ 0.2823 Tc 20.375 0 Td (do)Tj 0 Tc 1.439 0 Td (utput.)Tj -34.491 -1.2 Td (The)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 2.142 0 Td (puts)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.868 0 Td [(function )-218(is )-218(not )-218(unsafe, )-218(like )-218(its )-218(counterpart)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 20.177 0 Td (gets)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.7179 Tc (.N)Tj 0 Tc 4.199 0 Td [(evertheless, )-218(we\325ll)]TJ -31.186 -1.2 Td [(avoid )-164(using )-164(it, )-164(to )-164(pr)18(event )-164(having )-164(to )-164(r)19(emember )-164(whether )-164(it )-164(appends )-164(a )-164(newline.)-664(If )-164(we)]TJ T* [(always )-58(use)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 5.228 0 Td (fgets)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.308 0 Td (and)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 2.001 0 Td (fputs)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(,)-308(we)-308(k)-1(now )-58(that )-58(we )-58(always )-58(have )-58(to )-58(deal )-58(with )-58(the )-58(newline)]TJ -10.538 -1.2 Td (character at the end of each line.)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 11.9986 0 0 11.9986 93.5883 232.1021 Tm [(5.8 )-1332(Standar)]TJ 0.556 Tc 6.703 0 Td (dI)Tj 0 Tc 1.445 0 Td [(/O )-278(Ef\336cienc)10(y)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5834 208.105 Tm [(Using )-13(the )-13(functions )-13(fr)18(om )-13(the )-13(pr)18(evious )-13(section, )-13(we )-13(can )-13(get )-13(an )-13(idea )-13(of )-13(the )-13(ef)19(\336ciency )-13(of )-13(the)]TJ T* (standar)Tj 0.313 Tc 3.32 0 Td (dI)Tj 0 Tc 1.261 0 Td [(/O )-63(system.)-563(The )-63(pr)18(ogram )-63(in )-63(Figur)]TJ 0.3129 Tc 15.337 0 Td (e5)Tj 0 Tc 1.292 0 Td [(.4 )-63(is )-63(like )-63(the )-63(one )-63(in )-63(Figur)]TJ 0.3129 Tc 11.209 0 Td (e3)Tj 0 Tc 1.292 0 Td [(.5: )-63(it )-63(simply)]TJ -33.711 -1.2 Td [(copies )-122(standar)]TJ 0.3719 Tc 6.477 0 Td (di)Tj 0 Tc 1.274 0 Td [(nput )-122(to )-122(standar)]TJ 0.3719 Tc 7.048 0 Td (do)Tj 0 Tc 1.529 0 Td [(utput, )-122(using)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 5.909 0 Td (getc)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.772 0 Td (and)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 2.065 0 Td (putc)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.6219 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 3.885 0 Td [(hese )-122(two )-122(r)18(outines)]TJ -30.958 -1.2 Td [(can be implemented as macr)18(os.)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46865 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (152)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td (Standar)Tj 0.5 Tc 3.421 0 Td (dI)Tj 0 Tc 1.448 0 Td [(/O )-250(Library)]TJ 34.372 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(5)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5911 668.9599 Tm [(The )-108(character )-108(that )-108(we )-108(push )-108(back )-108(does )-108(not )-108(have )-108(to )-108(be )-108(the )-108(same )-108(character )-108(that )-108(was)]TJ -0.018 Tc -1.8 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(ad. )-342(W)]TJ 0.3416 Tc 2.861 0 Td (ea)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.321 0 Td [(re )-128(n)]TJ 0 Tc 1.78 0 Td [(ot )-92(able )-92(to )-92(push )-92(back)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.538 0 Td (EOF)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5916 Tc (.W)Tj 0 Tc 3.642 0 Td [(hen )-92(we )-92(r)18(each )-92(the )-92(end )-92(of )-92(\336le, )-92(however)]TJ 0.3417 Tc 17.099 0 Td (,w)Tj 0 Tc 1.426 0 Td (e)Tj -38.521 -1.2 Td [(can )-93(push )-93(back )-93(a )-93(character)]TJ 0.5935 Tc 11.654 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.456 0 Td [(he )-93(next )-93(r)18(ead )-93(will )-93(r)18(eturn )-93(that )-93(character)]TJ 0.3434 Tc 17.186 0 Td (,a)Tj 0 Tc 1.093 0 Td [(nd )-93(the )-93(r)18(ead )-93(after)]TJ -31.39 -1.2 Td [(that )-53(will )-53(r)18(eturn)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.113 0 Td (EOF)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5533 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 3.216 0 Td [(his )-53(works )-53(because )-53(a )-53(successful )-53(call )-53(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 17.024 0 Td (ungetc)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.903 0 Td [(clears )-53(the )-53(end-of-)]TJ -31.256 -1.2 Td [(\336le indication for the str)18(eam.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(Pushback )-32(is )-32(often )-32(used )-32(when )-32(we\325r)]TJ 0.2819 Tc 15.219 0 Td (er)Tj 0 Tc 1.138 0 Td [(eading )-32(an )-32(input )-32(str)18(eam )-32(and )-32(br)18(eaking )-32(the )-32(input)]TJ -18.157 -1.2 Td [(into )-25(wor)18(ds )-25(or )-25(tokens )-25(of )-25(some )-25(form.)-525(Sometimes )-25(we )-25(need )-25(to )-25(peek )-25(at )-25(the )-25(next )-25(character )-25(to)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(determine )-9(how )-9(to )-9(handle )-9(the )-9(curr)16(ent )-9(character)]TJ 0.5094 Tc 20.545 0 Td (.I)Tj 0 Tc 1.096 0 Td [(t\325s )-9(then )-9(easy )-9(to )-9(push )-9(back )-9(the )-9(character)]TJ -21.641 -1.2 Td [(that )-31(we )-31(peeked )-31(at, )-31(for )-31(the )-31(next )-31(call )-31(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 16.82 0 Td (getc)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.681 0 Td [(to )-31(r)18(eturn. )-281(If)-281(the )-31(standar)]TJ 0.2812 Tc 10.635 0 Td (dI)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td [(/O )-31(library )-31(didn\325t)]TJ -31.366 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ovide )-73(this )-73(pushback )-73(capability)110(,)-323(we)-323(w)-1(ould )-73(have )-73(to )-73(stor)]TJ 0.3233 Tc 25.303 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.128 0 Td [(he )-73(character )-73(in )-73(a )-73(variable )-73(of)]TJ -26.432 -1.2 Td [(our )-114(own, )-114(along )-114(with )-114(a )-114(\337ag )-114(telling )-114(us )-114(to )-114(use )-114(this )-114(character )-114(instead )-114(of )-114(calling)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 34.849 0 Td (getc)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.764 0 Td (the)Tj -37.613 -1.2 Td [(next time we need a character)74(.)]TJ 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 183.5884 516.969 Tm [(When )-69(we )-69(push )-69(characters )-69(back )-69(with)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 16.657 0 Td (ungetc)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.3194 Tc (,t)Tj 0 Tc 4.495 0 Td [(hey )-69(ar)]TJ 0.3194 Tc 2.813 0 Td (en)Tj 0 Tc 1.38 0 Td [(ot )-69(written )-69(back )-69(to )-69(the )-69(underlying )-69(\336le)]TJ -25.346 -1.25 Td [(or device.)-500(Instead, they ar)]TJ 0.25 Tc 11.639 0 Td (ek)Tj 0 Tc 1.285 0 Td [(ept incor)18(e)-250(in)-250(the standar)]TJ 0.25 Tc 10.705 0 Td (dI)Tj 0 Tc 1.198 0 Td [(/O library\325s buf)18(fer for the str)18(eam.)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 93.5941 478.9713 Tm (Output Functions)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.6 -2.4 Td [(Output )-187(functions )-187(ar)]TJ 0.4372 Tc 9.127 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.416 0 Td [(vailable )-187(that )-187(corr)18(espond )-187(to )-187(each )-187(of )-187(the )-187(input )-187(functions )-187(we\325ve)]TJ -10.544 -1.2 Td [(alr)18(eady described.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5906 426.2744 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.902 TD (int putc\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 7.8 0 Td (c)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,F)Tj 0 Tc 2.207 0 Td (ILE *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (fp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -10.007 -1.902 Td (int fputc\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 8.4 0 Td (c)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,F)Tj 0 Tc 2.207 0 Td (ILE *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (fp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -10.607 -1.902 Td (int putchar\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 9.6 0 Td (c)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 13.205 -1.902 Td [(All thr)18(ee r)18(eturn:)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 7.365 0 Td (c)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.657 0 Td (if OK,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.886 0 Td (EOF)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.05 0 Td [(on err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 3533.25 cm 0 0 m 0 820 l 3900 820 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 339.7792 Tm [(As )-203(with )-203(the )-203(input )-203(functions,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 13.674 0 Td (putchar\(c\))Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.454 0 Td [(is )-203(equivalent )-203(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.623 0 Td [(putc\(c, )147(stdout\))]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 0.4534 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 10.057 0 Td (nd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -37.807 -1.2 Td (putc)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.838 0 Td [(can )-188(be )-188(implemented )-188(as )-188(a )-188(macr)18(o, )-188(wher)17(eas)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 19.629 0 Td (fputc)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.438 0 Td [(cannot )-188(be )-188(implemented )-188(as )-188(a)]TJ -25.906 -1.2 Td [(macr)18(o.)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 11.9986 0 0 11.9986 93.5891 279.7864 Tm [(5.7 )-1332(Line-at-a-Time)-556(I/O)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5846 255.7893 Tm [(Line-at-a-time input is pr)18(ovided by the two functions,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 24.049 0 Td (fgets)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.943 0 Td (gets)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9989 0 0 8.9989 147.5826 239.0913 Tm (#include )Tj T* (char *fgets\(char *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 16.2 0 Td (buf)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 3.097 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (n)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,F)Tj 0 Tc 2.356 0 Td (ILE *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 8.4 0 Td (fp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -31.853 -1.902 Td (char *gets\(char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (buf)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 11.682 0 Td (\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.051 -1.902 Td [(Both r)18(eturn:)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.577 0 Td (buf)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.05 0 Td (if OK,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.886 0 Td (NULL)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td [(on end of \336le or err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 1832.25 cm 0 0 m 0 649 l 3900 649 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9982 0 0 9.9982 129.5767 169.7294 Tm [(Both )-134(specify )-134(the )-134(addr)18(ess )-134(of )-134(the )-134(buf)18(fer )-134(to )-134(r)18(ead )-134(the )-134(line )-134(into.)-637(The)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 29.734 0 Td (gets)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.784 0 Td [(function )-134(r)18(eads)]TJ -32.518 -1.2 Td [(fr)18(om standar)]TJ 0.25 Tc 5.709 0 Td (di)Tj 0 Tc 1.152 0 Td [(nput, wher)18(eas)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.537 0 Td (fgets)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 3.25 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(ads fr)18(om the speci\336ed str)18(eam.)]TJ -0.055 Tc -15.704 -1.2 Td (Wi)Tj 0 Tc 1.236 0 Td (th)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.301 0 Td (fgets)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(,)-393(we)-393(have )-143(to )-143(specify )-143(the )-143(size )-143(of )-143(the )-143(buf)17(fer)74(,)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 22.822 0 Td (n)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.6432 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 2.062 0 Td [(his )-143(function )-143(r)18(eads )-143(up)]TJ -29.221 -1.2 Td [(thr)18(ough )-189(and )-189(including )-189(the )-189(next )-189(newline, )-189(but )-189(no )-189(mor)]TJ 0.4394 Tc 24.525 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.244 0 Td (han)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 2.103 0 Td (n)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 0.723 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 0.716 0 Td (1)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.939 0 Td [(characters, )-189(into )-189(the)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46866 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (150)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td (Standar)Tj 0.5 Tc 3.421 0 Td (dI)Tj 0 Tc 1.448 0 Td [(/O )-250(Library)]TJ 34.372 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(5)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 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can choose fr)18(om among thr)18(ee types of unformatted I/O:)]TJ 1.8 -1.92 Td [(1. )-633(Character)18(-at-a-time )-52(I/O.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 13.083 0 Td [(We )-236(c)]TJ 0 Tc 2.133 0 Td [(an )-52(r)18(ead )-52(or )-52(write )-52(one )-52(character )-52(at )-52(a )-52(time, )-52(with )-52(the)]TJ -13.583 -1.2 Td (standar)Tj 0.25 Tc 3.32 0 Td (dI)Tj 0 Tc 1.198 0 Td [(/O functions handling all the buf)18(fering, if the str)18(eam is buf)18(fer)18(ed.)]TJ -6.151 -1.6 Td [(2. )-633(Line-at-a-time)-326(I/O. )-326(If)-327(we )-76(want )-76(to )-76(r)18(ead )-76(or )-76(write )-76(a )-76(line )-76(at )-76(a )-76(time, )-76(we )-76(use)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 34.2 0 Td (fgets)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -32.567 -1.2 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.054 0 Td (fputs)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.6109 Tc (.E)Tj 0 Tc 4.472 0 Td [(ach )-111(line )-111(is )-111(terminated )-111(with )-111(a )-111(newline )-111(character)]TJ 0.3608 Tc 21.344 0 Td (,a)Tj 0 Tc 1.111 0 Td [(nd )-111(we )-111(have )-111(to)]TJ -28.981 -1.2 Td [(specify )-74(the 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)-77(Linux)]TJ 0.0833 Tc 17.173 0 Td (\321t)Tj 0 Tc 1.409 0 Td (hey)Tj -35.883 -1.25 Td (ar)Tj 0.25 Tc 0.877 0 Td (eu)Tj 0 Tc 1.332 0 Td [(nr)18(elated.)]TJ 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5837 260.7087 Tm (\(W)Tj 0.25 Tc 1.241 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.34 0 Td (escribe the formatted I/O functions, such as)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 19.688 0 Td (printf)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.943 0 Td (scanf)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(,)-250(in)-250(Section 5.1)55(1.\))]TJ /TT1 1 Tf -31.662 -2.28 Td (Input Functions)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.6 -1.68 Td [(Thr)18(ee functions allow us to r)18(ead one character at a time.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9989 0 0 8.9989 147.582 204.4155 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.664 TD (int getc\(FILE *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (fp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -0 -1.664 Td (int fgetc\(FILE *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (fp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj 0 -1.664 TD (int getchar\(void\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 11.127 -1.664 Td [(All thr)18(ee r)18(eturn: next character if OK,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 16.719 0 Td (EOF)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.05 0 Td [(on end of \336le or err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 1400.25 cm 0 0 m 0 734 l 3900 734 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46867 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(8.5)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 36.579 0 Td (exit)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.9 0 Td (Functions)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.354 0 Td (237)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 163.9202 668.9599 Tm [(signals )-311(generated )-311(by )-311(the )-311(kernel )-311(include )-311(the )-311(pr)18(ocess )-311(r)18(efer)18(encing )-311(a )-311(memory)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(location not within its addr)18(ess space or trying to divide by 0.)]TJ -1.633 -1.6 Td [(3. )-633(The)-520(last )-270(thr)18(ead )-270(r)18(esponds )-270(to )-270(a )-270(cancellation )-270(r)17(equest. )-520(By)-520(default, )-270(cancellation)]TJ 1.633 -1.2 Td [(occurs )-67(in )-67(a )-67(deferr)19(ed )-67(manner: )-67(one )-67(thr)18(ead )-67(r)18(equests )-67(that )-67(another )-67(be )-67(canceled, )-67(and)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(sometime )-32(later )-32(the )-32(tar)18(get )-32(thr)18(ead )-32(terminates.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 20.008 0 Td [(We )-217(d)]TJ 0 Tc 2.281 0 Td [(iscuss )-32(cancellation )-32(r)18(equests )-32(in)]TJ -22.288 -1.2 Td [(detail in Sections 1)55(1.5 and 12.7.)]TJ -1.633 -2.04 Td [(Regar)18(dless )-107(of )-107(how )-107(a )-107(pr)19(ocess )-107(terminates, )-107(the )-107(same )-107(code )-107(in )-107(the )-107(kernel )-107(is )-107(eventually)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(executed. )-348(This)-348(kernel )-98(code )-98(closes )-98(all )-98(the )-98(open )-98(descriptors )-98(for )-98(the )-98(pr)18(ocess, )-98(r)18(eleases )-98(the)]TJ T* (memory that it was using, and so on.)Tj 1.8 -1.2 Td [(For )-28(any )-28(of )-28(the )-28(pr)16(eceding )-28(cases, )-28(we )-28(want )-28(the )-28(terminating )-28(pr)18(ocess )-28(to )-28(be )-28(able )-28(to )-28(notify)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(its )-116(par)18(ent )-116(how )-116(it )-116(terminated.)-616(For )-116(the )-116(thr)15(ee )-116(exit )-116(functions )-116(\()]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 26.725 0 Td (exit)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.016 0 Td (_exit)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.3664 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 4.116 0 Td (nd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.559 0 Td (_Exit)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (\),)Tj -35.417 -1.2 Td [(this )-53(is )-53(done )-53(by )-53(passing )-53(an )-53(exit )-53(status )-53(as )-53(the )-53(ar)18(gument )-53(to )-53(the )-53(function.)-553(In )-53(the )-53(case )-53(of )-53(an)]TJ T* [(abnormal )-85(termination, )-85(however)]TJ 0.3355 Tc 14.178 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 0.911 0 Td [(he )-85(kernel)]TJ 0.0833 Tc 4.262 0 Td (\321n)Tj 0 Tc 1.665 0 Td [(ot )-85(the )-85(pr)17(ocess )167(\321 )167(generates)]TJ 0.3354 Tc 11.947 0 Td (at)Tj 0 Tc 1.161 0 Td (ermination)Tj -34.125 -1.2 Td [(status )-11(to )-11(indicate )-11(the )-11(r)16(eason )-11(for )-11(the )-11(abnormal )-11(termination.)-511(In )-11(any )-11(case, )-11(the )-11(par)18(ent )-11(of )-11(the)]TJ T* [(pr)18(ocess )-17(can )-17(obtain )-17(the )-17(termination )-17(status )-17(fr)18(om )-17(either )-17(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 25.295 0 Td (wait)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.667 0 Td [(or )-17(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 2.863 0 Td (waitpid)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.467 0 Td (function)Tj -35.293 -1.2 Td (\(described in the next section\).)Tj 1.8 -1.2 Td [(Note )-71(that )-71(we )-71(dif)17(fer)18(entiate )-71(between )-71(the )-71(exit )-71(status, )-71(which )-71(is )-71(the )-71(ar)18(gument )-71(to )-71(one )-71(of)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(the )-54(thr)18(ee )-54(exit )-54(functions )-54(or )-54(the )-54(r)18(eturn )-54(value )-54(fr)20(om)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 21.773 0 Td (main)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.3037 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 3.454 0 Td [(nd )-54(the )-54(termination )-54(status.)-553(The)]TJ -25.227 -1.2 Td [(exit )-128(status )-128(is )-128(converted )-128(into )-128(a )-128(termination )-128(status )-128(by )-128(the )-128(kernel )-128(when)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 31.703 0 Td (_exit)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.379 0 Td [(is )-128(\336nally)]TJ -35.082 -1.2 Td [(called )-56(\(r)18(ecall )-56(Figur)]TJ 0.3061 Tc 8.326 0 Td (e7)Tj 0 Tc 1.285 0 Td [(.2\). )-306(Figur)]TJ 0.3061 Tc 4.272 0 Td (e8)Tj 0 Tc 1.285 0 Td [(.4 )-56(describes )-56(the )-56(various )-56(ways )-56(the )-56(par)17(ent )-56(can )-56(examine)]TJ -15.169 -1.2 Td [(the )-22(termination )-22(status )-22(of )-22(a )-22(child.)-522(If )-22(the )-22(child )-22(terminated )-22(normally)]TJ 0.2717 Tc 29.087 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 0.848 0 Td [(he )-22(par)18(ent )-22(can )-22(obtain)]TJ -29.935 -1.2 Td (the exit status of the child.)Tj 1.8 -1.2 Td [(When )-114(we )-114(described )-114(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.087 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.764 0 Td [(function, )-114(it )-114(was )-114(obvious )-114(that )-114(the )-114(child )-114(has )-114(a )-114(par)16(ent)]TJ -15.651 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ocess )-73(after )-73(the )-73(call )-73(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.73 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.5734 Tc (.N)Tj 0 Tc 4.054 0 Td [(ow )-73(we\325r)]TJ 0.3234 Tc 3.671 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.128 0 Td [(alking )-73(about )-73(r)18(eturning )-73(a )-73(termination )-73(status)]TJ -19.584 -1.2 Td [(to )-58(the )-58(par)18(ent. )-308(But)-308(what )-58(happens )-58(if )-58(the )-58(par)18(ent )-58(terminates )-58(befor)]TJ 0.3078 Tc 28.102 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.113 0 Td [(he )-58(child?)-557(The )-58(answer)]TJ -29.215 -1.2 Td [(is )-255(that )-255(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.352 0 Td (init)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.906 0 Td [(pr)18(ocess )-255(becomes )-255(the )-255(par)18(ent )-255(pr)16(ocess )-256(of )-256(any )-256(pr)18(ocess )-256(whose )-256(par)20(ent)]TJ -8.258 -1.2 Td [(terminates. )-332(In)-333(such )-82(a )-82(case, )-82(we )-82(say )-82(that )-82(the )-82(pr)18(ocess )-82(has )-82(been )-82(inherited )-82(by)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 33.359 0 Td (init)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.5823 Tc (.W)Tj 0 Tc 4.232 0 Td (hat)Tj -37.592 -1.2 Td [(normally )-149(happens )-149(is )-149(that )-149(whenever )-149(a )-149(pr)20(ocess )-149(terminates, )-149(the )-149(kernel )-149(goes )-149(thr)18(ough )-149(all)]TJ T* [(active )-26(pr)18(ocesses )-26(to )-26(see )-26(whether )-26(the )-26(terminating )-26(pr)18(ocess )-26(is )-26(the )-26(par)18(ent )-26(of )-26(any )-26(pr)18(ocess )-26(that)]TJ T* [(still )-70(exists.)-570(If )-70(so, )-70(the )-70(par)18(ent )-70(pr)18(ocess )-70(ID )-70(of )-70(the )-70(surviving )-70(pr)18(ocess )-70(is )-70(changed )-70(to )-70(be )-70(1 )-70(\(the)]TJ T* [(pr)18(ocess ID of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.035 0 Td (init)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(\). )-250(This)-250(way)]TJ 0.25 Tc 7.422 0 Td (,w)Tj 0 Tc 1.334 0 Td (e\325r)Tj 0.25 Tc 1.134 0 Td (eg)Tj 0 Tc 1.285 0 Td [(uaranteed that every pr)18(ocess has a par)18(ent.)]TJ -15.41 -1.2 Td [(Another )-159(condition )-159(we )-159(have )-159(to )-159(worry )-159(about )-159(is )-159(when )-159(a )-159(child )-159(terminates )-159(befor)]TJ 0.4095 Tc 35.27 0 Td (ei)Tj 0 Tc 1.179 0 Td (ts)Tj -38.25 -1.2 Td [(par)18(ent. )-422(If)-422(the )-172(child )-172(completely )-172(disappear)18(ed, )-172(the )-172(par)19(ent )-172(wouldn\325t )-172(be )-172(able )-172(to )-172(fetch )-172(its)]TJ T* [(termination )-133(status )-133(when )-133(and )-133(if )-133(the )-133(par)18(ent )-133(was )-133(\336nally )-133(r)18(eady )-133(to )-133(check )-133(if )-133(the )-133(child )-133(had)]TJ T* [(terminated. )-472(The)-472(kernel )-222(keeps )-222(a )-222(small )-222(amount )-222(of )-222(information )-222(for )-222(every )-222(terminating)]TJ T* [(pr)18(ocess, )-50(so )-50(that )-50(the )-50(information )-50(is )-50(available )-50(when )-50(the )-50(par)18(ent )-50(of )-50(the )-50(terminating )-50(pr)15(ocess)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td (calls)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.414 0 Td (wait)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.864 0 Td (or)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.405 0 Td (waitpid)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.7142 Tc (.M)Tj 0 Tc 6.11 0 Td (inimally)Tj 0.4642 Tc 3.574 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 1.04 0 Td [(his )-214(information )-214(consists )-214(of )-214(the )-214(pr)18(ocess )-214(ID, )-214(the)]TJ -17.408 -1.2 Td [(termination )-138(status )-138(of )-138(the )-138(pr)18(ocess, )-138(and )-138(the )-138(amount )-138(of )-138(CPU )-138(time )-138(taken )-138(by )-138(the )-138(pr)18(ocess.)]TJ T* [(The )-81(kernel )-81(can )-81(discar)]TJ 0.331 Tc 9.622 0 Td (da)Tj 0 Tc 1.442 0 Td [(ll )-81(the )-81(memory )-81(used )-81(by )-81(the )-81(pr)18(ocess )-81(and )-81(close )-81(its )-81(open )-81(\336les.)-582(In)]TJ -11.064 -1.2 Td [(UNIX )-51(System )-51(terminology)]TJ 0.3011 Tc 11.748 0 Td (,ap)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.953 0 Td (ro)Tj 0 Tc 0.923 0 Td [(cess )-51(that )-51(has )-51(terminated, )-51(but )-51(whose )-51(par)17(ent )-51(has )-51(not )-51(yet)]TJ -14.624 -1.2 Td [(waited )-13(for )-13(it, )-13(is )-13(called )-13(a)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 10.593 0 Td (zombie)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.5134 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 4.172 0 Td (he)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.324 0 Td (ps)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.2 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (1)Tj 0.5 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.596 -0.04 Td [(command )-13(prints )-13(the )-13(state )-13(of )-13(a )-13(zombie )-13(pr)15(ocess)]TJ -18.72 -1.2 Td (as)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.437 0 Td (Z)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.7626 Tc (.I)Tj 0 Tc 2.017 0 Td [(f)-513(we)-513(w)1(rite )-263(a )-263(long-r)9(unning )-262(pr)18(ogram )-262(that)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 19.542 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.5125 Tc (sm)Tj 0 Tc 4.219 0 Td [(any )-262(child )-262(pr)18(ocesses, )-262(they)]TJ -27.215 -1.2 Td (become zombies unless we wait for them and fetch their termination statu\ s.)Tj 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 183.5884 134.9919 Tm [(Some systems pr)18(ovide ways to pr)18(event the cr)18(eation of zombies, as we describe in Section 10.7.)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46868 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (952)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td (Bibliography)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 129.5922 669.9598 Tm [(The )-18(Open )-18(Gr)19(oup. )-268(2008.)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 11.083 0 Td [(The )-18(Single )-18(UNIX )-18(Speci\336cation, )-18(V)92(ersion )-18(4)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5178 Tc 16.952 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.381 0 Td [(he )-18(Open )-18(Gr)18(oup, )-18(Berkshir)18(e, )-18(UK.)]TJ 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 179.9894 656.6606 Tm [(The POSIX and X/Open standar)18(ds combined into a single r)18(efer)18(ence.)]TJ 0 -1.875 TD [(The HTML version can be viewed for fr)18(ee online at)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 22.814 0 Td (http://www.opengroup.org)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 129.5924 622.9626 Tm [(Pike, )-25(R., )-25(Pr)18(esotto, )-25(D., )-25(Dorwar)18(d, )-25(S., )-25(Flandr)18(ena, )-25(B., )-25(Thompson, )-25(K., )-25(T)91(rickey)]TJ 0.2749 Tc 31.786 0 Td (,H)Tj 0 Tc 1.357 0 Td [(., )-25(and )-25(W)55(interbottom, )-25(P)129(.)]TJ -29.943 -1.222 Td [(1995. )-261(\324)37(\324Plan )-11(9 )-11(fr)18(om )-11(Bell )-11(Labs,\325)37(\325)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 13.73 0 Td [(Plan )-11(9 )-11(Pr)18(ogrammer )213(\325)]TJ 0.261 Tc 8.264 0 Td (sM)Tj 0 Tc 1.594 0 Td [(anual )-11(V)74(olume )-11(2)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5111 Tc (.A)Tj 0 Tc 7.858 0 Td [(T&T, )-11(Reading, )-11(MA.)]TJ 0.4139 Tc 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 179.989 598.6641 Tm (Ad)Tj 0 Tc 1.803 0 Td [(escription )-164(of )-164(the )-164(Plan )-164(9 )-164(operating )-164(system, )-164(developed )-164(in )-164(the )-164(same )-164(department )-164(wher)]TJ 0.4138 Tc 38.367 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.219 0 Td (he)Tj -41.389 -1.25 Td (UNIX System was invented.)Tj 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 129.592 569.9658 Tm (Plauger)Tj 0.25 Tc 3.354 0 Td [(,P)379(.J)]TJ 0.5 Tc 1.808 0 Td (.1)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (992.)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 2.25 0 Td (The Standard C Library)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5 Tc (.P)Tj -0.018 Tc 11.012 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(ntice Hall, Englewood Clif)18(fs, NJ.)]TJ 0.2684 Tc 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 179.9885 556.6666 Tm (Ac)Tj 0 Tc 1.49 0 Td [(omplete )-18(book )-18(on )-18(the )-18(ANSI )-18(C )-18(library)]TJ 0.5184 Tc 15.981 0 Td (.I)Tj 0.2685 Tc 1.105 0 Td (tc)Tj 0 Tc 1.038 0 Td [(ontains )-18(a )-18(complete )-18(C )-18(implementation )-18(of )-18(the )-18(library)108(.)]TJ 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 129.5913 537.9677 Tm [(Pr)18(esotto, )-218(D. )-218(L., )-218(and )-218(Ritchie, )-218(D. )-218(M.)-715(1990. )-467(\324)37(\324Interpr)18(ocess )-217(Communication )-217(in )-217(the )-217(Ninth )-217(Edition)]TJ 3.2 -1.222 Td [(UNIX System,\325)37(\325)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 7.075 0 Td (Softwar)Tj 0.25 Tc 3.148 0 Td (eP)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (ractice and Experience)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (,v)Tj 0 Tc 10.12 0 Td (ol. 20, no. S1, pp. S1/3\320S1/17 \(June\).)Tj 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 179.9884 513.6692 Tm [(Describes )-22(the )-22(IPC )-22(facilities )-22(pr)18(ovided )-22(by )-22(the )-22(Ninth )-22(Edition )-22(Resear)18(ch )-22(UNIX )-22(System, )-22(developed )-22(at)]TJ -0.074 Tc 0 -1.25 TD (AT)Tj 0 Tc 1.317 0 Td [(&T )-49(Bell )-49(Laboratories.)-549(The )-49(featur)18(es )-49(ar)]TJ 0.2994 Tc 16.698 0 Td (eb)Tj 0 Tc 1.331 0 Td [(uilt )-49(on )-49(the )-49(str)18(eam )-49(input\320output )-49(system )-49(and )-49(include)]TJ -19.346 -1.25 Td [(full-duplex )-260(pipes, )-260(the )-260(ability )-260(to )-260(pass )-260(\336le )-260(descriptors )-260(between )-260(pr)18(ocesses, )-260(and )-260(unique )-260(client)]TJ T* (connections to servers.)Tj 0.25 Tc 10.529 0 Td (Ac)Tj 0 Tc 1.472 0 Td [(opy of this paper also appears in A)74(T&T)]TJ 17.623 0.04 Td ([)Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (1990b)Tj 2.553 0.04 Td (])Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (.)Tj 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 129.5917 464.9721 Tm [(Rago, S. A.)-500(1993.)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 8.073 0 Td [(UNIX System V Network Pr)18(ogramming)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5 Tc (.A)Tj 0 Tc 17.954 0 Td [(ddison-W)92(esley, Reading, MA.)]TJ 0.2896 Tc 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 179.9887 451.6729 Tm (Ab)Tj 0 Tc 1.621 0 Td [(ook )-40(that )-40(describes )-40(the )-40(networking )-40(pr)20(ogramming )-39(envir)18(onment )-39(of )-39(UNIX )-39(System )-39(V )-39(Release )-39(4,)]TJ -1.621 -1.25 Td (which is based on STREAMS.)Tj 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 129.5914 422.9746 Tm [(Raymond, )-146(E. )-146(S., )-146(ed.)-646(1996.)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 12.551 0 Td [(The )-146(New )-146(Hacker)]TJ -0.055 Tc 7.069 0 Td [(\325s )-256(D)]TJ 0 Tc 1.786 0 Td (ictionary)Tj 0.396 Tc 3.592 0 Td (,T)Tj 0 Tc 1.257 0 Td [(hird )-146(Edition.)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 6.605 0 Td [(MIT )-146(Pr)18(ess, )-146(Cambridge,)]TJ -29.66 -1.222 Td (MA.)Tj 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 179.9881 398.6761 Tm (Lots of computer hacker terms de\336ned.)Tj 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 129.5912 379.9772 Tm (Salus, P)Tj 0.25 Tc 3.318 0 Td (.H)Tj 0.5 Tc 1.332 0 Td (.1)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (994.)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 0.25 Tc 2.25 0 Td (AQ)Tj 0 Tc 1.75 0 Td (uarter Century of UNIX)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5 Tc (.A)Tj 0 Tc 11.501 0 Td [(ddison-W)92(esley, Reading, MA.)]TJ 0.25 Tc 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 179.9881 366.678 Tm (Ah)Tj 0 Tc 1.61 0 Td [(istory of the UNIX System fr)18(om 1969 to 1994.)]TJ 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 129.5912 347.9791 Tm (Seltzer)Tj 0.2553 Tc 2.921 0 Td (,M)Tj 0 Tc 1.451 0 Td [(., )-5(and )-5(Olson, )-5(M.)-506(1992. )-255(\324)37(\324LIBTP: )-5(Portable )-5(Modular )-5(T)90(ransactions )-5(for )-5(UNIX,\325)36(\325)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 33.15 0 Td [(Pr)18(oceedings )-5(of)]TJ -34.322 -1.222 Td [(the 1992 W)20(inter USENIX Confer)18(ence)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (,p)Tj 0 Tc 16.416 0 Td (p. 9)Tj 1.684 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (25, San Francisco, CA.)Tj 0.25 Tc 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 179.9881 323.6806 Tm (Am)Tj 0 Tc 1.911 0 Td (odi\336cation of the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 7.758 0 Td (db)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(\(3\) library fr)18(om 4.4BSD that implements transactions.)]TJ 8.9995 0 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0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2382.25 4154.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -90 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9976 0 0 7.9976 236.1291 397.7207 Tm (3)Tj ET q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2526.25 4154.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -90 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9971 0 0 7.9971 250.5098 397.6968 Tm (4)Tj ET q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2670.25 4154.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -90 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9966 0 0 7.9966 264.8887 397.6729 Tm (5)Tj ET q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2814.25 4154.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -90 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9962 0 0 7.9962 279.2659 397.6491 Tm (6)Tj ET q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2958.25 4154.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -90 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9957 0 0 7.9957 293.6414 397.6252 Tm (7)Tj ET q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3102.25 4154.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -90 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9952 0 0 7.9952 308.0151 397.6014 Tm (8)Tj ET q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3246.25 4154.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -90 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9947 0 0 7.9947 322.3871 397.5775 Tm (9)Tj ET q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3390.25 4154.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -90 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9942 0 0 7.9942 334.7589 397.5536 Tm (10)Tj ET q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3534.25 4154.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -90 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf -0.055 Tc 7.9938 0 0 7.9938 349.3474 397.5298 Tm (11)Tj ET q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3678.25 4154.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -90 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 0 Tc 7.9933 0 0 7.9933 363.4945 397.5059 Tm (12)Tj ET q 0.099916 0 0 0.099916 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3822.25 4154.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -90 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9928 0 0 7.9928 377.8598 397.4821 Tm (13)Tj ET q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3966.25 4154.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -90 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9923 0 0 7.9923 392.2233 397.4582 Tm (14)Tj ET q 0.099904 0 0 0.099904 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4110.25 4154.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -90 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9918 0 0 7.9918 406.5851 397.4344 Tm (15)Tj ET q 0.099898 0 0 0.099898 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4254.25 4154.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -90 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9914 0 0 7.9914 420.9451 397.4106 Tm (16)Tj ET q 0.0998921 0 0 0.0998921 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2022.25 4154.25 cm 0 0 m -90 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9909 0 0 7.9909 187.1865 413.1687 Tm (0)Tj ET q 0.0998861 0 0 0.0998861 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2022.25 4388.25 cm 0 0 m -90 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9904 0 0 7.9904 183.18 436.5159 Tm (10)Tj ET q 0.0998801 0 0 0.0998801 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2022.25 4622.25 cm 0 0 m -90 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9899 0 0 7.9899 183.1691 459.8602 Tm (20)Tj ET q 0.0998741 0 0 0.0998741 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2022.25 4856.25 cm 0 0 m -90 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9894 0 0 7.9894 183.1581 483.2017 Tm (30)Tj ET q 0.0998681 0 0 0.0998681 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2022.25 5090.25 cm 0 0 m -90 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.989 0 0 7.989 183.1471 506.5405 Tm (40)Tj ET q 0.0998621 0 0 0.0998621 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2022.25 5324.25 cm 0 0 m -90 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9885 0 0 7.9885 183.1361 529.8764 Tm (50)Tj ET q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2022.25 5558.25 cm 0 0 m -90 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.988 0 0 7.988 183.1251 553.2095 Tm (60)Tj ET q 0.0998501 0 0 0.0998501 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2022.25 5792.25 cm 0 0 m -90 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9875 0 0 7.9875 183.1141 576.5399 Tm (70)Tj ET q 0.0998441 0 0 0.0998441 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2022.25 6026.25 cm 0 0 m -90 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9871 0 0 7.9871 183.1031 599.8674 Tm (80)Tj ET q 0.0998381 0 0 0.0998381 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4326.25 4154.25 cm 0 0 m 90 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9866 0 0 7.9866 442.6557 412.9456 Tm (0)Tj ET q 0.0998321 0 0 0.0998321 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4326.25 4622.25 cm 0 0 m 90 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9861 0 0 7.9861 442.6291 459.6395 Tm (2)Tj ET q 0.0998261 0 0 0.0998261 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4326.25 5090.25 cm 0 0 m 90 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9856 0 0 7.9856 442.6026 506.3278 Tm (4)Tj ET q 0.0998202 0 0 0.0998202 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4326.25 5558.25 cm 0 0 m 90 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9851 0 0 7.9851 442.576 553.0104 Tm (6)Tj ET q 0.0998142 0 0 0.0998142 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4326.25 6026.25 cm 0 0 m 90 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9847 0 0 7.9847 442.5495 599.6875 Tm (8)Tj 6.9866 0 0 6.9866 206.8814 413.9963 Tm (\245)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 7.9847 0 0 7.9847 207.0023 416.0802 Tm (%)Tj 4.9904 0 0 4.9904 207.4713 421.0387 Tm ($)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.9866 0 0 6.9866 221.2538 415.4334 Tm (\245)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 7.9847 0 0 7.9847 221.3746 419.1704 Tm (%)Tj 4.9904 0 0 4.9904 221.8436 428.7278 Tm ($)Tj ET q 0.0998082 0 0 0.0998082 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2094.25 4165.25 cm 0 0 m 144 14 l S Q Q q 0.0998082 0 0 0.0998082 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2094.25 4186.25 cm 0 0 m 144 30 l S Q Q q 0.0998082 0 0 0.0998082 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2094.25 4236.25 cm 0 0 m 144 77 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 6.9862 0 0 6.9862 235.612 417.9237 Tm (\245)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 7.9842 0 0 7.9842 235.7329 423.4568 Tm (%)Tj 4.9901 0 0 4.9901 236.2018 441.8523 Tm ($)Tj ET q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2238.25 4180.25 cm 0 0 m 144 26 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2238.25 4217.25 cm 0 0 m 144 44 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2238.25 4313.25 cm 0 0 m 144 132 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 6.9857 0 0 6.9857 249.9685 422.2816 Tm (\245)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 7.9837 0 0 7.9837 250.0894 429.3232 Tm (%)Tj 4.9898 0 0 4.9898 250.5583 460.3637 Tm ($)Tj ET q 0.0997962 0 0 0.0997962 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2382.25 4205.25 cm 0 0 m 144 44 l S Q Q q 0.0997962 0 0 0.0997962 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2382.25 4260.25 cm 0 0 m 144 59 l S Q Q q 0.0997962 0 0 0.0997962 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2382.25 4445.25 cm 0 0 m 144 185 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 6.9853 0 0 6.9853 264.3233 426.9983 Tm (\245)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 7.9832 0 0 7.9832 264.4442 432.7461 Tm (%)Tj 4.9895 0 0 4.9895 264.9131 468.1677 Tm ($)Tj ET q 0.0997902 0 0 0.0997902 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2526.25 4249.25 cm 0 0 m 144 47 l S Q Q q 0.0997902 0 0 0.0997902 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2526.25 4319.25 cm 0 0 m 144 35 l S Q Q q 0.0997902 0 0 0.0997902 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2526.25 4630.25 cm 0 0 m 144 79 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 6.9849 0 0 6.9849 278.6764 433.5106 Tm (\245)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 7.9827 0 0 7.9827 278.7972 436.2406 Tm (%)Tj 4.9892 0 0 4.9892 279.2661 480.7125 Tm ($)Tj ET q 0.0997842 0 0 0.0997842 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2670.25 4296.25 cm 0 0 m 144 66 l S Q Q q 0.0997842 0 0 0.0997842 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2670.25 4354.25 cm 0 0 m 144 35 l S Q Q q 0.0997842 0 0 0.0997842 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2670.25 4709.25 cm 0 0 m 144 126 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 6.9845 0 0 6.9845 293.0277 440.4531 Tm (\245)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 7.9823 0 0 7.9823 293.1486 439.5909 Tm (%)Tj 4.9889 0 0 4.9889 293.6174 490.2385 Tm ($)Tj ET q 0.0997782 0 0 0.0997782 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2814.25 4362.25 cm 0 0 m 144 70 l S Q Q q 0.0997782 0 0 0.0997782 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2814.25 4389.25 cm 0 0 m 144 34 l S Q Q q 0.0997782 0 0 0.0997782 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2814.25 4835.25 cm 0 0 m 144 96 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 6.9841 0 0 6.9841 307.3774 448.8315 Tm (\245)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 7.9818 0 0 7.9818 307.4982 443.372 Tm (%)Tj 4.9886 0 0 4.9886 307.967 501.703 Tm ($)Tj ET q 0.0997723 0 0 0.0997723 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2958.25 4432.25 cm 0 0 m 144 84 l S Q Q q 0.0997723 0 0 0.0997723 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2958.25 4423.25 cm 0 0 m 144 37 l S Q Q q 0.0997723 0 0 0.0997723 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2958.25 4931.25 cm 0 0 m 144 116 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 6.9836 0 0 6.9836 321.7253 457.7117 Tm (\245)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 7.9813 0 0 7.9813 321.8461 447.4396 Tm (%)Tj 4.9883 0 0 4.9883 322.3149 510.7234 Tm ($)Tj ET q 0.0997663 0 0 0.0997663 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3102.25 4516.25 cm 0 0 m 144 89 l S Q Q q 0.0997663 0 0 0.0997663 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3102.25 4461.25 cm 0 0 m 144 41 l S Q Q q 0.0997663 0 0 0.0997663 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3102.25 5046.25 cm 0 0 m 144 91 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 6.9832 0 0 6.9832 336.0714 468.0992 Tm (\245)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 7.9808 0 0 7.9808 336.1922 450.9322 Tm (%)Tj 4.988 0 0 4.988 336.661 522.4003 Tm ($)Tj ET q 0.0997603 0 0 0.0997603 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3246.25 4605.25 cm 0 0 m 144 105 l S Q Q q 0.0997603 0 0 0.0997603 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3246.25 4502.25 cm 0 0 m 144 36 l S Q Q q 0.0997603 0 0 0.0997603 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3246.25 5137.25 cm 0 0 m 144 117 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 6.9828 0 0 6.9828 350.4159 479.3473 Tm (\245)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 7.9803 0 0 7.9803 350.5367 454.4247 Tm (%)Tj 4.9877 0 0 4.9877 351.0054 532.7116 Tm ($)Tj ET q 0.0997543 0 0 0.0997543 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3390.25 4710.25 cm 0 0 m 144 113 l S Q Q q 0.0997543 0 0 0.0997543 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3390.25 4538.25 cm 0 0 m 144 36 l S Q Q q 0.0997543 0 0 0.0997543 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3390.25 5254.25 cm 0 0 m 144 104 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 6.9824 0 0 6.9824 364.7586 490.4505 Tm (\245)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 7.9799 0 0 7.9799 364.8794 458.2758 Tm (%)Tj 4.9874 0 0 4.9874 365.3481 541.1545 Tm ($)Tj ET q 0.0997483 0 0 0.0997483 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3534.25 4823.25 cm 0 0 m 144 111 l S Q Q q 0.0997483 0 0 0.0997483 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3534.25 4573.25 cm 0 0 m 144 38 l S Q Q q 0.0997483 0 0 0.0997483 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3534.25 5358.25 cm 0 0 m 144 85 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 6.982 0 0 6.982 379.0996 504.0658 Tm (\245)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 7.9794 0 0 7.9794 379.2204 462.2699 Tm (%)Tj 4.9871 0 0 4.9871 379.6891 552.1817 Tm ($)Tj ET q 0.0997423 0 0 0.0997423 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3678.25 4934.25 cm 0 0 m 144 138 l S Q Q q 0.0997423 0 0 0.0997423 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3678.25 4612.25 cm 0 0 m 144 41 l S Q Q q 0.0997423 0 0 0.0997423 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3678.25 5443.25 cm 0 0 m 144 110 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 6.9815 0 0 6.9815 393.4389 520.4083 Tm (\245)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 7.9789 0 0 7.9789 393.5597 466.4789 Tm (%)Tj 4.9868 0 0 4.9868 394.0284 565.0025 Tm ($)Tj ET q 0.0997363 0 0 0.0997363 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3822.25 5071.25 cm 0 0 m 144 164 l S Q Q q 0.0997363 0 0 0.0997363 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3822.25 4652.25 cm 0 0 m 144 42 l S Q Q q 0.0997363 0 0 0.0997363 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3822.25 5553.25 cm 0 0 m 144 129 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 6.9811 0 0 6.9811 407.7765 533.4457 Tm (\245)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 7.9784 0 0 7.9784 407.8973 469.0359 Tm (%)Tj 4.9865 0 0 4.9865 408.3659 572.7235 Tm ($)Tj ET q 0.0997304 0 0 0.0997304 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3966.25 5235.25 cm 0 0 m 144 131 l S Q Q q 0.0997304 0 0 0.0997304 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3966.25 4694.25 cm 0 0 m 144 26 l S Q Q q 0.0997304 0 0 0.0997304 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3966.25 5682.25 cm 0 0 m 144 78 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 6.9807 0 0 6.9807 422.1123 551.8667 Tm (\245)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 7.9779 0 0 7.9779 422.2331 474.0338 Tm (%)Tj 4.9862 0 0 4.9862 422.7017 584.8954 Tm ($)Tj ET q 0.0997244 0 0 0.0997244 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4110.25 5366.25 cm 0 0 m 144 185 l S Q Q q 0.0997244 0 0 0.0997244 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4110.25 4720.25 cm 0 0 m 144 51 l S Q Q q 0.0997244 0 0 0.0997244 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4110.25 5760.25 cm 0 0 m 144 122 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 6.9803 0 0 6.9803 352.4048 447.4404 Tm [(user CPU/#pr)18(oc)]TJ -12.343 10.697 Td [(system CPU/#pr)18(oc)]TJ 10.286 -3.003 Td (clock time)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9775 0 0 7.9775 192.999 363.5735 Tm (Figure 20.9)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.092 Tc 5.695 0 Td (Va)Tj 0 Tc 1.13 0 Td [(lues fr)18(om Figur)]TJ 0.25 Tc 6.819 0 Td (e2)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (0.8 for advisory \336ne-grained locking)Tj 9.9718 0 0 9.9718 129.2351 339.6411 Tm [(Note )-87(that )-87(both )-87(CPU )-87(times, )-87(divided )-87(by )-87(the )-87(number )-87(of )-87(pr)15(ocesses, )-87(ar)]TJ 0.3372 Tc 30.031 0 Td (el)Tj 0 Tc 1.107 0 Td [(inear )-87(but )-87(that )-87(the)]TJ -31.138 -1.2 Td [(plot )-118(of )-118(the )-118(clock )-118(time )-118(is )-118(nonlinear)]TJ 0.6177 Tc 15.385 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.481 0 Td [(he )-118(pr)18(obable )-118(r)18(eason )-118(is )-118(the )-118(added )-118(amount )-118(of )-118(CPU)]TJ -16.865 -1.2 Td [(time )-262(used )-262(by )-262(the )-262(operating )-262(system )-262(to )-262(switch )-262(between )-262(pr)18(ocesses )-262(as )-262(the )-262(number )-262(of)]TJ T* [(pr)18(ocesses )-133(incr)18(eases. )-383(This)-384(operating )-133(system )-133(over)17(head )-133(would )-133(show )-133(up )-133(as )-133(an )-133(incr)16(eased)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(clock time, but shouldn\325t af)18(fect the CPU times of the individual pr)18(ocesses.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(The )-77(r)18(eason )-77(the )-77(user )-77(CPU )-77(time )-77(incr)19(eases )-77(with )-77(the )-77(number )-77(of )-77(pr)18(ocesses )-77(is )-77(that )-77(ther)20(e)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td (ar)Tj 0.4472 Tc 0.877 0 Td (em)Tj 0 Tc 1.809 0 Td (or)Tj 0.4472 Tc 0.923 0 Td (er)Tj 0 Tc 1.303 0 Td [(ecor)18(ds )-197(in )-197(the )-197(database.)-698(Each )-197(hash )-197(chain )-197(is )-197(getting )-197(longer)73(,)-447(so)-447(it)-447(t)-1(akes )-197(the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf -4.912 -1.2 Td (_db_find_and_lock)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 10.45 0 Td [(function longer)74(,)-250(on)-250(average, to \336nd a r)18(ecor)18(d.)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 11.9662 0 0 11.9662 93.3372 219.9791 Tm [(20.10 )-220(Summar)-10(y)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9718 0 0 9.9718 129.2358 196.0467 Tm [(This )-194(chapter )-194(has )-194(taken )-194(a )-194(long )-194(look )-194(at )-194(the )-194(design )-194(and )-194(implementation )-194(of )-194(a )-194(database)]TJ T* (library)Tj 0.5519 Tc 2.87 0 Td (.A)Tj 0 Tc 1.58 0 Td [(lthough )-52(we\325ve )-52(kept )-52(the )-52(library )-52(small )-52(and )-52(simple )-52(for )-52(pr)19(esentation )-52(purposes, )-52(it)]TJ -4.45 -1.2 Td [(contains the r)18(ecor)]TJ 0.25 Tc 7.805 0 Td (dl)Tj 0 Tc 1.152 0 Td [(ocking r)18(equir)18(ed to allow concurr)18(ent access by multiple pr)18(ocesses.)]TJ -0.092 Tc -7.157 -1.2 Td (We)Tj 0 Tc 1.387 0 Td [(\325ve )-268(also )-268(looked )-268(at )-268(the )-268(performance )-268(of )-268(this )-268(library )-268(with )-268(various )-268(numbers )-268(of)]TJ -3.187 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ocesses )-228(using )-228(no )-228(locking, )-228(advisory )-228(locking )-228(\(\336ne-grained )-228(and )-228(coarse-grained\), )-228(and)]TJ T* [(mandatory )-57(locking.)]TJ -0.055 Tc 9.279 0 Td (Wi)Tj 0 Tc 1.236 0 Td [(th )-57(a )-57(single )-57(pr)17(ocess, )-57(we )-57(saw )-57(that )-57(advisory )-57(locking )-57(adds )-57(between)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46875 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(20.9)]TJ 38.193 0 Td (Performance)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.64 0 Td (781)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 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l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 668.9599 Tm [(located )-54(with )-54(only )-54(two )-54(disk )-54(accesses )-54(\(see )-54(Litwin)]TJ 21.491 0.04 Td ([)Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (1980)Tj 2 0.04 Td (])Tj 0.637 -0.04 Td [(or )-54(Fagin )-54(et )-54(al.)]TJ 6.487 0.04 Td ([)Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (1979)Tj 2 0.04 Td (])Tj 0.637 -0.04 Td [(for )-54(details\).)]TJ -33.917 -1.2 Td [(B-tr)18(ees )-70(have )-70(the )-70(advantage )-70(of )-70(traversing )-70(the )-70(database )-70(in )-70(\(sorted\) )-70(key )-70(or)18(der )-70(\(something)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD (that we can\325t do with the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 11.254 0 Td (db_nextrec)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.25 0 Td (function using a hash table.\))Tj /TT1 1 Tf 11.9993 0 0 11.9993 93.5949 605.3637 Tm [(20.5 )-776(Centraliz)-10(ed )-278(or )-278(Decentraliz)-10(ed?)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5928 581.3651 Tm [(Given )-43(multiple )-43(pr)18(ocesses )-43(accessing )-43(the )-43(same )-43(database, )-43(we )-43(can )-43(implement )-43(the )-43(functions)]TJ T* (in two ways:)Tj 1.8 -1.8 Td [(1. )-633(Centralized.)-545(Have )-45(a )-45(single )-45(pr)18(ocess )-45(that )-45(is )-45(the )-45(database )-45(manager)]TJ 0.2956 Tc 30.299 0 Td (,a)Tj 0 Tc 1.046 0 Td [(nd )-46(have )-46(it )-46(be)]TJ -29.712 -1.2 Td [(the )-129(only )-129(pr)18(ocess )-129(that )-129(accesses )-129(the )-129(database.)-627(The )-129(functions )-129(contact )-129(this )-129(central)]TJ T* [(pr)18(ocess using some form of IPC.)]TJ -1.633 -1.6 Td [(2. )-633(Decentralized.)-766(Have )-266(each )-266(function )-266(apply )-266(the )-266(r)19(equir)18(ed )-266(concurr)18(ency )-266(contr)18(ols)]TJ 1.633 -1.2 Td (\(locking\) and then issue its own I/O function calls.)Tj -3.433 -1.8 Td [(Database )-251(systems )-251(have )-251(been )-251(built )-251(using )-251(each )-251(of )-251(these )-251(techniques.)-751(Given )-251(adequate)]TJ T* [(locking )-246(r)18(outines, )-246(the )-246(decentralized )-246(implementation )-246(is )-246(usually )-246(faster)]TJ 0.4958 Tc 31.416 0 Td (,b)Tj 0 Tc 1.299 0 Td [(ecause )-246(IPC )-246(is)]TJ -32.714 -1.2 Td [(avoided. )-250(Figur)]TJ 0.25 Tc 6.736 0 Td (e2)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td [(0.4 depicts the operation of the centralized appr)18(oach.)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2670 2698 576 216 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 289.1653 278.8065 Tm (IPC)Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 3246 2698 576 216 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 346.4216 278.7898 Tm (I/O)Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2382.25 2410.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2382.25 2478.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2382.25 2547.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2382.25 2616.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2382.25 2685.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2382.25 2753.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2382.25 2822.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2382.25 2891.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 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3651.25 3202.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3721.25 3202.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3792.25 3202.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3862.25 3202.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3933.25 3202.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4003.25 3202.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4074.25 3202.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l 36 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4110.25 3133.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4110.25 3064.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4110.25 2996.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4110.25 2927.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4110.25 2858.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4110.25 2789.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4110.25 2721.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4110.25 2652.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4110.25 2583.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4110.25 2514.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4110.25 2446.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l -36 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4039.25 2410.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3969.25 2410.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3898.25 2410.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3828.25 2410.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3757.25 2410.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3686.25 2410.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3617.25 2410.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3546.25 2410.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3475.25 2410.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3405.25 2410.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3334.25 2410.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3264.25 2410.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3193.25 2410.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3123.25 2410.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3052.25 2410.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2982.25 2410.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2911.25 2410.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2841.25 2410.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2771.25 2410.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2700.25 2410.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2629.25 2410.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2559.25 2410.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2488.25 2410.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2418.25 2410.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 412.9009 278.7731 Tm (kernel)Tj ET q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2310 1762 720 216 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9976 0 0 7.9976 250.5088 185.1844 Tm (index \336le)Tj ET q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 3462 1762 720 216 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9971 0 0 7.9971 367.8196 185.1733 Tm (data \336le)Tj ET q 0.9996401 0 0 0.9996401 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 343.824 269.8 cm 0 0 m -4.032 -6.264 l -6.48 -3.672 l f Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3438.24 2698 cm 0 0 m -40.32 -62.64 l -64.8 -36.72 l h S Q Q q 0.9995801 0 0 0.9995801 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 267 197.8 cm 0 0 m 4.032 6.264 l 6.48 3.672 l f Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2670 1978 cm 0 0 m 40.32 62.64 l 64.8 36.72 l h S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3385.25 2649.25 cm 0 0 m -663 -622 l S Q Q q 0.9995201 0 0 0.9995201 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 362.976 269.8 cm 0 0 m 3.6 -6.48 l 0.144 -7.416 l f Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3629.76 2698 cm 0 0 m 36 -64.8 l 1.44 -74.16 l h S Q Q q 0.9994601 0 0 0.9994601 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 382.2 197.8 cm 0 0 m -3.6 6.48 l -0.144 7.416 l f Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3822 1978 cm 0 0 m -36 64.8 l -1.44 74.16 l h S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3648.25 2628.25 cm 0 0 m 155 -581 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2022 3850 432 432 re S Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2022 3634 432 216 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9952 0 0 7.9952 207.1597 377.2136 Tm (db access)Tj 0.574 -1.25 Td (library)Tj -1.233 8 Td [(user pr)18(ocess)]TJ ET q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 4038 3850 432 432 re S Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 4038 3634 432 216 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9947 0 0 7.9947 408.6142 377.191 Tm (db access)Tj 0.574 -1.25 Td (library)Tj -1.233 8 Td [(user pr)18(ocess)]TJ ET q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 3030 3922 432 360 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9942 0 0 7.9942 304.7885 413.1424 Tm (centralized)Tj -0.206 -1.25 Td (db manager)Tj -0.069 3.5 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4008.25 5738.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4079.25 5738.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4150.25 5738.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4221.25 5738.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4292.25 5738.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4362.25 5738.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4434.25 5738.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l 36 -36 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4470.25 5668.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4470.25 5598.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4470.25 5528.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4470.25 5458.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 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cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4470.25 4622.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l -36 -36 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4398.25 4586.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4328.25 4586.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4257.25 4586.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4186.25 4586.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4115.25 4586.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4044.25 4586.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3973.25 4586.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3902.25 4586.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3831.25 4586.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3761.25 4586.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3689.25 4586.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3619.25 4586.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3547.25 4586.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3477.25 4586.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3406.25 4586.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3335.25 4586.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3264.25 4586.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3192.25 4586.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3122.25 4586.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3051.25 4586.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2980.25 4586.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2909.25 4586.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2838.25 4586.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2767.25 4586.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2696.25 4586.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2625.25 4586.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2555.25 4586.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2483.25 4586.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2413.25 4586.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2341.25 4586.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2271.25 4586.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2200.25 4586.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2129.25 4586.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2058.25 4586.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9971 0 0 7.9971 448.8384 514.2548 Tm (kernel)Tj ET q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2238 5954 432 252 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9966 0 0 7.9966 236.2368 610.9833 Tm (login)Tj 0.1 -1.25 Td (shell)Tj ET q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 3030 5954 432 252 re S Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9962 0 0 7.9962 317.2477 610.9467 Tm (pty)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.748 -1.25 Td [(pr)18(ocess)]TJ ET q 0.9995201 0 0 0.9995201 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 324.6 642.2 cm 0 0 m 1.8 -7.2 l -1.8 -7.2 l f Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3246 6422 cm 0 0 m 18 -72 l -18 -72 l h S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3246.25 6206.25 cm 0 0 m 0 144 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 3066 6422 360 216 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9957 0 0 7.9957 312.4112 655.8857 Tm (output)Tj 0.815 -1.25 Td (\336le)Tj ET q 0.9994601 0 0 0.9994601 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 303 608 cm 0 0 m -7.2 -1.8 l -7.2 1.8 l f Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3030 6080 cm 0 0 m -72 -18 l -72 18 l h S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2670.25 6080.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2754.25 6080.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2838.25 6080.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2922.25 6080.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9952 0 0 7.9952 275.2348 610.8734 Tm (fork)Tj 0 -1.25 TD (exec)Tj ET q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 3822 5954 432 252 re S Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9947 0 0 7.9947 386.7447 605.84 Tm (slowout)Tj ET q 0.9993402 0 0 0.9993402 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 382.2 608 cm 0 0 m -7.2 -1.8 l -7.2 1.8 l f Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3822 6080 cm 0 0 m -72 -18 l -72 18 l h S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3462.25 6080.25 cm 0 0 m 288 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9942 0 0 7.9942 354.3448 610.8001 Tm (fork)Tj T* (exec)Tj ET q 0.9992802 0 0 0.9992802 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 235.824 512.6 cm 0 0 m -1.8 7.2 l 1.8 7.2 l f Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2358.24 5126 cm 0 0 m -18 72 l 18 72 l h S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2358.25 5342.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -144 l S Q Q q 0.9992203 0 0 0.9992203 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 254.976 534.2 cm 0 0 m 1.8 -7.2 l -1.8 -7.2 l f Q Q q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2549.76 5342 cm 0 0 m 18 -72 l -18 -72 l h S Q Q q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2550.25 5270.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -144 l S Q Q q 0.9991603 0 0 0.9991603 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 394.224 512.6 cm 0 0 m -1.8 7.2 l 1.8 7.2 l f Q Q q 0.099916 0 0 0.099916 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3942.24 5126 cm 0 0 m -18 72 l 18 72 l h S Q Q q 0.099916 0 0 0.099916 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3942.25 5342.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -144 l S Q Q q 0.9991004 0 0 0.9991004 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 413.376 534.2 cm 0 0 m 1.8 -7.2 l -1.8 -7.2 l f Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4133.7598 5342 cm 0 0 m 18 -72 l -18 -72 l h S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4134.25 5270.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -144 l S Q Q q 0.9990404 0 0 0.9990404 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 238.2 559.4 cm 0 0 m -1.8 7.2 l 1.8 7.2 l f Q Q q 0.099904 0 0 0.099904 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2382 5594 cm 0 0 m -18 72 l 18 72 l h S Q Q q 0.099904 0 0 0.099904 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2382.25 5954.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -288 l S Q Q q 0.9989805 0 0 0.9989805 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 252.6 595.4 cm 0 0 m 1.8 -7.2 l -1.8 -7.2 l f Q Q q 0.099898 0 0 0.099898 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2526 5954 cm 0 0 m 18 -72 l -18 -72 l h S Q Q q 0.099898 0 0 0.099898 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2526.25 5882.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -288 l S Q Q q 0.9989206 0 0 0.9989206 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 396.6 559.4 cm 0 0 m -1.8 7.2 l 1.8 7.2 l f Q Q q 0.0998921 0 0 0.0998921 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3966 5594 cm 0 0 m -18 72 l 18 72 l h S Q Q q 0.0998921 0 0 0.0998921 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3966.25 5954.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -288 l S Q Q q 0.9988606 0 0 0.9988606 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 411 595.4 cm 0 0 m 1.8 -7.2 l -1.8 -7.2 l f Q Q q 0.0998861 0 0 0.0998861 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4110 5954 cm 0 0 m 18 -72 l -18 -72 l h S Q Q q 0.0998861 0 0 0.0998861 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4110.25 5882.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -288 l S Q Q BT /T1_2 1 Tf 7.9904 0 0 7.9904 372.1132 587.4946 Tm (stdout)Tj 0.166 -1.25 Td (stderr)Tj 5.089 1.25 Td (stdin)Tj ET q 0.9988007 0 0 0.9988007 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 317.4 512.6 cm 0 0 m -1.8 7.2 l 1.8 7.2 l f Q Q q 0.0998801 0 0 0.0998801 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3174 5126 cm 0 0 m -18 72 l 18 72 l h S Q Q q 0.0998801 0 0 0.0998801 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3174.25 5954.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -756 l S Q Q q 0.9987408 0 0 0.9987408 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 331.8 595.4 cm 0 0 m 1.8 -7.2 l -1.8 -7.2 l f Q Q q 0.0998741 0 0 0.0998741 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3318 5954 cm 0 0 m 18 -72 l -18 -72 l h S Q Q q 0.0998741 0 0 0.0998741 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3318.25 5882.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -756 l S Q Q q 0.9986808 0 0 0.9986808 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 394.224 473 cm 0 0 m -1.8 7.2 l 1.8 7.2 l f Q Q q 0.0998681 0 0 0.0998681 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3942.24 4730 cm 0 0 m -18 72 l 18 72 l h S Q Q q 0.0998681 0 0 0.0998681 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3942.25 4874.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -72 l S Q Q q 0.9986209 0 0 0.9986209 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 334.176 487.4 cm 0 0 m 1.8 -7.2 l -1.8 -7.2 l f Q Q q 0.0998621 0 0 0.0998621 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3341.76 4874 cm 0 0 m 18 -72 l -18 -72 l h S Q Q q 0.0998621 0 0 0.0998621 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3342.25 4802.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -72 l S Q Q q 0.998561 0 0 0.998561 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 334.176 473 cm 0 0 m 7.2 1.8 l 7.2 -1.8 l f Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3341.76 4730 cm 0 0 m 72 18 l 72 -18 l h S Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3942.25 4730.25 cm 0 0 m -528 0 l S Q Q q 0.9985011 0 0 0.9985011 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 413.376 487.4 cm 0 0 m 1.8 -7.2 l -1.8 -7.2 l f Q Q q 0.0998501 0 0 0.0998501 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4133.7598 4874 cm 0 0 m 18 -72 l -18 -72 l h S Q Q q 0.0998501 0 0 0.0998501 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4134.25 4802.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -144 l S Q Q q 0.9984412 0 0 0.9984412 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 315.024 465.8 cm 0 0 m -1.8 7.2 l 1.8 7.2 l f Q Q q 0.0998441 0 0 0.0998441 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3150.24 4658 cm 0 0 m -18 72 l 18 72 l h S Q Q q 0.0998441 0 0 0.0998441 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3150.25 4874.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -144 l S Q Q q 0.9983813 0 0 0.9983813 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 413.376 465.8 cm 0 0 m -7.2 -1.8 l -7.2 1.8 l f Q Q q 0.0998381 0 0 0.0998381 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4133.7598 4658 cm 0 0 m -72 -18 l -72 18 l h S Q Q q 0.0998381 0 0 0.0998381 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3150.25 4658.25 cm 0 0 m 912 0 l S Q Q q 0.9983214 0 0 0.9983214 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 245.4 487.4 cm 0 0 m 1.8 -7.2 l -1.8 -7.2 l f Q Q q 0.0998321 0 0 0.0998321 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2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 668.9599 Tm [(Running the pr)18(ogram in Figur)]TJ 0.25 Tc 13.365 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (8.22 on a windowed terminal gives us)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5909 652.2609 Tm ($)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (./a.out)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -1.2 -1.189 Td (35 rows, 80 columns)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 16 0 Td (initial size)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -16 -1.189 Td (SIGWINCH received)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 16 0 Td (change window size: signal is caught)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -16 -1.189 Td (40 rows, 123 columns)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (SIGWINCH received)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 16 0 Td (and again)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -16 -1.189 Td (42 rows, 33 columns)Tj /TT1 1 Tf T* (\366C)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td ($)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 14.2 0 Td (type the interrupt key to terminate)Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5141.25 5821.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 50 50 l 0 50 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /TT2 1 Tf 11.9986 0 0 11.9986 93.5888 546.0345 Tm (18.13)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 3 0 Td (termcap)Tj /TT2 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 5.034 0 Td (terminfo)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 0.556 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 6.19 0 Td (nd)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.778 0 Td (curses)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5842 522.0373 Tm (termcap)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.542 0 Td [(stands )-92(for )-92(\324)37(\324terminal )-92(capability)111(,\325)]TJ 0.342 Tc 14.166 0 Td (\325a)Tj 0 Tc 1.12 0 Td [(nd )-92(it )-92(r)18(efers )-92(to )-92(the )-92(text )-92(\336le)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.972 0 Td (/etc/termcap)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -31.8 -1.2 Td [(and )-164(a )-164(set )-164(of )-164(r)18(outines )-164(used )-164(to )-164(r)18(ead )-164(this )-164(\336le.)-661(The)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 22.608 0 Td (termcap)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.614 0 Td [(scheme )-164(was )-164(developed )-164(at)]TJ -27.222 -1.2 Td [(Berkeley )-130(to )-130(support )-130(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.123 0 Td (vi)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.58 0 Td (editor)Tj 0.6303 Tc 2.574 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.493 0 Td (he)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.441 0 Td (termcap)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.58 0 Td [(\336le )-130(contains )-130(descriptions )-130(of )-130(various)]TJ -22.792 -1.2 Td [(terminals: )-339(which )-339(featur)18(es )-339(the )-339(terminal )-339(supports )-339(\(e.g., )-339(how )-339(many )-339(lines )-339(and )-339(r)18(ows,)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(whether )-11(the )-11(terminal )-11(support )-11(backspace\) )-11(and )-11(how )-11(to )-11(make )-11(the )-11(terminal )-11(perform )-11(certain)]TJ T* [(operations )-224(\(e.g., )-224(clear )-224(the )-224(scr)18(een, )-224(move )-224(the )-224(cursor )-224(to )-224(a )-224(given )-224(location\).)]TJ -0.092 Tc 33.897 0 Td (Ta)Tj 0 Tc 1.021 0 Td [(king )-224(this)]TJ -34.918 -1.2 Td [(information )-19(out )-19(of )-19(the )-19(compiled )-19(pr)18(ogram )-19(and )-19(placing )-19(it )-19(into )-19(a )-19(text )-19(\336le )-19(that )-19(can )-19(easily )-19(be)]TJ T* (edited allows the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 7.82 0 Td (vi)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.45 0 Td [(editor to r)8(un on many dif)18(fer)18(ent terminals.)]TJ -7.47 -1.2 Td [(The )-88(r)18(outines )-89(that )-89(support )-89(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 13.612 0 Td (termcap)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.539 0 Td [(\336le )-89(wer)]TJ 0.3386 Tc 3.404 0 Td (ee)Tj 0 Tc 1.297 0 Td [(ventually )-89(extracted )-89(fr)18(om )-89(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 13.149 0 Td (vi)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -37.8 -1.2 Td [(editor )-91(and )-91(placed )-91(into )-91(a )-91(separate)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 15.264 0 Td (curses)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.941 0 Td (library)Tj 0.5914 Tc 2.87 0 Td (.M)Tj 0 Tc 1.787 0 Td [(any )-91(featur)18(es )-91(wer)]TJ 0.3414 Tc 7.532 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.32 0 Td [(dded )-91(to )-91(make)]TJ -32.715 -1.2 Td [(this library usable for any pr)18(ogram that wanted to manipulate the scr)18(een.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.964 0 Td (termcap)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.491 0 Td [(scheme )-40(was )-40(not )-40(perfect.)-540(As )-40(mor)]TJ 0.2905 Tc 14.52 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.27 0 Td [(nd )-41(mor)]TJ 0.2906 Tc 3.29 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.096 0 Td [(erminals )-41(wer)]TJ 0.2906 Tc 5.826 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.27 0 Td [(dded )-41(to)]TJ -35.525 -1.2 Td [(the )-51(data )-51(\336le, )-51(it )-51(took )-51(longer )-51(to )-51(scan )-51(the )-51(\336le, )-51(looking )-51(for )-51(a )-51(speci\336c )-51(terminal.)-551(The )-51(data )-51(\336le)]TJ T* [(also )-355(used )-355(two-character )-355(names )-355(to )-355(identify )-355(the )-355(various )-355(terminal )-355(attributes.)-856(These)]TJ T* [(de\336ciencies )-163(led )-163(to )-163(development )-163(of )-163(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 17.967 0 Td (terminfo)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.213 0 Td [(scheme )-163(and )-163(its )-163(associated)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 12.221 0 Td (curses)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -35.4 -1.2 Td (library)Tj 0.6759 Tc 2.87 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.539 0 Td [(he )-176(terminal )-176(descriptions )-176(in)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 12.799 0 Td (terminfo)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.226 0 Td (ar)Tj 0.4259 Tc 0.877 0 Td (eb)Tj 0 Tc 1.458 0 Td [(asically )-176(compiled )-176(versions )-176(of )-176(a)]TJ -24.768 -1.2 Td [(textual )-223(description )-223(and )-223(can )-223(be )-223(located )-223(faster )-223(at )-223(r)6(untime.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 27.073 0 Td (terminfo)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.273 0 Td [(appear)18(ed )-223(with)]TJ -32.346 -1.2 Td [(SVR2 and has been included in all System V r)18(eleases since then.)]TJ 7.999 0 0 7.999 183.5771 298.0642 Tm (Historically)Tj 0.6676 Tc 5.076 0 Td (,S)Tj 0 Tc 1.443 0 Td [(ystem )-418(V\320based )-418(systems )-418(used)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 14.761 0 Td (terminfo)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.6676 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 6.218 0 Td [(nd )-418(BSD-derived )-418(systems )-418(used)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -27.497 -1.25 Td (termcap)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.3439 Tc (,b)Tj 0 Tc 5.347 0 Td [(ut )-94(it )-94(is )-94(now )-94(common )-94(for )-94(systems )-94(to )-94(pr)19(ovide )-94(both.)-594(Mac )-94(OS )-94(X, )-94(however)]TJ 0.3438 Tc 32.14 0 Td (,s)Tj 0 Tc 1.018 0 Td (upports)Tj -38.505 -1.25 Td (only)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.225 0 Td (terminfo)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj 0.3602 Tc 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5825 257.0691 Tm (Ad)Tj 0 Tc 1.749 0 Td [(escription )-110(of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.978 0 Td (terminfo)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.16 0 Td [(and )-110(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.8 0 Td (curses)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.96 0 Td [(library )-110(is )-110(pr)18(ovided )-110(by )-110(Goodheart)]TJ 15.435 0.04 Td ([)Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (1991)Tj 2 0.04 Td (])Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (,)Tj -38.75 -1.2 Td [(but )-95(this )-95(book )-95(is )-95(curr)17(ently )-95(out )-95(of )-95(print.)-596(Strang)]TJ 21.114 0.04 Td ([)Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (1986)Tj 2 0.04 Td (])Tj 0.678 -0.04 Td [(describes )-95(the )-95(Berkeley )-95(version )-95(of)]TJ -24.125 -1.2 Td (the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.669 0 Td (curses)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.882 0 Td (library)Tj 0.5317 Tc 2.87 0 Td (.S)Tj 0 Tc 1.307 0 Td [(trang, )-32(Mui, )-32(and )-32(O\325Reilly)]TJ 11.159 0.04 Td ([)Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (1988)Tj 2 0.04 Td (])Tj 0.615 -0.04 Td [(pr)18(ovide )-32(a )-32(description )-32(of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.966 0 Td (termcap)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -34.8 -1.2 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.943 0 Td (terminfo)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj 7.999 0 0 7.999 183.5764 201.0759 Tm (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.949 0 Td (ncurses)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.475 0 Td (library)Tj 0.2748 Tc 2.87 0 Td (,af)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.633 0 Td (re)Tj 0.2748 Tc 0.856 0 Td (ev)Tj 0 Tc 1.319 0 Td [(ersion )-25(that )-25(is )-25(compatible )-25(with )-25(the )-25(SVR4)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 17.838 0 Td (curses)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.875 0 Td [(interface, )-25(can )-25(be)]TJ -34.814 -1.25 Td [(found )-453(at)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.907 0 Td (http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/ncurses.html)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.9529 Tc (.I)Tj 0.7029 Tc 30.34 0 Td (tc)Tj 0 Tc 1.473 0 Td [(an )-453(also )-453(be)]TJ -36.719 -1.25 Td (found at)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 4.001 0 Td (http://www.gnu.org/software/ncurses)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 147.5807 160.0808 Tm (Neither)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.877 0 Td (termcap)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.694 0 Td (nor)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.017 0 Td (terminfo)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(,)-494(by)-494(i)-1(tself, )-244(addr)18(esses )-244(the )-244(pr)18(oblems )-244(we\325ve )-244(been)]TJ -12.389 -1.2 Td [(looking )-82(at )-82(in )-82(this )-82(chapter: )-82(changing )-82(the )-82(terminal\325s )-82(mode, )-82(changing )-82(one )-82(of )-82(the )-82(terminal)]TJ T* [(special )-6(characters, )-6(handling )-6(the )-6(window )-6(size, )-6(and )-6(so )-6(on.)-502(What )-5(they )-5(do )-5(pr)18(ovide )-5(is )-5(a )-5(way)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46890 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (710)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.092 Tc 3.5 0 Td (Te)Tj 0 Tc 1 0 Td [(rminal )-250(I/O)]TJ 37.741 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(18)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5911 668.9599 Tm [(Running )-180(the )-180(pr)18(ogram )-180(in )-180(Figur)]TJ 0.4304 Tc 14.087 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.409 0 Td [(8.21, )-180(we )-180(can )-180(see )-180(what )-180(happens )-180(with )-180(these )-180(two)]TJ -17.296 -1.2 Td (terminal modes:)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5912 640.2616 Tm ($)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (./a.out)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -1.2 -1.189 Td (Enter raw mode characters, terminate with DELETE)Tj 28.8 -1.189 Td (4)Tj 0.6 -1.189 Td (33)Tj 1.2 -1.189 Td (133)Tj 1.8 -1.189 Td (61)Tj 1.2 -1.189 Td (70)Tj 1.2 -1.189 Td (176)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -18.8 -1.189 Td (type DELETE)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -16 -1.189 Td (Enter cbreak mode characters, terminate with SIGINT)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (1)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 16 0 Td [(type Contr)18(ol-A)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -16 -1.189 Td (10)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 16 0 Td (type backspace)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -16 -1.189 Td (signal caught)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 16 0 Td (type interrupt key)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5923 488.5207 Tm [(In )-107(raw )-107(mode, )-107(the )-107(characters )-107(enter)16(ed )-107(wer)]TJ 0.3575 Tc 18.46 0 Td (eC)Tj 0 Tc 1.546 0 Td [(ontr)18(ol)]TJ 2.668 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td (D)Tj 1.131 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (04)Tj 1 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.691 -0.04 Td [(and )-107(the )-107(special )-107(function )-107(key)]TJ -26.162 -1.2 Td [(F7. )-272(On)-273(the )-22(terminal )-22(being )-22(used, )-22(this )-22(function )-22(key )-22(generated )-22(\336ve )-22(characters:)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 33.872 0 Td (ESC)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.106 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (033)Tj 1.5 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (,)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 0.522 0 Td ([)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -38.667 -1.16 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (0133)Tj 2 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (,)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 0.558 0 Td (1)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.808 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (061)Tj 1.5 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (,)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 0.558 0 Td (8)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.808 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (070)Tj 1.5 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.3082 Tc 0.333 -0.04 Td (,a)Tj 0 Tc 1.058 0 Td (nd)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.501 0 Td (\367)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.641 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (0176)Tj 2 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.5582 Tc 0.333 -0.04 Td (.N)Tj 0 Tc 1.639 0 Td [(ote )-58(that )-58(with )-58(the )-58(output )-58(pr)18(ocessing )-58(turned )-58(of)]TJ 0.3083 Tc 20.249 0 Td (fi)Tj 0 Tc 0.932 0 Td (n)Tj -38.418 -1.2 Td [(raw )-75(mode )-75(\()]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.232 0 Td (\367OPOST)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(\), )-75(we )-75(do )-75(not )-75(get )-75(a )-75(carriage )-75(r)18(eturn )-75(output )-75(after )-75(each )-75(character)]TJ 0.5754 Tc 30.903 0 Td (.A)Tj 0 Tc 1.603 0 Td (lso)Tj -37.739 -1.2 Td [(note )-257(that )-257(special-character )-257(pr)18(ocessing )-257(is )-257(disabled )-257(in )-257(cbr)18(eak )-257(mode )-257(\(so, )-257(for )-257(example,)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(Contr)18(ol)]TJ 3.377 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(D, )-141(the )-141(end-of-\336le )-141(character)]TJ 0.391 Tc 12.167 0 Td (,a)Tj 0 Tc 1.141 0 Td [(nd )-141(backspace )-141(ar)18(en\325t )-141(handled )-141(specially\), )-141(wher)18(eas)]TJ -17.018 -1.2 Td (the terminal-generated signals ar)Tj 0.25 Tc 14.569 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.153 0 Td [(till 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ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46892 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (700)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.092 Tc 3.5 0 Td (Te)Tj 0 Tc 1 0 Td [(rminal )-250(I/O)]TJ 37.741 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(18)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 668.9599 Tm [(Running the pr)18(ogram fr)18(om Figur)]TJ 0.25 Tc 14.631 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (8.16 gives us)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5909 652.2609 Tm ($)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (./a.out < /dev/console 2> /dev/null)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -1.2 -1.189 Td (fd 0: /dev/console)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (fd 1: /dev/ttys001)Tj T* (fd 2: not a tty)Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5141.25 6142.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 50 50 l 0 50 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /TT2 1 Tf 11.9986 0 0 11.9986 93.5888 578.1306 Tm [(18.10 )-220(Canonical)-556(Mode)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5845 554.1335 Tm [(Canonical )-49(mode )-49(is )-49(simple: )-49(we )-49(issue )-49(a )-49(r)18(ead, )-49(and )-49(the )-49(terminal )-49(driver )-49(r)18(eturns )-49(when )-49(a )-49(line)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(has been enter)18(ed. )-250(Several)-250(conditions cause the r)18(ead to r)18(eturn.)]TJ 0.883 Tc 1.8 -2.04 Td (\245T)Tj 0 Tc 2.102 0 Td [(he )-23(r)18(ead )-23(r)18(eturns )-23(when )-23(the )-23(r)18(equested )-23(number )-23(of )-23(bytes )-23(have )-23(been )-23(r)14(ead. )-273(W)]TJ 0.2733 Tc 32.003 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.363 0 Td (on\325t)Tj -33.979 -1.2 Td [(have )-29(to )-29(r)18(ead )-29(a )-29(complete )-29(line.)-529(If )-29(we )-29(r)18(ead )-29(a )-29(partial )-29(line, )-29(no )-29(information )-29(is )-29(lost; )-29(the)]TJ T* [(next r)18(ead starts wher)]TJ 0.25 Tc 9.287 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.055 0 Td [(he pr)18(evious r)18(ead stopped.)]TJ 0.883 Tc -11.831 -1.84 Td (\245T)Tj 0 Tc 2.102 0 Td [(he )-62(r)18(ead )-62(r)18(eturns )-62(when )-62(a )-62(line )-62(delimiter )-62(is )-62(encounter)20(ed. )-312(Recall)-311(fr)18(om )-62(Section )-62(18.3)]TJ -0.613 -1.2 Td [(that )-132(the )-132(following )-132(characters )-132(ar)]TJ 0.3824 Tc 14.287 0 Td (ei)Tj 0 Tc 1.152 0 Td [(nterpr)18(eted )-132(as )-132(end )-132(of )-132(line )-132(in )-132(canonical )-132(mode:)]TJ -15.439 -1.2 Td [(NL, )-30(EOL, )-30(EOL2, )-30(and )-30(EOF)]TJ 0.5301 Tc 11.382 0 Td (.A)Tj 0 Tc 1.558 0 Td [(lso, )-30(r)18(ecall )-30(fr)18(om )-30(Section )-30(18.5 )-30(that )-30(if)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 15.294 0 Td (ICRNL)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.28 0 Td [(is )-30(set )-30(and)]TJ -31.514 -1.2 Td (if)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.917 0 Td (IGNCR)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.293 0 Td [(is )-43(not )-43(set, )-43(then )-43(the )-43(CR )-43(character )-43(also )-43(terminates )-43(a )-43(line, )-43(since )-43(it )-43(acts )-43(just)]TJ -4.209 -1.2 Td [(like the NL character)74(.)]TJ 0 -1.8 TD [(Of )-23(these )-23(\336ve )-23(line )-23(delimiters, )-23(one)]TJ 14.664 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (EOF)Tj 1.953 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.606 -0.04 Td [(is )-23(discar)18(ded )-23(by )-23(the )-23(terminal )-23(driver )-23(when)]TJ -17.556 -1.2 Td [(it\325s )-105(pr)18(ocessed. )-355(The)-354(other )-105(four )-105(ar)]TJ 0.3546 Tc 14.733 0 Td (er)Tj 0 Tc 1.211 0 Td [(eturned )-105(to )-105(the )-105(caller )-105(as )-105(the )-105(last )-105(character )-105(of)]TJ -15.944 -1.2 Td (the line.)Tj 0.883 Tc -1.489 -1.84 Td (\245T)Tj 0 Tc 2.102 0 Td [(he )-16(r)18(ead )-16(also )-16(r)17(eturns )-16(if )-16(a )-16(signal )-16(is )-16(caught )-16(and )-16(if )-16(the )-16(function )-16(is )-16(not )-16(automatically)]TJ -0.018 Tc -0.613 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (started \(Section 10.5\).)Tj /TT2 1 Tf -7.745 -3.12 Td [(Example )195(\321)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 5.28 0 Td (getpass)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 4.478 0 Td (Function)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.092 Tc -6.158 -2.4 Td [(We )-201(n)]TJ 0 Tc 2.236 0 Td [(ow )-17(examine )-17(the )-17(function)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.272 0 Td (getpass)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.2669 Tc (,w)Tj 0 Tc 5.551 0 Td [(hich )-17(r)18(eads )-17(a )-17(passwor)]TJ 0.2669 Tc 9.297 0 Td (do)Tj 0.267 Tc 1.424 0 Td (fs)Tj 0 Tc 1.024 0 Td [(ome )-17(type )-17(fr)18(om )-17(the)]TJ -30.803 -1.2 Td [(user )-51(at )-51(a )-51(terminal.)-551(This )-51(function )-51(is )-51(called )-51(by )-51(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 21.924 0 Td (login)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (1)Tj 0.5 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.634 -0.04 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.994 0 Td (crypt)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (1)Tj 0.5 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.634 -0.04 Td [(pr)18(ograms. )-300(T)92(o)]TJ -0.018 Tc -32.851 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(ad )-81(the )-81(passwor)18(d, )-81(the )-81(function )-81(must )-81(turn )-81(of)]TJ 0.3315 Tc 19.483 0 Td (fe)Tj 0 Tc 1.144 0 Td [(choing, )-82(but )-82(it )-82(can )-82(leave )-82(the )-82(terminal )-82(in)]TJ -21.482 -1.2 Td [(canonical )-420(mode, )-420(as )-420(whatever )-420(we )-420(type )-420(as )-420(the )-420(passwor)]TJ 0.6701 Tc 26.686 0 Td (df)Tj 0 Tc 1.614 0 Td [(orms )-420(a )-420(complete )-420(line.)]TJ -28.3 -1.2 Td (Figur)Tj 0.25 Tc 2.383 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (8.17 shows a typical implementation on a UNIX system.)Tj -1.812 -1.2 Td (Ther)Tj 0.25 Tc 2.051 0 Td (ea)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.229 0 Td [(re )-36(s)]TJ 0 Tc 1.53 0 Td (everal points to consider in this example.)Tj 0.883 Tc -4.81 -2.04 Td (\245I)Tj 0 Tc 1.826 0 Td [(nstead )-375(of )-375(har)18(d-wiring)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.027 0 Td (/dev/tty)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.425 0 Td [(into )-375(the )-375(pr)18(ogram, )-375(we )-375(call )-375(the )-375(function)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -16.789 -1.2 Td (ctermid)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td [(to open the contr)18(olling terminal.)]TJ 0.883 Tc -5.939 -1.6 Td (\245W)Tj 0.4186 Tc 2.397 0 Td (er)Tj 0 Tc 1.275 0 Td [(ead )-169(and )-169(write )-169(only )-169(to )-169(the )-169(contr)18(olling )-169(terminal )-169(and )-169(r)22(eturn )-168(an )-168(err)18(or )-168(if )-168(we)]TJ -2.183 -1.2 Td [(can\325t )-107(open )-107(this )-107(device )-107(for )-107(r)18(eading )-107(and )-107(writing.)-611(Ther)]TJ 0.3575 Tc 23.879 0 Td (ea)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.336 0 Td [(re )-144(o)]TJ 0 Tc 1.759 0 Td [(ther )-107(conventions )-107(to)]TJ -26.975 -1.2 Td [(use. )-345(The)-345(version )-95(of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.221 0 Td (getpass)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.545 0 Td [(in )-95(the )-95(GNU )-95(C )-95(library )-95(r)18(eads )-95(fr)18(om )-95(standar)]TJ 0.3449 Tc 18.586 0 Td (di)Tj 0 Tc 1.247 0 Td (nput)Tj -33.599 -1.2 Td [(and )-246(writes )-246(to )-246(standar)]TJ 0.4958 Tc 10.121 0 Td (de)Tj 0 Tc 1.586 0 Td [(rr)18(or )-246(if )-246(the )-246(contr)19(olling )-246(terminal )-246(can\325t )-246(be )-246(opened )-246(for)]TJ -0.018 Tc -11.707 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(ading )-190(and )-190(writing.)-690(The )-190(Solaris )-190(version )-190(fails )-190(if )-190(it )-190(can\325t )-190(open )-190(the )-190(contr)16(olling)]TJ -0.856 -1.2 Td (terminal.)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46893 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (694)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.092 Tc 3.5 0 Td (Te)Tj 0 Tc 1 0 Td [(rminal )-250(I/O)]TJ 37.741 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(18)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5911 668.9599 Tm (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.263 0 Td (tcsendbreak)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.189 0 Td [(function )-339(transmits )-339(a )-339(continuous )-339(str)17(eam )-339(of )-339(zer)]TJ 0.5894 Tc 22.065 0 Td (ob)Tj 0 Tc 1.688 0 Td [(its )-339(for )-339(a)]TJ -35.006 -1.2 Td [(speci\336ed )-157(duration.)-657(If )-157(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 11.973 0 Td (duration)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.907 0 Td [(ar)18(gument )-157(is )-157(0, )-157(the )-157(transmission )-157(lasts )-157(between )-157(0.25)]TJ -15.879 -1.2 Td [(second )-123(and )-123(0.5 )-123(second.)-623(POSIX.1 )-123(speci\336es )-123(that )-123(if)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 22.375 0 Td (duration)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.873 0 Td [(is )-123(nonzer)18(o, )-123(the )-123(transmission)]TJ -26.248 -1.2 Td (time is implementation dependent.)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 11.9993 0 0 11.9993 93.5937 594.5643 Tm [(18.9 )-776(T)60(erminal )-278(Identi\336cation)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5915 570.5658 Tm (Historically)Tj 0.3207 Tc 5.076 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 0.897 0 Td [(he )-71(name )-71(of )-71(the )-71(contr)18(olling )-71(terminal )-71(in )-71(most )-71(versions )-71(of )-71(the )-71(UNIX )-71(System)]TJ -5.973 -1.2 Td [(has )-3(been)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.104 0 Td (/dev/tty)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5026 Tc (.P)Tj 0 Tc 6.157 0 Td [(OSIX.1 )-3(pr)18(ovides )-3(a )-3(r)8(untime )-3(function )-3(that )-3(we )-3(can )-3(call )-3(to )-3(determine)]TJ -10.261 -1.2 Td [(the name of the contr)18(olling terminal.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5907 527.4683 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -2.14 TD (char *ctermid\(char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (ptr)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 18.112 -2.14 Td [(Returns: pointer to name of contr)18(olling terminal)]TJ 2.02 -1.189 Td [(on success, pointer to empty string on err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 4738.25 cm 0 0 m 0 627 l 3900 627 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 457.8251 Tm (If)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 0.935 0 Td (ptr)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.487 0 Td [(is )-15(non-null, )-15(it )-15(is )-15(assumed )-15(to )-15(point )-15(to )-15(an )-15(array )-15(of )-15(at )-15(least)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 24.716 0 Td (L_ctermid)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.665 0 Td [(bytes, )-15(and )-15(the)]TJ -32.803 -1.2 Td [(name )-198(of )-198(the )-198(contr)18(olling )-198(terminal )-198(of )-198(the )-198(pr)18(ocess )-198(is )-198(stor)18(ed )-198(in )-198(the )-198(array)]TJ 0.6981 Tc 32.2 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.561 0 Td [(he )-198(constant)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -33.761 -1.2 Td (L_ctermid)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.829 0 Td [(is )-179(de\336ned )-179(in)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.243 0 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.6792 Tc (.I)Tj 0 Tc 6.666 0 Td (f)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 0.762 0 Td (ptr)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.651 0 Td [(is )-179(a )-179(null )-179(pointer)]TJ 0.4292 Tc 7.416 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 1.005 0 Td [(he )-179(function )-179(allocates)]TJ -0.018 Tc -29.573 -1.2 Td (ro)Tj 0 Tc 0.923 0 Td [(om )-179(for )-179(the )-179(array )-179(\(usually )-179(as )-179(a )-179(static )-179(variable\).)-683(Again, )-179(the )-179(name )-179(of )-179(the )-179(contr)16(olling)]TJ -0.923 -1.2 Td [(terminal of the pr)18(ocess is stor)18(ed in the array)111(.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(In )-240(both )-240(cases, )-240(the )-240(starting )-240(addr)19(ess )-240(of )-240(the )-240(array )-240(is )-240(r)18(eturned )-240(as )-240(the )-240(value )-240(of )-240(the)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(function. )-500(Since)-501(most )-250(UNIX )-250(systems )-250(use)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 19.344 0 Td (/dev/tty)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.3 0 Td [(as )-250(the )-250(name )-250(of )-250(the )-250(contr)16(olling)]TJ -24.645 -1.2 Td (terminal, this function is intended to aid portability to other operatin\ g systems.)Tj 7.999 0 0 7.999 183.5774 353.8375 Tm [(All four platforms described in this text r)18(eturn the string)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 25.189 0 Td (/dev/tty)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.05 0 Td (when we call)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 6.066 0 Td (ctermid)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 93.5883 321.4414 Tm [(Example )195(\321)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 5.28 0 Td (ctermid)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 4.478 0 Td (Function)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -6.158 -2.4 Td (Figur)Tj 0.25 Tc 2.383 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (8.12 shows an implementation of the POSIX.1)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 20.387 0 Td (ctermid)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td (function.)Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 2903.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9984 0 0 8.9984 129.5767 280.7285 Tm [(#include )-1800()]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(#include )-1800()]TJ 0 -2.14 TD (static char ctermid_name[L_ctermid];)Tj 0 -2.14 TD (char *)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (ctermid\(char *str\))Tj T* ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(str == NULL\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (str = ctermid_name;)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td [(return\(strcpy\(str, "/dev/tty"\)\);)-2400(/* strcpy\(\) returns str */)]TJ -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 1625.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 217.5238 146.5228 Tm (Figure 18.12)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.195 0 Td (Implementation of POSIX.1)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 12.404 0 Td (ctermid)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td (function)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46894 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(18.8)]TJ 33.139 0 Td [(Line )-250(Contr)18(ol )-250(Functions)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 12.694 0 Td (693)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5911 668.9599 Tm [(The )-128(four )-128(baud )-128(rate )-128(functions )-128(exist )-128(to )-128(insulate )-128(applications )-128(fr)18(om )-128(dif)17(fer)18(ences )-128(in )-128(the)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(way )-127(that )-127(implementations )-127(r)17(epr)18(esent )-127(baud )-127(rates )-127(in )-127(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 24.902 0 Td (termios)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.577 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e. )-377(Linux)-378(and)]TJ -29.48 -1.2 Td [(BSD-derived )-160(platforms )-160(tend )-160(to )-160(stor)]TJ 0.4104 Tc 16.158 0 Td (eb)Tj 0 Tc 1.442 0 Td [(aud )-160(rates )-160(as )-160(numeric )-160(values )-160(equal )-160(to )-160(the )-160(rates)]TJ -17.6 -1.2 Td [(\(i.e., )-9(9,600 )-9(baud )-9(is )-9(stor)19(ed )-9(as )-9(the )-9(value )-9(9,600\), )-9(wher)18(eas )-9(System )-9(V\320derived )-9(platforms )-9(\(such)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(as )-25(Solaris\) )-25(tend )-25(to )-25(encode )-25(the )-25(baud )-25(rate )-25(in )-25(a )-25(bitmask.)-525(The )-25(speed )-25(values )-25(we )-25(get )-25(fr)18(om )-25(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf T* (cfget)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.695 0 Td [(functions )-445(and )-445(pass )-445(to )-445(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 13.509 0 Td (cfset)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.696 0 Td [(functions )-445(ar)]TJ 0.6955 Tc 5.704 0 Td (eu)Tj 0 Tc 1.778 0 Td [(ntranslated )-445(fr)18(om )-445(their)]TJ -0.018 Tc -28.381 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(pr)18(esentation as they ar)]TJ 0.25 Tc 10.007 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.153 0 Td [(tor)18(ed in the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.349 0 Td (termios)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e.)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 11.9993 0 0 11.9993 93.5941 560.9663 Tm [(18.8 )-776(Line)-556(Contr)20(ol )-278(Functions)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5919 536.9678 Tm [(The )-141(following )-141(four )-141(functions )-141(pr)18(ovide )-141(line )-141(contr)20(ol )-140(capability )-140(for )-140(terminal )-140(devices.)-642(All)]TJ T* [(four )-61(r)18(equir)]TJ 0.3106 Tc 4.875 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.116 0 Td (hat)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.719 0 Td (fd)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 1.089 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(fer )-61(to )-61(a )-61(terminal )-61(device; )-61(otherwise,)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 15.915 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-311(is)-311(r)19(eturned )-61(with)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.892 0 Td (errno)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.311 0 Td (set)Tj -37.771 -1.2 Td (to)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.122 0 Td (ENOTTY)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5911 493.8704 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -2.021 TD (int tcdrain\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 9.6 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -9.6 -2.021 Td (int tcflow\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 9 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 2.578 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (action)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -13.378 -2.021 Td (int tcflush\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 9.6 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 2.578 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (queue)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -13.978 -2.021 Td (int tcsendbreak\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 12 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 2.578 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (duration)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.451 -2.021 Td [(All four r)18(eturn: 0 if OK,)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 10.635 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 3984.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1045 l 3900 1045 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 147.5823 382.5041 Tm (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.954 0 Td (tcdrain)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.48 0 Td [(function )-30(waits )-30(for )-30(all )-30(output )-30(to )-30(be )-30(transmitted.)-527(The)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 23.18 0 Td (tcflow)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.879 0 Td (function)Tj -35.293 -1.2 Td [(gives )-46(us )-46(contr)18(ol )-46(over )-46(both )-46(input )-46(and )-46(output )-46(\337ow )-46(contr)19(ol. )-296(The)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 28.076 0 Td (action)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.758 0 Td [(ar)18(gument )-46(must )-46(be)]TJ -30.834 -1.2 Td (one of the following four values:)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.8 -2.04 Td (TCOOFF)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.483 0 Td (Output is suspended.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -4.483 -1.96 Td (TCOON)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.483 0 Td [(Output that was pr)18(eviously suspended is r)18(estarted.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.483 -1.96 Td (TCIOFF)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.483 0 Td [(The )-67(system )-67(transmits )-67(a )-67(ST)18(OP )-67(character)]TJ 0.3175 Tc 17.506 0 Td (,w)Tj 0 Tc 1.401 0 Td [(hich )-67(should )-67(cause )-67(the )-67(terminal)]TJ -18.907 -1.2 Td (device to stop sending data.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -4.483 -1.96 Td (TCION)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.483 0 Td [(The )-10(system )-10(transmits )-10(a )-10(ST)74(AR)]TJ 0.2599 Tc 12.93 0 Td (Tc)Tj 0 Tc 1.317 0 Td (haracter)Tj 0.2599 Tc 3.547 0 Td (,w)Tj 0 Tc 1.344 0 Td [(hich )-10(should )-10(cause )-10(the )-10(terminal)]TJ -19.137 -1.2 Td [(device to r)18(esume sending data.)]TJ -4.483 -2.04 Td (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.99 0 Td (tcflush)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.516 0 Td [(function )-66(lets )-66(us )-66(\337ush )-66(\(thr)17(ow )-66(away\) )-66(either )-66(the )-66(input )-66(buf)18(fer )-66(\(data )-66(that)]TJ -8.306 -1.2 Td [(has )-56(been )-56(r)18(eceived )-56(by )-56(the )-56(terminal )-56(driver)]TJ 0.3056 Tc 18.063 0 Td (,w)Tj 0 Tc 1.39 0 Td [(hich )-56(we )-56(have )-56(not )-56(r)18(ead\) )-56(or )-56(the )-56(output )-56(buf)21(fer)]TJ -19.452 -1.2 Td [(\(data )-105(that )-105(we )-105(have )-105(written, )-105(which )-105(has )-105(not )-105(yet )-105(been )-105(transmitted\).)-607(The)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 31.985 0 Td (queue)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.708 0 Td [(ar)18(gument)]TJ -34.694 -1.2 Td [(must be one of the following thr)18(ee constants:)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 1.8 -2.04 Td (TCIFLUSH)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.283 0 Td (The input queue is \337ushed.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -6.283 -1.96 Td (TCOFLUSH)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.283 0 Td (The output queue is \337ushed.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -6.283 -1.96 Td (TCIOFLUSH)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.283 0 Td (Both the input and the output queues ar)Tj 0.25 Tc 17.715 0 Td (e\337)Tj 0 Tc 1.337 0 Td (ushed.)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46895 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (692)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.092 Tc 3.5 0 Td (Te)Tj 0 Tc 1 0 Td [(rminal )-250(I/O)]TJ 37.741 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(18)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 668.9599 Tm [(Option )-249(names )-249(pr)18(eceded )-249(by )-249(a )-249(hyphen )-249(ar)]TJ 0.4994 Tc 18.945 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.589 0 Td [(isabled. )-499(The)-500(last )-249(four )-249(lines )-249(display )-249(the)]TJ -20.535 -1.2 Td [(curr)18(ent )-88(settings )-88(for )-88(each )-88(of )-88(the )-88(terminal )-88(special )-88(characters )-88(\(Section )-88(18.3\).)-588(The )-88(\336rst )-88(line)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(displays )-42(the )-42(number )-42(of )-42(r)18(ows )-42(and )-42(columns )-42(for )-42(the )-42(curr)16(ent )-42(terminal )-42(window; )-42(we )-42(discuss)]TJ T* (the terminal window size in Section 18.12.)Tj 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 183.5891 612.9632 Tm (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.95 0 Td (stty)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.676 0 Td [(command )-26(uses )-26(its )-26(standar)]TJ 0.2759 Tc 11.568 0 Td (di)Tj 0 Tc 1.178 0 Td [(nput )-26(to )-26(get )-26(and )-26(set )-26(the )-26(terminal )-26(option )-26(\337ags.)-526(Although)]TJ -17.371 -1.25 Td [(some )-100(older )-100(implementations )-100(used )-100(standar)]TJ 0.3495 Tc 18.974 0 Td (do)Tj 0 Tc 1.506 0 Td [(utput, )-99(POSIX.1 )-99(r)17(equir)18(es )-99(that )-99(the )-99(standar)]TJ 0.3495 Tc 18.157 0 Td (di)Tj 0 Tc 1.251 0 Td (nput)Tj -39.888 -1.25 Td [(be )-11(used.)-511(All )-11(four )-11(implementations )-11(discussed )-11(in )-11(this )-11(text )-11(pr)18(ovide )-11(versions )-11(of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 34.017 0 Td (stty)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.662 0 Td [(that )-11(operate)]TJ -36.679 -1.25 Td (on the standar)Tj 0.25 Tc 6.335 0 Td (di)Tj 0 Tc 1.152 0 Td [(nput. )-250(This)-250(means that we can type)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -2.987 -1.625 Td (stty -a )Tj 0 -2.259 TD (speed_t cfgetispeed\(const struct termios *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (termptr)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -0 -2.259 Td (speed_t cfgetospeed\(const struct termios *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (termptr)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 26.851 -2.259 Td [(Both r)18(eturn: baud rate value)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -26.851 -2.259 Td (int cfsetispeed\(struct termios *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (termptr)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 24.111 0 Td (peed_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 4.2 0 Td (speed)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -28.311 -2.259 Td (int cfsetospeed\(struct termios *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (termptr)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 24.111 0 Td (peed_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 4.2 0 Td (speed)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -3.06 -2.259 Td [(Both r)18(eturn: 0 if OK,)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 9.213 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 3154.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1355 l 3900 1355 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 299.4841 Tm [(The )-196(r)18(eturn )-196(value )-196(fr)18(om )-196(the )-196(two)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 14.782 0 Td (cfget)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.446 0 Td [(functions )-196(and )-196(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 8.549 0 Td (speed)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.613 0 Td [(ar)18(gument )-196(to )-196(the )-196(two)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -29.391 -1.2 Td (cfset)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.251 0 Td [(functions )-1(ar)]TJ 0.2513 Tc 5.259 0 Td (eo)Tj 0 Tc 1.276 0 Td [(ne )-1(of )-1(the )-1(following )-1(constants:)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 13.257 0 Td (B50)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.301 0 Td (B75)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.301 0 Td (B110)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.901 0 Td (B134)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.901 0 Td (B150)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.901 0 Td (B200)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -36.35 -1.2 Td (B300)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.937 0 Td (B600)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.937 0 Td (B1200)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.537 0 Td (B1800)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.537 0 Td (B2400)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.537 0 Td (B4800)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.537 0 Td (B9600)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.537 0 Td (B19200)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.2868 Tc (,o)Tj 0 Tc 4.683 0 Td (r)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.682 0 Td (B38400)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5369 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 5 0 Td [(he )-37(constant)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -33.922 -1.2 Td (B0)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.572 0 Td [(means )-122(\324)37(\324hang )-122(up.\325)]TJ 0.6218 Tc 8.046 0 Td (\325I)Tj 0 Tc 1.237 0 Td (f)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.705 0 Td (B0)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.572 0 Td [(is )-122(speci\336ed )-122(as )-122(the )-122(output )-122(baud )-122(rate )-122(when)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 19.383 0 Td (tcsetattr)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.772 0 Td (is)Tj -38.285 -1.2 Td [(called, the modem contr)18(ol lines ar)18(e)-250(no)-250(longer asserted.)]TJ 7.999 0 0 7.999 183.5782 229.0925 Tm (Most systems de\336ne additional baud rate values, such as)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 25.369 0 Td (B57600)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.943 0 Td (B115200)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj -0.092 Tc 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 147.5826 207.0951 Tm [(To )-328(u)]TJ 0 Tc 2.064 0 Td [(se )-144(these )-144(functions, )-144(we )-144(must )-144(r)17(ealize )-144(that )-144(the )-144(input )-144(and )-144(output )-144(baud )-144(rates )-144(ar)15(e)]TJ -3.864 -1.2 Td [(stor)18(ed )-41(in )-41(the )-41(device\325s)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.757 0 Td (termios)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.491 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e, )-41(as )-41(shown )-41(in )-41(Figur)]TJ 0.2906 Tc 12.529 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.27 0 Td [(8.8. )-291(Befor)]TJ 0.2906 Tc 4.387 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.214 0 Td [(alling )-41(either)]TJ -33.647 -1.2 Td [(of )-128(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.021 0 Td (cfget)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.378 0 Td [(functions, )-128(we )-128(\336rst )-128(have )-128(to )-128(obtain )-128(the )-128(device\325s)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 21.22 0 Td (termios)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.578 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)]TJ 0.3778 Tc 3.49 0 Td (eu)Tj 0 Tc 1.46 0 Td (sing)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -37.147 -1.2 Td (tcgetattr)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5112 Tc (.S)Tj 0 Tc 6.686 0 Td (imilarly)Tj 0.2612 Tc 3.387 0 Td (,a)Tj 0 Tc 1.011 0 Td [(fter )-11(calling )-11(either )-11(of )-11(the )-11(two)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 12.579 0 Td (cfset)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.261 0 Td [(functions, )-11(all )-11(we\325ve )-11(done )-11(is)]TJ -26.925 -1.2 Td [(set )-56(the )-56(baud )-56(rate )-56(in )-56(a)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.793 0 Td (termios)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.506 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e. )-306(For)-306(this )-56(change )-56(to )-56(af)18(fect )-56(the )-56(device, )-56(we )-56(have)]TJ -14.299 -1.2 Td [(to )-80(call)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.058 0 Td (tcsetattr)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.58 Tc (.I)Tj 0.33 Tc 6.567 0 Td (ft)Tj 0 Tc 0.989 0 Td [(her)18(e)-330(is)-330(an)-330(err)18(or )-80(in )-80(either )-80(of )-80(the )-80(baud )-80(rates )-80(that )-80(we )-80(set, )-80(we )-80(may)]TJ -10.614 -1.2 Td [(not \336nd out about the err)18(or until we call)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 18.016 0 Td (tcsetattr)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46896 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(18.6)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 36.219 0 Td (stty)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.9 0 Td (Command)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.714 0 Td (691)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 668.9599 Tm (TABDLY)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.883 0 Td (\()Tj /TT0 1 Tf (c_oflag)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.3791 Tc (,X)Tj 0 Tc 5.829 0 Td [(SI, )-129(Linux, )-129(Mac )-129(OS )-129(X, )-129(Solaris\))-629(Horizontal )-129(tab )-129(delay )-129(mask.)]TJ -5.829 -1.2 Td [(The values for the mask ar)18(e)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 12.416 0 Td (TAB0)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.9 0 Td (TAB1)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.9 0 Td (TAB2)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (,o)Tj 0 Tc 3.446 0 Td (r)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.645 0 Td (TAB3)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj -22.307 -1.8 Td [(The )-209(value)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.031 0 Td (XTABS)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.459 0 Td [(is )-209(equal )-209(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.398 0 Td (TAB3)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.7093 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 3.972 0 Td [(his )-209(value )-209(causes )-209(the )-209(system )-209(to)]TJ -17.861 -1.2 Td [(expand )-197(tabs )-197(into )-197(spaces.)-698(The )-197(system )-197(assumes )-197(a )-197(tab )-197(stop )-197(every )-197(eight)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD (spaces, and we can\325t change this assumption.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -6.883 -1.84 Td (TOSTOP)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.883 0 Td (\()Tj /TT0 1 Tf (c_lflag)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.2696 Tc (,P)Tj 0 Tc 5.657 0 Td [(OSIX.1, )-20(Fr)18(eeBSD, )-20(Linux, )-20(Mac )-20(OS )-20(X, )-20(Solaris\))-520(If )-20(set )-20(and )-20(if )-20(the)]TJ -5.657 -1.2 Td [(implementation )-93(supports )-93(job )-93(contr)18(ol, )-93(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 18.775 0 Td (SIGTTOU)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.543 0 Td [(signal )-93(is )-93(sent )-93(to )-93(the)]TJ -23.318 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ocess )-421(gr)18(oup )-421(of )-421(a )-421(backgr)19(ound )-421(pr)18(ocess )-421(that )-421(tries )-421(to )-421(write )-421(to )-421(its)]TJ T* [(contr)18(olling )-19(terminal.)-520(By )-19(default, )-19(this )-19(signal )-19(stops )-19(all )-19(the )-19(pr)18(ocesses )-19(in )-19(the)]TJ T* [(pr)18(ocess )-43(gr)18(oup. )-293(This)-294(signal )-43(is )-43(not )-43(generated )-43(by )-43(the )-43(terminal )-43(driver )-43(if )-43(the)]TJ T* [(backgr)18(ound )-116(pr)18(ocess )-116(that )-116(is )-116(writing )-116(to )-116(the )-116(contr)18(olling )-116(terminal )-116(is )-116(either)]TJ T* (ignoring or blocking the signal.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -6.883 -1.84 Td (VTDLY)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.883 0 Td (\()Tj /TT0 1 Tf (c_oflag)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.3321 Tc (,X)Tj 0 Tc 5.782 0 Td [(SI, )-82(Linux, )-82(Solaris\))]TJ -0.111 Tc 8.516 0 Td (Ve)Tj 0 Tc 1.09 0 Td [(rtical )-82(tab )-82(delay )-82(mask.)-582(The )-82(values )-82(for)]TJ -15.388 -1.2 Td [(the mask ar)18(e)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.856 0 Td (VT0)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.05 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.943 0 Td (VT1)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -16.732 -1.84 Td (XCASE)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.883 0 Td (\()Tj /TT0 1 Tf (c_lflag)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.2543 Tc (,L)Tj 0 Tc 5.648 0 Td [(inux, )-4(Solaris\))-504(If )-4(set )-4(and )-4(if)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.539 0 Td (ICANON)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.854 0 Td [(is )-4(also )-4(set, )-4(the )-4(terminal )-4(is)]TJ -21.041 -1.2 Td [(assumed )-100(to )-100(be )-100(upper)18(case )-100(only)]TJ 0.3501 Tc 13.6 0 Td (,a)Tj 0 Tc 1.1 0 Td [(nd )-100(all )-100(input )-100(is )-100(converted )-100(to )-100(lower)17(case.)]TJ -0.092 Tc -14.701 -1.2 Td [(To )-260(i)]TJ 0 Tc 1.684 0 Td [(nput )-76(an )-76(upper)18(case )-76(character)]TJ 0.326 Tc 12.671 0 Td (,p)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.177 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(cede )-76(it )-76(with )-76(a )-76(backslash.)-576(Similarly)111(,)]TJ -16.388 -1.2 Td [(the )-337(system )-337(outputs )-337(an )-337(upper)18(case )-337(character )-337(by )-337(pr)18(eceding )-337(it )-337(with )-337(a)]TJ T* [(backslash. )-495(\(This)-495(option )-245(\337ag )-245(is )-245(obsolete )-245(today)]TJ 0.4953 Tc 21.332 0 Td (,s)Tj 0 Tc 1.169 0 Td [(ince )-245(most, )-245(if )-245(not )-245(all,)]TJ -22.501 -1.2 Td [(upper)18(case-only terminals have disappear)18(ed.\))]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 11.9993 0 0 11.9993 93.5947 377.3774 Tm (18.6)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 3 0 Td (stty)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 2.956 0 Td (Command)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5925 353.3788 Tm [(All )-129(the )-129(options )-129(described )-129(in )-129(the )-129(pr)18(evious )-129(section )-129(can )-129(be )-129(examined )-129(and )-129(changed )-129(fr)18(om)]TJ T* [(within a pr)18(ogram with the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.935 0 Td (tcgetattr)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.65 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.943 0 Td (tcsetattr)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.65 0 Td [(functions \(Section 18.4\) or fr)17(om)]TJ -25.179 -1.2 Td [(the )-201(command )-201(line )-201(\(or )-201(a )-201(shell )-201(script\) )-201(with )-201(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 21.609 0 Td (stty)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.4 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (1)Tj 0.5 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.784 -0.04 Td [(command. )-450(This)-451(command )-200(is)]TJ -25.626 -1.2 Td [(simply )-57(an )-57(interface )-57(to )-57(the )-57(\336rst )-57(six )-57(functions )-57(that )-57(we )-57(listed )-57(in )-57(Figur)]TJ 0.3068 Tc 29.735 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.286 0 Td [(8.7. )-307(If)-307(we )-57(execute)]TJ -31.02 -1.2 Td (this command with its)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 10.146 0 Td (-a)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.45 0 Td (option, it displays all the terminal options:)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 129.5926 287.4827 Tm ($)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (stty -a)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -1.2 -1.189 Td (speed 9600 baud; 25 rows; 80 columns;)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (lflags: icanon isig iexten echo echoe -echok echoke -echonl echoctl)Tj 4.8 -1.189 Td (-echoprt -altwerase -noflsh -tostop -flusho pendin -nokerninfo)Tj T* (-extproc)Tj -4.8 -1.189 Td (iflags: -istrip icrnl -inlcr -igncr ixon -ixoff ixany imaxbel -ignbrk)Tj 4.8 -1.189 Td (brkint -inpck -ignpar -parmrk)Tj -4.8 -1.189 Td (oflags: opost onlcr -ocrnl -oxtabs -onocr -onlret)Tj T* (cflags: cread cs8 -parenb -parodd hupcl -clocal -cstopb -crtscts)Tj 4.8 -1.189 Td (-dsrflow -dtrflow -mdmbuf)Tj -4.8 -1.189 Td (cchars: discard = \366O; dsusp = \366Y; eof = \366D; eol = ;)Tj 4.8 -1.189 Td (eol2 = ; erase = \366H; erase2 = \366?; intr = \366C; kill = \366\ U;)Tj T* (lnext = \366V; min = 1; quit = \366; reprint = \366R; start = \366Q;)Tj T* (status = \366T; stop = \366S; susp = \366Z; time = 0; werase = \366W;)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46897 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(18.5)]TJ -0.092 Tc 33.432 0 Td (Te)Tj 0 Tc 1 0 Td [(rminal )-250(Option )-250(Flags)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 11.401 0 Td (683)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 11.9993 0 0 11.9993 93.5944 668.9599 Tm [(18.4 )-776(Getting)-556(and )-278(Setting )-278(T)60(erminal )-278(Attrib)20(utes)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf -0.092 Tc 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5921 652.1609 Tm [(To )-660(g)]TJ 0 Tc 2.349 0 Td [(et )-476(and )-476(set )-476(a)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 7.131 0 Td (termios)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.926 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e, )-476(we )-476(call )-476(two )-476(functions:)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 16.775 0 Td (tcgetattr)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.126 0 Td (and)Tj /TT1 1 Tf -37.307 -1.2 Td (tcsetattr)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.5687 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 6.832 0 Td [(his )-69(is )-69(how )-69(we )-69(examine )-69(and )-69(modify )-69(the )-69(various )-69(option )-69(\337ags )-69(and )-69(special)]TJ -6.832 -1.2 Td (characters to make the terminal operate the way we want it to.)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5914 612.6632 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.783 TD (int tcgetattr\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 10.8 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 2.578 0 Td (truct termios *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (termptr)Tj /TT1 1 Tf (\);)Tj -13.378 -1.783 Td (int tcsetattr\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 10.8 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 2.578 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (opt)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 3.077 0 Td (onst struct termios *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (termptr)Tj /TT1 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.996 -1.783 Td [(Both r)18(eturn: 0 if OK,)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 9.213 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 5600.25 cm 0 0 m 0 617 l 3900 617 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 547.6843 Tm [(Both )-218(functions )-218(take )-218(a )-218(pointer )-218(to )-218(a)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 16.424 0 Td (termios)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.668 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)]TJ 0.4679 Tc 3.49 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.447 0 Td [(nd )-218(either )-218(r)18(eturn )-218(the )-218(curr)18(ent)]TJ -26.028 -1.2 Td [(terminal )-162(attributes )-162(or )-162(set )-162(the )-162(terminal\325s )-162(attributes.)-659(Since )-161(these )-161(two )-161(functions )-161(operate)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(only )-38(on )-38(terminal )-38(devices,)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 11.547 0 Td (errno)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.288 0 Td [(is )-38(set )-38(to)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 3.681 0 Td (ENOTTY)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.888 0 Td (and)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 1.981 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-288(is)-288(r)17(eturned )-38(if)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 7.394 0 Td (fd)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.066 0 Td [(does )-38(not )-38(r)17(efer)]TJ -32.846 -1.2 Td (to a terminal device.)Tj 1.8 -1.2 Td [(The )-99(ar)18(gument)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 6.677 0 Td (opt)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.626 0 Td (for)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.623 0 Td (tcsetattr)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.749 0 Td [(lets )-99(us )-99(specify )-99(when )-99(we )-99(want )-99(the )-99(new )-99(terminal)]TJ -17.474 -1.2 Td [(attributes to take ef)18(fect. )-250(This)-250(ar)18(gument is speci\336ed as one of the following constants.)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 1.8 -1.68 Td (TCSANOW)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.6 0 Td [(The change occurs immediately)111(.)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf -6.6 -1.72 Td (TCSADRAIN)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.6 0 Td [(The )-26(change )-26(occurs )-26(after )-26(all )-26(output )-26(has )-26(been )-26(transmitted.)-526(This )-26(option)]TJ T* (should be used if we ar)Tj 0.25 Tc 10.27 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.173 0 Td (hanging the output parameters.)Tj /TT1 1 Tf -18.043 -1.72 Td (TCSAFLUSH)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.6 0 Td [(The )-727(change )-727(occurs )-727(after )-727(all )-727(output )-727(has )-727(been )-727(transmitted.)]TJ T* [(Furthermor)18(e, when the change takes place, all input data that has not)]TJ T* [(been r)18(ead is discar)18(ded \(\337ushed\).)]TJ -6.6 -1.68 Td [(The )-143(r)18(eturn )-143(status )-143(of)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 9.492 0 Td (tcsetattr)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.793 0 Td [(can )-143(be )-143(confusing )-143(to )-143(use )-143(corr)16(ectly)]TJ 0.6434 Tc 15.011 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.506 0 Td [(his )-143(function)]TJ -0.018 Tc -33.603 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(turns )-155(OK )-155(if )-155(it )-155(was )-155(able )-155(to )-155(perform)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 16.409 0 Td (any)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.905 0 Td [(of )-155(the )-155(r)18(equested )-155(actions, )-155(even )-155(if )-155(it )-155(couldn\325t)]TJ -19.17 -1.2 Td [(perform )-68(all )-68(the )-68(r)18(equested )-68(actions.)-568(If )-68(the )-68(function )-68(r)18(eturns )-68(OK, )-68(it )-68(is )-68(our )-68(r)14(esponsibility )-68(to)]TJ T* [(see )-153(whether )-153(all )-153(the )-153(r)18(equested )-153(actions )-153(wer)]TJ 0.4035 Tc 19.09 0 Td (ep)Tj 0 Tc 1.484 0 Td [(erformed. )-403(This)-404(means )-154(that )-154(after )-154(we )-154(call)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf -20.574 -1.2 Td (tcsetattr)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.723 0 Td [(to )-73(set )-73(the )-73(desir)18(ed )-73(attributes, )-73(we )-73(need )-73(to )-73(call)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 19.999 0 Td (tcgetattr)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.723 0 Td [(and )-73(compar)]TJ 0.3226 Tc 5.367 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.128 0 Td (he)Tj -37.939 -1.2 Td [(actual terminal\325s attributes to the desir)18(ed attributes to detect any dif)18(fer)18(ences.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(What )-85(ar)]TJ 0.3347 Tc 3.62 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.14 0 Td [(he )-85(attributes )-85(of )-85(a )-85(terminal )-85(we )-85(open )-85(for )-85(the )-85(\336rst )-85(time?)-582(The )-85(answer )-85(is )-85(\324)38(\324it)]TJ -6.559 -1.2 Td (depends.\325)Tj 0.7104 Tc 4.278 0 Td (\325S)Tj 0 Tc 1.513 0 Td [(ome )-210(systems )-210(might )-210(initialize )-210(the )-210(terminal )-210(attributes )-210(to )-210(implementation-)]TJ -5.791 -1.2 Td [(de\336ned )-82(values.)-582(Other )-82(systems )-82(might )-82(leave )-82(the )-82(attributes )-82(with )-82(the )-82(values )-82(they )-82(had )-82(the)]TJ T* [(last )-90(time )-90(that )-90(the )-90(terminal )-90(was )-90(used.)-590(If )-90(we )-90(want )-90(to )-90(be )-90(sur)]TJ 0.3403 Tc 26.381 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.145 0 Td [(hat )-90(the )-90(terminal )-90(behavior)]TJ -27.526 -1.2 Td [(conforms )-79(to )-79(the )-79(standar)18(d, )-79(we )-79(can )-79(open )-79(the )-79(terminal )-79(device )-79(with )-79(the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 31.007 0 Td (O_TTY_INIT)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.329 0 Td (\337ag)Tj -37.336 -1.2 Td [(\(see )-206(Section )-206(3.3\).)-706(This )-206(will )-206(ensur)]TJ 0.4558 Tc 15.352 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.261 0 Td [(hat )-206(when )-206(we )-206(call)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 8.547 0 Td (tcgetattr)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.4557 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 6.606 0 Td [(ny )-206(nonstandar)18(d)]TJ -31.765 -1.2 Td [(portions )-194(of )-194(the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 7.308 0 Td (termios)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.644 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)]TJ 0.4438 Tc 3.49 0 Td (ew)Tj 0 Tc 1.757 0 Td [(ill )-194(be )-194(initialized )-194(so )-194(the )-194(terminal )-194(will )-194(behave )-194(as)]TJ -17.199 -1.2 Td (expected when we change the attributes and call)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 21.697 0 Td (tcsetattr)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 11.9986 0 0 11.9986 93.5898 197.7263 Tm [(18.5 )-776(T)60(erminal )-278(Option )-278(Fla)10(gs)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5855 180.9283 Tm [(In )-72(this )-72(section, )-72(we )-72(list )-72(all )-72(the )-72(various )-72(terminal )-72(option )-72(\337ags, )-72(expanding )-72(the )-72(descriptions)]TJ T* [(fr)18(om )-120(Figur)18(es )-120(18.3 )-120(thr)18(ough )-120(18.6.)-618(This )-120(list )-120(is )-120(alphabetical )-120(and )-120(indicates )-120(in )-120(which )-120(of )-120(the)]TJ T* [(four )-120(terminal )-120(\337ag )-120(\336elds )-120(the )-120(option )-120(appears.)-620(\(The )-120(\336eld )-120(that )-120(contr)18(ols )-120(a )-120(given )-120(option )-120(is)]TJ T* [(usually )-25(not )-25(appar)18(ent )-25(fr)18(om )-25(the )-25(option )-25(name )-25(alone.\))]TJ -0.092 Tc 22.98 0 Td [(We )-209(a)]TJ 0 Tc 2.162 0 Td [(lso )-25(note )-25(whether )-25(each )-25(option )-25(is)]TJ -25.142 -1.2 Td (de\336ned by the Single UNIX Speci\336cation and list the platforms that\ support it.)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46898 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (678)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.092 Tc 3.5 0 Td (Te)Tj 0 Tc 1 0 Td [(rminal )-250(I/O)]TJ 37.741 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(18)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 11.9993 0 0 11.9993 93.5944 668.9599 Tm [(18.3 )-776(Special)-556(Input )-278(Character)15(s)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 644.9613 Tm [(POSIX.1 )-203(de\336nes )-203(1)]TJ 0.4533 Tc 8.201 0 Td (1c)Tj 0 Tc 1.397 0 Td [(haracters )-203(that )-203(ar)]TJ 0.4533 Tc 7.563 0 Td (eh)Tj 0 Tc 1.514 0 Td [(andled )-203(specially )-203(on )-203(input.)-704(Implementations)]TJ -18.675 -1.2 Td [(de\336ne additional special characters.)-500(Figur)]TJ 0.25 Tc 18.707 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (8.9 summarizes these special characters.)Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 2.8 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1116.25 6106.25 cm 0 0 m 4085 0 l S Q Q BT /TT1 1 Tf 6.9992 0 0 6.9992 235.8177 603.3276 Tm (c_cc)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 8.152 0 Td (Enabled by)Tj -0.09 Tc 8.843 0 Td (Ty)Tj 0 Tc 1.079 0 Td [(pical )-4419(Fr)18(eeBSD )-250(Linux )-250(Mac)-250(OS X)-500(Solaris)]TJ -18.904 -1.286 Td [(subscript )-2421(\336eld)-4775(\337ag )-2802(value)]TJ 26.975 0 Td [(8.0 )-1827(3.2.0)-1736(10.6.8 )-2170(10)]TJ -43.277 0.643 Td [(Character)-2936(Description)]TJ 37.833 0 Td (POSIX.1)Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 2.8 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1116.25 5906.25 cm 0 0 m 4085 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 2.8 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1116.25 5886.25 cm 0 0 m 4085 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 6.9987 0 0 6.9987 115.0793 581.2954 Tm [(CR )-3438(carriage)]TJ -0.018 Tc 8.875 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(turn )-3468(\(can\325t)-250(change\))]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 12.313 0 Td [(c_lflag )-900(ICANON)-3903(\\r)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 3.629 Tc 17.437 0 Td (\245\245)Tj 3.3796 Tc 7.937 0 Td [(\245\245 )3445(\245)]TJ 0 Tc -47.418 -1.414 Td [(DISCARD )-250(discar)]TJ 0.25 Tc 7.712 0 Td (do)Tj 0 Tc 1.407 0 Td (utput)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6.236 0 Td [(VDISCARD )-1289(c_lflag)-1500(IEXTEN)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 19.932 0 Td (\366O )Tj 8.429 0 Td (\245)Tj 3.3796 Tc 3.702 0 Td [(\245\245 )3445(\245)]TJ 0 Tc -47.418 -1.414 Td (DSUSP)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 15.355 0 Td [(VDSUSP )-2489(c_lflag)-1500(ISIG)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 19.992 0 Td (\366Y )Tj 8.369 0 Td (\245)Tj 3.564 Tc 7.688 0 Td (\245\245)Tj 0 Tc -46.339 0 Td (delayed suspend)Tj 1.543 -1.286 Td (\()Tj /TT1 1 Tf (SIGTSTP)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (\))Tj -6.608 -1.414 Td [(EOF )-2862(end)-250(of \336le)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 15.355 0 Td [(VEOF )-3689(c_lflag)-1500(ICANON)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 19.938 0 Td [(\366D )-2831(\245)]TJ 3.096 Tc 8.423 0 Td [(\245\245 )3062(\245)]TJ 0 Tc 11.858 0 Td (\245)Tj -55.574 -1.414 Td [(EOL )-2807(end)-250(of line)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 15.355 0 Td [(VEOL )-3689(c_lflag)-1500(ICANON)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 3.629 Tc 24.126 0 Td (\245\245)Tj 3.3796 Tc 7.937 0 Td [(\245\245 )3445(\245)]TJ 0 Tc -47.418 -1.414 Td [(EOL2 )-2307(alternate)-250(end of line)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 15.355 0 Td [(VEOL2 )-3089(c_lflag)-1500(ICANON)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 3.096 Tc 28.361 0 Td [(\245\245 )3062(\245)]TJ 0 Tc 11.858 0 Td (\245)Tj -55.574 -1.414 Td (ERASE)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 15.355 0 Td [(VERASE )-2489(c_lflag)-1500(ICANON)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 19.271 0 Td (\366H, \366?)Tj 3.629 Tc 4.855 0 Td (\245\245)Tj 3.3796 Tc 7.937 0 Td [(\245\245 )3445(\245)]TJ 0 Tc -42.353 0 Td (backspace one)Tj 1.543 -1.286 Td (character)Tj -6.608 -1.414 Td (ERASE2)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 15.355 0 Td [(VERASE2 )-1889(c_lflag)-1500(ICANON)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 19.271 0 Td (\366H, \366?)Tj 9.09 0 Td (\245)Tj -38.651 0 Td (alternate backspace)Tj 1.543 -1.286 Td (character)Tj -6.608 -1.414 Td (INTR)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 15.355 0 Td [(VINTR )-3089(c_lflag)-1500(ISIG)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 19.332 0 Td (\366?, \366C)Tj 3.629 Tc 4.794 0 Td (\245\245)Tj 3.3796 Tc 7.937 0 Td [(\245\245 )3445(\245)]TJ 0 Tc -42.353 0 Td [(interr)8(upt signal)]TJ 1.543 -1.286 Td (\()Tj /TT1 1 Tf (SIGINT)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (\))Tj -6.608 -1.414 Td [(KILL )-2530(erase)-250(line)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 15.355 0 Td [(VKILL )-3089(c_lflag)-1500(ICANON)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 19.936 0 Td [(\366U )-2829(\245)]TJ 3.096 Tc 8.425 0 Td [(\245\245 )3062(\245)]TJ 0 Tc 11.858 0 Td (\245)Tj -55.574 -1.414 Td [(LNEXT )-1482(literal)-250(next)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 15.355 0 Td [(VLNEXT )-2489(c_lflag)-1500(IEXTEN)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 19.964 0 Td (\366V )Tj 8.397 0 Td (\245)Tj 3.3796 Tc 3.702 0 Td [(\245\245 )3445(\245)]TJ 0 Tc -47.418 -1.414 Td [(NL )-3373(line)-250(feed \(newline\))-2041(\(can\325t change\))]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 22.044 0 Td [(c_lflag )-900(ICANON)-3903(\\n)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 3.629 Tc 17.437 0 Td (\245\245)Tj 3.3796 Tc 7.937 0 Td [(\245\245 )3445(\245)]TJ 0 Tc -47.418 -1.414 Td [(QUIT )-2301(quit)-250(signal \()]TJ /TT1 1 Tf (SIGQUIT)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (\))Tj /TT1 1 Tf 15.355 0 Td [(VQUIT )-3089(c_lflag)-1500(ISIG)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 20.022 0 Td [(\366\\ )-2915(\245)]TJ 3.096 Tc 8.339 0 Td [(\245\245 )3062(\245)]TJ 0 Tc 11.858 0 Td (\245)Tj -55.574 -1.414 Td [(REPRINT )-483(r)18(eprint all input)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 15.355 0 Td [(VREPRINT )-1289(c_lflag)-1500(ICANON)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 19.991 0 Td (\366R )Tj 8.37 0 Td (\245)Tj 3.3796 Tc 3.702 0 Td 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T* [(descriptor r)18(eturned by the server)]TJ 0.5 Tc 14.523 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.363 0 Td (he contents of the \336le ar)Tj 0.25 Tc 10.538 0 Td (en)Tj 0 Tc 1.311 0 Td (ot exchanged using IPC.)Tj -25.935 -1.2 Td (Ther)Tj 0.4159 Tc 2.051 0 Td (ea)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.395 0 Td [(re )-202(s)]TJ 0 Tc 1.696 0 Td [(everal )-166(advantages )-166(in )-166(designing )-166(the )-166(server )-166(to )-166(be )-166(a )-166(separate )-166(executable)]TJ -6.942 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ogram )-126(\(either )-126(one )-126(that )-126(is )-126(executed )-126(by )-126(the )-126(client, )-126(as )-126(we )-126(develop )-126(in )-126(this )-126(section, )-126(or )-126(a)]TJ T* (daemon server)Tj 0.25 Tc 6.514 0 Td (,w)Tj 0 Tc 1.334 0 Td (hich we develop in the next section\).)Tj 0.883 Tc -6.048 -1.56 Td (\245T)Tj 0 Tc 2.102 0 Td [(he )-131(server )-131(can )-131(easily )-131(be )-131(contacted )-131(by )-131(any )-131(client, )-131(similar )-131(to )-131(the )-131(client )-131(calling )-131(a)]TJ -0.613 -1.2 Td [(library )-534(function.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 8.756 0 Td [(We )-718(a)]TJ -0.018 Tc 2.671 0 Td [(re )-570(n)]TJ 0 Tc 2.222 0 Td [(ot )-534(har)18(d-coding )-534(a )-534(particular )-534(service )-534(into )-534(the)]TJ -13.648 -1.2 Td [(application, but designing a general facility that others can r)18(euse.)]TJ 0.883 Tc -1.489 -1.36 Td (\245I)Tj 0 Tc 1.826 0 Td [(f)-341(we)-341(n)-1(eed )-91(to )-91(change )-91(the )-91(server)]TJ 0.3415 Tc 13.91 0 Td (,o)Tj 0 Tc 1.137 0 Td [(nly )-91(a )-91(single )-91(pr)18(ogram )-91(is )-91(af)16(fected. )-341(Conversely)111(,)]TJ -15.385 -1.2 Td [(updating )-2(a )-2(library )-2(function )-2(can )-2(r)18(equir)]TJ 0.2521 Tc 16.731 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.057 0 Td [(hat )-2(all )-2(pr)18(ograms )-2(that )-2(call )-2(the )-2(function )-2(be)]TJ -17.789 -1.2 Td [(updated )-143(\(i.e., )-143(r)18(elinked )-143(with )-143(the )-143(link )-143(editor\).)-646(Shar)18(ed )-143(libraries )-143(can )-143(simplify )-143(this)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td (updating \(Section 7.7\).)Tj 0.883 Tc -1.489 -1.36 Td (\245T)Tj 0 Tc 2.102 0 Td [(he )-513(server )-513(can )-513(be )-513(a )-513(set-user)18(-ID )-513(pr)18(ogram, )-513(pr)18(oviding )-513(it )-513(with )-513(additional)]TJ -0.613 -1.2 Td [(permissions )-7(that )-7(the )-7(client )-7(does )-7(not )-7(have.)-507(Note )-7(that )-7(a )-7(library )-7(function )-7(\(or )-7(shar)13(ed)]TJ T* [(library function\) can\325t pr)18(ovide this capability)111(.)]TJ -1.489 -1.56 Td [(The )-112(client )-112(pr)18(ocess )-112(cr)18(eates )-112(an )-112(fd-pipe )-112(and )-112(then )-112(calls)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 23.616 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.763 0 Td (and)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 2.056 0 Td (exec)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.763 0 Td [(to )-112(invoke )-112(the)]TJ -32.997 -1.2 Td (server)Tj 0.5275 Tc 2.663 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.391 0 Td [(he )-27(client )-27(sends )-27(r)18(equests )-27(acr)18(oss )-27(the )-27(fd-pipe )-27(using )-27(one )-27(end, )-27(and )-27(the )-27(server )-27(sends)]TJ -4.054 -1.2 Td [(back r)18(esponses over the fd-pipe using the other end.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 1.8 -1.2 Td [(We )-184(d)]TJ 0 Tc 2.248 0 Td [(e\336ne the following application pr)18(otocol between the client and the server)74(.)]TJ -2.248 -1.56 Td [(1. )-633(The)-610(client )-360(sends )-360(a )-360(r)18(equest )-360(of )-360(the )-360(form )-360(\324)40(\324)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf (open)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 24.707 0 Td [( )-250()]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf [(\\0\325)37(\325)]TJ -23.074 -1.2 Td [(acr)18(oss )-49(the )-49(fd-pipe )-49(to )-49(the )-49(server)]TJ 0.5486 Tc 13.766 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.412 0 Td (he)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.36 0 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.511 0 Td [(is )-49(the )-49(numeric )-49(value, )-49(in )-49(ASCII)]TJ -22.048 -1.2 Td [(decimal, )-154(of )-154(the )-154(second )-154(ar)18(gument )-154(to )-154(the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 18.494 0 Td (open)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.804 0 Td [(function. )-404(This)]TJ -0.018 Tc 6.925 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(quest )-154(string )-154(is)]TJ -29.078 -1.2 Td (terminated by a null byte.)Tj -1.633 -1.36 Td [(2. )-633(The)-288(server )-38(sends )-38(back )-38(an )-38(open )-38(descriptor )-38(or )-38(an )-38(err)15(or )-38(by )-38(calling )-38(either)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 33 0 Td (send_fd)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -31.367 -1.2 Td (or)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.191 0 Td (send_err)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj -4.624 -1.56 Td [(This )-10(is )-10(an )-10(example )-10(of )-10(a )-10(pr)18(ocess )-10(sending )-10(an )-10(open )-10(descriptor )-10(to )-10(its )-10(par)23(ent. )-259(In)-260(Section )-9(17.6,)]TJ T* [(we\325ll )-202(modify )-202(this )-202(example )-202(to )-202(use )-202(a )-202(single )-202(daemon )-202(server)]TJ 0.4518 Tc 26.596 0 Td (,w)Tj 0 Tc 1.536 0 Td (her)Tj 0.4518 Tc 1.438 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.257 0 Td [(he )-202(server )-202(sends )-202(a)]TJ -30.827 -1.2 Td [(descriptor to a completely unr)18(elated pr)18(ocess.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 1.8 -1.2 Td [(We )-473(\336)]TJ 0 Tc 2.531 0 Td [(rst )-289(have )-289(the )-289(header)75(,)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 10.034 0 Td (open.h)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.139 0 Td (\(Figur)Tj 0.5385 Tc 2.716 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.517 0 Td [(7.17\), )-288(which )-288(includes )-288(the )-288(standar)16(d)]TJ -22.737 -1.2 Td [(headers and de\336nes the function pr)18(ototypes.)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 2154.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /TT1 1 Tf 8.9989 0 0 8.9989 129.5844 205.8743 Tm (#include "apue.h")Tj 0 -1.189 TD (#include )Tj 0 -1.783 TD (#define CL_OPEN "open")Tj 19.2 0 Td (/* client\325s request for server */)Tj -19.2 -1.783 Td [(int )-2400(csopen\(char)-600(*, int\);)]TJ ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 1583.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 264.4924 142.2724 Tm (Figure 17.17)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.195 0 Td (The)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.924 0 Td (open.h)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td (header)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46904 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (642)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Advanced )-250(IPC)]TJ 38.741 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(17)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf -0.092 Tc 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5911 668.9599 Tm [(We )-562(t)]TJ 0 Tc 2.341 0 Td [(hen )-378(have )-378(to )-378(\336ll )-378(in )-378(another)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 13.878 0 Td (sockaddr_un)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.228 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e, )-378(this )-378(time )-378(with )-378(the)]TJ -25.247 -1.2 Td [(well-known )-124(pathname )-124(of )-124(the )-124(server)]TJ 0.6244 Tc 16.208 0 Td (.F)Tj 0 Tc 1.43 0 Td [(inally)111(,)-374(we)-374(c)-1(all )-124(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.374 0 Td (connect)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.574 0 Td [(function )-124(to )-124(initiate)]TJ -30.586 -1.2 Td [(the connection with the server)74(.)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 11.9993 0 0 11.9993 93.5944 608.9635 Tm [(17.4 )-776(P)30(assing )-278(File )-278(Descriptor)15(s)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5923 584.9649 Tm [(Passing )-81(an )-81(open )-81(\336le )-81(descriptor )-81(between )-81(pr)18(ocesses )-81(is )-81(a )-81(powerful )-81(technique.)-581(It )-81(can )-81(lead)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(to )-427(dif)18(fer)18(ent )-427(ways )-427(of )-427(designing )-427(client\320server )-427(applications.)-927(It )-427(allows )-427(one )-427(pr)16(ocess)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(\(typically )-219(a )-219(server\) )-219(to )-219(do )-219(everything )-219(that )-219(is )-219(r)18(equir)18(ed )-219(to )-219(open )-219(a )-219(\336le )-219(\(involving )-219(such)]TJ T* [(details )-210(as )-210(translating )-210(a )-210(network )-210(name )-210(to )-210(a )-210(network )-210(addr)14(ess, )-210(dialing )-210(a )-210(modem, )-210(and)]TJ T* [(negotiating )-112(locks )-112(for )-112(the )-112(\336le\) )-112(and )-112(simply )-112(pass )-112(back )-112(to )-112(the )-112(calling )-112(pr)13(ocess )-112(a )-112(descriptor)]TJ T* [(that )-54(can )-54(be )-54(used )-54(with )-54(all )-54(the )-54(I/O )-54(functions.)-550(All )-54(the )-54(details )-54(involved )-54(in )-54(opening )-54(the )-54(\336le)]TJ T* (or device ar)Tj 0.25 Tc 5.187 0 Td (eh)Tj 0 Tc 1.311 0 Td [(idden fr)18(om the client.)]TJ -0.092 Tc -4.698 -1.2 Td [(We )-196(m)]TJ 0 Tc 2.532 0 Td [(ust )-12(be )-12(mor)]TJ 0.2621 Tc 4.715 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.165 0 Td [(peci\336c )-12(about )-12(what )-12(we )-12(mean )-12(by )-12(\324)36(\324passing )-12(an )-12(open )-12(\336le )-12(descriptor)]TJ -0.037 Tc 28.269 0 Td (\325\325)Tj 0 Tc -38.481 -1.2 Td [(fr)18(om )-76(one )-76(pr)17(ocess )-76(to )-76(another)]TJ 0.5764 Tc 12.554 0 Td (.R)Tj 0 Tc 1.494 0 Td [(ecall )-76(Figur)]TJ 0.3264 Tc 4.714 0 Td (e3)Tj 0 Tc 1.305 0 Td [(.8, )-76(which )-76(showed )-76(two )-76(pr)18(ocesses )-76(that )-76(have)]TJ -20.069 -1.2 Td [(opened )-88(the )-88(same )-88(\336le.)-588(Although )-88(they )-88(shar)]TJ 0.3384 Tc 18.966 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.143 0 Td [(he )-88(same )-88(v-node, )-88(each )-88(pr)18(ocess )-88(has )-88(its )-88(own)]TJ -20.11 -1.2 Td [(\336le table entry)111(.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(When )-155(we )-155(pass )-155(an )-155(open )-155(\336le )-155(descriptor )-155(fr)18(om )-155(one )-155(pr)18(ocess )-155(to )-155(another)69(,)-405(we)-405(w)-1(ant )-155(the)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(passing )-12(pr)18(ocess )-12(and )-12(the )-12(r)18(eceiving )-12(pr)18(ocess )-12(to )-12(shar)]TJ 0.2624 Tc 21.704 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.067 0 Td [(he )-12(same )-12(\336le )-12(table )-12(entry)]TJ 0.5123 Tc 10.147 0 Td (.F)Tj 0 Tc 1.318 0 Td (igur)Tj 0.2623 Tc 1.827 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.241 0 Td [(7.1)55(1)]TJ -37.305 -1.2 Td [(shows the desir)18(ed arrangement.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 1.8 -1.2 Td (Te)Tj 0 Tc 1 0 Td [(chnically)111(,)-292(we)-292(a)]TJ -0.018 Tc 6.516 0 Td [(re )-78(p)]TJ 0 Tc 1.749 0 Td [(assing )-42(a )-42(pointer )-42(to )-42(an )-42(open )-42(\336le )-42(table )-42(entry )-42(fr)21(om )-42(one )-42(pr)18(ocess )-42(to)]TJ -11.065 -1.2 Td (another)Tj 0.5804 Tc 3.336 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.443 0 Td [(his )-80(pointer )-80(is )-80(assigned )-80(the )-80(\336rst )-80(available )-80(descriptor )-80(in )-80(the )-80(r)18(eceiving )-80(pr)15(ocess.)]TJ -4.779 -1.2 Td [(\(Saying )-16(that )-16(we )-16(ar)]TJ 0.2665 Tc 8.066 0 Td (ep)Tj 0 Tc 1.346 0 Td [(assing )-16(an )-16(open )-16(descriptor )-16(mistakenly )-16(gives )-16(the )-16(impr)15(ession )-17(that )-17(the)]TJ -9.413 -1.2 Td [(descriptor )-36(number )-36(in )-36(the )-36(r)18(eceiving )-36(pr)20(ocess )-36(is )-36(the )-36(same )-36(as )-36(in )-36(the )-36(sending )-36(pr)18(ocess, )-36(which)]TJ T* [(usually )-267(isn\325t )-267(tr)7(ue.\) )-517(Having)-518(two )-267(pr)18(ocesses )-267(shar)17(e)-517(an)-517(o)-1(pen )-268(\336le )-268(table )-268(is )-268(exactly )-268(what)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td (happens after a)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 7.052 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td [(\(r)18(ecall Figur)]TJ 0.25 Tc 5.348 0 Td (e8)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (.2\).)Tj -14.479 -1.2 Td [(What )-34(normally )-34(happens )-34(when )-34(a )-34(descriptor )-34(is )-34(passed )-34(fr)14(om )-34(one )-34(pr)18(ocess )-34(to )-34(another )-34(is)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(that )-2(the )-2(sending )-2(pr)18(ocess, )-2(after )-2(passing )-2(the )-2(descriptor)]TJ 0.2518 Tc 23.19 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 0.828 0 Td [(hen )-2(closes )-2(the )-2(descriptor)]TJ 0.5019 Tc 10.832 0 Td (.C)Tj 0 Tc 1.461 0 Td (losing)Tj -36.31 -1.2 Td [(the )-20(descriptor )-20(by )-20(the )-20(sender )-20(doesn\325t )-20(r)16(eally )-20(close )-20(the )-20(\336le )-20(or )-20(device, )-20(since )-20(the )-20(descriptor )-20(is)]TJ T* [(still )-158(consider)18(ed )-158(open )-158(by )-158(the )-158(r)18(eceiving )-158(pr)18(ocess )-158(\(even )-158(if )-158(the )-158(r)20(eceiver )-158(hasn\325t )-158(speci\336cally)]TJ -0.018 Tc T* (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (ceived the descriptor yet\).)Tj -0.092 Tc 0.944 -1.2 Td [(We )-362(d)]TJ 0 Tc 2.426 0 Td [(e\336ne )-178(the )-178(following )-178(thr)18(ee )-178(functions )-178(that )-178(we )-178(use )-178(in )-178(this )-178(chapter )-178(to )-178(send )-178(and)]TJ -0.018 Tc -4.226 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(ceive )-296(\336le )-296(descriptors.)-796(Later )-296(in )-296(this )-296(section, )-296(we\325ll )-296(show )-296(the )-296(code )-296(for )-296(these )-296(thr)23(ee)]TJ -0.856 -1.2 Td (functions.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5921 243.0854 Tm (#include "apue.h")Tj 0 -2.021 TD (int send_fd\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 9.6 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 2.578 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (fd_to_send)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -13.978 -2.021 Td (int send_err\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 10.2 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 2.578 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (status)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 4.244 0 Td (onst char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (errmsg)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.429 -2.021 Td [(Both r)18(eturn: 0 if OK,)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 9.213 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -34.464 -2.021 Td (int recv_fd\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 9.6 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 2.578 0 Td (size_t \(*)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (userfunc)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\)\(int, const void *, size_t\)\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.619 -2.021 Td [(Returns: \336le descriptor if OK, negative value on err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 1476.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1045 l 3900 1045 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46905 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(17.3)]TJ 34.529 0 Td [(Unique )-250(Connections)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 11.304 0 Td (635)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 151.1909 670.2598 Tm (struct sockaddr_un un;)Tj 0 -2.021 TD (un.sun_family = AF_UNIX;)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (strcpy\(un.sun_path, 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2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 221.9734 534.9448 Tm (Figure 17.5)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.695 0 Td [(Binding an addr)18(ess to a UNIX domain socket)]TJ 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 147.5825 508.548 Tm [(When )-121(we )-121(r)8(un )-121(this )-121(pr)18(ogram, )-121(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 14.874 0 Td (bind)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 2.771 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(quest )-121(succeeds.)-621(If )-121(we )-121(r)8(un )-121(the )-121(pr)18(ogram )-121(a)]TJ -20.301 -1.2 Td [(second )-170(time, )-170(however)75(,)-420(we)-420(g)1(et )-170(an )-170(err)19(or)]TJ 0.4196 Tc 17.763 0 Td (,b)Tj 0 Tc 1.223 0 Td [(ecause )-170(the )-170(\336le )-170(alr)18(eady )-170(exists.)-670(The )-170(pr)20(ogram)]TJ -18.985 -1.2 Td [(won\325t succeed again until we r)18(emove the \336le.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9989 0 0 8.9989 147.5824 467.8529 Tm ($)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (./a.out)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 27.6 0 Td [(run the pr)18(ogram)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -28.8 -1.189 Td (UNIX domain socket bound)Tj T* ($)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (ls -l foo.socket)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 27.6 0 Td (look at the socket \336le)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -28.8 -1.189 Td [(srwxr-xr-x )-600(1)-600(sar )-3600(0)-600(May 18 00:44 foo.socket)]TJ T* ($)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (./a.out)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 27.6 0 Td [(try to run the pr)18(ogram again)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -28.8 -1.189 Td (bind failed: Address already in use)Tj T* ($)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (rm foo.socket)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 27.6 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.76 0 Td (move the socket \336le)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -29.56 -1.189 Td ($)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (./a.out)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 27.6 0 Td [(run the pr)18(ogram a third time)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -28.8 -1.189 Td (UNIX domain socket bound)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 28.8 0 Td (now it succeeds)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 147.5822 364.2653 Tm [(The )-19(way )-19(we )-19(determine )-19(the )-19(size )-19(of )-19(the )-19(addr)18(ess )-19(to )-19(bind )-19(is )-19(to )-19(calculate )-19(the )-19(of)17(fset )-19(of )-19(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.8 -1.2 Td (sun_path)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.287 0 Td [(member )-237(in )-237(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.392 0 Td (sockaddr_un)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.087 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)]TJ 0.4866 Tc 3.49 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.466 0 Td [(nd )-237(add )-237(to )-237(it )-237(the )-237(length )-237(of )-237(the)]TJ -24.721 -1.2 Td [(pathname, )-262(not )-262(including )-262(the )-262(terminating )-262(null )-262(byte.)-762(Since )-262(implementations )-262(vary )-262(in)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(which )-412(members )-412(pr)19(ecede)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 12.284 0 Td (sun_path)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.462 0 Td [(in )-412(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.583 0 Td (sockaddr_un)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.262 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e, )-412(we )-412(use )-412(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -28.59 -1.2 Td (offsetof)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.066 0 Td (macr)Tj 0.2665 Tc 2.204 0 Td (of)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.146 0 Td (ro)Tj 0 Tc 0.923 0 Td (m)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.149 0 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.266 0 Td [(\(included )-16(by)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.887 0 Td (apue.h)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(\))-266(to)-266(c)-1(alculate )-16(the )-16(of)18(fset )-16(of )-16(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -22.642 -1.2 Td (sun_path)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.13 0 Td [(member )-80(fr)18(om )-80(the )-80(start )-80(of )-80(the )-80(str)6(uctur)18(e. )-330(If)-331(you )-80(look )-80(in)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 24.724 0 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.3303 Tc (,y)Tj 0 Tc 7.136 0 Td (ou\325ll)Tj -36.991 -1.2 Td (see a de\336nition similar to the following:)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9989 0 0 8.9989 147.5823 276.6457 Tm [(#define offsetof\(TYPE, MEMBER\))-1444(\(\(int\)&\(\(TYPE *\)0\)->MEMBER\))]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 259.718 Tm [(The )-167(expr)18(ession )-167(evaluates )-167(to )-167(an )-167(integer)]TJ 0.4175 Tc 17.635 0 Td (,w)Tj 0 Tc 1.501 0 Td [(hich )-167(is )-167(the )-167(starting )-167(addr)18(ess )-167(of )-167(the )-167(member)71(,)]TJ -19.137 -1.2 Td [(assuming that the str)8(uctur)]TJ 0.25 Tc 11.624 0 Td (eb)Tj 0 Tc 1.282 0 Td [(egins at addr)18(ess 0.)]TJ ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5141.25 2477.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 50 50 l 0 50 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /TT2 1 Tf 11.9978 0 0 11.9978 93.5832 209.3113 Tm [(17.3 )-776(Unique)-556(Connections)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 0.2619 Tc 9.9982 0 0 9.9982 129.5767 187.7152 Tm (As)Tj 0 Tc 1.464 0 Td [(erver )-12(can )-12(arrange )-12(for )-12(unique )-12(UNIX )-12(domain )-12(connections )-12(to )-12(clients )-12(using )-12(the )-12(standar)19(d)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.464 -1.2 Td (bind)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.927 0 Td (listen)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.2768 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 4.627 0 Td (nd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.47 0 Td (accept)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.877 0 Td [(functions. )-277(Clients)-277(use)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.069 0 Td (connect)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.477 0 Td [(to )-27(contact )-27(the )-27(server; )-27(after)]TJ -27.446 -1.2 Td [(the )-130(connect )-130(r)18(equest )-130(is )-130(accepted )-130(by )-130(the )-130(server)]TJ 0.3796 Tc 20.453 0 Td (,au)Tj 0 Tc 2.112 0 Td [(nique )-130(connection )-130(exists )-130(between )-130(the)]TJ -22.565 -1.2 Td [(client )-265(and )-265(the )-265(server)]TJ 0.7649 Tc 9.701 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.628 0 Td [(his )-265(style )-265(of )-265(operation )-265(is )-265(the )-265(same )-265(that )-265(we )-265(illustrated )-265(with)]TJ -11.329 -1.2 Td [(Internet domain sockets in Figur)18(es 16.16 and 16.17.)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46906 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (634)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Advanced )-250(IPC)]TJ 38.741 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(17)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 11.9993 0 0 11.9993 129.5922 668.9599 Tm [(17.2.1 )-556(Naming)-556(UNIX )-278(Domain )-278(Soc)20(kets)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5923 644.9613 Tm [(Although )-5(the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 6.161 0 Td (socketpair)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.255 0 Td [(function )-5(cr)18(eates )-5(sockets )-5(that )-5(ar)]TJ 0.2553 Tc 13.567 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.178 0 Td [(onnected )-5(to )-5(each )-5(other)]TJ 0.2553 Tc 9.946 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 0.831 0 Td (he)Tj -37.939 -1.2 Td [(individual )-257(sockets )-257(don\325t )-257(have )-257(names.)-757(This )-257(means )-257(that )-257(they )-257(can\325t )-257(be )-257(addr)16(essed )-257(by)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(unr)18(elated pr)18(ocesses.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(In )-65(Section )-65(16.3.4, )-65(we )-65(learned )-65(how )-65(to )-65(bind )-65(an )-65(addr)18(ess )-65(to )-65(an )-65(Internet )-65(domain )-65(socket.)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(Just )-69(as )-69(with )-69(Internet )-69(domain )-69(sockets, )-69(UNIX )-69(domain )-69(sockets )-69(can )-69(be )-69(named )-69(and )-69(used )-69(to)]TJ T* [(advertise )-158(services.)-658(The )-158(addr)18(ess )-158(format )-158(used )-158(with )-158(UNIX )-158(domain )-158(sockets )-158(dif)22(fers )-158(fr)18(om)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(that used with Internet domain sockets, however)74(.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(Recall )-11(fr)18(om )-11(Section )-11(16.3 )-11(that 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7.795 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.255 0 Td [(hat )-200(the)]TJ -37.023 -1.222 Td (functions work on all platforms with as many socket types as possible.)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46909 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(16.8)]TJ 26.689 0 Td [(Nonblocking )-250(and )-250(Asynchr)18(onous )-250(I/O)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 19.144 0 Td (627)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 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3.912 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 0.897 0 Td (he)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.382 0 Td (send)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.721 0 Td [(functions )-71(will )-71(block )-71(when )-71(ther)17(e)-321(is)-321(not )-71(enough )-71(r)18(oom )-71(in )-71(the )-71(socket\325s)]TJ -8.913 -1.2 Td [(output )-293(queue )-293(to )-293(send )-293(the )-293(message.)-791(This )-293(behavior )-293(changes )-293(when )-293(the )-293(socket )-293(is )-293(in)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(nonblocking )-177(mode.)-677(In )-177(this )-177(case, )-177(these )-177(functions )-177(will )-177(fail )-177(instead )-177(of )-177(blocking, )-177(setting)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf T* (errno)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.258 0 Td [(to )-8(either)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 3.94 0 Td (EWOULDBLOCK)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.858 0 Td (or)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.199 0 Td (EAGAIN)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.5079 Tc (.W)Tj 0 Tc 5.358 0 Td [(hen )-8(this )-8(happens, )-8(we )-8(can )-8(use )-8(either)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 15.987 0 Td (poll)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -36.6 -1.2 Td (or)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.191 0 Td (select)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td [(to determine when we can r)18(eceive or transmit data.)]TJ -3.241 -1.2 Td [(The )-188(Single )-188(UNIX )-188(Speci\336cation )-188(includes )-188(support )-188(for )-188(a )-188(general )-188(asynchr)18(onous )-188(I/O)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(mechanism )-137(\(r)18(ecall )-137(Section )-137(14.5\).)-639(The )-138(socket )-138(mechanism )-138(has )-138(its )-138(own )-138(way )-138(of )-138(handling)]TJ T* [(asynchr)18(onous )-102(I/O, )-102(but )-102(this )-102(isn\325t )-102(standar)18(dized )-102(in )-102(the )-102(Single )-102(UNIX )-102(Speci\336cation.)-603(Some)]TJ T* [(texts )-166(r)18(efer )-166(to )-166(the )-166(classic )-166(socket-based )-166(asynchr)18(onous )-166(I/O )-166(mechanism )-166(as )-166(\324)33(\324signal-based)]TJ T* [(I/O\325)37(\325)-465(to)-465(d)1(istinguish )-215(it )-215(fr)18(om )-215(the )-215(general )-215(asynchr)20(onous )-215(I/O )-215(mechanism )-215(found )-215(in )-215(the)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td (Single UNIX Speci\336cation.)Tj -0.055 Tc 1.8 -1.2 Td (Wi)Tj 0 Tc 1.236 0 Td [(th )-104(socket-based )-104(asynchr)19(onous )-104(I/O, )-104(we )-104(can )-104(arrange )-104(to )-104(be )-104(sent )-104(the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 29.966 0 Td (SIGIO)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.354 0 Td (signal)Tj -36.356 -1.2 Td [(when )-141(we )-141(can )-141(r)18(ead )-141(data )-141(fr)18(om )-141(a )-141(socket )-141(or )-141(when )-141(space )-141(becomes )-141(available )-141(in )-141(a )-141(socket\325s)]TJ T* [(write queue.)-500(Enabling asynchr)18(onous I/O is a two-step pr)18(ocess.)]TJ 1.8 -1.8 Td [(1. )-633(Establish)-250(socket ownership so signals can be deliver)18(ed to the pr)18(oper pr)18(ocesses.)]TJ 0 -1.6 TD [(2. )-633(Inform)-270(the )-20(socket )-20(that )-20(we )-20(want )-20(it )-20(to )-20(signal )-20(us )-20(when )-20(I/O )-20(operations )-20(won\325t )-20(block.)]TJ -0.092 Tc -1.8 -1.8 Td [(We )-184(c)]TJ 0 Tc 2.081 0 Td [(an accomplish the \336rst step in thr)18(ee ways.)]TJ -0.281 -1.8 Td [(1. )-633(Use)-250(the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 5.201 0 Td (F_SETOWN)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.05 0 Td (command with)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6.982 0 Td (fcntl)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj -17.233 -1.6 Td [(2. )-633(Use)-250(the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 5.201 0 Td (FIOSETOWN)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.65 0 Td (command with)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6.982 0 Td (ioctl)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj -17.833 -1.6 Td [(3. )-633(Use)-250(the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 5.201 0 Td (SIOCSPGRP)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.65 0 Td (command with)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6.982 0 Td (ioctl)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj -0.092 Tc -19.633 -1.8 Td [(To )-184(a)]TJ 0 Tc 1.817 0 Td (ccomplish the second step, we have two choices.)Tj -0.017 -1.8 Td [(1. )-633(Use)-250(the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 5.201 0 Td (F_SETFL)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td (command with)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6.982 0 Td (fcntl)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td (and enable the)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6.714 0 Td (O_ASYNC)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td (\336le \337ag.)Tj -31.047 -1.6 Td [(2. )-633(Use)-250(the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 5.201 0 Td (FIOASYNC)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.05 0 Td (command with)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6.982 0 Td (ioctl)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj -0.092 Tc -17.233 -1.8 Td [(We )-441(h)]TJ 0 Tc 2.476 0 Td [(ave )-257(several )-257(options, )-257(but )-257(they )-257(ar)]TJ 0.5071 Tc 15.081 0 Td (en)Tj 0 Tc 1.568 0 Td [(ot )-257(universally )-257(supported.)-757(Figur)]TJ 0.507 Tc 14.839 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.486 0 Td (6.23)Tj -37.25 -1.2 Td [(summarizes )-98(the )-98(support )-98(for )-98(these )-98(options )-98(pr)20(ovided )-98(by )-98(the )-98(platforms )-98(discussed )-98(in )-98(this)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD (text.)Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1417.25 2622.25 cm 0 0 m 3657 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 357.4571 254.1695 Tm [(Fr)18(eeBSD )-1250(Linux )-1250(Mac)-250(OS X)-1500(Solaris)]TJ 1.275 -1.25 Td [(8.0 )-2827(3.2.0)-2735(10.6.8 )-3170(10)]TJ -20.41 0.625 Td (Mechanism)Tj 13.965 0 Td (POSIX.1)Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1417.25 2402.25 cm 0 0 m 3657 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1417.25 2382.25 cm 0 0 m 3657 0 l S Q Q BT /TT1 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 145.7218 230.1586 Tm (fcntl\(fd, F_SETOWN, pid\))Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.629 Tc 22.831 0 Td (\245\245)Tj 4.3795 Tc 9.937 0 Td [(\245\245 )4445(\245)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 0 Tc -32.769 -1.25 Td (ioctl\(fd, FIOSETOWN, pid\))Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.096 Tc 28.067 0 Td [(\245\245 )4063(\245)]TJ 0 Tc 14.858 0 Td (\245)Tj /TT1 1 Tf -42.924 -1.25 Td (ioctl\(fd, SIOCSPGRP, pid\))Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.096 Tc 28.067 0 Td [(\245\245 )4063(\245)]TJ 0 Tc 14.858 0 Td (\245)Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1417.25 2062.25 cm 0 0 m 3657 0 l S Q Q BT /TT1 1 Tf 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 145.713 198.1524 Tm (fcntl\(fd, F_SETFL, flags|O_ASYNC\))Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.096 Tc 28.067 0 Td [(\245\245 )4063(\245)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 0 Tc -28.067 -1.25 Td (ioctl\(fd, FIOASYNC, &n\);)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.096 Tc 28.067 0 Td [(\245\245 )4063(\245)]TJ 0 Tc 14.858 0 Td (\245)Tj ET q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1417.25 1842.25 cm 0 0 m 3657 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4737.25 1842.25 cm 0 0 m 0 780 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4267.25 1842.25 cm 0 0 m 0 780 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3939.25 1842.25 cm 0 0 m 0 780 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3505.25 1842.25 cm 0 0 m 0 780 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3525.25 1842.25 cm 0 0 m 0 780 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3101.25 1842.25 cm 0 0 m 0 780 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5074.25 1842.25 cm 0 0 m 0 780 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1417.25 1842.25 cm 0 0 m 0 780 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9976 0 0 7.9976 210.101 166.1501 Tm (Figure 16.23)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.195 0 Td [(Socket asynchr)18(onous I/O management commands)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46910 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (626)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Network )-250(IPC: )-250(Sockets)]TJ 38.741 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(16)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 11.9993 0 0 11.9993 93.5944 668.9599 Tm [(16.7 )-776(Out-of-Band)-556(Data)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5923 647.3612 Tm [(Out-of-band )-118(data )-118(is )-118(an )-118(optional )-118(featur)]TJ 0.3681 Tc 17.381 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.271 0 Td [(upported )-118(by )-118(some )-118(communication )-118(pr)18(otocols,)]TJ -18.653 -1.2 Td [(allowing )-86(higher)18(-priority )-86(delivery )-86(of )-86(data )-86(than )-86(normal.)-586(Out-of-band )-86(data )-86(is )-86(sent )-86(ahead)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(of )-142(any )-142(data )-142(that )-142(is )-142(alr)17(eady )-142(queued )-142(for )-142(transmission.)-642(TCP )-142(supports )-142(out-of-band )-142(data,)]TJ T* [(but )-208(UDP )-208(doesn\325t.)-708(The )-208(socket )-208(interface )-208(to )-208(out-of-band )-208(data )-208(is )-208(heavily )-208(in\337uenced )-208(by)]TJ T* (TCP\325s implementation of out-of-band data.)Tj 1.8 -1.2 Td [(TCP )-11(r)18(efers )-11(to )-11(out-of-band )-11(data )-11(as )-11(\324)38(\324ur)18(gent\325)]TJ 0.2609 Tc 18.66 0 Td (\325d)Tj 0 Tc 1.15 0 Td [(ata. )-261(TCP)-261(supports )-11(only )-11(a )-11(single )-11(byte )-11(of)]TJ -21.61 -1.2 Td [(ur)18(gent )-104(data, )-104(but )-104(allows )-104(ur)16(gent )-104(data )-104(to )-104(be )-104(deliver)18(ed )-104(out )-104(of )-104(band )-104(fr)18(om )-104(the )-104(normal )-104(data)]TJ T* [(delivery )-80(mechanisms.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 10.318 0 Td [(To )-264(g)]TJ 0 Tc 1.953 0 Td [(enerate )-80(ur)18(gent )-80(data, )-80(we )-80(specify )-80(the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 16.157 0 Td (MSG_OOB)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.53 0 Td [(\337ag )-80(to )-80(any )-80(of)]TJ -32.958 -1.2 Td [(the thr)18(ee)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 4.13 0 Td (send)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td [(functions. )-250(If)-250(we send mor)]TJ 0.2501 Tc 11.516 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.055 0 Td (han one byte with the)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 9.856 0 Td (MSG_OOB)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td (\337ag, the last)Tj -33.658 -1.2 Td [(byte will be tr)18(eated as the ur)18(gent-data byte.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(When )-94(ur)18(gent )-94(data )-94(is )-94(r)18(eceived, )-94(we )-94(ar)]TJ 0.3439 Tc 16.446 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.247 0 Td [(ent )-94(the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 3.462 0 Td (SIGURG)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.944 0 Td [(signal )-94(if )-94(we )-94(have )-94(arranged)]TJ -26.899 -1.2 Td [(for )-99(signal )-99(generation )-99(by )-99(the )-99(socket.)-598(In )-99(Sections )-99(3.14 )-99(and )-99(14.5.2, )-99(we )-99(saw )-99(that )-99(we )-99(could)]TJ T* [(use )-141(the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 3.675 0 Td (F_SETOWN)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.191 0 Td [(command )-141(to)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 6.103 0 Td (fcntl)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.391 0 Td [(to )-141(set )-141(the )-141(ownership )-141(of )-141(a )-141(socket.)-641(If )-141(the )-141(thir)17(d)]TJ -18.36 -1.2 Td [(ar)18(gument )-95(to)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 5.868 0 Td (fcntl)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.345 0 Td [(is )-95(positive, )-95(it )-95(speci\336es )-95(a )-95(pr)18(ocess )-95(ID.)-594(If )-95(it )-95(is )-95(a )-95(negative )-95(value )-95(other)]TJ -9.213 -1.2 Td (than)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 2.439 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1, )-198(it )-198(r)17(epr)18(esents )-198(the )-198(pr)18(ocess )-198(gr)18(oup )-198(ID.)-698(Thus, )-198(we )-198(can )-198(arrange )-198(that )-198(our )-198(pr)13(ocess)]TJ -0.018 Tc -2.439 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(ceive signals fr)18(om a socket by calling)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.591 450.673 Tm (fcntl\(sockfd, F_SETOWN, pid\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.591 432.674 Tm (The)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.969 0 Td (F_GETOWN)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.095 0 Td [(command )-45(can )-45(be )-45(used )-45(to )-45(r)18(etrieve )-45(the )-45(curr)18(ent )-45(socket )-45(ownership.)-541(As)]TJ -8.863 -1.2 Td [(with )-137(the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 4.195 0 Td (F_SETOWN)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.187 0 Td [(command, )-137(a )-137(negative )-137(value )-137(r)17(epr)18(esents )-137(a )-137(pr)18(ocess )-137(gr)18(oup )-137(ID )-137(and )-137(a)]TJ -9.382 -1.2 Td [(positive value r)18(epr)18(esents a pr)18(ocess ID.)-500(Thus, the call)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.591 391.9765 Tm (owner = fcntl\(sockfd, F_GETOWN, 0\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5921 373.9776 Tm [(will )-26(r)18(eturn )-26(with)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 7.33 0 Td (owner)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.276 0 Td [(equal )-26(to )-26(the )-26(ID )-26(of )-26(the )-26(pr)19(ocess )-26(con\336gur)18(ed )-26(to )-26(r)18(eceive )-26(signals )-26(fr)19(om)]TJ -10.605 -1.2 Td [(the )-52(socket )-52(if)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 5.693 0 Td (owner)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.302 0 Td [(is )-52(positive )-52(and )-52(with )-52(the )-52(absolute )-52(value )-52(of)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 18.81 0 Td (owner)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.302 0 Td [(equal )-52(to )-52(the )-52(ID )-52(of)]TJ -31.108 -1.2 Td [(the pr)18(ocess gr)18(oup con\336gur)18(ed to r)18(eceive signals fr)18(om the socket if)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 28.897 0 Td (owner)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td (is negative.)Tj -30.347 -1.2 Td [(TCP )-167(supports )-167(the )-167(notion )-167(of )-167(an)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 14.57 0 Td [(ur)18(gent )-167(mark)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 0.4172 Tc 5.344 0 Td (:t)Tj 0 Tc 0.993 0 Td [(he )-167(point )-167(in )-167(the )-167(normal )-167(data )-167(str)17(eam)]TJ -22.707 -1.2 Td (wher)Tj 0.3199 Tc 2.272 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.125 0 Td [(he )-70(ur)18(gent )-70(data )-70(would )-70(go.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 12.008 0 Td [(We )-254(c)]TJ 0 Tc 2.151 0 Td [(an )-70(choose )-70(to )-70(r)18(eceive )-70(the )-70(ur)18(gent )-70(data )-70(inline )-70(with)]TJ -17.555 -1.2 Td [(the )-56(normal )-56(data )-56(if )-56(we )-56(use )-56(the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 13.496 0 Td (SO_OOBINLINE)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.506 0 Td [(socket )-56(option.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 6.78 0 Td [(To )-240(h)]TJ 0 Tc 1.955 0 Td [(elp )-56(us )-56(identify )-56(when)]TJ -29.737 -1.2 Td [(we have r)18(eached the ur)18(gent mark, we can use the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 22.037 0 Td (sockatmark)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.25 0 Td (function.)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5918 285.2829 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.902 TD (int sockatmark\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 11.4 0 Td (sockfd)Tj /TT1 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.315 -1.902 Td (Returns: 1 if at mark, 0 if not at mark,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 16.749 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 2465.25 cm 0 0 m 0 478 l 3900 478 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 233.032 Tm [(When the next byte to be r)18(ead is at the ur)18(gent mark,)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 23.153 0 Td (sockatmark)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.25 0 Td [(will r)18(eturn 1.)]TJ -27.603 -1.2 Td [(When )-157(out-of-band )-157(data )-157(is )-157(pr)18(esent )-157(in )-157(a )-157(socket\325s )-157(r)18(ead )-157(queue, )-157(the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 29.486 0 Td (select)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.007 0 Td (function)Tj -35.293 -1.2 Td [(\(Section )-32(14.4.1\) )-32(will )-32(r)19(eturn )-32(the )-32(\336le )-32(descriptor )-32(as )-32(having )-32(an )-32(exception )-32(condition )-32(pending.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 0 -1.2 TD [(We )-219(c)]TJ 0 Tc 2.116 0 Td [(an )-35(choose )-35(to )-35(r)18(eceive )-35(the )-35(ur)18(gent )-35(data )-35(inline )-35(with )-35(the )-35(normal )-35(data, )-35(or )-35(we )-35(can )-35(use )-35(the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf -2.116 -1.2 Td (MSG_OOB)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.552 0 Td [(\337ag )-102(with )-102(one )-102(of )-102(the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 9.329 0 Td (recv)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.752 0 Td [(functions )-102(to )-102(r)18(eceive )-102(the )-102(ur)18(gent )-102(data )-102(ahead )-102(of )-102(any)]TJ -16.633 -1.2 Td [(other )-163(queue )-163(data.)-663(TCP )-163(queues )-163(only )-163(one )-163(byte )-163(of )-163(ur)18(gent )-163(data.)-663(If )-163(another )-163(ur)15(gent )-163(byte)]TJ T* [(arrives befor)18(e)-250(we)-250(r)18(eceive the curr)18(ent one, the existing one is discar)18(ded.)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46911 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(16.6)]TJ 36.901 0 Td [(Socket )-250(Options)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 8.932 0 Td (623)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 151.1909 670.2598 Tm (if \(argc != 1\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_quit\("usage: ruptimed"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(\(n = sysconf\(_SC_HOST_NAME_MAX\)\) < 0\))Tj 0.6 Tc 2.4 -1.189 Td (n=H)Tj 0 Tc 3 0 Td [(OST_NAME_MAX; )-600(/*)-600(best guess */)]TJ -5.4 -1.189 Td (if \(\(host = malloc\(n\)\) == NULL\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_sys\("malloc error"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(gethostname\(host, n\) < 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_sys\("gethostname error"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (daemonize\("ruptimed"\);)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (memset\(&hint, 0, sizeof\(hint\)\);)Tj T* (hint.ai_flags = AI_CANONNAME;)Tj T* (hint.ai_socktype = SOCK_DGRAM;)Tj T* (hint.ai_canonname = NULL;)Tj T* (hint.ai_addr = NULL;)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (hint.ai_next = NULL;)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (if \(\(err = getaddrinfo\(host, "ruptime", &hint, &ailist\)\) != 0\) {)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (syslog\(LOG_ERR, "ruptimed: getaddrinfo error: %s",)Tj 1.2 -1.189 Td (gai_strerror\(err\)\);)Tj -1.2 -1.189 Td (exit\(1\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj T* (for \(aip = ailist; aip != NULL; aip = aip->ai_next\) {)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(\(sockfd = initserver\(SOCK_DGRAM, aip->ai_addr,)Tj 1.2 -1.189 Td (aip->ai_addrlen, 0\)\) >= 0\) {)Tj 1.2 -1.189 Td (serve\(sockfd\);)Tj T* (exit\(0\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj T* (exit\(1\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 3659.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 213.9423 349.857 Tm (Figure 16.20)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.195 0 Td [(Server pr)18(oviding system uptime over datagrams)]TJ 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5846 325.8599 Tm [(The )-123(server )-123(blocks )-123(in)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.591 0 Td (recvfrom)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.173 0 Td [(for )-123(a )-123(r)18(equest )-123(for )-123(service.)-623(When )-123(a )-123(r)16(equest )-123(arrives, )-123(we)]TJ -14.765 -1.2 Td [(save )-26(the )-26(r)17(equester )176(\325s)-276(addr)18(ess )-26(and )-26(use)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 16.537 0 Td (popen)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.277 0 Td [(to )-27(r)8(un )-27(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.661 0 Td (uptime)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.877 0 Td [(command. )-277(W)]TJ 0.2766 Tc 6.134 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.18 0 Td [(end )-27(the)]TJ -35.664 -1.2 Td [(output )-33(back )-33(to )-33(the )-33(client )-33(using )-33(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 15.555 0 Td (sendto)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.883 0 Td [(function, )-33(with )-33(the )-33(destination )-33(addr)18(ess )-33(set )-33(to)]TJ -19.439 -1.2 Td [(the r)18(equester )176(\325s)-250(addr)18(ess.)]TJ ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5141.25 2899.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 50 50 l 0 50 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /TT1 1 Tf 11.9978 0 0 11.9978 93.5832 262.2518 Tm [(16.6 )-776(Soc)20(ket )-278(Options)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9982 0 0 9.9982 129.5767 244.255 Tm [(The )-292(socket )-292(mechanism )-292(pr)19(ovides )-292(two )-292(socket-option )-292(interfaces )-292(for )-292(us )-292(to )-292(contr)18(ol )-292(the)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(behavior )-26(of )-26(sockets.)-526(One )-26(interface )-26(is )-26(used )-26(to )-26(set )-26(an )-26(option, )-26(and )-26(another )-26(interface )-26(allows)]TJ T* (us to query the state of an option.)Tj -0.092 Tc 15.287 0 Td [(We )-184(c)]TJ 0 Tc 2.081 0 Td [(an get and set thr)18(ee kinds of options:)]TJ -15.568 -1.68 Td [(1. )-633(Generic)-250(options that work with all socket types)]TJ 0 -1.48 TD [(2. )-633(Options)-430(that )-180(ar)]TJ 0.4301 Tc 8.66 0 Td (em)Tj 0 Tc 1.792 0 Td [(anaged )-180(at )-180(the )-180(socket )-180(level, )-180(but )-180(depend )-180(on )-180(the )-180(underlying)]TJ -8.819 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(otocols for support)]TJ -1.633 -1.48 Td [(3. )-633(Pr)18(otocol-speci\336c options unique to each individual pr)18(otocol)]TJ -1.8 -1.68 Td [(The )-8(Single )-8(UNIX )-8(Speci\336cation )-8(de\336nes )-8(only )-8(the )-8(socket-layer )-8(options )-8(\(the )-8(\336rst )-8(two )-8(option)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(types in the pr)18(eceding list\).)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46912 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (610)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Network )-250(IPC: )-250(Sockets)]TJ 38.741 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(16)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 11.9993 0 0 11.9993 93.5944 668.9599 Tm [(16.5 )-776(Data)]TJ -0.08 Tc 5.723 0 Td (Tr)Tj 0 Tc 0.92 0 Td [(ansf)10(er)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 644.9613 Tm [(Since )-52(a )-52(socket )-52(endpoint )-52(is )-52(r)18(epr)18(esented )-52(as )-52(a )-52(\336le )-52(descriptor)]TJ 0.3021 Tc 25.499 0 Td (,w)Tj 0.3022 Tc 1.386 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.225 0 Td [(an )-52(use)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 3.192 0 Td (read)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.702 0 Td (and)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.995 0 Td (write)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -36 -1.2 Td [(to )-49(communicate )-49(with )-49(a )-49(socket, )-49(as )-49(long )-49(as )-49(it )-49(is )-49(connected.)-549(Recall )-49(that )-49(a )-49(datagram )-49(socket)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(can )-199(be )-199(\324)37(\324connected\325)37(\325)-449(if)-449(we)-449(s)1(et )-199(the )-199(default )-199(peer )-199(addr)19(ess )-199(using )-199(the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 30.394 0 Td (connect)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.649 0 Td (function.)Tj -35.043 -1.2 Td (Using)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 2.935 0 Td (read)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.704 0 Td (and)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.997 0 Td (write)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.304 0 Td [(with )-54(socket )-54(descriptors )-54(is )-54(signi\336cant, )-54(because )-54(it )-54(means )-54(that )-54(we)]TJ -10.94 -1.2 Td [(can )-1(pass )-1(socket )-1(descriptors )-1(to )-1(functions )-1(that )-1(wer)]TJ 0.2514 Tc 21.373 0 Td (eo)Tj 0 Tc 1.276 0 Td [(riginally )-1(designed )-1(to )-1(work )-1(with )-1(local)]TJ -22.649 -1.2 Td [(\336les. )-311(W)]TJ 0.3109 Tc 3.518 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.234 0 Td [(an )-61(also )-61(arrange )-61(to )-61(pass )-61(the )-61(socket )-61(descriptors )-61(to )-61(child )-61(pr)19(ocesses )-61(that )-61(execute)]TJ -4.752 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ograms that know nothing about sockets.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(Although )-28(we )-28(can )-28(exchange )-28(data )-28(using)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 17.301 0 Td (read)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.678 0 Td (and)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.971 0 Td (write)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.2779 Tc (,t)Tj 0 Tc 3.854 0 Td [(hat )-28(is )-28(about )-28(all )-28(we )-28(can )-28(do)]TJ -27.604 -1.2 Td [(with )-73(these )-73(two )-73(functions.)-573(If )-73(we )-73(want )-73(to )-73(specify )-73(options, )-73(r)16(eceive )-73(packets )-73(fr)18(om )-73(multiple)]TJ T* [(clients, )-291(or )-291(send )-291(out-of-band )-291(data, )-291(we )-291(need )-291(to )-291(use )-291(one )-291(of )-291(the )-291(six )-291(socket )-291(functions)]TJ T* [(designed for data transfer)74(.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(Thr)18(ee )-52(functions )-52(ar)]TJ 0.3023 Tc 8.143 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.281 0 Td [(vailable )-52(for )-52(sending )-52(data, )-52(and )-52(thr)17(ee )-52(ar)]TJ 0.3022 Tc 17.083 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.281 0 Td [(vailable )-52(for )-52(r)18(eceiving)]TJ -29.588 -1.2 Td [(data. )-250(First,)-250(we\325ll look at the ones used to send data.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(The )-103(simplest )-103(one )-103(is)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 9.129 0 Td (send)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.6034 Tc (.I)Tj 0 Tc 3.59 0 Td [(t)-353(is)-353(s)-1(imilar )-103(to)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 6.402 0 Td (write)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.3534 Tc (,b)Tj 0 Tc 4.156 0 Td [(ut )-103(allows )-103(us )-103(to )-103(specify )-103(\337ags )-103(to)]TJ -25.077 -1.2 Td [(change how the data we want to transmit is tr)18(eated.)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5908 457.8725 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -2.14 TD (ssize_t send\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 10.2 0 Td (sockfd)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 4.262 0 Td (onst void *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (buf)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 9.697 0 Td (ize_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3.6 0 Td (nbytes)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 4.43 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (\337ags)Tj /TT1 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -15.911 -2.14 Td (Returns: number of bytes sent if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 16.386 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 4149.25 cm 0 0 m 0 520 l 3900 520 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 398.9321 Tm (Like)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 2.233 0 Td (write)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.2964 Tc (,t)Tj 0 Tc 3.872 0 Td [(he )-46(socket )-46(has )-46(to )-46(be )-46(connected )-46(to )-46(use)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 16.488 0 Td (send)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5464 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 3.809 0 Td (he)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.357 0 Td (buf)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.593 0 Td (and)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.989 0 Td (nbytes)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.926 0 Td [(ar)18(guments)]TJ -34.27 -1.2 Td (have the same meaning as they do with)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 17.729 0 Td (write)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj -15.929 -1.2 Td (Unlike)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 3.4 0 Td (write)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.4231 Tc (,h)Tj 0 Tc 4.255 0 Td [(owever)74(,)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 3.897 0 Td (send)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.823 0 Td [(supports )-173(a )-173(fourth)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 8.474 0 Td (\337ags)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.301 0 Td [(ar)18(gument. )-423(Thr)18(ee )-173(\337ags )-173(ar)18(e)]TJ -26.951 -1.2 Td [(de\336ned )-216(by )-216(the )-216(Single )-216(UNIX )-216(Speci\336cation, )-216(but )-216(it )-216(is )-216(common )-216(for )-216(implementations )-216(to)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(support additional ones.)-500(They ar)]TJ 0.25 Tc 14.683 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.153 0 Td (ummarized in Figur)Tj 0.25 Tc 8.901 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (6.13.)Tj -24.166 -1.2 Td (If)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 0.931 0 Td (send)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 2.661 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(turns )-11(success, )-11(it )-11(doesn\325t )-11(necessarily )-11(mean )-11(that )-11(the )-11(pr)18(ocess )-11(at )-11(the )-11(other )-11(end)]TJ -6.247 -1.2 Td [(of )-36(the )-36(connection )-36(r)18(eceives )-36(the )-36(data.)-537(All )-36(we )-36(ar)]TJ 0.2861 Tc 20.289 0 Td (eg)Tj 0 Tc 1.321 0 Td [(uaranteed )-36(is )-36(that )-36(when)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 10.545 0 Td (send)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.686 0 Td (succeeds,)Tj -34.842 -1.2 Td [(the data has been deliver)18(ed to the network drivers without err)18(or)74(.)]TJ -0.055 Tc 1.8 -1.2 Td (Wi)Tj 0 Tc 1.236 0 Td [(th )-284(a )-284(pr)18(otocol )-284(that )-284(supports )-284(message )-284(boundaries, )-284(if )-284(we )-284(try )-284(to )-284(send )-284(a )-284(single)]TJ -3.036 -1.2 Td [(message )-263(lar)18(ger )-263(than )-263(the )-263(maximum )-263(supported )-263(by )-263(the )-263(pr)17(otocol,)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 29.906 0 Td (send)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.913 0 Td [(will )-263(fail )-263(with)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf -32.819 -1.2 Td (errno)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.329 0 Td [(set )-79(to)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 2.76 0 Td (EMSGSIZE)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5793 Tc (.W)Tj 0 Tc 6.574 0 Td [(ith )-79(a )-79(byte-str)18(eam )-79(pr)17(otocol,)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 12.179 0 Td (send)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.729 0 Td [(will )-79(block )-79(until )-79(the )-79(entir)17(e)]TJ -27.572 -1.2 Td (amount of data has been transmitted.)Tj 1.8 -1.2 Td (The)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.942 0 Td (sendto)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.869 0 Td [(function )-18(is )-18(similar )-18(to)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 9.443 0 Td (send)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5185 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 3.781 0 Td [(he )-18(dif)18(fer)18(ence )-18(is )-18(that)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 8.974 0 Td (sendto)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.869 0 Td [(allows )-18(us )-18(to)]TJ -33.678 -1.2 Td [(specify a destination addr)18(ess to be used with connectionless sockets.)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 8.9989 0 0 8.9989 147.5818 223.8531 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -2.14 TD (ssize_t sendto\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 11.4 0 Td (sockfd)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 4.262 0 Td (onst void *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (buf)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 9.697 0 Td (ize_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3.6 0 Td (nbytes)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 4.43 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (\337ags)Tj /TT1 1 Tf (,)Tj -26.189 -1.189 Td (const struct sockaddr *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (destaddr)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 19.044 0 Td (ocklen_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 5.4 0 Td (destlen)Tj /TT1 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -15.366 -2.14 Td (Returns: number of bytes sent if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 16.386 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 1701.25 cm 0 0 m 0 628 l 3900 628 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf -0.055 Tc 9.9982 0 0 9.9982 129.5767 154.2322 Tm (Wi)Tj 0 Tc 1.236 0 Td [(th )-24(a )-24(connection-oriented )-24(socket, )-24(the )-24(destination )-24(addr)15(ess )-25(is )-25(ignor)18(ed, )-25(as )-25(the )-25(destination)]TJ -1.236 -1.2 Td [(is )-116(implied )-116(by )-116(the )-116(connection.)]TJ -0.055 Tc 13.81 0 Td (Wi)Tj 0 Tc 1.236 0 Td [(th )-116(a )-116(connectionless )-116(socket, )-116(we )-116(can\325t )-116(use)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 18.385 0 Td (send)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.766 0 Td (unless)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46913 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(16.4)]TJ 31.974 0 Td [(Connection )-250(Establishment)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 13.859 0 Td (605)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 0.883 Tc 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5911 668.9599 Tm (\245T)Tj 0 Tc 2.102 0 Td [(he )-45(port )-45(number )-45(in )-45(the )-45(addr)18(ess )-45(cannot )-45(be )-45(less )-45(than )-45(1,024 )-45(unless )-45(the )-45(pr)18(ocess )-45(has)]TJ -0.613 -1.2 Td [(the appr)18(opriate privilege \(i.e., is the super)8(user\).)]TJ 0.883 Tc -1.489 -1.6 Td (\245U)Tj 0 Tc 2.267 0 Td (sually)Tj 0.3995 Tc 2.554 0 Td (,o)Tj 0 Tc 1.196 0 Td [(nly )-149(one )-149(socket )-149(endpoint )-149(can )-149(be )-149(bound )-149(to )-149(a )-149(given )-149(addr)18(ess, )-149(although)]TJ -4.527 -1.2 Td [(some pr)18(otocols allow duplicate bindings.)]TJ -3.289 -2.04 Td [(For )-98(the )-98(Internet )-98(domain, )-98(if )-98(we )-98(specify )-98(the )-98(special )-98(IP )-98(addr)17(ess)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 27.731 0 Td (INADDR_ANY)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.348 0 Td [(\(de\336ned )-98(in)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -34.079 -1.2 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(\), )-236(the )-236(socket )-236(endpoint )-236(will )-236(be )-236(bound )-236(to )-236(all )-236(the )-236(system\325s )-236(network)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(interfaces. )-374(This)-374(means )-124(that )-124(we )-124(can )-124(r)18(eceive )-124(packets )-124(fr)18(om )-124(any )-124(of )-124(the )-124(network )-124(interface)]TJ T* [(car)18(ds )-6(installed )-6(in )-6(the )-6(system.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 13.281 0 Td (We)Tj 0 Tc 1.387 0 Td [(\325ll )-6(see )-6(in )-6(the )-6(next )-6(section )-6(that )-6(the )-6(system )-6(will )-6(choose )-6(an)]TJ -14.668 -1.2 Td [(addr)18(ess )-142(and )-142(bind )-142(it )-142(to )-142(our )-142(socket )-142(for )-142(us )-142(if )-142(we )-142(call)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 23.432 0 Td (connect)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.592 0 Td (or)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.333 0 Td (listen)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.992 0 Td [(without )-142(\336rst)]TJ -33.349 -1.2 Td [(binding an addr)18(ess to the socket.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 1.8 -1.2 Td [(We )-184(c)]TJ 0 Tc 2.081 0 Td (an use the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 4.725 0 Td (getsockname)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.85 0 Td [(function to discover the addr)18(ess bound to a socket.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5914 519.8688 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -2.021 TD (int getsockname\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 12 0 Td (sockfd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 4.262 0 Td (truct sockaddr *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 15 0 Td (addr)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -21.662 -1.189 Td (socklen_t *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 12 0 Td (alenp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.251 -2.021 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 4683.25 cm 0 0 m 0 606 l 3900 606 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 454.7654 Tm (Befor)Tj 0.3373 Tc 2.346 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.26 0 Td (alling)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.848 0 Td (getsockname)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(,)-337(we)-337(set)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 10.404 0 Td (alenp)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.504 0 Td [(to )-87(point )-87(to )-87(an )-87(integer )-87(containing )-87(the )-87(size )-87(of)]TJ -19.362 -1.2 Td (the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.651 0 Td (sockaddr)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.064 0 Td [(buf)18(fer)]TJ 0.5139 Tc 2.604 0 Td (.O)Tj 0.2639 Tc 1.55 0 Td (nr)Tj 0 Tc 1.223 0 Td [(eturn, )-14(the )-14(integer )-14(is )-14(set )-14(to )-14(the )-14(size )-14(of )-14(the )-14(addr)19(ess )-14(r)18(eturned. )-264(If)]TJ -12.092 -1.2 Td [(the )-185(addr)18(ess )-185(won\325t )-185(\336t )-185(in )-185(the )-185(buf)18(fer )-185(pr)18(ovided, )-185(the )-185(addr)18(ess )-185(is )-185(silently )-185(tr)2(uncated. )-435(If)-436(no)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(addr)18(ess is curr)18(ently bound to the socket, the r)18(esults ar)]TJ 0.25 Tc 23.811 0 Td (eu)Tj 0 Tc 1.332 0 Td (nde\336ned.)Tj -23.343 -1.2 Td [(If )-18(the )-18(socket )-18(is )-18(connected )-18(to )-18(a )-18(peer)76(,)-268(we)-268(can )-18(\336nd )-18(out )-18(the )-18(peer)-74(\325s )-18(addr)18(ess )-18(by )-18(calling )-18(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.8 -1.2 Td (getpeername)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.85 0 Td (function.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9989 0 0 8.9989 147.5826 378.0746 Tm (#include )Tj T* (int getpeername\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 12 0 Td (sockfd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 4.262 0 Td (truct sockaddr *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 15 0 Td (addr)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -21.662 -1.189 Td (socklen_t *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 12 0 Td (alenp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.251 -2.021 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 3265.25 cm 0 0 m 0 606 l 3900 606 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9982 0 0 9.9982 129.5767 312.9837 Tm [(Other )-81(than )-81(r)18(eturning )-81(the )-81(peer)-74(\325s )-81(addr)18(ess, )-81(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 20.248 0 Td (getpeername)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.931 0 Td [(function )-81(is )-81(identical )-81(to )-81(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -27.179 -1.2 Td (getsockname)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.85 0 Td (function.)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 11.9978 0 0 11.9978 93.5833 264.9923 Tm [(16.4 )-776(Connection)-556(Estab)10(lishment)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9982 0 0 9.9982 129.5769 240.9966 Tm [(If )-473(we\325r)]TJ 0.723 Tc 3.361 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.813 0 Td [(ealing )-473(with )-473(a )-473(connection-oriented )-473(network )-473(service )-473(\()]TJ /TT0 1 Tf (SOCK_STREAM)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 32.885 0 Td (or)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -38.059 -1.2 Td (SOCK_SEQPACKET)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(\), )-71(then )-71(befor)18(e)-321(we)-321(can )-71(exchange )-71(data, )-71(we )-71(need )-71(to )-71(cr)17(eate )-71(a )-71(connection)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(between )-178(the )-178(socket )-178(of )-178(the )-178(pr)18(ocess )-178(r)18(equesting )-178(the )-178(service )-178(\(the )-178(client\) )-178(and )-178(the )-178(pr)19(ocess)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(pr)18(oviding )-26(the )-26(service )-26(\(the )-26(server\).)]TJ -0.092 Tc 15.555 0 Td [(We )-210(u)]TJ 0 Tc 2.266 0 Td [(se )-26(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 2.842 0 Td (connect)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.476 0 Td [(function )-26(to )-26(cr)18(eate )-26(a )-26(connection.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9984 0 0 8.9984 147.5743 188.3065 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -2.021 TD (int connect\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 9.6 0 Td (sockfd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 4.262 0 Td (onst struct sockaddr *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (addr)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 16.833 0 Td (ocklen_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 5.4 0 Td (len)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -9.244 -2.021 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 1474.25 cm 0 0 m 0 499 l 3900 499 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46914 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (604)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Network )-250(IPC: )-250(Sockets)]TJ 38.741 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(16)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 194.3883 670.2598 Tm (sinp = \(struct sockaddr_in *\)aip->ai_addr;)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (addr = inet_ntop\(AF_INET, &sinp->sin_addr, abuf,)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (INET_ADDRSTRLEN\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (printf\(" address %s", addr?addr:"unknown"\);)Tj T* (printf\(" port %d", ntohs\(sinp->sin_port\)\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj T* (printf\("\\n"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj T* (exit\(0\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 5692.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 241.307 553.1326 Tm (Figure 16.9)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.695 0 Td (Print host and service information)Tj 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5846 529.1355 Tm [(This )-148(pr)18(ogram )-148(illustrates )-148(the )-148(use )-148(of )-148(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 18.064 0 Td (getaddrinfo)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.998 0 Td [(function. )-398(If)-398(multiple )-148(pr)18(otocols)]TJ -25.063 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ovide )-5(the )-5(given )-5(service )-5(for )-5(the )-5(given )-5(host, )-5(the )-5(pr)18(ogram )-5(will )-5(print )-5(mor)]TJ 0.255 Tc 31.682 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.06 0 Td [(han )-5(one )-5(entry)111(.)]TJ -32.742 -1.2 Td [(In )-78(this )-78(example, )-78(we )-78(print )-78(out )-78(the )-78(addr)18(ess )-78(information )-78(only )-78(for )-78(the )-78(pr)23(otocols )-77(that )-77(work)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(with )-168(IPv4 )-168(\()]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.209 0 Td (ai_family)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.818 0 Td (equals)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.275 0 Td (AF_INET)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(\). )-418(If)-419(we )-168(wanted )-168(to )-168(r)18(estrict )-168(the )-168(output )-168(to )-168(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -14.302 -1.2 Td (AF_INET)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td [(pr)18(otocol family)111(,)-250(we)-250(could set the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 14.594 0 Td (ai_family)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.65 0 Td (\336eld in the hint.)Tj -22.894 -1.2 Td [(When we r)8(un the pr)18(ogram on one of the test systems, we get)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9989 0 0 8.9989 147.5821 452.4447 Tm ($)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (./a.out harry nfs)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -1.2 -1.189 Td (flags canon family inet type stream protocol TCP)Tj 2.778 -1.189 Td (host harry address 192.168.1.99 port 2049)Tj -2.778 -1.189 Td (flags canon family inet type datagram protocol UDP)Tj 2.778 -1.189 Td (host harry address 192.168.1.99 port 2049)Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5141.25 4037.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 50 50 l 0 50 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /TT2 1 Tf 11.9978 0 0 11.9978 129.5767 372.432 Tm [(16.3.4 )-556(Associating)-556(Ad)10(dresses )-278(with )-278(Soc)20(kets)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9982 0 0 9.9982 129.5769 348.4363 Tm [(The )-202(addr)18(ess )-202(associated )-202(with )-202(a )-202(client\325s )-202(socket )-202(is )-202(of )-202(little )-202(inter)15(est, )-202(and )-202(we )-202(can )-202(let )-202(the)]TJ T* [(system )-102(choose )-102(a )-102(default )-102(addr)18(ess )-102(for )-102(us.)-602(For )-102(a )-102(server)]TJ 0.3521 Tc 23.812 0 Td (,h)Tj 0 Tc 1.184 0 Td [(owever)74(,)-352(we)-352(need )-102(to )-102(associate )-102(a)]TJ -24.996 -1.2 Td [(well-known )-296(addr)18(ess )-296(with )-296(the )-296(server)-75(\325s )-296(socket )-296(on )-296(which )-296(client )-296(r)18(equests )-296(will )-296(arrive.)]TJ T* [(Clients )-80(need )-80(a )-80(way )-80(to )-80(discover )-80(the )-80(addr)15(ess )-80(to )-80(use )-80(to )-80(contact )-80(a )-80(server)]TJ 0.3304 Tc 30.96 0 Td (,a)Tj 0 Tc 1.08 0 Td [(nd )-80(the )-80(simplest)]TJ -32.04 -1.2 Td [(scheme )-7(is )-7(for )-7(a )-7(server )-7(to )-7(r)15(eserve )-8(an )-8(addr)18(ess )-8(and )-8(r)18(egister )-8(it )-8(in)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 26.953 0 Td (/etc/services)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 8.058 0 Td [(or )-8(with )-8(a)]TJ -35.011 -1.2 Td (name service.)Tj -0.092 Tc 1.8 -1.2 Td [(We )-184(u)]TJ 0 Tc 2.24 0 Td (se the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.79 0 Td (bind)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td [(function to associate an addr)18(ess with a socket.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9984 0 0 8.9984 147.5737 257.3523 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -2.021 TD (int bind\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 7.8 0 Td (sockfd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 4.262 0 Td (onst struct sockaddr *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (addr)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 16.833 0 Td (ocklen_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 5.4 0 Td (len)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -7.444 -2.021 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT3 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 2165.25 cm 0 0 m 0 499 l 3900 499 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9976 0 0 9.9976 129.5689 200.5709 Tm (Ther)Tj 0.25 Tc 2.051 0 Td (ea)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.229 0 Td [(re )-36(s)]TJ 0 Tc 1.53 0 Td [(everal r)18(estrictions on the addr)18(ess we can use:)]TJ 0.883 Tc -3.01 -2.04 Td (\245T)Tj 0 Tc 2.102 0 Td [(he )-105(addr)18(ess )-105(we )-105(specify )-105(must )-105(be )-105(valid )-105(for )-105(the )-105(machine )-105(on )-105(which )-105(the )-105(pr)23(ocess )-104(is)]TJ -0.008 Tc -0.613 -1.2 Td (ru)Tj 0 Tc 0.99 0 Td [(nning; we can\325t specify an addr)18(ess belonging to some other machine.)]TJ 0.883 Tc -2.479 -1.6 Td (\245T)Tj 0 Tc 2.102 0 Td [(he )-27(addr)18(ess )-27(must )-27(match )-27(the )-27(format )-27(supported )-27(by )-27(the )-27(addr)18(ess )-27(family )-27(we )-27(used )-27(to)]TJ -0.613 -1.2 Td [(cr)18(eate the socket.)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46915 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(16.3)]TJ 38.7 0 Td [(Addr)18(essing)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 7.133 0 Td (597)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 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)-390(ar)18(ound )-390(as)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 34.2 0 Td (sockaddr)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -34.2 -1.2 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(es )-122(and )-122(doesn\325t )-122(r)18(ely )-122(on )-122(any )-122(pr)18(otocol-speci\336c )-122(featur)18(es, )-122(then )-122(the )-122(application )-122(will)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(work with many dif)18(fer)18(ent pr)18(otocols that pr)18(ovide the same type of service.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td (Historically)Tj 0.4797 Tc 5.076 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 1.056 0 Td [(he )-230(BSD )-230(networking )-230(softwar)]TJ 0.4797 Tc 12.897 0 Td (eh)Tj 0 Tc 1.541 0 Td [(as )-230(pr)18(ovided )-230(interfaces )-230(to )-230(access )-230(the)]TJ -22.369 -1.2 Td [(various )-220(network )-220(con\336guration )-220(information.)-720(In )-220(Section )-220(6.7, )-220(we )-220(brie\337y )-220(discussed )-220(the)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(networking )-37(data )-37(\336les )-37(and )-37(the )-37(functions )-37(used )-37(to )-37(access )-37(them.)-537(In )-37(this )-37(section, )-37(we )-37(discuss)]TJ T* [(them )-336(in )-336(a )-336(little )-336(mor)]TJ 0.5856 Tc 9.795 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.676 0 Td [(etail )-336(and )-336(intr)19(oduce )-336(the )-336(newer )-336(functions )-336(used )-336(to )-336(look )-336(up)]TJ -11.471 -1.2 Td [(addr)18(essing information.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(The )-23(network )-23(con\336guration )-23(information )-23(r)18(eturned )-23(by )-23(these )-23(functions )-23(can )-23(be )-23(kept )-23(in )-23(a)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(number )-277(of )-277(places.)-779(This )-278(information )-278(can )-278(be )-278(kept )-278(in )-278(static )-278(\336les )-278(\(e.g.,)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 32.75 0 Td (/etc/hosts)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT1 1 Tf -32.75 -1.2 Td (/etc/services)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(\), )-211(or )-211(it )-211(can )-211(be )-211(managed )-211(by )-211(a )-211(name )-211(service, )-211(such )-211(as )-211(DNS )-211(\(Domain)]TJ T* [(Name )-419(System\) )-419(or )-419(NIS )-419(\(Network )-419(Information )-419(Service\).)-918(Regar)18(dless )-419(of )-419(wher)]TJ 0.6689 Tc 36.465 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.474 0 Td (he)Tj -37.939 -1.2 Td (information is kept, the same functions can be used to access it.)Tj 1.8 -1.2 Td (The hosts known by a given computer system ar)Tj 0.25 Tc 21.404 0 Td (ef)Tj 0 Tc 1.062 0 Td (ound by calling)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 7.156 0 Td (gethostent)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5913 462.6722 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.783 TD (struct hostent *gethostent\(void\);)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 22.78 -1.783 Td (Returns: pointer if OK,)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 10.333 0 Td (NULL)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td [(on err)18(or)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf -35.763 -1.783 Td (void sethostent\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 12 0 Td (stayopen)Tj /TT1 1 Tf (\);)Tj -12 -1.783 Td (void endhostent\(void\);)Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 3940.25 cm 0 0 m 0 777 l 3900 777 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 380.4543 Tm [(If )-13(the )-13(host )-13(database )-13(\336le )-13(isn\325t )-13(alr)18(eady )-13(open,)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 18.98 0 Td (gethostent)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.263 0 Td [(will 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6.297 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(turns, )-47(we )-47(get )-47(a )-47(pointer )-47(to )-47(a)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 12.426 0 Td (hostent)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.497 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e, )-47(which )-47(might)]TJ -28.816 -1.2 Td [(point )-156(to )-156(a )-156(static )-156(data )-156(buf)16(fer )-157(that )-157(is )-157(overwritten )-157(each )-157(time )-157(we )-157(call)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 30.419 0 Td (gethostent)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.6566 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 7.52 0 Td (he)Tj /TT1 1 Tf -37.939 -1.2 Td (hostent)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e)-250(is)-250(de\336ned to have at least the following members:)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 8.9989 0 0 8.9989 147.582 280.8362 Tm (struct hostent {)Tj 1.2 -1.189 Td [(char )-1200(*h_name;)-4200(/* name of host */)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(char )-600(**h_aliases;)-2400(/* pointer to alternate host name array */)]TJ T* [(int )-2400(h_addrtype;)-1800(/* address type */)]TJ T* [(int )-2400(h_length; )-2400(/*)-600(length in bytes of address */)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(char )-600(**h_addr_list; )-600(/*)-600(pointer to array of network addresses */)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD (.)Tj 0 -0.476 TD (.)Tj 0 -0.476 TD (.)Tj -1.2 -1.189 Td (};)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5841 180.4587 Tm [(The addr)18(esses r)18(eturned ar)18(e)-250(in)-250(network byte or)18(der)74(.)]TJ -0.09 Tc 1.8 -1.2 Td (Tw)Tj 0.673 Tc 1.357 0 Td (oa)Tj 0 Tc 1.719 0 Td [(dditional )-423(functions)-83(\321)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 10.02 0 Td (gethostbyname)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.473 0 Td (and)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 2.366 0 Td (gethostbyaddr)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.0833 Tc 7.883 0 Td (\321o)Tj 0 Tc 1.629 0 Td (riginally)Tj -35.247 -1.2 Td (wer)Tj 0.4563 Tc 1.69 0 Td (ei)Tj 0 Tc 1.226 0 Td [(ncluded )-206(with )-206(the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 8.41 0 Td (hostent)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.656 0 Td [(functions, )-206(but )-206(ar)]TJ 0.4563 Tc 7.653 0 Td (en)Tj 0 Tc 1.517 0 Td [(ow )-206(consider)18(ed )-206(to )-206(be )-206(obsolete.)]TJ -25.152 -1.2 Td [(They )-361(wer)]TJ 0.6107 Tc 4.531 0 Td (er)Tj 0 Tc 1.467 0 Td [(emoved )-361(fr)18(om )-361(V)111(ersion )-361(4 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3278.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3462.25 3314.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3462.25 3350.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3462.25 3386.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3462.25 3422.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3462.25 3458.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 0 Tc 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 283.8209 307.9846 Tm (MSB)Tj 8.267 0 Td (LSB)Tj -5.565 5.4 Td (big-endian)Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2814 2522 864 288 re S Q BT /T1_2 1 Tf 0.0833 Tc 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 284.8176 264.7764 Tm [(n+3)-788(n+2)-788(n+1)]TJ 0 Tc 8.736 0 Td (n)Tj ET q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3030.25 2522.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3030.25 2558.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3030.25 2594.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3030.25 2630.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3030.25 2666.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3030.25 2702.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3030.25 2738.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3030.25 2774.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3030.25 2810.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3246.25 2522.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3246.25 2558.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3246.25 2594.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3246.25 2630.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3246.25 2666.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3246.25 2702.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3246.25 2738.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3246.25 2774.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3246.25 2810.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3462.25 2522.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3462.25 2558.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3462.25 2594.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3462.25 2630.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3462.25 2666.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3462.25 2702.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3462.25 2738.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3462.25 2774.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3462.25 2810.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9976 0 0 7.9976 283.7868 243.167 Tm (MSB)Tj 8.267 0 Td (LSB)Tj -5.867 5.4 Td (little-endian)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -6.463 -8.33 Td (Figure 16.5)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.695 0 Td [(Byte or)18(der in a 32)]TJ 7.753 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td (bit integer)Tj 9.997 0 0 9.997 147.5564 194.5418 Tm [(If )-155(the )-155(pr)18(ocessor )-155(ar)18(chitectur)]TJ 0.4049 Tc 12.257 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.308 0 Td (upports)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3.901 0 Td (big-endian)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.702 0 Td [(byte )-155(or)18(der)]TJ 0.4049 Tc 4.653 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 0.981 0 Td [(hen )-155(the )-155(highest )-155(byte)]TJ -29.601 -1.2 Td [(addr)18(ess )-4(occurs )-4(in )-4(the )-4(least )-4(signi\336cant )-4(byte)]TJ 18.853 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (LSB)Tj 1.747 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (.)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 0.754 0 Td (Little-endian)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.477 0 Td [(byte )-4(or)18(der )-4(is )-4(the )-4(opposite:)]TJ -27.497 -1.2 Td [(the )-100(least )-100(signi\336cant )-100(byte )-100(contains )-100(the )-100(lowest )-100(byte )-100(addr)14(ess. )-350(Note)-351(that )-100(r)18(egar)18(dless )-100(of )-100(the)]TJ T* [(byte )-254(or)18(dering, )-254(the )-254(most )-254(signi\336cant )-254(byte)]TJ 19.106 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (MSB)Tj 2.082 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.837 -0.04 Td [(is )-254(always )-254(on )-254(the )-254(left, )-254(and )-254(the )-254(least)]TJ -22.358 -1.2 Td [(signi\336cant )-111(byte )-111(is )-111(always )-111(on )-111(the )-111(right.)-611(Thus, )-111(if )-111(we )-111(wer)18(e)-361(to)-361(assign )-111(a )-111(32)]TJ 32.28 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(bit )-111(integer )-111(the)]TJ -32.613 -1.2 Td (value)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.74 0 Td (0x04030201)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.302 Tc (,t)Tj 0 Tc 6.878 0 Td [(he )-52(most )-52(signi\336cant )-52(byte )-52(would )-52(contain )-52(4, )-52(and )-52(the )-52(least )-52(signi\336cant)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46918 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (590)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Network )-250(IPC: )-250(Sockets)]TJ 38.741 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(16)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 11.9993 0 0 11.9993 93.5944 668.9599 Tm [(16.2 )-776(Soc)20(ket )-278(Descriptor)15(s)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 0.4019 Tc 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5923 647.3612 Tm (As)Tj 0 Tc 1.604 0 Td [(ocket )-152(is )-152(an )-152(abstraction )-152(of )-152(a )-152(communication )-152(endpoint.)-651(Just )-152(as )-152(they )-152(would )-152(use )-152(\336le)]TJ -1.604 -1.2 Td [(descriptors )-82(to )-82(access )-82(\336les, )-82(applications )-82(use )-82(socket )-82(descriptors )-82(to )-82(access )-82(sockets.)-582(Socket)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(descriptors )-104(ar)]TJ 0.3545 Tc 6.168 0 Td (ei)Tj 0 Tc 1.124 0 Td [(mplemented )-104(as )-104(\336le )-104(descriptors )-104(in )-104(the )-104(UNIX )-104(System.)-604(Indeed, )-104(many )-104(of)]TJ -7.292 -1.2 Td [(the )-42(functions )-42(that )-42(deal )-42(with )-42(\336le )-42(descriptors, )-42(such )-42(as)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 23.333 0 Td (read)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.692 0 Td (and)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.985 0 Td (write)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.2922 Tc (,w)Tj 0 Tc 4.376 0 Td [(ill )-42(work )-42(with )-42(a)]TJ -32.386 -1.2 Td [(socket descriptor)74(.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 1.8 -1.2 Td [(To )-184(c)]TJ -0.018 Tc 1.761 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (ate a socket, we call the)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 10.556 0 Td (socket)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td (function.)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5919 571.8657 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.783 TD (int socket\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 9 0 Td (domain)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 4.8 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (type)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 3.522 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td [(pr)18(otocol)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -3.399 -1.783 Td (Returns: \336le \(socket\) descriptor if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 16.941 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 5353.25 cm 0 0 m 0 456 l 3900 456 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 522.9372 Tm (The)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 2.248 0 Td (domain)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.574 0 Td [(ar)18(gument )-324(determines )-324(the )-324(natur)17(e)-574(of)-574(the )-324(communication, )-324(including )-324(the)]TJ -5.822 -1.2 Td [(addr)18(ess )-123(format )-123(\(described )-123(in )-123(mor)]TJ 0.3736 Tc 15.202 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.464 0 Td [(etail )-124(in )-124(the )-124(next )-124(section\). )-124(Figur)]TJ 0.3736 Tc 13.976 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.353 0 Td [(6.1 )-124(summarizes)]TJ -31.994 -1.2 Td [(the )-204(domains )-204(speci\336ed )-204(by )-204(POSIX.1.)-704(The )-204(constants )-204(start )-204(with)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 28.358 0 Td (AF_)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.254 0 Td (\(for)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 2.061 0 Td [(addr)18(ess )-204(family)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf (\))Tj -32.675 -1.2 Td [(because each domain has its own format for r)18(epr)18(esenting an addr)18(ess.)]TJ ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2167.25 4682.25 cm 0 0 m 2157 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 227.991 460.1172 Tm (Domain )Tj 12.944 0 Td (Description)Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2167.25 4562.25 cm 0 0 m 2157 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2167.25 4542.25 cm 0 0 m 2157 0 l S Q Q BT /TT1 1 Tf 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 220.683 446.0929 Tm (AF_INET)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.9 0 Td (IPv4 Internet domain)Tj /TT1 1 Tf -6.9 -1.25 Td (AF_INET6)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.9 0 Td (IPv6 Internet domain \(optional in POSIX.1\))Tj /TT1 1 Tf -6.9 -1.25 Td (AF_UNIX)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.9 0 Td (UNIX domain)Tj /TT1 1 Tf -6.9 -1.25 Td (AF_UNSPEC)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.9 0 Td (unspeci\336ed)Tj ET q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2167.25 4122.25 cm 0 0 m 2157 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2699.25 4122.25 cm 0 0 m 0 560 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4324.25 4122.25 cm 0 0 m 0 560 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2167.25 4122.25 cm 0 0 m 0 560 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9976 0 0 7.9976 245.2104 394.0818 Tm (Figure 16.1)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.695 0 Td (Socket communication domains)Tj -0.092 Tc 9.997 0 0 9.997 147.5559 371.2886 Tm [(We )-281(d)]TJ 0 Tc 2.345 0 Td [(iscuss )-97(the )-97(UNIX )-97(domain )-97(in )-97(Section )-97(17.2.)-596(Most )-97(systems )-97(de\336ne )-97(the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 30.055 0 Td (AF_LOCAL)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -34.2 -1.2 Td [(domain )-12(also, )-12(which )-12(is )-12(an )-12(alias )-12(for)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 15.069 0 Td (AF_UNIX)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5122 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 5.575 0 Td (he)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.323 0 Td (AF_UNSPEC)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.662 0 Td [(domain )-12(is )-12(a )-12(wildcar)]TJ 0.2622 Tc 8.763 0 Td (dt)Tj 0 Tc 1.199 0 Td (hat)Tj -0.018 Tc -37.592 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(pr)18(esents )-96(\324)37(\324any\325)]TJ 0.3463 Tc 6.436 0 Td (\325d)Tj 0 Tc 1.235 0 Td [(omain. )-346(Historically)]TJ 0.3463 Tc 8.724 0 Td (,s)Tj 0 Tc 1.02 0 Td [(ome )-96(platforms )-96(pr)17(ovide )-96(support )-96(for )-96(additional)]TJ -18.272 -1.2 Td [(network )-316(pr)18(otocols, )-316(such )-316(as)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 13.311 0 Td (AF_IPX)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.166 0 Td [(for )-316(the )-316(NetW)92(ar)]TJ 0.5662 Tc 7.214 0 Td (ep)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.646 0 Td (ro)Tj 0 Tc 0.923 0 Td [(tocol )-316(family)]TJ 0.5661 Tc 5.462 0 Td (,b)Tj 0 Tc 1.369 0 Td [(ut )-316(domain)]TJ -34.092 -1.2 Td [(constants for these pr)18(otocols ar)]TJ 0.25 Tc 13.696 0 Td (en)Tj 0 Tc 1.311 0 Td [(ot de\336ned by the POSIX.1 standar)18(d.)]TJ -13.207 -1.2 Td (The)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.984 0 Td (type)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.033 0 Td [(ar)18(gument )-61(determines )-61(the )-61(type )-61(of )-61(the )-61(socket, )-61(which )-61(further )-61(determines )-61(the)]TJ -5.817 -1.2 Td [(communication )-4(characteristics.)-504(The )-4(socket )-4(types )-4(de\336ned )-4(by )-4(POSIX.1 )-4(ar)]TJ 0.2536 Tc 31.572 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.157 0 Td [(ummarized )-4(in)]TJ -32.728 -1.2 Td (Figur)Tj 0.25 Tc 2.383 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (6.2, but implementations ar)Tj 0.25 Tc 12.093 0 Td (ef)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.062 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(e)-250(to)-250(add support for additional types.)]TJ ET q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1622.25 2686.25 cm 0 0 m 3248 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf -0.09 Tc 7.9971 0 0 7.9971 191.1152 260.5062 Tm (Ty)Tj 0 Tc 1.079 0 Td (pe )Tj 17.971 0 Td (Description)Tj ET q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1622.25 2566.25 cm 0 0 m 3248 0 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1622.25 2546.25 cm 0 0 m 3248 0 l S Q Q BT /TT1 1 Tf 7.9966 0 0 7.9966 166.1502 246.4964 Tm (SOCK_DGRAM)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9 0 Td (\336xed)Tj 2.211 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(length, connectionless, unr)18(eliable messages)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf -12.444 -1.25 Td (SOCK_RAW)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9 0 Td (datagram interface to IP \(optional in POSIX.1\))Tj /TT1 1 Tf -9.9 -1.25 Td (SOCK_SEQPACKET)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9 0 Td (\336xed)Tj 2.211 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(length, sequenced, r)18(eliable, connection-oriented messages)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf -12.444 -1.25 Td (SOCK_STREAM)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9 0 Td [(sequenced, r)18(eliable, bidir)18(ectional, connection-oriented byte str)18(eams)]TJ ET q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1622.25 2126.25 cm 0 0 m 3248 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2394.25 2126.25 cm 0 0 m 0 560 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4870.25 2126.25 cm 0 0 m 0 560 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1622.25 2126.25 cm 0 0 m 0 560 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9962 0 0 7.9962 279.6377 194.5066 Tm (Figure 16.2)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.695 0 Td (Socket types)Tj 9.9952 0 0 9.9952 147.5294 171.7176 Tm (The)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 2.075 0 Td [(pr)18(otocol)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 3.622 0 Td [(ar)18(gument )-151(is )-151(usually )-151(zer)18(o, )-151(to )-151(select )-151(the )-151(default )-151(pr)21(otocol )-151(for )-151(the )-151(given)]TJ -7.496 -1.2 Td [(domain )-70(and )-70(socket )-70(type.)-570(When )-70(multiple )-70(pr)18(otocols )-70(ar)]TJ 0.3205 Tc 23.972 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.224 0 Td [(upported )-70(for )-70(the )-70(same )-70(domain)]TJ -25.196 -1.2 Td [(and )-111(socket )-111(type, )-111(we )-111(can )-111(use )-111(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 14.936 0 Td [(pr)18(otocol)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 3.582 0 Td [(ar)18(gument )-111(to )-111(select )-111(a )-111(particular )-111(pr)20(otocol. )-361(The)]TJ -18.518 -1.2 Td [(default )-70(pr)18(otocol )-70(for )-70(a)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 9.875 0 Td (SOCK_STREAM)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.92 0 Td [(socket )-70(in )-70(the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 5.996 0 Td (AF_INET)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.52 0 Td [(communication )-70(domain )-70(is)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46919 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs 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1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 11.9993 0 0 11.9993 93.5944 668.9599 Tm [(15.11 )-220(Client\320Ser)-10(ver )-278(Pr)20(oper )258(ties)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 644.9613 Tm [(Let\325s )-37(detail )-37(some )-37(of )-37(the )-37(pr)18(operties )-37(of )-37(clients )-37(and )-37(servers )-37(that )-37(ar)]TJ 0.2866 Tc 28.068 0 Td (ea)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.266 0 Td (ff)Tj 0 Tc 0.648 0 Td [(ected )-37(by )-37(the )-37(various)]TJ -29.981 -1.2 Td [(types )-45(of )-45(IPC )-45(used )-45(between )-45(them.)-546(The )-45(simplest )-45(type )-45(of )-45(r)18(elationship )-45(is )-45(to )-45(have )-45(the )-45(client)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 0 -1.2 TD (fork)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.809 0 Td (and)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 2.102 0 Td (exec)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.809 0 Td [(the )-159(desir)18(ed )-159(server)]TJ 0.6591 Tc 8.14 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.432 0 Td [(wo )-159(half-duplex )-159(pipes )-159(can )-159(be )-159(cr)18(eated )-159(befor)]TJ 0.409 Tc 19.432 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.214 0 Td (he)Tj /TT1 1 Tf -37.939 -1.2 Td (fork)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.749 0 Td [(to )-99(allow )-99(data )-99(to )-99(be )-99(transferr)18(ed )-99(in )-99(both )-99(dir)18(ections. )-349(Figur)]TJ 0.3491 Tc 25.351 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.328 0 Td [(5.16 )-99(is )-99(an )-99(example )-99(of)]TJ -29.428 -1.2 Td [(this )-126(arrangement.)-626(The )-126(server )-126(that )-126(is )-126(executed )-126(can )-126(be )-126(a )-126(set-user)16(-ID )-126(pr)18(ogram, )-126(giving )-126(it)]TJ T* [(special )-238(privileges.)-738(Also, )-238(the )-238(server )-238(can )-238(determine )-238(the )-238(r)15(eal )-238(identity )-238(of )-238(the )-238(client )-238(by)]TJ T* [(looking )-27(at )-27(its )-27(r)18(eal )-27(user )-27(ID.)-527(\(Recall )-27(fr)15(om )-27(Section )-27(8.10 )-27(that )-27(the )-27(r)18(eal )-27(user )-27(ID )-27(and )-27(r)18(eal )-27(gr)15(oup)]TJ T* [(ID don\325t change acr)18(oss an)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 11.644 0 Td (exec)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.\))Tj -0.055 Tc -9.844 -1.2 Td (Wi)Tj 0 Tc 1.236 0 Td [(th )-2(this )-2(arrangement, )-2(we )-2(can )-2(build )-2(an)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 16.491 0 Td [(open )-2(server)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 0.5019 Tc (.\()Tj -0.092 Tc 5.671 0 Td [(We )-186(s)]TJ 0 Tc 2.063 0 Td [(how )-2(an )-2(implementation )-2(of)]TJ -27.261 -1.2 Td [(this )-62(client\320server )-62(mechanism )-62(in )-62(Section )-62(17.5.\))-560(It )-62(opens )-62(\336les )-62(for )-62(the )-62(client )-62(instead )-62(of )-62(the)]TJ T* [(client )-272(calling )-272(the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 8.321 0 Td (open)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.922 0 Td [(function. )-522(This)-522(way)]TJ 0.522 Tc 8.94 0 Td (,a)Tj 0 Tc 1.272 0 Td [(dditional )-272(permission )-272(checking )-272(can )-272(be)]TJ -21.455 -1.2 Td [(added, )-13(above )-13(and )-13(beyond )-13(the )-13(normal )-13(UNIX )-13(system )-13(user/gr)18(oup/other )-13(permissions.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 37.613 0 Td (We)Tj 0 Tc -37.613 -1.2 Td [(assume )-95(that )-95(the )-95(server )-95(is )-95(a )-95(set-user)17(-ID )-95(pr)18(ogram, )-95(giving )-95(it )-95(additional )-95(permissions )-95(\(r)17(oot)]TJ T* [(permission, )-286(per)18(haps\). )-536(The)-537(server )-286(uses )-286(the )-286(r)17(eal )-286(user )-286(ID )-286(of )-286(the )-286(client )-286(to )-286(determine)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(whether )-166(to )-166(give )-166(it )-166(access )-166(to )-166(the )-166(r)18(equested )-166(\336le.)-666(This )-166(way)110(,)-416(we)-416(can )-166(build )-166(a )-166(server )-166(that)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td (allows certain users permissions that they don\325t normally have.)Tj 1.8 -1.2 Td [(In )-25(this )-25(example, )-25(since )-25(the )-25(server )-25(is )-25(a )-25(child )-25(of )-25(the )-25(par)19(ent, )-25(all )-25(the )-25(server )-25(can )-25(do )-25(is )-25(pass)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(back )-71(the )-71(contents )-71(of )-71(the )-71(\336le )-71(to )-71(the )-71(par)18(ent. )-321(Although)-321(this )-71(works )-71(\336ne )-71(for )-71(r)18(egular )-71(\336les, )-71(it)]TJ T* [(can\325t )-43(be )-43(used )-43(for )-43(special )-43(device )-43(\336les, )-43(for )-43(example.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 22.658 0 Td [(We )-227(w)]TJ 0 Tc 2.514 0 Td [(ould )-43(like )-43(to )-43(be )-43(able )-43(to )-43(have )-43(the)]TJ -25.172 -1.2 Td [(server )-95(open )-95(the )-95(r)19(equested )-95(\336le )-95(and )-95(pass )-95(back )-95(the )-95(\336le )-95(descriptor)]TJ 0.5949 Tc 28.389 0 Td (.W)Tj 0 Tc 1.845 0 Td [(her)18(eas )-95(a )-95(par)18(ent )-95(can)]TJ -30.234 -1.2 Td [(pass )-184(a )-184(child )-184(an )-184(open )-184(descriptor)]TJ 0.4345 Tc 14.569 0 Td (,ac)Tj 0 Tc 2.063 0 Td [(hild )-184(cannot )-184(pass )-184(a )-184(descriptor )-184(back )-184(to )-184(the )-184(par)15(ent)]TJ -16.631 -1.2 Td [(\(unless special pr)18(ogramming techniques ar)]TJ 0.25 Tc 18.983 0 Td (eu)Tj 0 Tc 1.332 0 Td (sed, which we cover in Chapter 17\).)Tj -0.092 Tc -18.515 -1.2 Td [(We )-231(s)]TJ 0 Tc 2.108 0 Td [(howed )-47(the )-47(next )-47(type )-47(of )-47(server )-47(in )-47(Figur)]TJ 0.2975 Tc 17.258 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.276 0 Td [(5.23. )-297(The)-298(server )-47(is )-47(a )-47(daemon )-47(pr)16(ocess)]TJ -22.443 -1.2 Td [(that )-45(is )-45(contacted )-45(using )-45(some )-45(form )-45(of )-45(IPC )-45(by )-45(all )-45(clients.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 24.953 0 Td [(We )-229(c)]TJ 0 Tc 2.126 0 Td [(an\325t )-45(use )-45(pipes )-45(for )-45(this )-45(type)]TJ -27.079 -1.2 Td [(of )-247(client\320server )-247(arrangement.)]TJ 0.4966 Tc 14.196 0 Td (Af)Tj 0 Tc 1.608 0 Td [(orm )-247(of )-247(named )-247(IPC )-247(is )-247(r)20(equir)18(ed, )-247(such )-247(as )-247(FIFOs )-247(or)]TJ -15.803 -1.2 Td [(message )-7(queues.)]TJ -0.055 Tc 7.907 0 Td (Wi)Tj 0 Tc 1.236 0 Td [(th )-7(FIFOs, )-7(we )-7(saw )-7(that )-7(an )-7(individual )-7(per)18(-client )-7(FIFO )-7(is )-7(also )-7(r)19(equir)18(ed)]TJ -9.143 -1.2 Td [(if )-17(the )-17(server )-17(is )-17(to )-17(send )-17(data )-17(back )-17(to )-17(the )-17(client.)-517(If )-17(the )-17(client\320server )-17(application )-17(sends )-17(data)]TJ T* [(only )-8(fr)18(om )-8(the )-8(client )-8(to )-8(the )-8(server)]TJ 0.2579 Tc 14.384 0 Td (,as)Tj 0 Tc 1.69 0 Td [(ingle )-8(well-known )-8(FIFO )-8(suf)18(\336ces. )-258(\(The)-258(System )-8(V )-8(line)]TJ -16.074 -1.2 Td [(printer )-121(spooler )-121(used )-121(this )-121(form )-121(of )-121(client\320server )-121(arrangement.)-618(The )-121(client )-121(was )-121(the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 36.634 0 Td (lp)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.2 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (1)Tj 0.5 0.04 Td (\))Tj -38.667 -1.24 Td [(command, )-56(and )-56(the )-56(server )-56(was )-56(the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 15.499 0 Td (lpsched)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.506 0 Td [(daemon )-56(pr)18(ocess. )-306(A)-307(single )-56(FIFO )-56(was )-56(used,)]TJ -20.005 -1.2 Td [(since )-61(the )-61(\337ow )-61(of )-61(data )-61(was )-61(only )-61(fr)18(om )-61(the )-61(client )-61(to )-61(the )-61(server)]TJ 0.561 Tc 26.737 0 Td (.N)Tj 0 Tc 1.642 0 Td [(othing )-61(was )-61(sent )-61(back )-61(to)]TJ -28.379 -1.2 Td (the client.\))Tj 1.8 -1.2 Td (Multiple possibilities exist with message queues.)Tj 0 -2.04 TD [(1. )-633(A)-257(single )-7(queue )-7(can )-7(be )-7(used )-7(between )-7(the )-7(server )-7(and )-7(all )-7(the )-7(clients, )-7(using )-7(the )-7(type)]TJ 1.633 -1.2 Td [(\336eld )-28(of )-28(each )-28(message )-28(to )-28(indicate )-28(the )-28(message )-28(r)20(ecipient. )-278(For)-278(example, )-28(the )-28(clients)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(can )-90(send )-90(their )-90(r)18(equests )-90(with )-90(a )-90(type )-90(\336eld )-90(of )-90(1.)-590(Included )-90(in )-90(the )-90(r)18(equest )-90(must )-90(be)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(the )-103(client\325s )-103(pr)18(ocess )-103(ID.)-603(The )-103(server )-103(then )-103(sends )-103(the )-103(r)16(esponse )-103(with )-103(the )-103(type )-103(\336eld)]TJ T* [(set )-42(to )-42(the )-42(client\325s )-42(pr)18(ocess )-42(ID.)-540(The )-42(server )-42(r)18(eceives )-42(only )-42(the )-42(messages )-42(with )-42(a )-42(type)]TJ T* [(\336eld )-176(of )-176(1 )-176(\(the )-176(fourth )-176(ar)18(gument )-176(for)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 16.433 0 Td (msgrcv)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(\), )-176(and )-176(the )-176(clients )-176(r)17(eceive )-176(only )-176(the)]TJ -16.433 -1.2 Td [(messages with a type \336eld equal to their pr)18(ocess IDs.)]TJ -1.633 -2.2 Td [(2. )-633(Alternatively)111(,)-335(an)-335(i)-1(ndividual )-85(message )-85(queue )-85(can )-85(be )-85(used )-85(for )-85(each )-85(client.)-589(Befor)18(e)]TJ 1.633 -1.2 Td [(sending )-92(the )-92(\336rst )-92(r)18(equest )-92(to )-92(a )-92(server)]TJ 0.3425 Tc 16 0 Td (,e)Tj 0 Tc 1.071 0 Td [(ach )-92(client )-92(cr)17(eates )-93(its )-93(own )-93(message )-93(queue)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46922 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(15.10)]TJ 35.018 0 Td [(POSIX )-250(Semaphor)18(es)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 10.815 0 Td (579)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 11.9993 0 0 11.9993 93.5944 668.9599 Tm [(15.10 )-220(POSIX)-556(Semaphores)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 644.9613 Tm [(The )-45(POSIX )-45(semaphor)]TJ 0.2948 Tc 9.575 0 Td (em)Tj 0 Tc 1.657 0 Td [(echanism )-45(is )-45(one )-45(of )-45(thr)19(ee )-45(IPC )-45(mechanisms )-45(that )-45(originated )-45(with)]TJ -11.231 -1.2 Td [(the )-183(r)18(eal-time )-183(extensions )-183(to )-183(POSIX.1.)-683(The )-183(Single )-183(UNIX )-183(Speci\336cation )-183(placed )-183(the )-183(thr)18(ee)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(mechanisms )-277(\(message )-277(queues, )-277(semaphor)18(es, )-277(and )-277(shar)18(ed )-277(memory\) )-277(in )-277(option )-277(classes.)]TJ T* [(Prior )-267(to )-267(SUSv4, )-267(the )-267(POSIX )-267(semaphor)]TJ 0.5171 Tc 17.529 0 Td (ei)Tj 0 Tc 1.287 0 Td [(nterfaces )-267(wer)]TJ 0.5171 Tc 6.169 0 Td (ei)Tj 0 Tc 1.287 0 Td [(ncluded )-267(in )-267(the )-267(semaphor)18(es)]TJ -26.273 -1.2 Td [(option. )-573(In)-574(SUSv4, )-324(these )-324(interfaces )-324(wer)]TJ 0.5736 Tc 18.555 0 Td (em)Tj 0 Tc 1.936 0 Td [(oved )-324(to )-324(the )-324(base )-324(speci\336cation, )-324(but )-324(the)]TJ -20.49 -1.2 Td [(message queue and shar)18(ed memory interfaces r)18(emained optional.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(The )-145(POSIX )-145(semaphor)]TJ 0.3951 Tc 9.775 0 Td (ei)Tj 0 Tc 1.165 0 Td [(nterfaces )-145(wer)]TJ 0.3951 Tc 6.047 0 Td (em)Tj 0 Tc 1.757 0 Td [(eant )-145(to )-145(addr)18(ess )-145(several )-145(de\336ciencies )-145(with)]TJ -20.544 -1.2 Td (the XSI semaphor)Tj 0.25 Tc 7.808 0 Td (ei)Tj 0 Tc 1.02 0 Td (nterfaces:)Tj 0.883 Tc -7.028 -1.8 Td (\245T)Tj 0 Tc 2.102 0 Td [(he )-27(POSIX )-27(semaphor)]TJ 0.2767 Tc 8.925 0 Td (ei)Tj 0 Tc 1.047 0 Td [(nterfaces )-27(allow )-27(for )-27(higher)19(-performance )-27(implementations)]TJ -10.585 -1.2 Td [(compar)18(ed to XSI semaphor)18(es.)]TJ 0.883 Tc -1.489 -1.6 Td (\245T)Tj 0 Tc 2.102 0 Td [(he )-12(POSIX )-12(semaphor)]TJ 0.2621 Tc 8.896 0 Td (ei)Tj 0 Tc 1.032 0 Td [(nterfaces )-12(ar)]TJ 0.2621 Tc 5.101 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.165 0 Td [(impler )-12(to )-12(use: )-12(ther)]TJ 0.2621 Tc 8.118 0 Td (ea)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.241 0 Td [(re )-48(n)]TJ 0.262 Tc 1.7 0 Td (os)Tj 0 Tc 1.232 0 Td (emaphor)Tj 0.262 Tc 3.968 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.165 0 Td (ets,)Tj -34.232 -1.2 Td [(and )-94(several )-94(of )-94(the )-94(interfaces )-94(ar)]TJ 0.3443 Tc 13.943 0 Td (ep)Tj 0 Tc 1.424 0 Td [(atterned )-94(after )-94(familiar )-94(\336le )-94(system )-94(operations.)]TJ -15.367 -1.2 Td [(Although )-111(ther)18(e)-361(is)-361(no)-361(r)17(equir)18(ement )-111(that )-111(they )-111(be )-111(implemented )-111(in )-111(the )-111(\336le )-111(system,)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(some systems do take this appr)18(oach.)]TJ 0.883 Tc -1.489 -1.6 Td (\245T)Tj 0 Tc 2.102 0 Td [(he )-262(POSIX )-262(semaphor)18(es )-262(behave )-262(mor)]TJ 0.512 Tc 16.287 0 Td (eg)Tj 0 Tc 1.547 0 Td [(racefully )-262(when )-262(r)18(emoved. )-512(Recall)-512(that)]TJ -18.447 -1.2 Td [(when )-266(an )-266(XSI )-266(semaphor)19(e)-516(is)-516(r)19(emoved, )-266(operations )-266(using )-266(the )-266(same )-266(semaphor)20(e)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(identi\336er )-180(fail )-180(with)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 8.799 0 Td (errno)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.431 0 Td [(set )-180(to)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 2.962 0 Td (EIDRM)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.6805 Tc (.W)Tj 0 Tc 4.876 0 Td [(ith )-180(POSIX )-180(semaphor)18(es, )-180(operations)]TJ -20.067 -1.2 Td [(continue to work normally until the last r)18(efer)18(ence to the semaphor)18(e)-250(is)-250(r)18(eleased.)]TJ -1.489 -1.8 Td [(POSIX )-82(semaphor)18(es )-82(ar)]TJ 0.3319 Tc 9.755 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.311 0 Td [(vailable )-82(in )-82(two )-82(\337avors: )-82(named )-82(and )-82(unnamed.)-582(They )-82(dif)19(fer)]TJ -12.866 -1.2 Td [(in )-295(how )-295(they )-295(ar)]TJ 0.5451 Tc 7.29 0 Td (ec)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.468 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(ated )-295(and )-295(destr)18(oyed, )-295(but )-295(otherwise )-295(work )-295(the )-295(same.)-796(Unnamed)]TJ -9.614 -1.2 Td [(semaphor)18(es )-15(exist )-15(in )-15(memory )-15(only )-15(and )-15(r)17(equir)]TJ 0.2651 Tc 19.892 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.07 0 Td [(hat )-15(pr)18(ocesses )-15(have )-15(access )-15(to )-15(the )-15(memory)]TJ -20.962 -1.2 Td [(to )-98(be )-98(able )-98(to )-98(use )-98(the )-98(semaphor)16(es. )-98(This )-98(means )-98(they )-98(can )-98(be )-98(used )-98(only )-98(by )-98(thr)18(eads )-98(in )-98(the)]TJ T* [(same )-197(pr)18(ocess )-197(or )-197(thr)18(eads )-197(in )-197(dif)18(fer)18(ent )-197(pr)18(ocesses )-197(that )-197(have )-197(mapped )-197(the )-197(same )-197(memory)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(extent )-37(into )-37(their )-37(addr)18(ess )-37(spaces.)-537(Named )-37(semaphor)17(es, )-37(in )-37(contrast, )-37(ar)]TJ 0.2873 Tc 30.301 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.266 0 Td [(ccessed )-37(by )-37(name)]TJ -31.567 -1.2 Td [(and can be used by thr)18(eads in any pr)18(ocesses that know their names.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 1.8 -1.2 Td [(To )-315(c)]TJ -0.018 Tc 1.892 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(ate )-131(a )-131(new )-131(named )-131(semaphor)19(e)-381(or)-381(u)1(se )-131(an )-131(existing )-131(one, )-131(we )-131(call )-131(the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 29.652 0 Td (sem_open)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -34.2 -1.2 Td (function.)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5933 296.2822 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.902 TD (sem_t *sem_open\(const char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (name)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 20.767 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (o\337ag)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,.)Tj 0 Tc 3.733 0 Td (.. /* mode_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 7.8 0 Td (mode)Tj /TT1 1 Tf (,)Tj -24.5 -1.189 Td (unsigned int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 7.8 0 Td (value)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 2.767 0 Td (*/ \);)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -7.233 -1.902 Td [(Returns: Pointer to semaphor)18(e)-250(if)-250(OK,)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 16.579 0 Td (SEM_FAILED)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.25 0 Td [(on err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 2468.25 cm 0 0 m 0 585 l 3900 585 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 233.332 Tm [(When )-9(using )-9(an )-9(existing )-9(named )-9(semaphor)18(e, )-9(we )-9(specify )-9(only )-9(two )-9(ar)19(guments: )-9(the )-9(name )-9(of)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(the )-110(semaphor)]TJ 0.3596 Tc 6.139 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.339 0 Td [(nd )-110(a )-110(zer)]TJ 0.3596 Tc 3.768 0 Td (ov)Tj 0 Tc 1.471 0 Td [(alue )-110(for )-110(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 5.613 0 Td (o\337ag)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.293 0 Td [(ar)18(gument. )-360(When)-359(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 9.915 0 Td (o\337ag)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.293 0 Td [(ar)18(gument )-109(has)]TJ -32.829 -1.2 Td (the)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.745 0 Td (O_CREAT)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.558 0 Td [(\337ag )-108(set, )-108(we )-108(cr)18(eate )-108(a )-108(new )-108(named )-108(semaphor)16(e)-358(if)-358(it)-358(d)-1(oes )-108(not )-108(yet )-108(exist.)-608(If )-108(it)]TJ -6.304 -1.2 Td [(alr)18(eady exists, it is opened for use, but no additional initialization take\ s place.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(When )-48(we )-48(specify )-48(the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 9.663 0 Td (O_CREAT)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.498 0 Td [(\337ag, )-48(we )-48(need )-48(to )-48(pr)18(ovide )-48(two )-48(additional )-48(ar)19(guments.)]TJ -15.96 -1.2 Td (The)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 2.056 0 Td (mode)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.493 0 Td [(ar)18(gument )-132(speci\336es )-132(who )-132(can )-132(access )-132(the )-132(semaphor)17(e. )-382(It)-382(can )-132(take )-132(on )-132(the )-132(same)]TJ -4.549 -1.2 Td [(values )-229(as )-229(the )-229(permission )-229(bits )-229(for )-229(opening )-229(a )-229(\336le: )-229(user)22(-r)18(ead, )-229(user)18(-write, )-229(user)19(-execute,)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(gr)18(oup-r)18(ead, )-349(gr)18(oup-write, )-349(gr)18(oup-execute, )-349(other)18(-r)18(ead, )-349(other)18(-write, )-349(and )-349(other)18(-execute.)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(The )-136(r)18(esulting )-136(permissions )-136(assigned )-136(to )-136(the )-136(semaphor)]TJ 0.3859 Tc 23.776 0 Td (ea)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.365 0 Td [(re )-172(m)]TJ 0 Tc 2.125 0 Td [(odi\336ed )-136(by )-136(the )-136(caller)-74(\325s )-136(\336le)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46923 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(15.9)]TJ 36.454 0 Td [(Shar)18(ed )-250(Memory)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 9.379 0 Td (571)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 668.9599 Tm [(byte; )-41(to )-41(r)18(elease )-41(it, )-41(we )-41(unlock )-41(the )-41(byte.)-541(The )-41(r)21(ecor)]TJ 0.2907 Tc 21.581 0 Td (dl)Tj 0 Tc 1.193 0 Td [(ocking )-41(pr)18(operties )-41(guarantee )-41(that )-41(if )-41(a)]TJ -22.774 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ocess terminates while holding a lock, the kernel automatically r)18(eleases the lock.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 1.8 -1.2 Td [(To )-351(u)]TJ 0 Tc 2.087 0 Td [(se )-167(a )-167(mutex, )-167(we )-167(need )-167(both )-167(pr)19(ocesses )-167(to )-167(map )-167(the )-167(same )-167(\336le )-167(into )-167(their )-167(addr)20(ess)]TJ -3.887 -1.2 Td [(spaces )-741(and )-741(initialize )-741(a )-741(mutex )-741(at )-741(the )-741(same )-741(of)16(fset )-741(in )-741(the )-741(\336le )-741(using )-741(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0 -1.2 TD (PTHREAD_PROCESS_SHARED)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 13.683 0 Td [(mutex )-233(attribute.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 8.072 0 Td [(To )-417(a)]TJ 0 Tc 2.05 0 Td [(llocate )-233(the )-233(r)18(esour)18(ce, )-233(we )-233(lock )-233(the)]TJ -23.805 -1.2 Td [(mutex; )-134(to )-134(r)18(elease )-134(the )-134(r)19(esour)18(ce, )-134(we )-134(unlock )-134(the )-134(mutex.)-634(If )-134(a )-134(pr)18(ocess )-134(terminates )-134(without)]TJ -0.018 Tc -0 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(leasing )-263(the )-263(mutex, )-263(r)18(ecovery )-263(is )-263(dif)18(\336cult )-263(unless )-263(we )-263(use )-263(a )-263(r)13(obust )-263(mutex )-263(\(r)18(ecall )-263(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -0.856 -1.2 Td (pthread_mutex_consistent)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 14.65 0 Td (function discussed in Section 12.4.1\).)Tj -12.85 -1.2 Td (Figur)Tj 0.3278 Tc 2.383 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.307 0 Td [(5.29 )-78(shows )-78(the )-78(time )-78(r)19(equir)18(ed )-78(to )-78(perform )-78(these )-78(thr)19(ee )-78(locking )-78(techniques )-78(on)]TJ -5.49 -1.2 Td [(Linux. )-300(In)-300(each )-50(case, )-50(the )-50(r)18(esour)18(ce )-50(was )-50(allocated )-50(and )-50(then )-50(r)18(eleased )-50(1,000,000 )-50(times.)-549(This)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(was )-25(done )-25(simultaneously )-25(by )-25(thr)18(ee )-25(dif)18(fer)18(ent )-25(pr)18(ocesses. )-275(The)-275(times )-25(in )-25(Figur)]TJ 0.2752 Tc 32.702 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.254 0 Td [(5.29 )-25(ar)]TJ 0.2752 Tc 2.902 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.08 0 Td (he)Tj -37.939 -1.2 Td [(totals in seconds for all thr)18(ee pr)18(ocesses.)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2197.25 5182.25 cm 0 0 m 2098 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 250.23 510.1388 Tm (Operation )Tj 9.884 0 Td [(User)-2058(System )-1573(Clock)]TJ ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2197.25 5062.25 cm 0 0 m 2098 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2197.25 5042.25 cm 0 0 m 2098 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 223.6637 496.1107 Tm [(semaphor)18(es with undo)-3196(0.50 )-2693(6.08 )-2693(7.55)]TJ 0 -1.25 TD [(advisory r)18(ecor)]TJ 0.25 Tc 6.361 0 Td (dl)Tj 0 Tc 1.152 0 Td [(ocking )-2628(0.51)-2943(9.06 )-2693(4.38)]TJ -7.513 -1.25 Td [(mutex in shar)18(ed memory)-2221(0.21 )-2693(0.40 )-2693(0.25)]TJ ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2197.25 4722.25 cm 0 0 m 2098 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3939.25 4722.25 cm 0 0 m 0 460 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3564.25 4722.25 cm 0 0 m 0 460 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3188.25 4722.25 cm 0 0 m 0 460 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4295.25 4722.25 cm 0 0 m 0 460 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2197.25 4722.25 cm 0 0 m 0 460 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 208.142 454.091 Tm (Figure 15.29)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.055 Tc 6.195 0 Td (Ti)Tj 0 Tc 0.849 0 Td (ming comparison of locking alternatives on Linux)Tj 9.9976 0 0 9.9976 147.564 430.0968 Tm [(On )-33(Linux, )-33(r)19(ecor)]TJ 0.2827 Tc 7.009 0 Td (dl)Tj 0 Tc 1.185 0 Td [(ocking )-33(is )-33(faster )-33(than )-33(semaphor)19(es, )-33(but )-33(mutexes )-33(in )-33(shar)18(ed )-33(memory)]TJ -9.994 -1.2 Td [(outperform )-31(both )-31(semaphor)18(es )-31(and )-31(r)19(ecor)]TJ 0.2808 Tc 17.448 0 Td (dl)Tj 0 Tc 1.183 0 Td [(ocking. )-281(If)-281(we\325r)]TJ 0.2808 Tc 6.675 0 Td (el)Tj 0 Tc 1.051 0 Td [(ocking )-31(a )-31(single )-31(r)18(esour)18(ce )-31(and)]TJ -26.356 -1.2 Td [(don\325t )-151(need )-151(all )-151(the )-151(fancy )-151(featur)18(es )-151(of )-151(XSI )-151(semaphor)18(es, )-151(r)15(ecor)]TJ 0.4013 Tc 26.687 0 Td (dl)Tj 0 Tc 1.303 0 Td [(ocking )-151(is )-151(pr)17(eferr)18(ed )-151(over)]TJ -27.99 -1.2 Td [(semaphor)18(es. )-560(The)]TJ -0.018 Tc 8.589 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(asons )-310(ar)]TJ 0.56 Tc 3.913 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.365 0 Td [(hat )-310(it )-310(is )-310(much )-310(simpler )-310(to )-310(use, )-310(it )-310(is )-310(faster )-310(\(on )-310(this)]TJ -14.723 -1.2 Td [(platform\), )-79(and )-79(the )-79(system )-79(takes )-79(car)18(e)-329(of)-329(any )-79(lingering )-79(locks )-79(when )-79(a )-79(pr)18(ocess )-79(terminates.)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(Even )-31(though )-31(using )-31(a )-31(mutex )-31(in )-31(shar)16(ed )-31(memory )-31(is )-31(the )-31(fastest )-31(option )-31(on )-31(this )-31(platform, )-31(we)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(still )-55(pr)18(efer )-55(to )-55(use )-55(r)18(ecor)]TJ 0.3049 Tc 10.108 0 Td (dl)Tj 0 Tc 1.207 0 Td [(ocking, )-55(unless )-55(performance )-55(is )-55(the )-55(primary )-55(concern.)-554(Ther)]TJ 0.3049 Tc 25.545 0 Td (ea)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.284 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc -38.144 -1.2 Td [(two )-108(r)18(easons )-108(for )-108(this. )-108(First, )-108(r)18(ecovery )-108(fr)18(om )-108(pr)18(ocess )-108(termination )-108(is )-108(mor)]TJ 0.3581 Tc 31.005 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.448 0 Td [(if)18(\336cult )-108(using )-108(a)]TJ -32.453 -1.2 Td [(mutex )-113(in )-113(memory )-113(shar)18(ed )-113(among )-113(multiple )-113(pr)19(ocesses. )-363(Second,)-363(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 30.015 0 Td [(pr)18(ocess-shar)18(ed)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 6.178 0 Td (mutex)Tj -36.193 -1.2 Td [(attribute )-416(isn\325t )-416(universally )-416(supported )-416(yet.)-916(In )-416(older )-416(versions )-416(of )-416(the )-416(Single )-416(UNIX)]TJ T* [(Speci\336cation, )-76(it )-76(was )-76(optional.)-578(Although )-76(it )-76(is )-76(still )-76(optional )-76(in )-76(SUSv4, )-76(it )-76(is )-76(now )-76(r)15(equir)18(ed)]TJ T* (by all XSI-conforming implementations.)Tj 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 183.5554 278.1332 Tm [(Of )-15(the )-15(four )-15(platforms )-15(cover)17(ed )-15(in )-15(this )-15(text, )-15(only )-15(Linux )-15(3.2.0 )-15(and )-15(Solaris )-15(10 )-15(curr)18(ently )-15(support )-15(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 0 -1.25 TD [(pr)18(ocess-shar)18(ed)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 6.065 0 Td (mutex attribute.)Tj ET q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5141.25 2622.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 50 50 l 0 50 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /TT1 1 Tf 11.9964 0 0 11.9964 93.5719 226.1321 Tm [(15.9 )-776(Shared)-556(Memor )268(y)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 9.997 0 0 9.997 129.5611 204.5386 Tm [(Shar)18(ed )-51(memory )-51(allows )-51(two )-51(or )-51(mor)]TJ 0.3007 Tc 15.658 0 Td (ep)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.381 0 Td (ro)Tj 0 Tc 0.923 0 Td [(cesses )-51(to )-51(shar)]TJ 0.3007 Tc 6.03 0 Td (eag)Tj 0 Tc 2.136 0 Td [(iven )-51(r)18(egion )-51(of )-51(memory)]TJ 0.5508 Tc 10.16 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.414 0 Td (his)Tj -37.703 -1.2 Td [(is )-1(the 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12.642 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (ll in seconds.)Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2271.25 5074.25 cm 0 0 m 1950 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 250.23 499.3401 Tm [(Operation )-4206(User)-2058(System )-1573(Clock)]TJ ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2271.25 4954.25 cm 0 0 m 1950 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2271.25 4934.25 cm 0 0 m 1950 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 231.0384 485.3126 Tm [(message queue)-4803(0.58 )-2693(4.16 )-2693(5.09)]TJ 0 -1.25 TD [(full-duplex pipe)-4348(0.61 )-2693(4.30 )-2693(5.24)]TJ T* [(UNIX domain socket)-2221(0.59 )-2693(5.58 )-2693(7.49)]TJ ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2271.25 4614.25 cm 0 0 m 1950 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3866.25 4614.25 cm 0 0 m 0 460 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3490.25 4614.25 cm 0 0 m 0 460 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 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583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(15.7)]TJ 36.151 0 Td [(Message )-250(Queues)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 9.682 0 Td (561)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 11.9993 0 0 11.9993 93.5944 668.9599 Tm [(15.7 )-776(Messa)]TJ 0.01 Tc 6.047 0 Td [(ge )-258(Q)]TJ 0 Tc 2.511 0 Td (ueues)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.2955 Tc 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 649.761 Tm (Am)Tj 0 Tc 1.956 0 Td [(essage )-45(queue )-45(is )-45(a )-45(linked )-45(list )-45(of )-45(messages )-45(stor)14(ed )-46(within )-46(the )-46(kernel )-46(and )-46(identi\336ed )-46(by)]TJ 0.279 Tc -1.956 -1.2 Td (am)Tj 0 Tc 1.662 0 Td [(essage )-29(queue )-29(identi\336er)]TJ 0.529 Tc 10.129 0 Td (.W)Tj 0 Tc 1.687 0 Td [(e\325ll )-29(call )-29(the )-29(message )-29(queue )-29(just )-29(a)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 14.76 0 Td (queue)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.632 0 Td [(and )-29(its )-29(identi\336er )-29(a)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf -30.87 -1.2 Td (queue ID)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj 7.9995 0 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0 Td (0020)Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2720.25 6090.25 cm 0 0 m 1052 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 275.9418 600.8558 Tm [(other)18(-r)18(ead)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.748 0 Td (0004)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -9.748 -1.25 Td [(other)18(-write \(alter\))]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.748 0 Td (0002)Tj ET q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2720.25 5870.25 cm 0 0 m 1052 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3480.25 5870.25 cm 0 0 m 0 800 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3772.25 5870.25 cm 0 0 m 0 800 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2720.25 5870.25 cm 0 0 m 0 800 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9976 0 0 7.9976 263.6649 568.8293 Tm (Figure 15.24)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.195 0 Td (XSI IPC permissions)Tj 9.997 0 0 9.997 147.5559 544.8365 Tm [(Some )-54(implementations )-54(de\336ne )-54(symbolic )-54(constants )-54(to )-54(r)18(epr)18(esent )-54(each )-54(permission, )-54(but)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td (these constants ar)Tj 0.25 Tc 7.821 0 Td (en)Tj 0 Tc 1.311 0 Td [(ot standar)18(dized by the Single UNIX Speci\336cation.)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 11.9964 0 0 11.9964 129.5613 508.8473 Tm [(15.6.3 )-556(Con\336guration)-556(Limits)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 9.997 0 0 9.997 129.5613 484.8545 Tm [(All )-123(thr)18(ee )-123(forms )-123(of )-123(XSI )-123(IPC )-123(have )-123(built-in )-123(limits )-123(that )-123(we )-123(may )-123(encounter)]TJ 0.6232 Tc 31.969 0 Td (.M)Tj 0 Tc 1.819 0 Td [(ost )-123(of )-123(these)]TJ -33.788 -1.2 Td [(limits )-184(can )-184(be )-184(changed )-184(by )-184(r)18(econ\336guring )-184(the )-184(kernel.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 24.084 0 Td [(We )-368(d)]TJ 0 Tc 2.432 0 Td [(escribe )-184(the )-184(limits )-184(when )-184(we)]TJ -26.516 -1.2 Td [(describe each of the thr)18(ee forms of IPC.)]TJ 7.9976 0 0 7.9976 183.5452 440.8677 Tm [(Each )-176(platform )-176(pr)18(ovides )-176(its )-176(own )-176(way )-176(to )-176(r)19(eport )-176(and )-176(modify )-176(a )-176(particular 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)-343(permissions )-343(with )-343(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 21.569 0 Td (chmod)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.593 0 Td [(command. )-593(Instead,)-593(two )-343(new)]TJ -25.162 -1.2 Td [(commands )167(\321)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.04 0 Td (ipcs)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.4 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (1)Tj 0.5 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.583 -0.04 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.943 0 Td (ipcrm)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (1)Tj 0.5 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.0833 Tc 0.416 -0.04 Td (\321w)Tj 0 Tc 1.917 0 Td (er)Tj 0.25 Tc 0.856 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (dded.)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46927 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (558)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Interpr)18(ocess )-250(Communication)]TJ 38.741 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(15)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 668.9599 Tm (then)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.23 0 Td (ftok)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.661 0 Td [(usually )-11(r)18(eturns )-11(two )-11(dif)18(fer)18(ent )-11(keys )-11(for )-11(the )-11(two )-11(pathnames.)-510(However)]TJ 0.261 Tc 30.116 0 Td (,b)Tj 0 Tc 1.064 0 Td (ecause)Tj -36.071 -1.2 Td [(both )-136(i-node )-136(numbers )-136(and )-136(keys )-136(ar)]TJ 0.3864 Tc 15.285 0 Td (eo)Tj 0 Tc 1.411 0 Td [(ften )-136(stor)18(ed )-136(in )-136(long )-136(integers, )-136(information )-136(loss )-136(can)]TJ -16.696 -1.2 Td [(occur )-112(when )-112(cr)18(eating )-112(a )-112(key)]TJ 0.6118 Tc 11.891 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.475 0 Td [(his )-112(means )-112(that )-112(two )-112(dif)19(fer)18(ent )-112(pathnames )-112(to )-112(dif)18(fer)18(ent )-112(\336les)]TJ -13.366 -1.2 Td [(can generate the same key if the same pr)18(oject ID is used.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(The )-269(thr)18(ee)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.954 0 Td (get)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.319 0 Td [(functions )-269(\()]TJ /TT0 1 Tf (msgget)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 9.351 0 Td (semget)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5185 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 4.869 0 Td (nd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.711 0 Td (shmget)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5185 Tc (\)a)Tj 0 Tc 4.951 0 Td [(ll )-268(have )-268(two )-268(similar)]TJ -29.955 -1.2 Td [(ar)18(guments: )-157(a)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 6.294 0 Td (key)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.74 0 Td [(and )-157(an )-157(integer)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 7.104 0 Td (\337ag)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.6571 Tc (.A)Tj 0 Tc 3.581 0 Td [(new )-157(IPC )-157(str)8(uctur)18(e)-407(is)-407(c)]TJ -0.018 Tc (re)Tj 0 Tc 11.157 0 Td [(ated )-157(\(normally )-157(by )-157(a)]TJ -29.877 -1.2 Td [(server\) )-200(if )-200(either)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 7.596 0 Td (key)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.783 0 Td (is)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.165 0 Td (IPC_PRIVATE)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.05 0 Td (or)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.391 0 Td (key)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.783 0 Td [(is )-200(not )-200(curr)18(ently )-200(associated )-200(with )-200(an )-200(IPC)]TJ -20.768 -1.2 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e)-299(of)-299(t)-1(he )-49(particular )-49(type )-49(and )-49(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 17.72 0 Td (IPC_CREAT)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.7 0 Td [(bit )-50(of)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 2.648 0 Td (\337ag)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.789 0 Td [(is )-50(speci\336ed.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 5.748 0 Td [(To )-234(r)]TJ 0 Tc 1.744 0 Td [(efer)18(ence)]TJ -35.348 -1.2 Td [(an )-25(existing )-25(queue )-25(\(normally )-25(done )-25(by )-25(a )-25(client\),)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 20.67 0 Td (key)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.608 0 Td [(must )-25(equal )-25(the )-25(key )-25(that )-25(was )-25(speci\336ed)]TJ -22.278 -1.2 Td [(when the queue was cr)18(eated, and)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 15.005 0 Td (IPC_CREAT)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.65 0 Td (must not be speci\336ed.)Tj -18.855 -1.2 Td [(Note )-278(that )-278(it\325s )-278(never )-278(possible )-278(to )-278(specify)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 19.04 0 Td (IPC_PRIVATE)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.128 0 Td [(to )-278(r)18(efer)18(ence )-278(an )-278(existing)]TJ -27.968 -1.2 Td [(queue, )-35(since )-35(this )-35(special)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 10.986 0 Td (key)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.618 0 Td [(value )-35(always )-35(cr)18(eates )-35(a )-35(new )-35(queue.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 15.899 0 Td [(To )-219(r)]TJ 0 Tc 1.729 0 Td [(efer)18(ence )-35(an )-35(existing)]TJ -30.232 -1.2 Td [(queue )-209(that )-209(was )-209(cr)18(eated )-209(with )-209(a)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 14.722 0 Td (key)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.792 0 Td (of)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.339 0 Td (IPC_PRIVATE)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(,)-460(we)-460(m)1(ust )-210(know )-210(the )-210(associated)]TJ -17.853 -1.2 Td [(identi\336er )-263(and )-263(then )-263(use )-263(that )-263(identi\336er )-263(in )-263(the )-263(other )-263(IPC )-263(calls )-263(\(such )-263(as)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 33.194 0 Td (msgsnd)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.114 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -37.307 -1.2 Td (msgrcv)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (\), bypassing the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 10.807 0 Td (get)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.05 0 Td (function.)Tj -11.057 -1.2 Td [(If )-115(we )-115(want )-115(to )-115(cr)16(eate )-115(a )-115(new )-115(IPC )-115(str)6(uctur)18(e, )-115(making )-115(sur)]TJ 0.3655 Tc 24.393 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.171 0 Td [(hat )-115(we )-115(don\325t )-115(r)17(efer)18(ence )-115(an)]TJ -27.363 -1.2 Td [(existing )-71(one )-71(with )-71(the )-71(same )-71(identi\336er)74(,)-321(we)-321(must )-71(specify )-71(a)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 25.4 0 Td (\337ag)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.81 0 Td [(with )-71(both )-71(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.39 0 Td (IPC_CREAT)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -33.6 -1.2 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.946 0 Td (IPC_EXCL)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.053 0 Td [(bits )-3(set.)-503(Doing )-3(this )-3(causes )-3(an )-3(err)18(or )-3(r)18(eturn )-3(of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 19.76 0 Td (EEXIST)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.853 0 Td [(if )-3(the )-3(IPC )-3(str)8(uctur)18(e)]TJ -30.611 -1.2 Td [(alr)18(eady )-210(exists.)-710(\(This )-210(is )-210(similar )-210(to )-210(an)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 17.48 0 Td (open)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.86 0 Td [(that )-210(speci\336es )-210(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.247 0 Td (O_CREAT)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.66 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.153 0 Td (O_EXCL)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -35.4 -1.2 Td (\337ags.\))Tj /TT1 1 Tf 11.9993 0 0 11.9993 129.5941 410.9753 Tm [(15.6.2 )-556(P)30(ermission )-278(Structure)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5941 386.9768 Tm [(XSI )-257(IPC )-257(associates )-257(an)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.647 0 Td (ipc_perm)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.307 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)]TJ 0.5069 Tc 3.49 0 Td (ew)Tj 0 Tc 1.82 0 Td [(ith )-257(each )-257(IPC )-257(str)8(uctur)18(e. )-507(This)-507(str)8(uctur)18(e)]TJ -21.263 -1.2 Td (de\336nes the permissions and owner and includes at least the following \ members:)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5931 356.1388 Tm (struct ipc_perm {)Tj 1.2 -1.189 Td [(uid_t )-600(uid; )-600(/*)-600(owner\325s effective user ID */)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(gid_t )-600(gid; )-600(/*)-600(owner\325s effective group ID */)]TJ T* [(uid_t )-600(cuid;)-600(/* creator\325s effective user ID */)]TJ T* [(gid_t )-600(cgid;)-600(/* creator\325s effective group ID */)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD (mode_t mode; /* access modes */)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (.)Tj 0 -0.476 TD (.)Tj 0 -0.476 TD (.)Tj -1.2 -1.189 Td (};)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5942 252.545 Tm [(Each )-31(implementation )-31(includes )-31(additional )-31(members.)-531(See)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 25.237 0 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.881 0 Td [(on )-31(your )-31(system)]TJ -32.118 -1.2 Td (for the complete de\336nition.)Tj 1.8 -1.2 Td [(All )-95(the )-95(\336elds )-95(ar)]TJ 0.3455 Tc 7.071 0 Td (ei)Tj 0 Tc 1.116 0 Td [(nitialized )-95(when )-95(the )-95(IPC )-95(str)6(uctur)18(e)-345(is)-345(c)]TJ -0.018 Tc 16.877 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(ated. )-346(At)]TJ 0.3456 Tc 4.211 0 Td (al)Tj 0 Tc 1.137 0 Td [(ater )-96(time, )-96(we)]TJ -33.067 -1.2 Td [(can )-64(modify )-64(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.074 0 Td (uid)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.364 0 Td (gid)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.3137 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 2.864 0 Td (nd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.507 0 Td (mode)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.714 0 Td [(\336elds )-64(by )-64(calling)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.415 0 Td (msgctl)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 4.164 0 Td (semctl)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.3137 Tc (,o)Tj 0 Tc 4.71 0 Td (r)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.709 0 Td (shmctl)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5637 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 4.935 0 Td (o)Tj -38.454 -1.2 Td [(change )-83(these )-83(values, )-83(the )-83(calling )-83(pr)18(ocess )-83(must )-83(be )-83(either )-83(the )-83(cr)18(eator )-83(of )-83(the )-83(IPC )-83(str)11(uctur)18(e)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(or the super)8(user)]TJ 0.5 Tc 7.149 0 Td (.C)Tj 0 Tc 1.459 0 Td (hanging these \336elds is similar to calling)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 17.716 0 Td (chown)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td (or)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.191 0 Td (chmod)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td (for a \336le.)Tj -32.215 -1.2 Td [(The )-11(values )-11(in )-11(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.84 0 Td (mode)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.661 0 Td [(\336eld )-11(ar)]TJ 0.2609 Tc 3.124 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.164 0 Td [(imilar )-11(to )-11(the )-11(values )-11(we )-11(saw )-11(in )-11(Figur)]TJ 0.2608 Tc 15.925 0 Td (e4)Tj 0 Tc 1.24 0 Td [(.6, )-11(but )-11(ther)18(e)]TJ -33.753 -1.2 Td [(is )-188(nothing )-188(corr)18(esponding )-188(to )-188(execute )-188(permission )-188(for )-188(any )-188(of )-188(the )-188(IPC )-188(str)3(uctur)18(es. )-438(Also,)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(message )-78(queues )-78(and )-78(shar)18(ed )-78(memory )-78(use )-78(the )-78(terms)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 23.322 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.76 0 Td (ad)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.271 0 Td (and)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 2.021 0 Td (write)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.3275 Tc (,b)Tj 0 Tc 3.242 0 Td [(ut )-77(semaphor)18(es )-77(use)]TJ -30.615 -1.2 Td (the terms)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 4.394 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.76 0 Td (ad)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.194 0 Td (and)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.943 0 Td (alter)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5 Tc (.F)Tj 0 Tc 3.139 0 Td (igur)Tj 0.25 Tc 1.827 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (5.24 shows the six permissions for each form of IPC.)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46928 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (556)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Interpr)18(ocess )-250(Communication)]TJ 38.741 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(15)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2310 4982 432 288 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 242.9334 510.8093 Tm (client)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.25 Tc 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 318.3309 510.8093 Tm (...)Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 3750 4982 432 288 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 0 Tc 7.999 0 0 7.999 386.9016 510.7787 Tm (client)Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2994 5774 504 216 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 303.2334 591.3335 Tm (well-known)Tj 1.547 -1.25 Td (FIFO)Tj ET q 0.99982 0 0 0.99982 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 324.6 635 cm 0 0 m 1.8 -7.2 l -1.8 -7.2 l f Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3246 6350 cm 0 0 m 18 -72 l -18 -72 l h S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3246.25 5990.25 cm 0 0 m 0 288 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 3030 6350 432 288 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 313.5767 647.4846 Tm (server)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -1.292 -4.05 Td (read)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 2.9 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (quests)Tj ET q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2058 5774 504 216 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9976 0 0 7.9976 206.8019 591.2626 Tm (client-speci\336c)Tj 1.9 -1.25 Td (FIFO)Tj ET q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 3930 5774 504 216 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9971 0 0 7.9971 393.9222 591.2271 Tm (client-speci\336c)Tj 1.9 -1.25 Td (FIFO)Tj ET q 0.9996401 0 0 0.9996401 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 231 599 cm 0 0 m 4.896 5.616 l 6.984 2.664 l f Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2310 5990 cm 0 0 m 48.96 56.16 l 69.84 26.64 l h S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2369.25 6031.25 cm 0 0 m 661 463 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 6.5511 4.5858 -4.5858 6.5511 244.7482 612.3937 Tm (write)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 3.25 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (plies)Tj ET q 0.9995801 0 0 0.9995801 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 418.2 599 cm 0 0 m -6.912 2.664 l -4.824 5.616 l f Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4182 5990 cm 0 0 m -69.12 26.64 l -48.24 56.16 l h S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3462.25 6494.25 cm 0 0 m 661 -463 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 6.5508 -4.5855 4.5855 6.5508 363.5924 640.7504 Tm (write)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 3.25 -0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 -0 Td (plies)Tj ET q 0.9995201 0 0 0.9995201 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 245.4 527 cm 0 0 m -3.744 6.408 l -0.288 7.416 l f Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2454 5270 cm 0 0 m -37.44 64.08 l -2.88 74.16 l h S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2310.25 5774.25 cm 0 0 m 124 -435 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9957 0 0 7.9957 191.3606 550.1428 Tm (read)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 2.65 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (plies)Tj ET q 0.9994601 0 0 0.9994601 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 403.8 527 cm 0 0 m 0.216 7.416 l 3.672 6.408 l f Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4038 5270 cm 0 0 m 2.16 74.16 l 36.72 64.08 l h S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4182.25 5774.25 cm 0 0 m -125 -435 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9952 0 0 7.9952 412.7523 550.1098 Tm (read)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 2.65 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (plies)Tj ET q 0.9994002 0 0 0.9994002 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 316.176 577.4 cm 0 0 m -4.176 -6.12 l -6.552 -3.456 l f Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3161.76 5774 cm 0 0 m -41.76 -61.2 l -65.52 -34.56 l h S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2598.25 5270.25 cm 0 0 m 510 456 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 5.9613 5.3271 -5.3271 5.9613 265.045 535.8122 Tm (write)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 3.25 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (quests)Tj ET q 0.9993402 0 0 0.9993402 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 333.024 577.4 cm 0 0 m 6.552 -3.456 l 4.176 -6.12 l f Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3330.24 5774 cm 0 0 m 65.52 -34.56 l 41.76 -61.2 l h S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3383.25 5726.25 cm 0 0 m 511 -456 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 5.9609 -5.3268 5.3268 5.9609 342.4423 572.6525 Tm (write)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 3.25 -0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (quests)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9942 0 0 7.9942 224.854 472.6596 Tm (Figure 15.23)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.195 0 Td (Client\320server communication using FIFOs)Tj 9.9928 0 0 9.9928 129.5069 448.6768 Tm [(server )-135(also )-135(must )-135(catch)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.57 0 Td (SIGPIPE)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.385 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 5.259 0 Td [(ince )-135(it\325s )-135(possible )-135(for )-135(a )-135(client )-135(to )-135(send )-135(a )-135(r)18(equest )-135(and)]TJ -15.829 -1.2 Td [(terminate )-91(befor)]TJ 0.3407 Tc 6.89 0 Td (er)Tj 0 Tc 1.197 0 Td [(eading )-91(the )-91(r)19(esponse, )-91(leaving )-91(the )-91(client-speci\336c )-91(FIFO )-91(with )-91(one )-91(writer)]TJ -8.086 -1.2 Td [(\(the server\) and no r)18(eader)74(.)]TJ -0.055 Tc 1.8 -1.2 Td (Wi)Tj 0 Tc 1.236 0 Td [(th )-170(the )-170(arrangement )-170(shown )-170(in )-170(Figur)]TJ 0.42 Tc 16.296 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.399 0 Td [(5.23, )-170(if )-170(the )-170(server )-170(opens )-170(its )-170(well-known)]TJ -20.731 -1.2 Td [(FIFO )-13(r)18(ead-only )-13(\(since )-13(it )-13(only)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 12.97 0 Td (read)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.2629 Tc (sf)Tj -0.018 Tc 3.42 0 Td (ro)Tj 0.2629 Tc 0.923 0 Td (mi)Tj 0 Tc 1.437 0 Td [(t\) )-13(each )-13(time )-13(the )-13(number )-13(of )-13(clients )-13(goes )-13(fr)19(om )-13(1)]TJ -18.749 -1.2 Td [(to )-32(0, )-32(the )-32(server )-32(will)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.862 0 Td (read)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.682 0 Td [(an )-32(end )-32(of )-32(\336le )-32(on )-32(the )-32(FIFO.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 12.231 0 Td [(To )-216(p)]TJ -0.018 Tc 1.95 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(vent )-32(the )-32(server )-32(fr)18(om )-32(having)]TJ -26.581 -1.2 Td [(to )-34(handle )-34(this )-34(case, )-34(a )-34(common )-34(trick )-34(is )-34(just )-34(to )-34(have )-34(the )-34(server)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 27.145 0 Td (open)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.684 0 Td [(its )-34(well-known )-34(FIFO)]TJ -29.829 -1.2 Td [(for r)18(ead\320write. )-250(\(See)-250(Exer)18(cise 15.10.\))]TJ ET q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5141.25 3650.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 50 50 l 0 50 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /TT1 1 Tf 11.9906 0 0 11.9906 93.527 328.7435 Tm [(15.6 )-776(XSI)-556(IPC)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9922 0 0 9.9922 129.4989 304.7622 Tm [(The )-50(thr)18(ee )-50(types )-50(of )-50(IPC )-50(that )-50(we )-50(call )-50(XSI )-50(IPC)]TJ 0.0833 Tc 19.365 0 Td (\321m)Tj 0 Tc 1.966 0 Td [(essage )-50(queues, )-50(semaphor)18(es, )-50(and )-50(shar)20(ed)]TJ -21.331 -1.2 Td [(memory )167(\321 )167(have)-254(many )-3(similarities.)-503(In )-3(this )-3(section, )-3(we )-3(cover )-3(these )-3(similar )-3(featur)18(es; )-3(in )-3(the)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(following sections, we look at the speci\336c functions for each of the \ thr)18(ee IPC types.)]TJ 7.9938 0 0 7.9938 183.4569 260.7965 Tm [(The )-79(XSI )-79(IPC )-79(functions )-79(ar)]TJ 0.3291 Tc 11.177 0 Td (eb)Tj 0 Tc 1.361 0 Td [(ased )-79(closely )-79(on )-79(the )-79(System )-79(V )-79(IPC )-79(functions.)-579(These )-79(thr)18(ee )-79(types )-79(of)]TJ -12.539 -1.25 Td [(IPC )-9(originated )-9(in )-9(the )-9(1970s )-9(in )-9(an )-9(internal )-9(A)74(T&T )-9(version )-9(of )-9(the )-9(UNIX )-9(System )-9(called )-9(\324)43(\324Columbus)]TJ 0 -1.25 TD (UNIX.\325)Tj 0.7709 Tc 3.104 0 Td (\325T)Tj 0 Tc 1.662 0 Td [(hese )-271(IPC )-271(featur)18(es )-271(wer)]TJ 0.5209 Tc 10.388 0 Td (el)Tj 0 Tc 1.291 0 Td [(ater )-271(added )-271(to )-271(System )-271(V)]TJ 0.7709 Tc 11.254 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.634 0 Td [(hey )-271(ar)]TJ 0.5209 Tc 3.015 0 Td (eo)Tj 0 Tc 1.546 0 Td [(ften )-271(criticized )-271(for)]TJ -33.893 -1.25 Td (inventing their own namespace instead of using the \336le system.)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 11.9906 0 0 11.9906 129.4992 198.8448 Tm [(15.6.1 )-556(Identi\336er)]TJ 0.556 Tc 7.822 0 Td (sa)Tj 0 Tc 1.668 0 Td [(nd )-278(K)]TJ -0.015 Tc 2.485 0 Td (ey)Tj 0 Tc 1.097 0 Td (s)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9922 0 0 9.9922 129.4993 174.8635 Tm (Each)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 2.626 0 Td [(IPC )-239(structur)18(e)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 6.312 0 Td [(\(message )-239(queue, )-239(semaphor)18(e, )-239(or )-239(shar)18(ed )-239(memory )-239(segment\) )-239(in )-239(the)]TJ -8.938 -1.2 Td [(kernel )-34(is )-34(r)19(eferr)18(ed )-34(to )-34(by )-34(a )-34(non-negative )-34(integer)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 20.706 0 Td (identi\336er)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5336 Tc (.T)Tj 0.2836 Tc 4.945 0 Td (os)Tj 0 Tc 1.254 0 Td [(end )-34(a )-34(message )-34(to )-34(or )-34(fetch )-34(a)]TJ -26.904 -1.2 Td [(message )-66(fr)18(om )-66(a )-66(message )-66(queue, )-66(for )-66(example, )-66(all )-66(we )-66(need )-66(know )-66(is )-66(the )-66(identi\336er )-66(for )-66(the)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(queue. )-379(Unlike)-379(\336le )-129(descriptors, )-129(IPC )-129(identi\336ers )-129(ar)]TJ 0.379 Tc 22.046 0 Td (en)Tj 0 Tc 1.44 0 Td [(ot )-129(small )-129(integers.)-629(Indeed, )-129(when )-129(a)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46929 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (552)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Interpr)18(ocess )-250(Communication)]TJ 38.741 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(15)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5911 668.9599 Tm [(If )-191(we )-191(invoke )-191(this )-191(new )-191(copr)16(ocess )-192(fr)18(om )-192(the )-192(pr)18(ogram )-192(in )-192(Figur)]TJ 0.4416 Tc 27.86 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.421 0 Td [(5.18, )-192(it )-192(no )-192(longer)]TJ -31.081 -1.2 Td [(works. )-506(The)-505(pr)18(oblem )-256(is )-256(the )-256(default )-256(standar)]TJ 0.5057 Tc 20.258 0 Td (dI)Tj 0 Tc 1.454 0 Td [(/O )-256(buf)18(fering. )-506(When)-505(the )-256(pr)18(ogram )-256(in)]TJ -21.712 -1.2 Td (Figur)Tj 0.3132 Tc 2.383 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.292 0 Td [(5.19 )-63(is )-63(invoked, )-63(the )-63(\336rst)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.049 0 Td (fgets)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.313 0 Td [(on )-63(the )-63(standar)]TJ 0.3133 Tc 6.462 0 Td (di)Tj 0 Tc 1.215 0 Td [(nput )-63(causes )-63(the )-63(standar)]TJ 0.3133 Tc 10.633 0 Td (dI)Tj 0 Tc 1.261 0 Td (/O)Tj -37.608 -1.2 Td [(library )-36(to )-36(allocate )-36(a )-36(buf)19(fer )-36(and )-36(choose )-36(the )-36(type )-36(of )-36(buf)20(fering. )-286(Since)-285(the )-36(standar)]TJ 0.2857 Tc 34.7 0 Td (di)Tj 0 Tc 1.188 0 Td [(nput )-36(is)]TJ 0.417 Tc -35.887 -1.2 Td (ap)Tj 0 Tc 1.518 0 Td [(ipe, )-167(the )-167(standar)]TJ 0.417 Tc 7.162 0 Td (dI)Tj 0 Tc 1.365 0 Td [(/O )-167(library )-167(defaults )-167(to )-167(fully )-167(buf)18(fer)18(ed. )-417(The)-417(same )-167(thing )-167(happens)]TJ -10.045 -1.2 Td [(with )-85(the )-85(standar)]TJ 0.3353 Tc 7.411 0 Td (do)Tj 0 Tc 1.492 0 Td [(utput. )-335(While)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.273 0 Td (add2)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.735 0 Td [(is )-85(blocked )-85(r)18(eading )-85(fr)18(om )-85(its )-85(standar)]TJ 0.3353 Tc 15.768 0 Td (di)Tj 0 Tc 1.237 0 Td [(nput, )-85(the)]TJ -34.916 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ogram in Figur)]TJ 0.25 Tc 7.614 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td [(5.18 is blocked r)18(eading fr)18(om the pipe.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 17.089 0 Td [(We )-184(h)]TJ 0 Tc 2.219 0 Td (ave a deadlock.)Tj -26.351 -1.2 Td [(Her)18(e, )-224(we )-224(have )-224(contr)18(ol )-224(over )-224(the )-224(copr)18(ocess )-224(that\325s )-224(being )-224(r)7(un. )-474(W)]TJ 0.4741 Tc 29.243 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.397 0 Td [(an )-224(change )-224(the)]TJ -32.44 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ogram in Figur)]TJ 0.25 Tc 7.614 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (5.19 by adding the following four lines befor)Tj 0.25 Tc 19.649 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.055 0 Td (he)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.311 0 Td (while)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td (loop:)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5913 556.2666 Tm (if \(setvbuf\(stdin, NULL, _IOLBF, 0\) != 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_sys\("setvbuf error"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(setvbuf\(stdout, NULL, _IOLBF, 0\) != 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_sys\("setvbuf error"\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5924 506.1696 Tm [(These )-70(lines )-70(cause)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.053 0 Td (fgets)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.32 0 Td [(to )-70(r)18(eturn )-70(when )-70(a )-70(line )-70(is )-70(available )-70(and )-70(cause)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 19.958 0 Td (printf)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.919 0 Td [(to )-69(do )-69(an)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -35.25 -1.2 Td (fflush)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.939 0 Td [(when )-89(a )-89(newline )-89(is )-89(output )-89(\(r)19(efer )-89(to )-89(Section )-89(5.4 )-89(for )-89(the )-89(details )-89(on )-89(standar)]TJ 0.3389 Tc 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(\336eld.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -11.333 -1.6 Td (OXTABS)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.883 0 Td (\()Tj /TT0 1 Tf (c_oflag)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.356 Tc (,F)Tj -0.018 Tc 5.695 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(eBSD, )-106(Mac )-106(OS )-106(X\))-606(If )-106(set, )-106(tabs )-106(ar)]TJ 0.3561 Tc 14.412 0 Td (ee)Tj 0 Tc 1.314 0 Td [(xpanded )-106(to )-106(spaces )-106(on)]TJ -22.277 -1.2 Td [(output. )-263(This)-264(pr)18(oduces )-13(the )-13(same )-13(ef)17(fect )-13(as )-13(setting )-13(the )-13(horizontal )-13(tab )-13(delay)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td (\()Tj /TT0 1 Tf (TABDLY)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (\)t)Tj 0 Tc 4.842 0 Td (o)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.796 0 Td (XTABS)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td (or)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.191 0 Td (TAB3)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -16.962 -1.6 Td (PARENB)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.883 0 Td (\()Tj /TT0 1 Tf (c_cflag)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.402 Tc (,P)Tj 0 Tc 5.789 0 Td [(OSIX.1, )-152(Fr)18(eeBSD, )-152(Linux, )-152(Mac )-152(OS )-152(X, )-152(Solaris\))-652(If )-152(set, )-152(parity)]TJ -5.789 -1.2 Td [(generation )-210(is )-210(enabled 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Tf 6.883 0 Td (\()Tj /TT0 1 Tf (c_cflag)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5302 Tc (,P)Tj 0 Tc 5.917 0 Td [(OSIX.1, )-280(Fr)18(eeBSD, )-280(Linux, )-280(Mac )-280(OS )-280(X, )-280(Solaris\))-780(If )-280(set, )-280(the)]TJ -5.917 -1.2 Td [(parity )-130(for )-130(outgoing )-130(and )-130(incoming )-130(characters )-130(is )-130(odd )-130(parity)]TJ 0.6304 Tc 26.391 0 Td (.O)Tj 0 Tc 1.666 0 Td (therwise,)Tj -28.057 -1.2 Td [(the )-358(parity )-358(is )-358(even )-358(parity)]TJ 0.8584 Tc 11.868 0 Td (.N)Tj 0 Tc 1.939 0 Td [(ote )-358(that )-358(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.298 0 Td (PARENB)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.209 0 Td [(\337ag )-358(contr)18(ols )-358(the)]TJ -24.313 -1.2 Td [(generation and detection of parity)111(.)]TJ 0 -1.56 TD (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.127 0 Td (PARODD)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.053 0 Td [(\337ag )-203(also )-203(contr)18(ols )-203(whether )-203(mark )-203(or )-203(space )-203(parity )-203(is )-203(used)]TJ -6.18 -1.2 Td (when either the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 7.166 0 Td (CMSPAR)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td (or)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.191 0 Td (PAREXT)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td (\337ag is set.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -22.94 -1.72 Td (PENDIN)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.883 0 Td (\()Tj /TT0 1 Tf (c_lflag)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.2772 Tc (,F)Tj -0.018 Tc 5.616 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(eBSD, )-27(Linux, )-27(Mac )-27(OS )-27(X, )-27(Solaris\))-528(If )-27(set, )-27(any )-27(input )-27(that )-27(has)]TJ -6.472 -1.2 Td [(not )-218(been )-218(r)18(ead )-218(is )-218(r)18(eprinted )-218(by )-218(the )-218(system )-218(when )-218(the )-218(next )-218(character )-218(is)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(input. )-618(This)-619(action )-368(is )-368(similar )-368(to )-368(what )-368(happens )-368(when )-368(we )-368(type )-368(the)]TJ T* [(REPRINT character)74(.)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46932 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (560)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Interpr)18(ocess )-250(Communication)]TJ 38.741 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(15)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5911 668.9599 Tm [(Since )-9(these )-9(forms )-9(of )-9(IPC )-9(don\325t )-9(use )-9(\336le )-9(descriptors, )-9(we )-9(can\325t )-9(use )-9(the )-9(multiplexed )-9(I/O)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(functions )-34(\()]TJ /TT0 1 Tf (select)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 8.631 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.977 0 Td (poll)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.2836 Tc (\)w)Tj 0 Tc 3.851 0 Td [(ith )-34(them.)-533(This )-34(makes )-34(it )-34(har)18(der )-34(to )-34(use )-34(mor)]TJ 0.2837 Tc 18.735 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.089 0 Td [(han )-34(one )-34(of)]TJ -34.283 -1.2 Td [(these )-101(IPC )-101(str)7(uctur)18(es )-101(at )-101(a )-101(time )-101(or )-101(to )-101(use )-101(any )-101(of )-101(these )-101(IPC )-101(str)3(uctur)18(es )-101(with )-101(\336le )-101(or )-101(device)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(I/O. )-269(For)-270(example, )-19(we )-19(can\325t )-19(have )-19(a )-19(server )-19(wait )-19(for )-19(a )-19(message )-19(to )-19(be )-19(placed )-19(on 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1 Tf (msgsnd)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(\), )-79(wher)18(eas )-79(other )-79(forms )-79(of )-79(IPC )-79(normally )-79(r)19(equir)]TJ 0.3288 Tc 30.552 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.308 0 Td (n)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.911 0 Td (open)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.979 0 Td (write)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj -35.75 -1.2 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.102 0 Td (close)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.6586 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 4.522 0 Td [(his )-159(ar)18(gument )-159(is )-159(false.)-657(Clients )-159(still )-159(have )-159(to )-159(obtain )-159(the )-159(identi\336er )-159(for )-159(the)]TJ -6.623 -1.2 Td [(server )176(\325s)-491(queue )-241(somehow)92(,)-491(to)-491(a)-1(void )-241(using )-241(a )-241(key )-241(and )-241(calling)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 28.184 0 Td (msgget)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.7415 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 5.204 0 Td [(he )-241(identi\336er)]TJ -33.389 -1.2 Td [(assigned )-24(to )-24(a )-24(particular )-24(queue )-24(depends )-24(on )-24(how )-24(many )-24(other )-24(message )-24(queues )-24(exist )-24(when)]TJ T* [(the )-111(queue )-111(is )-111(cr)17(eated )-111(and )-111(how )-111(many )-111(times )-111(the )-111(table )-111(in )-111(the )-111(kernel )-111(assigned )-111(to )-111(the )-111(new)]TJ T* [(queue )-96(has )-96(been )-96(used )-96(since )-96(the )-96(kernel )-96(was )-96(bootstrapped.)-596(This )-96(is )-96(a )-96(dynamic )-96(value )-96(that)]TJ T* [(can\325t )-52(be )-52(guessed )-52(or )-52(stor)16(ed )-52(in )-52(a )-52(header)]TJ 0.5523 Tc 16.903 0 Td (.A)Tj 0 Tc 1.58 0 Td [(s)-302(we)-302(m)-1(entioned )-52(in )-52(Section )-52(15.6.1, )-52(minimally )-52(a)]TJ -18.484 -1.2 Td [(server has to write the assigned queue identi\336er to a \336le for its \ clients to r)18(ead.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(Other )-301(advantages )-301(listed )-301(by )-301(these )-301(authors )-301(for )-301(message )-301(queues )-301(ar)]TJ 0.5508 Tc 30.808 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.356 0 Td [(hat )-301(they\325r)18(e)]TJ -0.018 Tc -33.964 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(liable, )-116(\337ow )-116(contr)18(olled, )-116(and )-116(r)18(ecor)]TJ 0.366 Tc 14.766 0 Td (do)Tj 0 Tc 1.523 0 Td [(riented, )-116(and )-116(that )-116(they )-116(can )-116(be )-116(pr)18(ocessed )-116(in )-116(other)]TJ -17.145 -1.2 Td [(than )-14(\336rst-in, )-14(\336rst-out )-14(or)18(der)]TJ 0.5141 Tc 11.88 0 Td (.F)Tj 0 Tc 1.32 0 Td (igur)Tj 0.2641 Tc 1.827 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.243 0 Td [(5.25 )-14(compar)18(es )-14(some )-14(of )-14(the )-14(featur)18(es )-14(of )-14(these )-14(various)]TJ -16.27 -1.2 Td (forms of IPC.)Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1348.25 4102.25 cm 0 0 m 3795 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 458.7409 402.1517 Tm (Message types)Tj 0.385 -1.25 Td (or priorities?)Tj -35.398 0.625 Td (IPC type)Tj 9.842 0 Td [(Connectionless?)-1000(Reliable?)-1000(Flow contr)18(ol?)-1000(Recor)18(ds?)]TJ ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1348.25 3882.25 cm 0 0 m 3795 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1348.25 3862.25 cm 0 0 m 3795 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 138.827 378.1319 Tm (message queues)Tj 17.832 0 Td (no )Tj 6.407 0 Td [(yes)-4555(yes )-4304(yes)-4759(yes)]TJ -24.24 -1.25 Td (STREAMS )Tj 17.832 0 Td (no)Tj 6.407 0 Td [(yes )-4305(yes)-4554(yes )-4509(yes)]TJ -24.24 -1.25 Td [(UNIX domain str)18(eam socket)]TJ 17.832 0 Td (no )Tj 6.407 0 Td [(yes)-4555(yes )-4469(no)]TJ 18.412 0 Td (no)Tj -42.651 -1.25 Td [(UNIX domain datagram socket)-3845(yes )-4863(yes)-4721(no )-4469(yes)-4925(no)]TJ 0 -1.25 TD (FIFOs \(non-STREAMS\))Tj 17.832 0 Td (no )Tj 6.407 0 Td [(yes)-4555(yes )-4469(no)]TJ 18.412 0 Td (no)Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1348.25 3342.25 cm 0 0 m 3795 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4548.25 3342.25 cm 0 0 m 0 760 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4148.25 3342.25 cm 0 0 m 0 760 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3586.25 3342.25 cm 0 0 m 0 760 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3186.25 3342.25 cm 0 0 m 0 760 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2534.25 3342.25 cm 0 0 m 0 760 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5143.25 3342.25 cm 0 0 m 0 760 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1348.25 3342.25 cm 0 0 m 0 760 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 216.0082 316.1241 Tm (Figure 15.25)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.195 0 Td [(Comparison of featur)18(es of various forms of IPC)]TJ 9.9976 0 0 9.9976 129.5691 288.5307 Tm (\(W)Tj 0.3665 Tc 1.241 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.456 0 Td [(escribe )-116(str)18(eam )-116(and )-116(datagram )-116(sockets )-116(in )-116(Chapter )-116(16.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 24.114 0 Td [(We )-301(d)]TJ 0 Tc 2.364 0 Td [(escribe )-116(UNIX )-116(domain)]TJ -29.176 -1.2 Td [(sockets )-142(in )-142(Section )-142(17.2.\))-642(By )-142(\324)39(\324connectionless,\325)37(\325)-392(we)-392(m)1(ean )-142(the )-142(ability )-142(to )-142(send )-142(a )-142(message)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(without )-16(having )-16(to )-16(call )-16(some )-16(form )-16(of )-16(an )-16(open )-16(function )-16(\336rst.)-520(As )-16(described )-16(pr)17(eviously)]TJ 0.2663 Tc 37.171 0 Td (,w)Tj 0 Tc 1.35 0 Td (e)Tj -38.521 -1.2 Td [(don\325t )-254(consider )-254(message )-254(queues )-254(connectionless, )-254(since )-254(some )-254(technique )-254(is )-254(r)18(equir)18(ed )-254(to)]TJ T* [(obtain )-91(the )-91(identi\336er )-91(for )-91(a )-91(queue.)-590(Since )-91(all )-91(these )-91(forms )-91(of )-91(IPC )-91(ar)]TJ 0.3407 Tc 29.011 0 Td (er)Tj 0 Tc 1.197 0 Td [(estricted )-91(to )-91(a )-91(single)]TJ -30.208 -1.2 Td [(host, )-126(all )-126(ar)]TJ 0.376 Tc 4.839 0 Td (er)Tj 0 Tc 1.232 0 Td [(eliable. )-376(When)-376(the )-126(messages )-126(ar)]TJ 0.376 Tc 13.964 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.279 0 Td [(ent )-126(acr)18(oss )-126(a )-126(network, )-126(the )-126(possibility )-126(of)]TJ -21.314 -1.2 Td [(messages )-39(being )-39(lost )-39(becomes )-39(a )-39(concern.)]TJ -0.037 Tc 18.233 0 Td (\324\324)Tj 0 Tc 0.519 0 Td [(Flow )-39(contr)18(ol\325)]TJ 0.2893 Tc 5.869 0 Td (\325m)Tj 0 Tc 1.45 0 Td [(eans )-39(that )-39(the )-39(sender )-39(is )-39(put )-39(to)]TJ -26.071 -1.2 Td [(sleep )-121(if )-121(ther)19(e)-371(is)-371(a)-371(s)1(hortage )-121(of )-121(system )-121(r)19(esour)18(ces )-121(\(buf)18(fers\) )-121(or )-121(if )-121(the )-121(r)18(eceiver )-121(can\325t )-121(accept)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(any )-28(mor)]TJ 0.2777 Tc 3.722 0 Td (em)Tj 0 Tc 1.64 0 Td [(essages. )-278(When)-277(the )-28(\337ow )-28(contr)18(ol )-28(condition )-28(subsides )-28(\(i.e., )-28(when )-28(ther)]TJ 0.2777 Tc 29.537 0 Td (ei)Tj 0.2776 Tc 1.048 0 Td (sr)Tj 0 Tc 1.079 0 Td (oom)Tj -37.025 -1.2 Td (in the queue\), the sender should automatically be awakened.)Tj 1.8 -1.2 Td [(One )-215(featur)]TJ 0.4648 Tc 4.93 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.27 0 Td [(hat )-215(we )-215(don\325t )-215(show )-215(in )-215(Figur)]TJ 0.4649 Tc 13.03 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.444 0 Td [(5.25 )-215(is )-215(whether )-215(the )-215(IPC )-215(facility )-215(can)]TJ -22.474 -1.2 Td [(automatically )-296(cr)18(eate )-296(a )-296(unique )-296(connection )-296(to )-296(a )-296(server )-296(for )-296(each )-296(client.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 33.407 0 Td (We)Tj 0 Tc 1.387 0 Td [(\325ll )-296(see )-296(in)]TJ -34.794 -1.2 Td [(Chapter )-142(17 )-142(that )-142(UNIX )-142(str)18(eam )-142(sockets )-142(pr)18(ovide )-142(this )-142(capability)]TJ 0.6419 Tc 27.596 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.505 0 Td [(he )-142(next )-142(thr)18(ee )-142(sections)]TJ -29.101 -1.2 Td [(describe each of the thr)18(ee forms of XSI IPC in detail.)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46933 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (910)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Solutions )-250(to )-250(Selected )-250(Exer)18(cises )]TJ 38.165 0 Td [(Appendix)-500(C)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 155.6107 668.9599 Tm (tempfile)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.6515 Tc (.W)Tj 0.4015 Tc 6.609 0 Td (eh)Tj 0 Tc 1.462 0 Td [(ave )-151(to )-151(use )-151(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.915 0 Td (df)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.601 0 Td [(command )-151(in )-151(this )-151(example )-151(to )-151(see )-151(the )-151(actual)]TJ -16.588 -1.2 Td [(amount of fr)18(ee space on the \336le system.)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf -2.602 -1.84 Td (4.9)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.602 0 Td [(If )-40(the )-40(link )-40(being )-40(r)18(emoved )-40(is )-40(not )-40(the )-40(last )-40(link )-40(to )-40(the )-40(\336le, )-40(the )-40(\336le )-40(is )-40(not )-40(r)10(emoved. )-290(In)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(this )-200(case, )-200(the )-200(changed-status )-200(time )-200(of )-200(the )-200(\336le )-200(is )-200(updated.)-700(But )-200(if )-200(the )-200(link )-200(being)]TJ -0.018 Tc T* (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(moved )-57(is )-57(the )-57(last )-57(link )-57(to )-57(the )-57(\336le, )-57(it )-57(makes )-57(no )-57(sense )-57(to )-57(update )-57(this )-57(time, )-57(because)]TJ -0.856 -1.2 Td [(all the information about the \336le \(the i-node\) is r)18(emoved with the \336le.)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf -2.602 -1.84 Td (4.10)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.092 Tc 2.602 0 Td [(We )-212(r)]TJ 0 Tc 2.041 0 Td [(ecursively )-27(call )-27(our )-27(function)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 12.414 0 Td (dopath)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.878 0 Td [(after )-27(opening )-27(a )-27(dir)18(ectory )-27(with)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 13.615 0 Td (opendir)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj -31.948 -1.2 Td [(Assuming )-3(that)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.78 0 Td (opendir)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.453 0 Td [(uses )-3(a )-3(single )-3(\336le )-3(descriptor)]TJ 0.2527 Tc 11.877 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 0.829 0 Td [(his )-3(means )-3(that )-3(each )-3(time )-3(we)]TJ -23.939 -1.2 Td [(descend )-6(one )-6(level, )-6(we )-6(use )-6(another )-6(descriptor)]TJ 0.506 Tc 19.795 0 Td (.\()Tj -0.092 Tc 1.089 0 Td [(We )-190(a)]TJ 0 Tc 2.143 0 Td [(ssume )-6(that )-6(the )-6(descriptor )-6(isn\325t)]TJ -23.027 -1.2 Td [(closed )-106(until )-106(we\325r)]TJ 0.3563 Tc 7.569 0 Td (e\336)Tj 0 Tc 1.44 0 Td [(nished )-106(with )-106(a )-106(dir)18(ectory )-106(and )-106(call)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 14.884 0 Td (closedir)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(.\) )-356(This)-357(limits )-106(the)]TJ -23.893 -1.2 Td [(depth )-8(of )-8(the )-8(\336le )-8(system )-8(tr)18(ee )-8(that )-8(we )-8(can )-8(traverse )-8(to )-8(the )-8(maximum )-8(number )-8(of )-8(open)]TJ T* [(descriptors )-131(for )-131(the )-131(pr)19(ocess. )-381(Note)-380(that )-131(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 19.36 0 Td (nftw)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.781 0 Td [(function )-131(as )-131(speci\336ed )-131(in )-131(the )-131(XSI)]TJ -22.141 -1.2 Td [(option )-45(of )-45(the )-45(Single )-45(UNIX )-45(Speci\336cation )-45(allows )-45(the )-45(caller )-45(to )-45(specify )-45(the )-45(number )-45(of)]TJ T* [(descriptors to use, implying that it can close and r)18(euse descriptors.)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf -2.602 -1.84 Td (4.12)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.602 0 Td (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.954 0 Td (chroot)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.88 0 Td [(function )-30(is )-30(used )-30(by )-30(the )-30(Internet )-30(File )-30(T)91(ransfer )-30(Pr)18(otocol)]TJ 23.987 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (FTP)Tj 1.773 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.613 -0.04 Td [(pr)18(ogram)]TJ -32.54 -1.2 Td [(to )-122(aid )-122(in )-122(security)]TJ 0.6219 Tc 7.67 0 Td (.U)Tj 0 Tc 1.65 0 Td [(sers )-122(without )-122(accounts )-122(on )-122(a )-122(system )-122(\(termed)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 19.928 0 Td [(anonymous )-122(FTP)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf (\))Tj -29.248 -1.2 Td (ar)Tj 0.3727 Tc 0.877 0 Td (ep)Tj 0 Tc 1.453 0 Td [(laced )-123(in )-123(a )-123(separate )-123(dir)19(ectory)]TJ 0.3728 Tc 12.807 0 Td (,a)Tj 0 Tc 1.123 0 Td [(nd )-123(a)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 2.439 0 Td (chroot)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.973 0 Td [(is )-123(done )-123(to )-123(that )-123(dir)19(ectory)]TJ 0.6228 Tc 10.944 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.486 0 Td (his)Tj -35.101 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(events the user fr)18(om accessing any \336le outside this new r)18(oot dir)18(ectory)111(.)]TJ 0 -1.8 TD [(In )-122(addition,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.671 0 Td (chroot)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.972 0 Td [(can )-122(be )-122(used )-122(to )-122(build )-122(a )-122(copy )-122(of )-122(a )-122(\336le )-122(system )-122(hierar)19(chy )-122(at )-122(a)]TJ -9.643 -1.2 Td [(new )-135(location )-135(and )-135(then )-135(modify )-135(this )-135(new )-135(copy )-135(without )-135(changing )-135(the )-135(original )-135(\336le)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(system. )-336(This)-337(could )-86(be )-86(used, )-86(for )-86(example, )-86(to )-86(test )-86(the )-86(installation )-86(of )-86(new )-86(softwar)15(e)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td (packages.)Tj 0 -1.8 TD [(Only )-253(the )-253(super)8(user )-253(can )-253(execute)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 15.367 0 Td (chroot)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5035 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 4.854 0 Td [(nd )-254(once )-254(you )-254(change )-254(the )-254(r)18(oot )-254(of )-254(a)]TJ -20.22 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ocess, it \(and all its descendants\) can never get back to the original\ r)18(oot.)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf -2.602 -1.84 Td (4.13)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.602 0 Td [(First, )-181(call)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.63 0 Td (stat)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.831 0 Td [(to )-181(fetch )-181(the )-181(thr)19(ee )-181(times )-181(for )-181(the )-181(\336le; )-181(then )-181(call)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 21.157 0 Td (utime)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.431 0 Td [(to )-181(set )-181(the)]TJ -32.048 -1.2 Td [(desir)18(ed )-234(value.)-734(The )-234(value )-234(that )-234(we )-234(don\325t )-234(want )-234(to )-234(change )-234(in )-234(the )-234(call )-234(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 33.397 0 Td (utime)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -33.398 -1.2 Td [(should be the corr)18(esponding value fr)18(om)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 17.987 0 Td (stat)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -20.589 -1.84 Td (4.14)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.602 0 Td (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.015 0 Td (finger)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.6 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (1)Tj 0.5 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.674 -0.04 Td [(command )-91(calls)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.081 0 Td (stat)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.741 0 Td [(on )-91(the )-91(mailbox.)-591(The )-91(last-modi\336cation )-91(time)]TJ -16.945 -1.2 Td [(is )-93(the )-93(time )-93(that )-93(mail )-93(was )-93(last )-93(r)15(eceived, )-93(and )-93(the )-93(last-access )-93(time )-93(is )-93(when )-93(the )-93(mail)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(was last r)18(ead.)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf -2.602 -1.84 Td (4.15)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.602 0 Td (Both)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.407 0 Td (cpio)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.742 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.035 0 Td (tar)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.142 0 Td (stor)Tj 0.3423 Tc 1.673 0 Td (eo)Tj 0 Tc 1.367 0 Td [(nly )-92(the )-92(modi\336cation )-92(time )-92(\()]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 12.122 0 Td (st_mtime)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(\))-342(in)-342(t)-1(he )-92(ar)18(chive.)]TJ -24.49 -1.2 Td [(The )-47(access )-47(time )-47(isn\325t )-47(stor)18(ed, )-47(because )-47(its )-47(value )-47(corr)17(esponds )-47(to )-47(the )-47(time )-47(the )-47(ar)17(chive)]TJ T* [(was )-95(cr)18(eated, )-95(since )-95(the )-95(\336le )-95(has )-95(to )-95(be )-95(r)16(ead )-95(to )-95(be )-95(ar)17(chived. )-345(The)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 27.998 0 Td (-a)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.545 0 Td [(option )-95(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.454 0 Td (cpio)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -33.998 -1.2 Td [(has )-23(it )-23(r)17(eset )-23(the )-23(access )-23(time )-23(of )-23(each )-23(input )-23(\336le )-23(after )-23(the )-23(\336le )-23(has )-23(been )-23(r)13(ead. )-273(This)-274(way)111(,)]TJ T* [(the )-119(cr)18(eation )-119(of )-119(the )-119(ar)18(chive )-119(doesn\325t )-119(change )-119(the )-119(access )-119(time.)-619(\(Resetting )-119(the )-119(access)]TJ T* [(time, )-150(however)]TJ 0.4001 Tc 6.435 0 Td (,d)Tj 0 Tc 1.261 0 Td [(oes )-150(modify )-150(the )-150(changed-status )-150(time.\))-650(The )-150(changed-status )-150(time)]TJ -7.696 -1.2 Td [(isn\325t )-76(stor)18(ed )-76(in )-76(the )-76(ar)17(chive, )-76(because )-76(we )-76(can\325t )-76(set )-76(this )-76(value )-76(on )-76(extraction )-76(even )-76(if )-76(it)]TJ T* [(was )-181(ar)18(chived. )-431(\(The)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.406 0 Td (utimes)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.031 0 Td [(function )-181(and )-181(its )-181(r)18(elated )-181(functions,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 16.038 0 Td (futimens)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.231 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -34.705 -1.2 Td (utimensat)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 6.344 0 Td (an change only the access time and the modi\336cation time.\))Tj -6.344 -1.8 Td [(When )-480(the )-480(ar)18(chive )-480(is )-480(r)18(ead )-480(back )-480(\(extracted\),)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 22.106 0 Td (tar)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(,)-730(by)-730(default, )-480(r)18(estor)18(es )-480(the)]TJ -22.106 -1.2 Td [(modi\336cation )-94(time )-94(to )-94(the )-94(value )-94(in )-94(the )-94(ar)17(chive. )-344(The)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 23.071 0 Td (m)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.944 0 Td [(option )-94(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.452 0 Td (tar)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.144 0 Td [(tells )-94(it )-94(to )-94(not)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46934 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (724)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Pseudo )-250(T)92(erminals )]TJ 38.741 0 Td [(Chapter)-500(19)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 183.589 670.9597 Tm [(On )-99(Fr)18(eeBSD,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.118 0 Td (grantpt)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.55 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.042 0 Td (unlockpt)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.15 0 Td [(do )-99(nothing )-99(other )-99(than )-99(ar)18(gument )-99(validation; )-99(the )-99(PTYs)]TJ -17.859 -1.25 Td (ar)Tj 0.6699 Tc 0.877 0 Td (ec)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.593 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(ated )-420(dynamically )-420(with )-420(the )-420(corr)18(ect )-420(permissions.)-919(Note )-420(that )-420(Fr)18(eeBSD )-420(de\336nes )-420(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -3.326 -1.25 Td (O_NOCTTY)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.22 0 Td [(\337ag )-170(only )-170(for )-170(compatibility )-170(with )-170(applications )-170(that )-170(call)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 24.86 0 Td (posix_openpt)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.6698 Tc (.F)Tj -0.018 Tc 8.676 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (eBSD)Tj -39.611 -1.25 Td [(does )-137(not )-137(allocate )-137(a )-137(contr)18(olling )-137(terminal )-137(as )-137(a )-137(side )-137(ef)18(fect )-137(of )-137(opening )-137(a )-137(terminal )-137(device, )-137(so )-137(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0 -1.25 TD (O_NOCTTY)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.05 0 Td [(\337ag has no ef)18(fect.)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1362.25 6110.25 cm 0 0 m 3768 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 386.9896 602.9276 Tm [(Fr)18(eeBSD )-250(Linux )-250(Mac)-250(OS X)-500(Solaris)]TJ 1.276 -1.25 Td [(8.0 )-1827(3.2.0)-1735(10.6.8 )-2170(10)]TJ -30.493 0.625 Td (Function)Tj 13.3 0 Td (Description)Tj 12.888 0 Td (XSI)Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1362.25 5890.25 cm 0 0 m 3768 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1362.25 5870.25 cm 0 0 m 3768 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 140.1868 578.8958 Tm (grantpt)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 8.7 0 Td (change permissions of slave PTY device)Tj 3.559 Tc 19.585 0 Td (\245\245)Tj 3.3795 Tc 7.867 0 Td [(\245\245 )3445(\245)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0 Tc -36.153 -1.25 Td (posix_openpt)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 8.7 0 Td (open a master PTY device)Tj 3.559 Tc 19.585 0 Td (\245\245)Tj 3.3795 Tc 7.867 0 Td [(\245\245 )3445(\245)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0 Tc -36.153 -1.25 Td (ptsname)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 8.7 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (turn name of slave PTY device)Tj 3.559 Tc 18.729 0 Td (\245\245)Tj 3.3795 Tc 7.867 0 Td [(\245\245 )3445(\245)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0 Tc -36.153 -1.25 Td (unlockpt)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 8.7 0 Td (allow slave PTY device to be opened)Tj 3.559 Tc 19.585 0 Td (\245\245)Tj 3.3795 Tc 7.867 0 Td [(\245\245 )3445(\245)]TJ ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1362.25 5450.25 cm 0 0 m 3768 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3810.25 5450.25 cm 0 0 m 0 660 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3568.25 5450.25 cm 0 0 m 0 660 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2038.25 5450.25 cm 0 0 m 0 660 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5130.25 5450.25 cm 0 0 m 0 660 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1362.25 5450.25 cm 0 0 m 0 660 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 0 Tc 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 248.0765 526.8735 Tm (Figure 19.8)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.695 0 Td (XSI pseudo terminal functions)Tj 9.9976 0 0 9.9976 147.5648 500.4799 Tm [(The )-34(Single )-34(UNIX )-34(Speci\336cation )-34(has )-34(impr)18(oved )-34(portability )-34(in )-34(this )-34(ar)20(ea, )-34(but )-34(dif)18(fer)18(ences)]TJ -0.018 Tc -1.8 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(main. )-339(W)]TJ 0.339 Tc 4.003 0 Td (ep)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.419 0 Td (ro)Tj 0 Tc 0.923 0 Td [(vide )-89(two )-89(functions )-89(that )-89(handle )-89(all )-89(the )-89(details:)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 20.915 0 Td (ptym_open)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.739 0 Td [(to )-89(open )-89(the)]TJ -33.855 -1.2 Td [(next )-215(available )-215(PTY )-215(master )-215(device )-215(and)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 18.115 0 Td (ptys_open)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.865 0 Td [(to )-215(open )-215(the )-215(corr)18(esponding )-215(slave)]TJ -23.98 -1.2 Td (device.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9978 0 0 8.9978 147.5644 447.7925 Tm (#include "apue.h")Tj 0 -1.902 TD (int ptym_open\(char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (pts_name)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 17.689 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (pts_namesz)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -4.795 -1.902 Td (Returns: \336le descriptor of PTY master if OK,)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 19.77 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -34.464 -1.902 Td (int ptys_open\(char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (pts_name)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 15.442 -1.902 Td (Returns: \336le descriptor of PTY slave if OK,)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 19.022 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 3749.25 cm 0 0 m 0 820 l 3900 820 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.997 0 0 9.997 129.5611 361.3116 Tm [(Normally)111(,)-389(we)-389(don\325t )-139(call )-139(these )-139(two )-139(functions )-139(dir)18(ectly; )-139(instead, )-139(the )-139(function)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 34.2 0 Td (pty_fork)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -34.2 -1.2 Td (\(Section 19.4\) calls them and also)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 14.783 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (sac)Tj 0 Tc 4.268 0 Td [(hild pr)18(ocess.)]TJ -17.251 -1.2 Td (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.119 0 Td (ptym_open)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.845 0 Td [(function )-195(opens )-195(the )-195(next )-195(available )-195(PTY )-195(master)]TJ 0.6955 Tc 21.088 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.559 0 Td [(he )-195(caller )-195(must)]TJ -32.412 -1.2 Td [(allocate )-156(an )-156(array )-156(to )-156(hold )-156(the )-156(name )-156(of )-156(the )-156(slave; )-156(if )-156(the )-156(call )-156(succeeds, )-156(the )-156(name )-156(of )-156(the)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(corr)18(esponding )-371(slave )-371(is )-371(r)18(eturned )-371(thr)18(ough)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 19.936 0 Td (pts_name)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.8709 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 5.623 0 Td [(his )-371(name )-371(is )-371(then )-371(passed )-371(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -25.559 -1.2 Td (ptys_open)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.3265 Tc (,w)Tj 0 Tc 6.811 0 Td [(hich )-76(opens )-76(the )-76(slave )-76(device.)-576(The )-76(length )-76(of )-76(the )-76(buf)18(fer )-76(in )-76(bytes )-76(is )-76(passed)]TJ -6.811 -1.2 Td (in)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.191 0 Td (pts_namesz)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.04 0 Td [(so )-68(that )-68(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.045 0 Td (ptym_open)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.718 0 Td [(function )-68(doesn\325t )-68(copy )-68(a )-68(string )-68(that )-68(is )-68(longer )-68(than)]TJ -16.994 -1.2 Td [(the buf)18(fer)74(.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(The )-294(r)18(eason )-294(for )-294(pr)18(oviding )-294(two )-294(functions )-294(to )-294(open )-294(the )-294(two )-294(devices )-294(will )-294(become)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(obvious )-52(when )-52(we )-52(show )-52(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 12.602 0 Td (pty_fork)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.102 0 Td [(function. )-302(Normally)]TJ 0.3023 Tc 8.691 0 Td (,ap)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.956 0 Td (ro)Tj 0 Tc 0.923 0 Td [(cess )-52(calls)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.326 0 Td (ptym_open)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -33.6 -1.2 Td [(to )-68(open )-68(the )-68(master )-68(and )-68(obtain )-68(the )-68(name )-68(of )-68(the )-68(slave.)-568(The )-68(pr)18(ocess )-68(then)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 32.211 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(s, )-68(and )-68(the)]TJ -32.211 -1.2 Td [(child )-4(calls)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.677 0 Td (ptys_open)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.654 0 Td [(to )-4(open )-4(the )-4(slave )-4(after )-4(calling)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 13.24 0 Td (setsid)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.854 0 Td [(to )-4(establish )-4(a )-4(new )-4(session.)]TJ -27.426 -1.2 Td [(This is how the slave becomes the contr)18(olling terminal for the child.)]TJ ET q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 2102.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9968 0 0 8.9968 129.5534 200.6468 Tm (#include "apue.h")Tj 0 -1.189 TD (#include )Tj T* (#include )Tj T* (#if defined\(SOLARIS\))Tj T* (#include )Tj 0 -1.189 TD (#endif)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46935 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(18.5)]TJ -0.092 Tc 33.432 0 Td (Te)Tj 0 Tc 1 0 Td [(rminal )-250(Option )-250(Flags)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 11.401 0 Td (689)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 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(ECHO)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td (is not set.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -31.556 -1.96 Td (ECHOPRT)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.883 0 Td (\()Tj /TT0 1 Tf (c_lflag)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.594 Tc (,F)Tj -0.018 Tc 5.933 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(eBSD, )-344(Linux, )-344(Mac )-344(OS )-344(X, )-344(Solaris\))-844(If )-344(set )-344(and )-344(if )-344(both)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -6.789 -1.2 Td (ICANON)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.076 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.169 0 Td (ECHO)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.876 0 Td (ar)Tj 0.4756 Tc 0.877 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.379 0 Td [(et, )-226(then )-226(the )-226(ERASE )-226(character )-226(\(and )-226(WERASE)]TJ -11.375 -1.2 Td [(character)74(,)-567(if)-567(supported\) )-317(cause )-317(all )-317(the )-317(characters )-317(being )-317(erased )-317(to )-317(be)]TJ T* [(printed )-56(as )-56(they )-56(ar)]TJ 0.306 Tc 7.947 0 Td (ee)Tj 0 Tc 1.264 0 Td [(rased. )-306(This)-306(is )-56(often )-56(useful )-56(on )-56(a )-56(har)18(d-copy )-56(terminal)]TJ -9.211 -1.2 Td (to see exactly which characters ar)Tj 0.25 Tc 14.715 0 Td (eb)Tj 0 Tc 1.282 0 Td (eing deleted.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -22.88 -1.96 Td (EXTPROC)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.883 0 Td (\()Tj /TT0 1 Tf (c_lflag)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.6206 Tc (,F)Tj -0.018 Tc 5.96 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(eBSD, )-371(Linux, )-371(Mac )-371(OS )-371(X\))-869(If )-370(set, )-370(canonical )-370(character)]TJ -6.816 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ocessing )-129(is )-129(performed )-129(external )-129(to )-129(the )-129(operating )-129(system.)-629(This )-129(can )-129(be)]TJ T* [(the )-33(case )-33(if )-33(the )-33(serial )-33(communication )-33(peripheral )-33(car)]TJ 0.2825 Tc 22.459 0 Td (dc)Tj 0 Tc 1.337 0 Td [(an )-32(of)18(\337oad )-32(the )-32(host)]TJ -23.797 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ocessor )-43(by )-43(doing )-43(some )-43(of )-43(the )-43(line )-43(discipline )-43(pr)21(ocessing. )-293(This)-292(can )-43(also)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td (be the case when using pseudo terminals \(Chapter 19\).)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -6.883 -1.96 Td (FFDLY)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.883 0 Td (\()Tj /TT0 1 Tf (c_oflag)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.3755 Tc (,X)Tj 0 Tc 5.826 0 Td [(SI, )-125(Linux, )-125(Solaris\))-625(Form )-125(feed )-125(delay )-125(mask.)-625(The )-125(values )-125(for)]TJ -5.826 -1.2 Td [(the mask ar)18(e)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.856 0 Td (FF0)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.05 0 Td (or)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.191 0 Td (FF1)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -15.98 -1.96 Td (FLUSHO)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.883 0 Td (\()Tj /TT0 1 Tf (c_lflag)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.4024 Tc (,F)Tj -0.018 Tc 5.741 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(eBSD, )-152(Linux, )-152(Mac )-152(OS )-152(X, )-152(Solaris\))-654(If )-152(set, )-152(output )-152(is )-152(being)]TJ -6.597 -1.2 Td [(\337ushed. )-310(This)-310(\337ag )-60(is )-60(set )-60(when )-60(we )-60(type )-60(the )-60(DISCARD )-60(character; )-60(the )-60(\337ag)]TJ T* [(is )-13(clear)18(ed )-13(when )-13(we )-13(type )-13(another )-13(DISCARD )-13(character)]TJ 0.5133 Tc 23.456 0 Td (.W)Tj 0.2633 Tc 1.671 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.186 0 Td [(an )-13(also )-13(set )-13(or)]TJ -26.314 -1.2 Td (clear this condition by setting or clearing this terminal \337ag.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -6.883 -1.96 Td (HUPCL)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.883 0 Td (\()Tj /TT0 1 Tf (c_cflag)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.5302 Tc (,P)Tj 0 Tc 5.917 0 Td [(OSIX.1, )-280(Fr)18(eeBSD, )-280(Linux, )-280(Mac )-280(OS )-280(X, )-280(Solaris\))-780(If )-280(set, )-280(the)]TJ -5.917 -1.2 Td [(modem )-46(contr)18(ol )-46(lines )-46(ar)]TJ 0.2958 Tc 10.345 0 Td (el)Tj 0 Tc 1.066 0 Td [(ower)18(ed )-46(\(i.e., )-46(the )-46(modem )-46(connection )-46(is )-46(br)19(oken\))]TJ -11.411 -1.2 Td [(when the last pr)18(ocess closes the device.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -6.883 -1.96 Td (ICANON)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.883 0 Td (\()Tj /TT0 1 Tf (c_lflag)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.2509 Tc (,P)Tj 0 Tc 5.638 0 Td [(OSIX.1, )-1(Fr)18(eeBSD, )-1(Linux, )-1(Mac )-1(OS )-1(X, )-1(Solaris\))-501(If )-1(set, )-1(canonical)]TJ -5.638 -1.2 Td [(mode )-91(is )-91(in )-91(ef)18(fect )-91(\(Section )-91(18.10\).)-591(This )-91(enables )-91(the )-91(following )-91(characters:)]TJ T* (EOF)Tj 0.2789 Tc 1.861 0 Td (,E)Tj 0 Tc 1.14 0 Td [(OL, )-29(EOL2, )-29(ERASE, )-29(KILL, )-29(REPRINT)]TJ 0.2789 Tc 15.757 0 Td (,S)Tj -0.074 Tc 1.054 0 Td (TAT)Tj 0 Tc 1.856 0 Td [(US, )-29(and )-29(WERASE.)-529(The)]TJ -21.667 -1.2 Td (input characters ar)Tj 0.25 Tc 8.269 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (ssembled into lines.)Tj -9.498 -1.8 Td [(If )-230(canonical )-230(mode )-230(is )-230(not )-230(enabled, )-230(r)18(ead )-230(r)18(equests )-230(ar)]TJ 0.4804 Tc 23.642 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.383 0 Td [(atis\336ed )-230(dir)18(ectly)]TJ -25.026 -1.2 Td [(fr)18(om )-100(the )-100(input )-100(queue.)]TJ 0.3502 Tc 10.554 0 Td (Ar)Tj 0 Tc 1.505 0 Td [(ead )-100(does )-100(not )-100(r)17(eturn )-100(until )-100(at )-100(least )-100(MIN )-100(bytes)]TJ -12.059 -1.2 Td [(have )-235(been )-235(r)18(eceived )-235(or )-235(the )-235(timeout )-235(value )-235(TIME )-235(has )-235(expir)18(ed )-235(between)]TJ T* [(bytes. )-250(Refer)-250(to Section 18.1)]TJ 0.25 Tc 11.952 0 Td (1f)Tj 0 Tc 1.083 0 Td (or additional details.)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46937 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(18.5)]TJ -0.092 Tc 33.432 0 Td (Te)Tj 0 Tc 1 0 Td [(rminal )-250(Option )-250(Flags)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 11.401 0 Td (685)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf -0.092 Tc 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5911 668.9599 Tm [(We )-184(n)]TJ 0 Tc 2.219 0 Td (ow describe each of the \337ags.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -4.019 -2.04 Td (ALTWERASE)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.883 0 Td (\()Tj /TT0 1 Tf (c_lflag)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.7495 Tc (,F)Tj -0.018 Tc 6.089 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(eBSD, )-499(Mac )-499(OS )-499(X\))-1001(If )-499(set, )-499(an )-499(alternate )-499(wor)16(d-erase)]TJ -6.944 -1.2 Td [(algorithm )-161(is )-161(used )-161(when )-161(the )-161(WERASE )-161(character )-161(is )-161(enter)20(ed. )-411(Instead)-410(of)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(moving )-246(backwar)]TJ 0.4961 Tc 7.683 0 Td (du)Tj 0 Tc 1.71 0 Td [(ntil )-246(the )-246(pr)18(evious )-246(white )-246(space )-246(character)]TJ 0.4961 Tc 18.195 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 1.072 0 Td [(his )-246(\337ag)]TJ -28.66 -1.2 Td [(causes )-489(the )-489(WERASE )-489(character )-489(to )-489(move )-489(backwar)]TJ 0.7387 Tc 24.06 0 Td (du)Tj 0 Tc 1.953 0 Td [(ntil )-489(the )-489(\336rst)]TJ -26.012 -1.2 Td [(nonalphanumeric character is encounter)18(ed.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -6.883 -1.6 Td (BRKINT)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.883 0 Td (\()Tj /TT0 1 Tf (c_iflag)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.3788 Tc (,P)Tj 0 Tc 5.766 0 Td [(OSIX.1, )-129(Fr)18(eeBSD, )-129(Linux, )-129(Mac )-129(OS )-129(X, )-129(Solaris\))-629(If )-129(this )-129(\337ag )-129(is)]TJ -5.766 -1.2 Td [(set )-221(and)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.863 0 Td (IGNBRK)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.071 0 Td [(is )-221(not )-221(set, )-221(the )-221(input )-221(and )-221(output )-221(queues )-221(ar)]TJ 0.4707 Tc 19.927 0 Td (e\337)Tj 0 Tc 1.558 0 Td (ushed)Tj -29.418 -1.2 Td [(when )-212(a )-212(BREAK )-212(is )-212(r)18(eceived, )-212(and )-212(a)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 16.491 0 Td (SIGINT)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.062 0 Td [(signal )-212(is )-212(generated.)-713(This)]TJ -20.554 -1.2 Td [(signal )-244(is )-244(generated )-244(for )-244(the )-244(for)16(egr)18(ound )-244(pr)18(ocess )-244(gr)18(oup )-244(if )-244(the )-244(terminal)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(device is a contr)18(olling terminal.)]TJ 0 -1.8 TD [(If )-93(neither)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.49 0 Td (IGNBRK)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.943 0 Td (nor)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.866 0 Td (BRKINT)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.943 0 Td [(is )-93(set, )-93(then )-93(a )-93(BREAK )-93(is )-93(r)18(ead )-93(as )-93(a )-93(single)]TJ -14.243 -1.2 Td (character)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 4.335 0 Td (\\0)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.2697 Tc (,u)Tj 0 Tc 2.323 0 Td (nless)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.47 0 Td (PARMRK)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.87 0 Td [(is )-20(set; )-20(in )-20(that )-20(case )-20(the )-20(BREAK )-20(is )-20(r)18(ead )-20(as )-20(the)]TJ -12.997 -1.2 Td (3)Tj 0.5 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td (byte sequence)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 6.464 0 Td (\\377)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.9 0 Td (\\0)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.7 0 Td (\\0)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -18.78 -1.648 Td (BSDLY)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.883 0 Td (\()Tj /TT0 1 Tf (c_oflag)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.3865 Tc (,X)Tj 0 Tc 5.837 0 Td [(SI, )-136(Linux, )-136(Solaris\))-637(Backspace )-136(delay )-136(mask.)-636(The )-136(values )-136(for)]TJ -5.837 -1.2 Td [(the mask ar)18(e)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.856 0 Td (BS0)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.05 0 Td (or)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.191 0 Td (BS1)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -15.98 -1.648 Td (CBAUDEXT)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.883 0 Td (\()Tj /TT0 1 Tf (c_cflag)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.4704 Tc (,S)Tj 0 Tc 5.778 0 Td [(olaris\) )-470(Extended)-471(baud )-220(rates.)-721(Used )-220(to )-220(enable )-220(baud )-220(rates)]TJ -5.778 -1.2 Td [(gr)18(eater than B38400.)-500(\(W)]TJ 0.25 Tc 10.704 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.34 0 Td (iscuss baud rates in Section 18.7.\))Tj /TT0 1 Tf -18.927 -1.648 Td (CCAR_OFLOW)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.883 0 Td (\()Tj /TT0 1 Tf (c_cflag)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.419 Tc (,F)Tj -0.018 Tc 5.758 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(eBSD, )-169(Mac )-169(OS )-169(X\))-669(Enable )-169(har)18(dwar)]TJ 0.419 Tc 15.982 0 Td (e\337)Tj 0 Tc 1.506 0 Td [(ow )-169(contr)18(ol )-169(of )-169(the)]TJ -24.102 -1.2 Td [(output )-401(using )-401(the )-401(RS)]TJ 9.994 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(232 )-401(modem )-401(carrier )-401(signal )-401(Data-Carrier)17(-Detect)]TJ -10.327 -1.16 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (DCD)Tj 2.257 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.5 Tc 0.333 -0.04 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.363 0 Td (his is the same as the old)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 11.194 0 Td (MDMBUF)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td (\337ag.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -26.213 -1.648 Td (CCTS_OFLOW)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.883 0 Td (\()Tj /TT0 1 Tf (c_cflag)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.3594 Tc (,F)Tj -0.018 Tc 5.698 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(eBSD, )-109(Mac )-109(OS )-109(X, )-109(Solaris\))-611(Enable )-109(har)18(dwar)]TJ 0.3593 Tc 19.265 0 Td (e\337)Tj 0 Tc 1.446 0 Td [(ow )-109(contr)18(ol)]TJ -27.266 -1.2 Td [(of the output using the Clear)18(-T)92(o-Send)]TJ 16.9 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (CTS)Tj 1.847 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.583 -0.04 Td (RS)Tj 1.193 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td (232 signal.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -28.072 -1.648 Td (CDSR_OFLOW)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.883 0 Td (\()Tj /TT0 1 Tf (c_cflag)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.3878 Tc (,F)Tj -0.018 Tc 5.727 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(eBSD, )-138(Mac )-138(OS )-138(X\))-638(Flow )-138(contr)18(ol )-138(the )-138(output )-138(accor)18(ding )-138(to)]TJ -6.583 -1.2 Td (the Data-Set-Ready)Tj 8.797 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (DSR)Tj 1.967 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.583 -0.04 Td (RS)Tj 1.193 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td (232 signal.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -20.089 -1.648 Td (CDTR_IFLOW)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.883 0 Td (\()Tj /TT0 1 Tf (c_cflag)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.2812 Tc (,F)Tj -0.018 Tc 5.62 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(eBSD, )-31(Mac )-31(OS )-31(X\))-531(Flow )-31(contr)18(ol )-31(the )-31(input )-31(accor)16(ding )-31(to )-31(the)]TJ -6.476 -1.2 Td [(Data-T)92(erminal)]TJ 6.375 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td (Ready)Tj 3.064 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (DTR)Tj 2.055 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.583 -0.04 Td (RS)Tj 1.193 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td (232 signal.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -21.152 -1.648 Td (CIBAUDEXT)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.883 0 Td (\()Tj /TT0 1 Tf (c_cflag)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.4243 Tc (,S)Tj 0 Tc 5.732 0 Td [(olaris\) )-424(Extended)-425(input )-174(baud )-174(rates.)-675(Used )-174(to )-174(enable )-174(input)]TJ -5.732 -1.2 Td [(baud rates gr)18(eater than B38400.)-500(\(W)]TJ 0.25 Tc 15.595 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.34 0 Td (iscuss baud rates in Section 18.7.\))Tj /TT0 1 Tf -23.818 -1.648 Td (CIGNORE)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.883 0 Td (\()Tj /TT0 1 Tf (c_cflag)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (,F)Tj -0.018 Tc 5.589 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(eBSD, Mac OS X\))-500(Ignor)]TJ 0.25 Tc 10.488 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.173 0 Td [(ontr)18(ol \337ags.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -24.989 -1.648 Td (CLOCAL)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.883 0 Td (\()Tj /TT0 1 Tf (c_cflag)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.5302 Tc (,P)Tj 0 Tc 5.917 0 Td [(OSIX.1, )-280(Fr)18(eeBSD, )-280(Linux, )-280(Mac )-280(OS )-280(X, )-280(Solaris\))-780(If )-280(set, )-280(the)]TJ -5.917 -1.2 Td [(modem )-113(status )-113(lines )-113(ar)]TJ 0.3633 Tc 10.039 0 Td (ei)Tj 0 Tc 1.133 0 Td [(gnor)18(ed. )-363(This)-364(usually )-113(means )-113(that )-113(the )-113(device )-113(is)]TJ -11.172 -1.2 Td [(dir)18(ectly )-13(attached.)-513(When )-13(this )-13(\337ag )-13(is )-13(not )-13(set, )-13(an)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 20.67 0 Td (open)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.663 0 Td [(of )-13(a )-13(terminal )-13(device)]TJ -23.333 -1.2 Td [(usually )-402(blocks )-402(until )-402(the )-402(modem )-402(answers )-402(a )-402(call )-402(and )-402(establishes )-402(a)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD (connection, for example.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -6.883 -1.648 Td (CMSPAR)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.883 0 Td (\()Tj /TT0 1 Tf (c_oflag)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.452 Tc (,L)Tj 0 Tc 5.846 0 Td [(inux\) )-452(Select)-452(mark )-202(or )-202(space )-202(parity)]TJ 0.702 Tc 15.66 0 Td (.I)Tj 0 Tc 1.289 0 Td (f)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.785 0 Td (PARODD)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.052 0 Td [(is )-202(set, )-202(the)]TJ -27.632 -1.2 Td [(parity )-11(bit )-11(is )-11(always )-11(1 )-11(\(mark )-11(parity\).)-511(Otherwise, )-11(the )-11(parity )-11(bit )-11(is )-11(always )-11(0)]TJ T* (\(space parity\).)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -6.883 -1.648 Td (CRDLY)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.883 0 Td (\()Tj /TT0 1 Tf (c_oflag)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.456 Tc (,X)Tj 0 Tc 5.906 0 Td [(SI, )-206(Linux, )-206(Solaris\))-706(Carriage )-206(r)18(eturn )-206(delay )-206(mask.)-706(Possible)]TJ -5.906 -1.2 Td [(values for the mask ar)18(e)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.492 0 Td (CR0)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.3 0 Td (CR1)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.3 0 Td (CR2)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 2.8 0 Td (nd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.443 0 Td (CR3)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46938 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (676)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.092 Tc 3.5 0 Td (Te)Tj 0 Tc 1 0 Td [(rminal )-250(I/O)]TJ 37.741 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(18)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1417.25 6670.25 cm 0 0 m 3657 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 381.4771 658.9605 Tm [(Fr)18(eeBSD )-250(Linux )-250(Mac)-250(OS X)-500(Solaris)]TJ 1.275 -1.25 Td [(8.0 )-1827(3.2.0)-1735(10.6.8 )-2170(10)]TJ -28.696 0.625 Td (Flag)Tj 10.525 0 Td (Description)Tj 11.726 0 Td (POSIX.1)Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1417.25 6450.25 cm 0 0 m 3657 0 l S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1417.25 6430.25 cm 0 0 m 3657 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 145.7305 634.9238 Tm (ALTWERASE)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.0815 Tc 31.067 0 Td (\245\245)Tj 0 Tc -23.567 0 Td (use alternate WERASE algorithm)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -7.5 -1.25 Td (ECHO)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.629 Tc 25.831 0 Td (\245\245)Tj 3.3795 Tc 8.937 0 Td [(\245\245 )3445(\245)]TJ 0 Tc -27.268 0 Td (enable echo)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -7.5 -1.25 Td (ECHOCTL)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.096 Tc 31.067 0 Td [(\245\245 )3063(\245)]TJ 0 Tc 11.858 0 Td (\245)Tj -35.424 0 Td [(echo contr)18(ol chars as \366\(Char\))]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -7.5 -1.25 Td (ECHOE)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.629 Tc 25.831 0 Td (\245\245)Tj 3.3795 Tc 8.937 0 Td [(\245\245 )3445(\245)]TJ 0 Tc -27.268 0 Td (visually erase chars)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -7.5 -1.25 Td (ECHOK)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.629 Tc 25.831 0 Td (\245\245)Tj 3.3795 Tc 8.937 0 Td [(\245\245 )3445(\245)]TJ 0 Tc -27.268 0 Td (echo kill)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -7.5 -1.25 Td (ECHOKE)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.096 Tc 31.067 0 Td [(\245\245 )3063(\245)]TJ 0 Tc 11.858 0 Td (\245)Tj -35.424 0 Td (visual erase for kill)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -7.5 -1.25 Td (ECHONL)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.629 Tc 25.831 0 Td (\245\245)Tj 3.3795 Tc 8.937 0 Td [(\245\245 )3445(\245)]TJ 0 Tc -27.268 0 Td (echo NL)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -7.5 -1.25 Td (ECHOPRT)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.096 Tc 31.067 0 Td [(\245\245 )3063(\245)]TJ 0 Tc 11.858 0 Td (\245)Tj -35.424 0 Td (visual erase mode for har)Tj 0.25 Tc 11.203 0 Td (dc)Tj 0 Tc 1.305 0 Td (opy)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -20.008 -1.25 Td (EXTPROC)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.096 Tc 31.067 0 Td [(\245\245 )3063(\245)]TJ 0 Tc -23.567 0 Td [(external character pr)18(ocessing)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -7.5 -1.25 Td (FLUSHO)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.096 Tc 31.067 0 Td [(\245\245 )3063(\245)]TJ 0 Tc 11.858 0 Td (\245)Tj -35.424 0 Td (output being \337ushed)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -7.5 -1.25 Td (ICANON)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.629 Tc 25.831 0 Td (\245\245)Tj 3.3795 Tc 8.937 0 Td [(\245\245 )3445(\245)]TJ 0 Tc -27.268 0 Td (canonical input)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -7.5 -1.25 Td (IEXTEN)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.629 Tc 25.831 0 Td (\245\245)Tj 3.3795 Tc 8.937 0 Td [(\245\245 )3445(\245)]TJ 0 Tc -27.268 0 Td (enable extended input char)Tj 1.35 -1.25 Td [(pr)18(ocessing)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -8.85 -1.25 Td (ISIG)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.629 Tc 25.831 0 Td (\245\245)Tj 3.3795 Tc 8.937 0 Td [(\245\245 )3445(\245)]TJ 0 Tc -27.268 0 Td (enable terminal-generated signals)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -7.5 -1.25 Td (NOFLSH)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.629 Tc 25.831 0 Td (\245\245)Tj 3.3795 Tc 8.937 0 Td [(\245\245 )3445(\245)]TJ 0 Tc -27.268 0 Td [(disable \337ush after interr)8(upt or)]TJ 1.35 -1.25 Td (quit)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -8.85 -1.25 Td (NOKERNINFO)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.0815 Tc 31.067 0 Td (\245\245)Tj 0 Tc -23.567 0 Td [(no kernel output fr)18(om ST)]TJ -0.074 Tc 11.118 0 Td (AT)Tj 0 Tc 1.317 0 Td (US)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -19.935 -1.25 Td (PENDIN)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.096 Tc 31.067 0 Td [(\245\245 )3063(\245)]TJ 0 Tc 11.858 0 Td (\245)Tj -0.018 Tc -35.424 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (type pending input)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -8.356 -1.25 Td (TOSTOP)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.629 Tc 25.831 0 Td (\245\245)Tj 3.3795 Tc 8.937 0 Td [(\245\245 )3445(\245)]TJ 0 Tc -27.268 0 Td (send)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.346 0 Td (SIGTTOU)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td [(for backgr)18(ound)]TJ -5.446 -1.25 Td (output)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -8.85 -1.25 Td (XCASE)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.5495 Tc 34.769 0 Td (\245\245)Tj 0 Tc -27.268 0 Td (canonical upper/lower)Tj 1.35 -1.25 Td [(pr)18(esentation)]TJ ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1417.25 4210.25 cm 0 0 m 3657 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3755.25 4210.25 cm 0 0 m 0 2460 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3341.25 4210.25 cm 0 0 m 0 2460 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1997.25 4210.25 cm 0 0 m 0 2460 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5074.25 4210.25 cm 0 0 m 0 2460 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1417.25 4210.25 cm 0 0 m 0 2460 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 259.6333 402.9275 Tm (Figure 18.5)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 5.695 0 Td (c_lflag)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td (terminal \337ags)Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1549.25 3650.25 cm 0 0 m 3393 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 368.2116 356.9143 Tm [(Fr)18(eeBSD )-250(Linux )-250(Mac)-250(OS X)-500(Solaris)]TJ 1.276 -1.25 Td [(8.0 )-1827(3.2.0)-1735(10.6.8 )-2170(10)]TJ -26.596 0.625 Td (Flag)Tj 8.875 0 Td (Description)Tj 11.276 0 Td (POSIX.1)Tj ET q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1549.25 3430.25 cm 0 0 m 3393 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1549.25 3410.25 cm 0 0 m 3393 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9976 0 0 7.9976 158.9003 332.9001 Tm (BSDLY)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 22.07 0 Td (XSI )Tj 9.398 0 Td (\245)Tj 8.156 0 Td (\245)Tj -34.524 0 Td (backspace delay mask)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -5.1 -1.25 Td (CRDLY)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 22.07 0 Td (XSI )Tj 9.398 0 Td (\245)Tj 8.156 0 Td (\245)Tj -34.524 0 Td (CR delay mask)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -5.1 -1.25 Td (FFDLY)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 22.07 0 Td (XSI )Tj 9.398 0 Td (\245)Tj 8.156 0 Td (\245)Tj -34.524 0 Td (form feed delay mask)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -5.1 -1.25 Td (NLDLY)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 22.07 0 Td (XSI )Tj 9.398 0 Td (\245)Tj 8.156 0 Td (\245)Tj -34.524 0 Td (NL delay mask)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -5.1 -1.25 Td (OCRNL)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 22.07 0 Td [(XSI )-3917(\245)]TJ 7.5495 Tc 9.398 0 Td (\245\245)Tj 0 Tc -26.368 0 Td (map CR to NL on output)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -5.1 -1.25 Td (OFDEL)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 22.07 0 Td (XSI )Tj 9.398 0 Td (\245)Tj 8.156 0 Td (\245)Tj -34.524 0 Td (\336ll is DEL, else NUL)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -5.1 -1.25 Td (OFILL)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 22.07 0 Td (XSI )Tj 9.398 0 Td (\245)Tj 8.156 0 Td (\245)Tj -34.524 0 Td (use \336ll character for delay)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -5.1 -1.25 Td (OLCUC)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.5495 Tc 31.468 0 Td (\245\245)Tj 0 Tc -26.368 0 Td [(map lower)18(case to upper)18(case on)]TJ 1.35 -1.25 Td (output)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -6.45 -1.25 Td (ONLCR)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 22.07 0 Td [(XSI )-3917(\245)]TJ 3.3795 Tc 9.398 0 Td [(\245\245 )3445(\245)]TJ 0 Tc -26.369 0 Td (map NL to CR)Tj 6.425 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td (NL)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -11.858 -1.25 Td (ONLRET)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 22.07 0 Td [(XSI )-3917(\245)]TJ 7.5495 Tc 9.398 0 Td (\245\245)Tj 0 Tc -26.368 0 Td (NL performs CR function)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -5.1 -1.25 Td (ONOCR)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 22.07 0 Td [(XSI )-3917(\245)]TJ 7.5495 Tc 9.398 0 Td (\245\245)Tj 0 Tc -26.368 0 Td (no CR output at column 0)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -5.1 -1.25 Td (ONOEOT)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.0815 Tc 27.766 0 Td (\245\245)Tj 0 Tc -22.666 0 Td (discar)Tj 0.25 Tc 2.647 0 Td (dE)Tj 0 Tc 1.472 0 Td (OT)Tj 0.25 Tc 1.309 0 Td (s\()Tj 0 Tc 1.007 0 Td (\366D\) on output)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -11.535 -1.25 Td (OPOST)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.629 Tc 22.532 0 Td (\245\245)Tj 3.3795 Tc 8.937 0 Td [(\245\245 )3445(\245)]TJ 0 Tc -26.368 0 Td [(perform output pr)18(ocessing)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -5.1 -1.25 Td (OXTABS)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.0815 Tc 27.766 0 Td (\245\245)Tj 0 Tc -22.666 0 Td (expand tabs to spaces)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -5.1 -1.25 Td (TABDLY)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 22.07 0 Td [(XSI )-3917(\245)]TJ 7.5495 Tc 9.398 0 Td (\245\245)Tj 0 Tc -26.368 0 Td (horizontal tab delay mask)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -5.1 -1.25 Td (VTDLY)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 22.07 0 Td (XSI )Tj 9.398 0 Td (\245)Tj 8.156 0 Td (\245)Tj -34.524 0 Td (vertical tab delay mask)Tj ET q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1549.25 1690.25 cm 0 0 m 3393 0 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3623.25 1690.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1960 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3209.25 1690.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1960 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1937.25 1690.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1960 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4942.25 1690.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1960 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1549.25 1690.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1960 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9971 0 0 7.9971 259.5865 150.9456 Tm (Figure 18.6)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 5.695 0 Td (c_oflag)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td (terminal \337ags)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46939 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (666)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Advanced )-250(IPC)]TJ 38.741 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(17)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 163.9202 668.9599 Tm [(ar)18(gument )-191(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.061 0 Td (select)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.6915 Tc (.W)Tj 0.4415 Tc 5.449 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.421 0 Td [(lso )-191(keep )-191(track )-191(of )-191(the )-191(highest )-191(index )-191(in )-191(use )-191(in )-191(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -12.931 -1.2 Td (client)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td [(array)111(.\))]TJ -5.483 -1.6 Td [(2. )-633(An)-388(existing )-138(client\325s )-138(connection )-138(can )-138(be )-138(r)18(eady )-138(for )-138(r)19(eading. )-388(This)-388(means )-138(that )-138(the)]TJ 1.633 -1.2 Td [(client )-123(has )-123(either )-123(terminated )-123(or )-123(sent )-123(a )-123(new )-123(r)14(equest. )-373(W)]TJ 0.3734 Tc 24.507 0 Td (e\336)Tj 0 Tc 1.457 0 Td [(nd )-123(out )-123(about )-123(a )-123(client)]TJ -25.965 -1.2 Td [(termination )-117(by)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.043 0 Td (read)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 2.767 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(turning )-117(0 )-117(\(end )-117(of )-117(\336le\).)-616(If)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.798 0 Td (read)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 2.767 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(turns )-117(a )-117(value )-117(gr)19(eater)]TJ -26.087 -1.2 Td [(than )-416(0, )-416(ther)19(e)-666(is)-666(a)-666(n)1(ew )-416(r)18(equest )-416(to )-416(pr)18(ocess, )-416(which )-416(we )-416(handle )-416(by )-416(calling)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -0 -1.2 Td (handle_request)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj -0.092 Tc -1.633 -1.68 Td [(We )-301(k)]TJ 0 Tc 2.31 0 Td [(eep )-117(track )-117(of )-117(which )-117(descriptors )-117(ar)]TJ 0.3668 Tc 15.039 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.29 0 Td [(urr)18(ently )-117(in )-117(use )-117(in )-117(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.083 0 Td (allset)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.967 0 Td (descriptor)Tj -34.488 -1.2 Td [(set. )-510(As)-510(new )-260(clients )-260(connect )-260(to )-260(the )-260(server)]TJ 0.5102 Tc 19.559 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 1.086 0 Td [(he )-260(appr)18(opriate )-260(bit )-260(is )-260(turned )-260(on )-260(in )-260(this)]TJ -20.646 -1.2 Td [(descriptor set.)-500(The appr)18(opriate bit is turned of)]TJ 0.25 Tc 20.624 0 Td (fw)Tj 0 Tc 1.417 0 Td (hen the client terminates.)Tj -0.092 Tc -20.241 -1.2 Td [(We )-232(a)]TJ 0 Tc 2.185 0 Td [(lways )-48(know )-48(when )-48(a )-48(client )-48(terminates, )-48(whether )-48(the )-48(termination )-48(is )-48(voluntary )-48(or)]TJ -3.985 -1.2 Td [(not, )-340(since )-340(all )-340(the )-340(client\325s 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44.64 c S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3687.25 5512.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -40 l 22 -62 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3710.25 5450.25 cm 0 0 m -23 -23 l -23 -63 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3642.3601 5342 cm 0 0 m 24.65 0 44.64 19.99 44.64 44.64 c S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9938 0 0 7.9938 372.7132 542.8164 Tm (malloc)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td (of 100,000 bytes)Tj ET q 0.9992203 0 0 0.9992203 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 271.068 595.4 cm 0 0 m 7.2 1.8 l 7.2 -1.8 l f Q Q q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2710.6799 5954 cm 0 0 m 72 18 l 72 -18 l h S Q Q q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2782.25 5954.25 cm 0 0 m 144 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9933 0 0 7.9933 294.4206 593.1415 Tm (0x7fba578c36a0)Tj ET q 0.9991603 0 0 0.9991603 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 271.068 581 cm 0 0 m 7.2 1.8 l 7.2 -1.8 l f Q Q q 0.099916 0 0 0.099916 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2710.6799 5810 cm 0 0 m 72 18 l 72 -18 l h S Q Q q 0.099916 0 0 0.099916 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2782.25 5810.25 cm 0 0 m 144 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9928 0 0 7.9928 294.4029 578.7189 Tm (0x7fba578ab000)Tj ET q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3687 5944.6401 cm 0 0 m 0 24.65 -19.99 44.64 -44.64 44.64 c S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3687.25 5944.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -40 l 22 -62 l S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3710.25 5882.25 cm 0 0 m -23 -23 l -23 -63 l S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3642.3601 5774 cm 0 0 m 24.65 0 44.64 19.99 44.64 44.64 c S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9923 0 0 7.9923 372.6461 585.8773 Tm [(shar)18(ed memory of 100,000 bytes)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf -19.621 -19.58 Td (Figure 15.32)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.195 0 Td (Memory layout on an Intel-based Linux system)Tj 9.9904 0 0 9.9904 147.4586 405.4106 Tm [(Recall )-130(that )-130(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.933 0 Td (mmap)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.78 0 Td [(function )-130(\(Section )-130(14.8\) )-130(can )-130(be 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)-227(can )-227(be )-227(used )-227(between )-227(unr)17(elated )-227(pr)18(ocesses. )-477(But)-477(if )-227(the )-227(pr)18(ocesses )-227(ar)17(e)]TJ -0.018 Tc 0 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(lated, some implementations pr)18(ovide a dif)18(fer)18(ent technique.)]TJ 7.9923 0 0 7.9923 183.4244 281.13 Tm [(The )-93(following )-93(technique )-93(works )-93(on )-93(Fr)19(eeBSD )-93(8.0, )-93(Linux )-93(3.2.0, )-93(and )-93(Solaris )-93(10.)-593(Mac )-93(OS )-93(X )-93(10.6.8)]TJ 0 -1.25 TD [(curr)18(ently )-10(doesn\325t )-10(support )-10(the )-10(mapping )-10(of )-10(character )-10(devices )-10(into )-10(the )-10(addr)21(ess )-10(space )-10(of )-10(a )-10(pr)19(ocess.)]TJ 9.9904 0 0 9.9904 147.4589 253.1568 Tm [(The )-52(device)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.147 0 Td (/dev/zero)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.702 0 Td [(is )-52(an )-52(in\336nite )-52(sour)17(ce )-52(of )-52(0 )-52(bytes )-52(when )-52(r)18(ead. )-302(This)-302(device )-52(also)]TJ -12.65 -1.2 Td [(accepts )-91(any )-91(data )-91(that )-91(is )-91(written )-91(to )-91(it, )-91(ignoring )-91(the )-91(data.)-591(Our )-91(inter)18(est )-91(in )-91(this )-91(device )-91(for)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(IPC arises fr)18(om its special pr)18(operties when it is memory mapped.)]TJ 0.883 Tc 1.8 -1.8 Td (\245A)Tj 0.3902 Tc 2.267 0 Td (nu)Tj 0 Tc 1.575 0 Td [(nnamed )-140(memory )-140(r)18(egion )-140(is )-140(cr)18(eated )-140(whose )-140(size )-140(is )-140(the )-140(second )-140(ar)16(gument )-140(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -2.353 -1.2 Td (mmap)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (,r)Tj 0 Tc 3.277 0 Td [(ounded up to the near)18(est page size on the system.)]TJ 0.883 Tc -4.766 -1.6 Td (\245T)Tj 0 Tc 2.102 0 Td [(he memory r)18(egion is initialized to 0.)]TJ 0.883 Tc -2.102 -1.6 Td (\245M)Tj 0 Tc 2.435 0 Td [(ultiple )-250(pr)18(ocesses )-250(can )-250(shar)]TJ 0.5004 Tc 11.99 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.305 0 Td [(his )-250(r)18(egion )-250(if )-250(a )-250(common )-250(ancestor )-250(speci\336es )-250(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -14.242 -1.2 Td (MAP_SHARED)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.25 0 Td (\337ag to)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.036 0 Td (mmap)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj -12.575 -1.8 Td [(The pr)18(ogram in Figur)]TJ 0.25 Tc 9.538 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (5.33 is an example that uses this special device.)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46943 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (566)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Interpr)18(ocess )-250(Communication)]TJ 38.741 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(15)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 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)-41(pr)18(ocesses )-41(ar)]TJ 0.2914 Tc 22.563 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.27 0 Td [(sleep, )-41(waiting )-41(for )-41(the)]TJ -29.561 -1.2 Td [(semaphor)18(e, they ar)]TJ 0.25 Tc 8.441 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (wakened.)Tj -0.092 Tc -7.87 -1.2 Td [(To )-535(i)]TJ 0 Tc 1.959 0 Td [(mplement )-351(semaphor)18(es )-351(corr)17(ectly)]TJ 0.6013 Tc 14.769 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 1.177 0 Td [(he )-351(test )-351(of )-351(a )-351(semaphor)17(e\325s )-351(value )-351(and )-351(the)]TJ -19.705 -1.2 Td [(decr)18(ementing )-108(of )-108(this )-108(value )-108(must )-108(be )-108(an )-108(atomic )-108(operation.)-604(For )-108(this )-108(r)18(eason, )-108(semaphor)19(es)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td (ar)Tj 0.25 Tc 0.877 0 Td (en)Tj 0 Tc 1.311 0 Td (ormally implemented inside the kernel.)Tj 0.4727 Tc -0.388 -1.2 Td (Ac)Tj 0 Tc 1.695 0 Td [(ommon )-223(form )-223(of )-223(semaphor)19(e)-473(is)-473(c)1(alled )-223(a)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 18.486 0 Td [(binary )-223(semaphor)18(e)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 0.7226 Tc (.I)Tj 0.4726 Tc 8.616 0 Td (tc)Tj 0 Tc 1.243 0 Td [(ontr)18(ols )-223(a )-223(single)]TJ -0.018 Tc -31.84 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(sour)18(ce, )-205(and )-205(its )-205(value )-205(is )-205(initialized )-205(to )-205(1.)-705(In )-205(general, )-205(however)]TJ 0.4552 Tc 28.144 0 Td (,as)Tj 0 Tc 2.084 0 Td (emaphor)Tj 0.4553 Tc 3.968 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.378 0 Td [(an )-205(be)]TJ -36.431 -1.2 Td [(initialized )-3(to )-3(any )-3(positive )-3(value, )-3(with )-3(the )-3(value )-3(indicating )-3(how )-3(many )-3(units )-3(of )-3(the )-3(shar)14(ed)]TJ -0.018 Tc 0 -1.2 TD (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(sour)18(ce ar)]TJ 0.25 Tc 4 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (vailable for sharing.)Tj -4.285 -1.2 Td [(XSI )-266(semaphor)18(es )-266(ar)18(e, )-266(unfortunately)]TJ 0.516 Tc 15.989 0 Td (,m)Tj 0 Tc 1.649 0 Td (or)Tj 0.516 Tc 0.923 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.439 0 Td [(omplicated )-266(than )-266(this.)-766(Thr)18(ee )-266(featur)18(es)]TJ -21.8 -1.2 Td (contribute to this unnecessary complication.)Tj 1.8 -1.8 Td [(1. )-633(A)-417(semaphor)18(e)-417(is)-417(not )-167(simply )-167(a )-167(single )-167(non-negative )-167(value.)-666(Instead, )-167(we )-167(have )-167(to)]TJ 1.633 -1.2 Td [(de\336ne )-2(a )-2(semaphor)18(e)-252(as)-252(a)-252(set )-2(of )-2(one )-2(or )-2(mor)]TJ 0.2521 Tc 18.281 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.155 0 Td (emaphor)Tj 0.2521 Tc 3.968 0 Td (ev)Tj 0 Tc 1.296 0 Td [(alues. )-252(When)-252(we )-2(cr)18(eate )-2(a)]TJ -24.701 -1.2 Td [(semaphor)18(e, we specify the number of values in the set.)]TJ -1.633 -1.6 Td [(2. )-633(The)-597(cr)18(eation )-347(of )-347(a )-347(semaphor)]TJ 0.5966 Tc 15.009 0 Td (e\()Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0 Tc 1.409 0 Td (semget)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(\))-597(is)-597(i)1(ndependent )-347(of )-347(its )-347(initialization)]TJ -14.785 -1.2 Td (\()Tj /TT0 1 Tf (semctl)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(\). )-624(This)-623(is )-374(a )-374(fatal )-374(\337aw)]TJ 0.6237 Tc 14.809 0 Td (,s)Tj 0 Tc 1.298 0 Td [(ince )-374(we )-374(cannot )-374(atomically )-374(cr)18(eate )-374(a )-374(new)]TJ -16.107 -1.2 Td 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0 0 8.9995 147.5915 368.2779 Tm (struct semid_ds {)Tj 1.2 -1.189 Td [(struct ipc_perm)-1200(sem_perm; )-600(/*)-600(see Section 15.6.2 */)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(unsigned short)-1800(sem_nsems; /* # of semaphores in set */)]TJ T* (time_t )Tj 10.2 0 Td [(sem_otime;)-600(/* last-semop\(\) time */)]TJ -10.2 -1.189 Td (time_t )Tj 10.2 0 Td [(sem_ctime;)-600(/* last-change time */)]TJ -10.2 -1.189 Td (.)Tj 0 -0.476 TD (.)Tj T* (.)Tj -1.2 -1.189 Td (};)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5926 277.5231 Tm [(The )-15(Single )-15(UNIX )-15(Speci\336cation )-15(de\336nes )-15(the )-15(\336elds )-15(shown, )-15(but )-15(implementations )-15(can )-15(de\336ne)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD (additional members in the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 11.905 0 Td (semid_ds)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.05 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e.)]TJ -15.155 -1.2 Td [(Each )-109(semaphor)18(e)-359(is)-359(r)18(epr)18(esented )-109(by )-109(an )-109(anonymous )-109(str)8(uctur)]TJ 0.3589 Tc 26.352 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.282 0 Td [(ontaining )-109(at )-109(least )-109(the)]TJ -29.434 -1.2 Td (following members:)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5916 224.8267 Tm (struct {)Tj 1.2 -1.189 Td [(unsigned short)-1200(semval; )-1200(/*)-600(semaphore value, always >= 0 */)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD (pid_t )Tj 9.6 0 Td [(sempid;)-1800(/* pid for last operation */)]TJ -9.6 -1.189 Td [(unsigned short)-1200(semncnt; )-600(/*)]TJ 0.6 Tc 17.4 0 Td (#p)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (rocesses awaiting semval>curval */)Tj -19.2 -1.189 Td [(unsigned short)-1200(semzcnt; )-600(/*)]TJ 0.6 Tc 17.4 0 Td (#p)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (rocesses awaiting semval==0 */)Tj -19.2 -1.189 Td (.)Tj 0 -0.476 TD (.)Tj 0 -0.476 TD (.)Tj -1.2 -1.189 Td (};)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5927 134.0721 Tm (Figur)Tj 0.25 Tc 2.383 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td [(5.28 lists the system limits that af)18(fect semaphor)]TJ 0.25 Tc 20.764 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.153 0 Td (ets.)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46944 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(15.7)]TJ 36.151 0 Td [(Message )-250(Queues)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 9.682 0 Td (563)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 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/T1_2 1 Tf (ptr)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 9.622 0 Td (ize_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3.6 0 Td (nbytes)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 4.43 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (\337ag)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -5.809 -1.783 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 5929.25 cm 0 0 m 0 456 l 3900 456 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 580.5303 Tm [(As )-1(we )-1(mentioned )-1(earlier)]TJ 0.2513 Tc 10.804 0 Td (,e)Tj 0 Tc 0.98 0 Td [(ach )-1(message )-1(is )-1(composed )-1(of )-1(a )-1(positive )-1(long )-1(integer )-1(type )-1(\336eld,)]TJ 0.3228 Tc -11.784 -1.2 Td (an)Tj 0 Tc 1.405 0 Td [(on-negative )-73(length )-73(\()]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf (nbytes)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(\), )-73(and )-73(the )-73(actual )-73(data )-73(bytes )-73(\(corr)19(esponding )-73(to )-73(the )-73(length\).)]TJ -1.405 -1.2 Td (Messages ar)Tj 0.25 Tc 5.359 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (lways placed at the end of the queue.)Tj -4.788 -1.2 Td (The)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.949 0 Td (ptr)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.497 0 Td [(ar)18(gument )-25(points )-25(to )-25(a )-25(long )-25(integer )-25(that )-25(contains )-25(the )-25(positive )-25(integer )-25(message)]TJ -5.247 -1.2 Td [(type, )-53(and )-53(it )-53(is )-53(immediately )-53(followed )-53(by )-53(the )-53(message )-53(data.)-558(\(Ther)18(e)-303(is)-303(no)-303(m)-1(essage )-53(data )-53(if)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf -0 -1.2 Td (nbytes)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.011 0 Td [(is )-131(0.\))-631(If )-131(the )-131(lar)16(gest )-131(message )-131(we )-131(send )-131(is )-131(512 )-131(bytes, )-131(we )-131(can )-131(de\336ne )-131(the )-131(following)]TJ -3.011 -1.2 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e:)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9989 0 0 8.9989 147.5819 492.9107 Tm (struct mymesg {)Tj 1.2 -1.189 Td [(long )-600(mtype;)-3600(/* positive message type */)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(char )-600(mtext[512];)-600(/* message data, of length)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 27 0 Td (nbytes)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.23 0 Td (*/)Tj -31.43 -1.189 Td (};)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5839 443.8865 Tm (The)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 2.075 0 Td (ptr)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.623 0 Td [(ar)18(gument )-151(is )-151(then )-151(a )-151(pointer )-151(to )-151(a)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 14.889 0 Td (mymesg)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.001 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e. )-401(The)-401(message )-151(type )-151(can )-151(be)]TJ -22.588 -1.2 Td [(used by the r)18(eceiver to fetch messages in an or)18(der other than \336rst in, \336rst out.)]TJ 7.999 0 0 7.999 183.5776 413.8901 Tm [(Some )-195(platforms )-195(support )-195(both )-195(32)]TJ 15.014 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(bit )-195(and )-195(64)]TJ 4.753 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(bit )-195(envir)18(onments. )-445(This)-445(af)18(fects )-195(the )-195(size )-195(of )-195(long)]TJ -20.433 -1.25 Td [(integers )-95(and )-95(pointers.)-595(For )-95(example, )-95(on )-95(64)]TJ 19.063 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(bit )-95(SP)92(ARC )-95(systems, )-95(Solaris )-95(allows )-95(both )-95(32)]TJ 19.063 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(bit )-95(and)]TJ -38.792 -1.25 Td (64)Tj 1 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(bit )-5(applications )-5(to )-5(coexist.)-505(If )-5(a )-5(32)]TJ 14.666 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(bit )-5(application )-5(wer)18(e)-255(to)-255(exchange )-5(this )-5(str)8(uctur)]TJ 0.2553 Tc 19.966 0 Td (eo)Tj 0 Tc 1.28 0 Td [(ver )-5(a )-5(pipe)]TJ -37.579 -1.25 Td [(or )-9(a )-9(socket )-9(with )-9(a )-9(64)]TJ 9.045 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(bit )-9(application, )-9(pr)18(oblems )-9(would )-9(arise, )-9(because )-9(the )-9(size )-9(of )-9(a )-9(long )-9(integer )-9(is)]TJ 0.4046 Tc -9.378 -1.25 Td (4b)Tj 0 Tc 1.458 0 Td [(ytes )-155(in )-155(a )-155(32)]TJ 5.372 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(bit )-155(application, )-155(but )-155(8 )-155(bytes )-155(in )-155(a )-155(64)]TJ 15.918 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(bit )-155(application.)-654(This )-155(means )-155(that )-155(a )-155(32)]TJ 17.083 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td (bit)Tj -40.83 -1.25 Td [(application )-123(will )-123(expect )-123(that )-123(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 14.514 0 Td (mtext)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.373 0 Td [(\336eld )-123(will )-123(start )-123(4 )-123(bytes )-123(after )-123(the )-123(start )-123(of )-123(the )-123(str)3(uctur)18(e,)]TJ -17.887 -1.25 Td [(wher)18(eas )-108(a )-108(64)]TJ 5.891 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(bit )-108(application )-108(will )-108(expect )-108(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 13.872 0 Td (mtext)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.358 0 Td [(\336eld )-108(to )-108(start )-108(8 )-108(bytes )-108(after )-108(the )-108(start )-108(of )-108(the)]TJ -23.454 -1.25 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e. )-346(In)-346(this )-96(situation, )-96(part )-96(of )-96(the )-96(64)]TJ 18.66 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(bit )-96(application\325s)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.537 0 Td (mtype)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.346 0 Td [(\336eld )-96(will )-96(appear )-96(as )-96(part )-96(of)]TJ -29.876 -1.25 Td (the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.671 0 Td (mtext)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.284 0 Td [(\336eld )-33(to )-33(the )-33(32)]TJ 6.096 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(bit )-33(application, )-33(and )-33(the )-33(\336rst )-33(4 )-33(bytes )-33(in )-33(the )-33(32)]TJ 19.872 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(bit )-33(application\325s)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.412 0 Td (mtext)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -39 -1.25 Td [(\336eld will be interpr)18(eted as a part of the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 17.433 0 Td (mtype)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td (\336eld by the 64)Tj 6.232 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td (bit application.)Tj -27.248 -2.125 Td [(This )-219(pr)18(oblem )-219(doesn\325t )-219(happen )-219(with )-219(XSI )-219(message )-219(queues, )-219(however)]TJ 0.719 Tc 30.495 0 Td (.S)Tj 0 Tc 1.494 0 Td [(olaris )-219(implements )-219(the)]TJ -31.989 -1.25 Td (32)Tj 1 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(bit )-56(version )-56(of )-56(the )-56(IPC )-56(system )-56(calls )-56(with )-56(dif)19(fer)18(ent )-56(entry )-56(points )-56(than )-56(the )-56(64)]TJ 32.698 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(bit )-56(version )-56(of )-56(the)]TJ -34.364 -1.25 Td [(IPC )-30(system )-30(calls.)-530(The )-30(system )-30(calls )-30(know )-30(how )-30(to )-30(deal )-30(with )-30(a )-30(32)]TJ 28.033 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(bit )-30(application )-30(communicating)]TJ -28.366 -1.25 Td [(with )-47(a )-47(64)]TJ 4.128 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(bit )-47(application, )-47(and )-47(tr)18(eat )-47(the )-47(type )-47(\336eld )-47(specially )-47(to )-47(avoid )-47(it )-47(interfering )-47(with )-47(the )-47(data)]TJ -4.461 -1.25 Td [(portion )-173(of )-173(the )-173(message.)-673(The )-173(only )-173(potential )-173(pr)18(oblem )-173(is )-173(a )-173(loss )-173(of )-173(information )-173(when )-173(a )-173(64)]TJ 40.497 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td (bit)Tj -40.83 -1.25 Td [(application )-28(sends )-28(a )-28(message )-28(with )-28(a )-28(value )-28(in )-28(the )-28(8)]TJ 21.973 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(byte )-28(type )-28(\336eld )-28(that )-28(is )-28(lar)18(ger )-28(than )-28(will )-28(\336t )-28(in )-28(a)]TJ -22.306 -1.25 Td (32)Tj 1 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(bit )-127(application\325s )-127(4)]TJ 8.099 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(byte )-127(type )-127(\336eld.)-627(In )-127(this )-127(case, )-127(the )-127(32)]TJ 16.027 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(bit )-127(application )-127(will )-127(see )-127(a )-127(tr)8(uncated)]TJ -26.125 -1.25 Td (type value.)Tj 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 147.5823 216.9138 Tm (A)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.173 0 Td (\337ag)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.884 0 Td [(value )-145(of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.107 0 Td (IPC_NOWAIT)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.395 0 Td [(can )-145(be )-145(speci\336ed.)-645(This )-145(is )-145(similar )-145(to )-145(the )-145(nonblocking)]TJ -15.359 -1.2 Td [(I/O )-38(\337ag )-38(for )-38(\336le )-38(I/O )-38(\(Section )-38(14.2\).)-538(If )-38(the )-38(message )-38(queue )-38(is )-38(full )-38(\(either )-38(the )-38(total )-38(number)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(of )-94(messages )-94(on )-94(the )-94(queue )-94(equals )-94(the )-94(system )-94(limit, )-94(or )-94(the )-94(total )-94(number )-94(of )-94(bytes )-94(on )-94(the)]TJ T* [(queue )-311(equals )-311(the )-311(system )-311(limit\), )-311(specifying)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 20.648 0 Td (IPC_NOWAIT)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.561 0 Td (causes)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.435 0 Td (msgsnd)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.161 0 Td [(to )-311(r)18(eturn)]TJ -34.805 -1.2 Td [(immediately )-54(with )-54(an )-54(err)18(or )-54(of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 13.296 0 Td (EAGAIN)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.554 Tc (.I)Tj 0 Tc 4.741 0 Td (f)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.637 0 Td (IPC_NOWAIT)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.304 0 Td [(is )-54(not )-54(speci\336ed, )-54(we )-54(ar)]TJ 0.304 Tc 9.759 0 Td (eb)Tj 0 Tc 1.336 0 Td (locked)Tj -36.073 -1.2 Td [(until )-15(ther)18(e)-265(is)-265(r)18(oom )-15(for )-15(the )-15(message, )-15(the )-15(queue )-15(is )-15(r)18(emoved )-15(fr)18(om )-15(the )-15(system, )-15(or )-15(a )-15(signal )-15(is)]TJ T* [(caught )-12(and )-12(the )-12(signal )-12(handler )-12(r)18(eturns. )-262(In)-262(the )-12(second )-12(case, )-12(an )-12(err)18(or )-12(of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 30.909 0 Td (EIDRM)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.262 0 Td [(is )-12(r)18(eturned)]TJ -34.171 -1.2 Td [(\(\324)37(\324identi\336er r)18(emoved\325)37(\325\); in the last case, the err)18(or r)18(eturned is)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 26.497 0 Td (EINTR)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46945 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (562)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Interpr)18(ocess )-250(Communication)]TJ 38.741 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(15)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5911 668.9599 Tm [(The )-154(\336rst )-154(function )-154(normally )-154(called )-154(is)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 16.929 0 Td (msgget)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.004 0 Td [(to )-154(either )-154(open )-154(an )-154(existing )-154(queue )-154(or)]TJ -22.733 -1.2 Td [(cr)18(eate a new queue.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.591 640.2616 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.902 TD (int msgget\(key_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 10.2 0 Td (key)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 3.133 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (\337ag)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.138 -1.902 Td (Returns: message queue ID if OK,)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 15.193 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 6015.25 cm 0 0 m 0 478 l 3900 478 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 587.9894 Tm [(In )-152(Section )-152(15.6.1, )-152(we )-152(described )-152(the )-152(r)8(ules )-152(for )-152(converting )-152(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 27.48 0 Td (key)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.735 0 Td [(into )-152(an )-152(identi\336er )-152(and)]TJ -29.215 -1.2 Td [(discussed )-89(whether )-89(a )-89(new )-89(queue )-89(is )-89(cr)18(eated )-89(or )-89(an )-89(existing )-89(queue )-89(is )-89(r)13(efer)18(enced. )-339(When)-340(a)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(new )-29(queue )-29(is )-29(cr)17(eated, )-29(the )-29(following )-29(members )-29(of )-29(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 23.334 0 Td (msqid_ds)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.079 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)]TJ 0.2794 Tc 3.49 0 Td (ea)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.258 0 Td [(re )-65(i)]TJ 0 Tc 1.426 0 Td (nitialized.)Tj 0.883 Tc -32.788 -1.8 Td (\245T)Tj 0 Tc 2.102 0 Td (he)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.402 0 Td (ipc_perm)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.141 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e)-341(is)-341(initialized )-91(as )-91(described )-91(in )-91(Section )-91(15.6.2.)-590(The)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 26.155 0 Td (mode)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -33.311 -1.2 Td [(member )-234(of )-234(this )-234(str)9(uctur)18(e)-484(is)-484(s)1(et )-234(to )-234(the )-234(corr)18(esponding )-234(permission )-234(bits )-234(of)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 33.972 0 Td (\337ag)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj -33.972 -1.2 Td (These permissions ar)Tj 0.25 Tc 9.294 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.153 0 Td [(peci\336ed with the values fr)18(om Figur)]TJ 0.25 Tc 15.564 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (5.24.)Tj -28.729 -1.48 Td (\245)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.489 0 Td (msg_qnum)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 5.419 0 Td (msg_lspid)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 6.019 0 Td (msg_lrpid)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 6.019 0 Td (msg_stime)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.3689 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 6.519 0 Td (nd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.562 0 Td (msg_rtime)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.769 0 Td (ar)Tj 0.3689 Tc 0.877 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.348 0 Td [(ll )-119(set)]TJ -33.531 -1.2 Td (to 0.)Tj -1.489 -1.48 Td (\245)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.489 0 Td (msg_ctime)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.65 0 Td [(is set to the curr)18(ent time.)]TJ -7.139 -1.48 Td (\245)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.489 0 Td (msg_qbytes)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.25 0 Td (is set to the system limit.)Tj -9.539 -1.8 Td [(On )-106(success,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.572 0 Td (msgget)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 3.956 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(turns )-106(the )-106(non-negative )-106(queue )-106(ID.)-606(This )-106(value )-106(is )-106(then )-106(used )-106(with)]TJ -10.384 -1.2 Td [(the other thr)18(ee message queue functions.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.036 0 Td (msgctl)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.962 0 Td [(function )-112(performs )-112(various )-112(operations )-112(on )-112(a )-112(queue.)-615(This )-112(function )-112(and)]TJ -7.799 -1.2 Td [(the )-12(r)18(elated )-12(functions )-12(for )-12(semaphor)18(es )-12(and )-12(shar)18(ed )-12(memory )-12(\()]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 25.985 0 Td (semctl)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.862 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.955 0 Td (shmctl)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.2616 Tc (\)a)Tj -0.018 Tc 4.695 0 Td [(re )-48(t)]TJ 0 Tc 1.444 0 Td (he)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -37.939 -1.2 Td (ioctl)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (-like functions for XSI IPC \(i.e., the garbage-can functions\).)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9989 0 0 8.9989 147.5833 382.914 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.902 TD (int msgctl\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 9 0 Td (msqid)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 4.208 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (cmd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 3.485 0 Td (truct msqid_ds *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (buf)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 11.082 0 Td (\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -2.724 -1.902 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 3442.25 cm 0 0 m 0 477 l 3900 477 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9982 0 0 9.9982 129.5767 330.6605 Tm (The)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 2.047 0 Td (cmd)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.058 0 Td [(ar)18(gument )-123(speci\336es )-123(the )-123(command )-123(to )-123(be )-123(performed )-123(on )-123(the )-123(queue )-123(speci\336ed )-123(by)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf -4.104 -1.2 Td (msqid)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.8 -2.04 Td (IPC_STAT)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.4 0 Td [(Fetch )-61(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.396 0 Td (msqid_ds)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.111 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)]TJ 0.3109 Tc 3.49 0 Td (ef)Tj 0 Tc 1.123 0 Td [(or )-61(this )-61(queue, )-61(storing )-61(it )-61(in )-61(the )-61(str)9(uctur)18(e)]TJ -14.12 -1.2 Td (pointed to by)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 6.167 0 Td (buf)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -11.567 -1.6 Td (IPC_SET)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.4 0 Td [(Copy )-154(the )-154(following )-154(\336elds )-154(fr)18(om )-154(the )-154(str)6(uctur)]TJ 0.4044 Tc 19.921 0 Td (ep)Tj 0 Tc 1.484 0 Td [(ointed )-154(to )-154(by)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 6.029 0 Td (buf)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.701 0 Td [(to )-154(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -29.137 -1.2 Td (msqid_ds)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.534 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)]TJ 0.7344 Tc 3.49 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.713 0 Td [(ssociated )-484(with )-484(this )-484(queue:)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 13.612 0 Td (msg_perm.uid)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -24.35 -1.2 Td (msg_perm.gid)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 7.8 0 Td (msg_perm.mode)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.3496 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 8.9 0 Td (nd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.543 0 Td (msg_qbytes)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5996 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 7.463 0 Td [(his )-100(command)]TJ -25.704 -1.2 Td [(can )-294(be )-294(executed )-294(only )-294(by )-294(a )-294(pr)19(ocess )-294(whose )-294(ef)18(fective )-294(user )-294(ID )-294(equals)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0 -1.2 TD (msg_perm.cuid)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 8.248 0 Td (or)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.389 0 Td (msg_perm.uid)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.648 0 Td [(or )-198(by )-198(a )-198(pr)18(ocess )-198(with )-198(super)7(user)]TJ -17.286 -1.2 Td [(privileges. )-250(Only)-250(the super)8(user can incr)18(ease the value of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 24.925 0 Td (msg_qbytes)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -30.325 -1.6 Td (IPC_RMID)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.4 0 Td [(Remove )-108(the )-108(message )-108(queue )-108(fr)16(om )-108(the )-108(system )-108(and )-108(any )-108(data )-108(still )-108(on )-108(the)]TJ T* [(queue. )-406(This)]TJ -0.018 Tc 5.946 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(moval )-156(is )-156(immediate.)-656(Any )-156(other )-156(pr)18(ocess )-156(still )-156(using )-156(the)]TJ -6.802 -1.2 Td [(message )-342(queue )-342(will )-342(get )-342(an )-342(err)20(or )-341(of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 17.831 0 Td (EIDRM)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.591 0 Td [(on )-341(its )-341(next )-341(attempted)]TJ -21.422 -1.2 Td [(operation )-237(on )-237(the )-237(queue.)-737(This )-237(command )-237(can )-237(be )-237(executed )-237(only )-237(by )-237(a)]TJ T* [(pr)18(ocess )-796(whose )-796(ef)18(fective )-796(user )-796(ID )-796(equals)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 22.014 0 Td (msg_perm.cuid)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 8.846 0 Td (or)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -30.859 -1.2 Td (msg_perm.uid)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.45 0 Td [(or by a pr)18(ocess with super)8(user privileges.)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46946 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(15.5)]TJ 41.174 0 Td (FIFOs)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.659 0 Td (553)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5911 658.2605 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.902 TD (int mkfifo\(const char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (path)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,m)Tj 0 Tc 17.377 0 Td (ode_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3.6 0 Td (mode)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -20.977 -1.902 Td (int mkfifoat\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 10.2 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 2.578 0 Td (onst char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (path)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,m)Tj 0 Tc 10.177 0 Td (ode_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3.6 0 Td (mode)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -1.304 -1.902 Td [(Both r)18(eturn: 0 if OK,)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 9.213 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 6024.25 cm 0 0 m 0 649 l 3900 649 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 588.8693 Tm [(The )-445(speci\336cation )-445(of )-445(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 12.252 0 Td (mode)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.806 0 Td [(ar)18(gument )-445(is )-445(the )-445(same )-445(as )-445(for )-445(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 17.141 0 Td (open)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.095 0 Td (function)Tj -35.293 -1.2 Td [(\(Section )-27(3.3\).)-527(The )-27(r)8(ules )-27(for )-27(the )-27(user )-27(and )-27(gr)16(oup )-27(ownership )-27(of )-27(the )-27(new )-27(FIFO )-27(ar)]TJ 0.2773 Tc 34.293 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.082 0 Td [(he )-27(same)]TJ -35.376 -1.2 Td (as we described in Section 4.6.)Tj 1.8 -1.2 Td (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.927 0 Td (mkfifoat)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.053 0 Td [(function )-3(is )-3(similar )-3(to )-3(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.021 0 Td (mkfifo)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.853 0 Td [(function, )-3(except )-3(that )-3(it )-3(can )-3(be )-3(used)]TJ -23.654 -1.2 Td [(to )-312(cr)18(eate )-312(a )-312(FIFO )-312(in )-312(a )-312(location )-312(r)17(elative )-312(to )-312(the )-312(dir)18(ectory )-312(r)17(epr)18(esented )-312(by )-312(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 36.284 0 Td (fd)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.34 0 Td (\336le)Tj -37.625 -1.2 Td [(descriptor ar)18(gument. )-250(Like)-250(the other)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 16.22 0 Td (*at)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.05 0 Td (functions, ther)Tj 0.25 Tc 6.395 0 Td (ea)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.229 0 Td [(re )-36(t)]TJ 0 Tc 1.432 0 Td [(hr)18(ee cases:)]TJ -25.526 -1.8 Td [(1. )-633(If)-376(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 4.442 0 Td (path)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.153 0 Td [(parameter )-126(speci\336es )-126(an )-126(absolute )-126(pathname, )-126(then )-126(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 23.801 0 Td (fd)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.154 0 Td [(parameter )-126(is)]TJ -29.918 -1.2 Td [(ignor)18(ed and the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.272 0 Td (mkfifoat)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.05 0 Td (function behaves like the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 11.293 0 Td (mkfifo)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td (function.)Tj -29.098 -1.6 Td [(2. )-633(If)-426(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 4.542 0 Td (path)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.203 0 Td [(parameter )-176(speci\336es )-176(a )-176(r)19(elative )-176(pathname )-176(and )-176(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 22.627 0 Td (fd)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.204 0 Td [(parameter )-176(is )-176(a)]TJ -28.942 -1.2 Td [(valid )-50(\336le )-50(descriptor )-50(for )-50(an )-50(open )-50(dir)16(ectory)]TJ 0.3004 Tc 18.425 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 0.876 0 Td [(he )-50(pathname )-50(is )-50(evaluated )-50(r)18(elative )-50(to)]TJ -19.302 -1.2 Td [(this dir)18(ectory)111(.)]TJ -1.633 -1.6 Td [(3. )-633(If)-297(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 4.283 0 Td (path)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.074 0 Td [(parameter )-47(speci\336es )-47(a )-47(r)18(elative )-47(pathname )-47(and )-47(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 21.724 0 Td (fd)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.075 0 Td [(parameter )-47(has )-47(the)]TJ -27.522 -1.2 Td [(special )-277(value)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.523 0 Td (AT_FDCWD)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.5274 Tc (,t)Tj 0 Tc 5.903 0 Td [(he )-277(pathname )-277(is )-277(evaluated )-277(starting )-277(in )-277(the )-277(curr)15(ent)]TJ -12.426 -1.2 Td [(working dir)18(ectory)]TJ 0.25 Tc 7.924 0 Td (,a)Tj 0 Tc 1 0 Td (nd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.443 0 Td (mkfifoat)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.05 0 Td (behaves like)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 5.699 0 Td (mkfifo)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj -22.749 -1.8 Td [(Once )-37(we )-37(have )-37(used)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.995 0 Td (mkfifo)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.887 0 Td (or)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.228 0 Td (mkfifoat)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.087 0 Td [(to )-37(cr)18(eate )-37(a )-37(FIFO, )-37(we )-37(open )-37(it )-37(using)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 15.353 0 Td (open)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj -36.35 -1.2 Td [(Indeed, )-202(the )-202(normal )-202(\336le )-202(I/O )-202(functions )-202(\(e.g.,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 20.246 0 Td (close)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.702 0 Td (read)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.102 0 Td (write)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.702 0 Td (unlink)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.4516 Tc (\)a)Tj 0 Tc 4.885 0 Td [(ll )-202(work)]TJ -35.636 -1.2 Td (with FIFOs.)Tj 7.999 0 0 7.999 183.5778 359.2969 Tm [(Applications )-239(can )-239(cr)18(eate )-239(FIFOs )-239(with )-239(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 18.82 0 Td (mknod)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.489 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.182 0 Td (mknodat)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.689 0 Td [(functions. )-489(Because)-490(POSIX.1)]TJ -29.181 -1.25 Td [(originally )-110(didn\325t )-110(include)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.381 0 Td (mknod)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.3605 Tc (,t)Tj 0 Tc 3.937 0 Td (he)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.421 0 Td (mkfifo)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.961 0 Td [(function )-110(was )-110(invented )-110(speci\336cally )-110(for )-110(POSIX.1.)]TJ -20.699 -1.25 Td (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.924 0 Td (mknod)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.943 0 Td (mknodat)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td (functions ar)Tj 0.25 Tc 5.258 0 Td (ei)Tj 0 Tc 1.02 0 Td (ncluded in the XSI option in POSIX.1.)Tj -17.845 -2.25 Td [(POSIX.1 )-104(also )-104(includes )-104(support )-104(for )-104(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 17.438 0 Td (mkfifo)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.6 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (1)Tj 0.5 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.687 -0.04 Td [(command. )-354(All)-355(four )-104(platforms )-104(discussed )-104(in)]TJ -22.559 -1.25 Td [(this )-38(text )-38(pr)18(ovide )-38(this )-38(command.)-538(As )-38(a )-38(r)18(esult, )-38(we )-38(can )-38(cr)18(eate )-38(a )-38(FIFO )-38(using )-38(a )-38(shell )-38(command )-38(and)]TJ 0 -1.25 TD [(then access it with the normal shell I/O r)18(edir)18(ection.)]TJ 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 147.5818 281.3062 Tm (When we)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 4.456 0 Td (open)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.25 Tc 2.65 0 Td (aF)Tj 0 Tc 1.306 0 Td (IFO, the nonblocking \337ag \()Tj /TT0 1 Tf (O_NONBLOCK)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (\)a)Tj -0.018 Tc 18.925 0 Td (ff)Tj 0 Tc 0.648 0 Td (ects what happens.)Tj 0.883 Tc -27.985 -1.8 Td (\245I)Tj 0.3635 Tc 1.826 0 Td (nt)Tj 0 Tc 1.271 0 Td [(he )-113(normal )-113(case )-113(\(without)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.4 0 Td (O_NONBLOCK)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(\), )-113(an)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.392 0 Td (open)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.764 0 Td [(for )-114(r)18(ead-only )-114(blocks )-114(until)]TJ -24.164 -1.2 Td [(some )-156(other )-156(pr)17(ocess )-156(opens )-156(the )-156(FIFO )-156(for )-156(writing.)-658(Similarly)]TJ 0.4064 Tc 26.421 0 Td (,a)Tj 0 Tc 1.156 0 Td (n)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.988 0 Td (open)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.806 0 Td [(for )-156(write-)]TJ -31.373 -1.2 Td [(only blocks until some other pr)18(ocess opens the FIFO for r)18(eading.)]TJ 0.883 Tc -1.489 -1.6 Td (\245I)Tj 0 Tc 1.826 0 Td (f)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.635 0 Td (O_NONBLOCK)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.302 0 Td [(is )-52(speci\336ed, )-52(an)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.888 0 Td (open)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.702 0 Td [(for )-52(r)18(ead-only )-52(r)18(eturns )-52(immediately)]TJ 0.5522 Tc 15.121 0 Td (.B)Tj 0 Tc 1.413 0 Td [(ut )-52(an)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -33.398 -1.2 Td (open)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.764 0 Td [(for )-114(write-only )-114(r)18(eturns)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 10.185 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.3639 Tc (1w)Tj 0 Tc 2.247 0 Td (ith)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.563 0 Td (errno)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.364 0 Td [(set )-114(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 2.829 0 Td (ENXIO)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.364 0 Td [(if )-114(no )-114(pr)18(ocess )-114(has )-114(the)]TJ -26.315 -1.2 Td [(FIFO open for r)18(eading.)]TJ -3.289 -1.8 Td [(As )-65(with )-65(a )-65(pipe, )-65(if )-65(we)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.786 0 Td (write)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.315 0 Td [(to )-65(a )-65(FIFO )-65(that )-65(no )-65(pr)18(ocess )-65(has )-65(open )-65(for )-65(r)18(eading, )-65(the 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Tc 1.583 0 Td [(re )-76(t)]TJ 0 Tc 1.471 0 Td [(he )-39(only)]TJ -35.675 -1.2 Td (two forms that ar)Tj 0.25 Tc 7.648 0 Td (eg)Tj 0 Tc 1.285 0 Td [(enerally supported for IPC between pr)18(ocesses on dif)18(fer)18(ent hosts.)]TJ -0.092 Tc -7.133 -1.2 Td [(We )-401(h)]TJ 0 Tc 2.436 0 Td [(ave )-217(divided )-217(the )-217(discussion )-217(of )-217(IPC )-217(into )-217(thr)18(ee )-217(chapters.)-717(In )-217(this )-217(chapter)]TJ 0.4674 Tc 32.733 0 Td (,w)Tj 0 Tc 1.551 0 Td (e)Tj -38.521 -1.2 Td [(examine )-47(classical )-47(IPC: )-47(pipes, )-47(FIFOs, )-47(message )-47(queues, )-47(semaphor)18(es, )-47(and )-47(shar)18(ed )-47(memory)110(.)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(In )-147(the )-147(next )-147(chapter)75(,)-397(we)-397(take )-147(a )-147(look )-147(at )-147(network )-147(IPC )-147(using )-147(the )-147(sockets )-147(mechanism.)-645(In)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(Chapter 17, we take a look at some advanced featur)18(es of IPC.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.995 0 0 11.995 93.5611 291.2776 Tm [(15.2 )-776(Pipes)]TJ /T1_1 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(,w)Tj 0 Tc 1.388 0 Td [(e\325ve )-54(described )-54(numer)19(ous )-54(advanced )-54(I/O )-54(functions, )-54(many )-54(of )-54(which )-54(ar)19(e)]TJ -7.79 -1.2 Td (used in the examples in later chapters:)Tj 0.883 Tc 1.8 -1.92 Td (\245N)Tj 0 Tc 2.32 0 Td (onblocking I/O)Tj 0.0833 Tc 7.009 0 Td (\321i)Tj 0 Tc 1.374 0 Td (ssuing an I/O operation without letting it block)Tj 0.883 Tc -10.704 -1.6 Td (\245R)Tj 0 Tc 2.157 0 Td (ecor)Tj 0.4684 Tc 1.846 0 Td (dl)Tj 0 Tc 1.37 0 Td [(ocking )-218(\(which )-218(we\325ll )-218(look )-218(at )-218(in )-218(mor)]TJ 0.4683 Tc 16.468 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.558 0 Td [(etail )-218(thr)18(ough )-218(an )-218(example, )-218(the)]TJ -21.911 -1.2 Td (database library in Chapter 20\))Tj 0.883 Tc -1.489 -1.6 Td (\245I)Tj 0 Tc 1.826 0 Td [(/O )-52(multiplexing)]TJ 0.0833 Tc 7.487 0 Td (\321t)Tj 0 Tc 1.409 0 Td (he)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.363 0 Td (select)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.902 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.995 0 Td (poll)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.702 0 Td [(functions )-52(\(we\325ll )-52(use )-52(these )-52(in )-52(many )-52(of)]TJ -19.194 -1.2 Td (the later examples\))Tj 0.883 Tc -1.489 -1.6 Td (\245A)Tj 0 Tc 2.267 0 Td [(synchr)18(onous I/O)]TJ 0.883 Tc -2.267 -1.6 Td (\245T)Tj 0 Tc 2.102 0 Td (he)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.311 0 Td (readv)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.943 0 Td (writev)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td (functions \(also used in many of the later examples\))Tj 0.883 Tc -12.456 -1.6 Td (\245M)Tj 0 Tc 2.435 0 Td (emory-mapped I/O \()Tj /TT0 1 Tf (mmap)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (\))Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46952 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(14.8)]TJ 33.728 0 Td [(Memory-Mapped )-250(I/O)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 12.105 0 Td (525)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 11.9993 0 0 11.9993 93.5944 668.9599 Tm [(14.8 )-776(Memor)-10(y-Mapped )-278(I/O)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 644.9613 Tm [(Memory-mapped )-67(I/O )-67(lets )-67(us )-67(map )-67(a )-67(\336le )-67(on )-67(disk )-67(into )-67(a )-67(buf)17(fer )-67(in )-67(memory )-67(so )-67(that, )-67(when)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(we )-108(fetch )-108(bytes )-108(fr)18(om )-108(the )-108(buf)16(fer)]TJ 0.3586 Tc 13.738 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 0.935 0 Td [(he )-109(corr)18(esponding )-109(bytes )-109(of )-109(the )-109(\336le )-109(ar)]TJ 0.3586 Tc 16.503 0 Td (er)Tj 0 Tc 1.215 0 Td [(ead. )-359(Similarly)111(,)]TJ -32.389 -1.2 Td [(when )-83(we )-83(stor)]TJ 0.3331 Tc 6.129 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.423 0 Td [(ata )-83(in )-83(the )-83(buf)18(fer)]TJ 0.3331 Tc 7.189 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 0.909 0 Td [(he )-83(corr)18(esponding )-83(bytes )-83(ar)]TJ 0.333 Tc 11.709 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.312 0 Td [(utomatically )-83(written )-83(to)]TJ -28.672 -1.2 Td [(the \336le.)-500(This lets us perform I/O without using)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 21.294 0 Td (read)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td (or)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.191 0 Td (write)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 183.5894 588.9647 Tm [(Memory-mapped )-64(I/O )-64(has )-64(been )-64(in )-64(use )-64(with )-64(virtual )-64(memory )-64(systems )-64(for )-64(many )-64(years.)-567(In )-64(1981,)]TJ 0 -1.25 TD [(4.1BSD )-299(pr)18(ovided )-299(a )-299(dif)19(fer)18(ent )-299(form )-299(of )-299(memory-mapped )-299(I/O )-299(with )-299(its)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 32.61 0 Td (vread)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.549 0 Td (and)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 2.242 0 Td (vwrite)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -38.4 -1.25 Td [(functions. )-547(These)-548(two )-297(functions )-297(wer)]TJ 0.5475 Tc 16.924 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.352 0 Td [(hen )-297(r)18(emoved )-297(in )-297(4.2BSD )-297(and )-297(wer)]TJ 0.5475 Tc 15.737 0 Td (ei)Tj 0 Tc 1.317 0 Td [(ntended )-297(to )-297(be)]TJ -0.018 Tc -35.331 -1.25 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(placed )-41(with )-41(the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 7.22 0 Td (mmap)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.691 0 Td [(function. )-291(The)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 6.464 0 Td (mmap)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.691 0 Td [(function, )-41(however)]TJ 0.2913 Tc 8.054 0 Td (,w)Tj 0 Tc 1.375 0 Td [(as )-41(not )-41(included )-41(with )-41(4.2BSD)]TJ -29.352 -1.25 Td [(\(for )-70(r)18(easons )-70(described )-70(in )-70(Section )-70(2.5 )-70(of )-70(McKusick )-70(et )-70(al.)]TJ 24.905 0.04 Td ([)Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (1996)Tj 2 0.04 Td (])Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td [(\). )-320(Gingell,)-321(Moran, )-70(and )-70(Shannon)]TJ -27.571 -1.21 Td ([)Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (1987)Tj 2 0.04 Td (])Tj 0.845 -0.04 Td [(describe )-262(one )-262(implementation )-262(of)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 15.271 0 Td (mmap)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.7623 Tc (.V)Tj 0 Tc 4.023 0 Td [(ersion )-262(4 )-262(of )-262(the )-262(Single )-262(UNIX )-262(Speci\336cation)]TJ -22.472 -1.25 Td [(moved )-191(the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 5.353 0 Td (mmap)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.841 0 Td [(function )-191(fr)18(om )-191(an )-191(option )-191(to )-191(the )-191(base )-191(speci\336cation.)-690(All )-191(POSIX-conforming)]TJ -8.194 -1.25 Td (systems ar)Tj 0.25 Tc 4.643 0 Td (er)Tj 0 Tc 1.106 0 Td [(equir)18(ed to support it.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5921 496.9702 Tm [(To )-351(u)]TJ 0 Tc 2.087 0 Td [(se )-167(this )-167(featur)17(e, )-167(we )-167(have )-167(to )-167(tell )-167(the )-167(kernel )-167(to )-167(map )-167(a )-167(given )-167(\336le )-167(to )-167(a )-167(r)18(egion )-167(in)]TJ -3.887 -1.2 Td (memory)Tj 0.5 Tc 3.631 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.363 0 Td (his task is handled by the)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 11.47 0 Td (mmap)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td (function.)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 140.3928 468.2719 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -2.021 TD (void *mmap\(void *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (addr)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 13.833 0 Td (ize_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3.6 0 Td (len)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 3.023 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td [(pr)18(ot)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 3.448 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (\337ag)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 3.289 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,o)Tj 0 Tc 2.578 0 Td (ff_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3 0 Td (off)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.185 0 Td (\);)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -30.567 -2.021 Td [(Returns: starting addr)18(ess of mapped r)18(egion if OK,)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 22.324 0 Td (MAP_FAILED)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.25 0 Td [(on err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 4274.25 cm 0 0 m 0 499 l 3900 499 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 147.5823 413.8703 Tm (The)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.947 0 Td (addr)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.106 0 Td [(ar)18(gument )-23(lets )-23(us )-23(specify )-23(the )-23(addr)18(ess )-23(wher)16(e)-273(we)-273(w)-1(ant )-23(the )-23(mapped )-23(r)18(egion )-23(to)]TJ -5.854 -1.2 Td [(start. )-267(W)]TJ 0.2667 Tc 3.646 0 Td (en)Tj 0 Tc 1.328 0 Td [(ormally )-17(set )-17(this )-17(value )-17(to )-17(0 )-17(to )-17(allow )-17(the )-17(system )-17(to )-17(choose )-17(the )-17(starting )-17(addr)22(ess.)]TJ -4.973 -1.2 Td [(The r)18(eturn value of this function is the starting addr)18(ess of the mapped ar)18(ea.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td (The)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 2.022 0 Td (fd)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.126 0 Td [(ar)18(gument )-98(is )-98(the )-98(\336le )-98(descriptor )-98(specifying )-98(the )-98(\336le )-98(that )-98(is )-98(to )-98(be )-98(mapped.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 32.665 0 Td (We)Tj 0 Tc -37.613 -1.2 Td [(have )-54(to )-54(open )-54(this )-54(\336le )-54(befor)19(e)-304(we)-304(can )-54(map )-54(it )-54(into )-54(the )-54(addr)18(ess )-54(space.)-553(The)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 32.149 0 Td (len)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.527 0 Td [(ar)18(gument )-54(is)]TJ -33.675 -1.2 Td [(the )-57(number )-57(of )-57(bytes )-57(to )-57(map, )-57(and)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 15.046 0 Td (off)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.307 0 Td [(is )-57(the )-57(starting )-57(of)18(fset )-57(in )-57(the )-57(\336le )-57(of )-57(the )-57(bytes )-57(to )-57(map.)]TJ -16.353 -1.2 Td [(\(Some r)18(estrictions on the value of)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 15.003 0 Td (off)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.25 0 Td (ar)Tj 0.25 Tc 0.877 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.34 0 Td [(escribed later)74(.\))]TJ -16.67 -1.2 Td (The)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.924 0 Td [(pr)18(ot)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 1.898 0 Td [(ar)18(gument speci\336es the pr)18(otection of the mapped r)18(egion.)]TJ ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2428.25 3087.25 cm 0 0 m 1635 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_2 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 264.2044 300.6659 Tm [(pr)18(ot)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 8.717 0 Td (Description)Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2428.25 2967.25 cm 0 0 m 1635 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2428.25 2947.25 cm 0 0 m 1635 0 l S Q Q BT /TT1 1 Tf 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 246.7848 286.6512 Tm (PROT_READ)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.5 0 Td [(Region can be r)18(ead.)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf -7.5 -1.25 Td (PROT_WRITE)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.5 0 Td (Region can be written.)Tj /TT1 1 Tf -7.5 -1.25 Td (PROT_EXEC)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.5 0 Td (Region can be executed.)Tj /TT1 1 Tf -7.5 -1.25 Td (PROT_NONE)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.5 0 Td (Region cannot be accessed.)Tj ET q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2428.25 2527.25 cm 0 0 m 1635 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3008.25 2527.25 cm 0 0 m 0 560 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4063.25 2527.25 cm 0 0 m 0 560 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2428.25 2527.25 cm 0 0 m 0 560 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9976 0 0 7.9976 232.8261 234.6496 Tm (Figure 14.25)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.195 0 Td [(Pr)18(otection of memory-mapped r)18(egion)]TJ -0.092 Tc 9.997 0 0 9.997 129.5613 208.2575 Tm [(We )-602(c)]TJ 0 Tc 2.499 0 Td [(an )-418(specify )-418(the )-418(pr)18(otection )-418(as )-418(either)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 17.598 0 Td (PROT_NONE)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.068 0 Td [(or )-418(the )-418(bitwise )-418(OR )-418(of )-418(any)]TJ -26.164 -1.2 Td [(combination )-120(of)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 7.162 0 Td (PROT_READ)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6.02 0 Td (PROT_WRITE)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.3697 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 7.12 0 Td (nd)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.563 0 Td (PROT_EXEC)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.6198 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 6.883 0 Td [(he )-120(pr)18(otection )-120(speci\336ed)]TJ -28.747 -1.2 Td [(for )-97(a )-97(r)17(egion )-97(can\325t )-97(allow )-97(mor)]TJ 0.3473 Tc 12.74 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.326 0 Td [(ccess )-97(than )-97(the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 6.634 0 Td (open)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.747 0 Td [(mode )-97(of )-97(the )-97(\336le.)-597(For )-97(example, )-97(we)]TJ -23.447 -1.2 Td (can\325t specify)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 5.758 0 Td (PROT_WRITE)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.25 0 Td [(if the \336le was opened r)18(ead-only)111(.)]TJ -10.208 -1.2 Td (Befor)Tj 0.4182 Tc 2.346 0 Td (el)Tj 0 Tc 1.188 0 Td [(ooking )-168(at )-168(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 6.545 0 Td (\337ag)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.907 0 Td [(ar)18(gument, )-168(let\325s )-168(see )-168(what\325s )-168(going )-168(on )-168(her)17(e. )-418(Figur)]TJ 0.4183 Tc 22.067 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.397 0 Td (4.26)Tj -37.25 -1.2 Td [(shows )-6(a )-6(memory-mapped )-6(\336le.)-506(\(Recall )-6(the )-6(memory )-6(layout )-6(of )-6(a )-6(typical )-6(pr)13(ocess, )-6(shown )-6(in)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD (Figur)Tj 0.308 Tc 2.383 0 Td (e7)Tj 0 Tc 1.287 0 Td [(.6.\) )-308(In)-308(this )-58(\336gur)18(e, )-58(\324)37(\324start )-58(addr)]TJ -0.037 Tc 13.216 0 Td [(\325\325 )-132(i)]TJ 0.3081 Tc 1.118 0 Td (st)Tj 0 Tc 1.058 0 Td [(he )-58(r)18(eturn )-58(value )-58(fr)18(om)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 9.632 0 Td (mmap)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.5581 Tc (.W)Tj 0.3081 Tc 4.116 0 Td (eh)Tj 0 Tc 1.369 0 Td [(ave )-58(shown)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46953 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(14.7)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 29.686 0 Td (readn)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.193 0 Td (writen)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.1 0 Td (Functions)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.354 0 Td (523)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5911 668.9599 Tm [(In )-295(summary)]TJ 0.5453 Tc 5.597 0 Td (,w)Tj 0.5454 Tc 1.629 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.448 0 Td [(hould )-295(always )-295(try )-295(to )-295(use )-295(the )-295(fewest )-295(number )-295(of )-295(system )-295(calls)]TJ -10.475 -1.2 Td [(necessary )-84(to )-84(get )-84(the )-84(job )-84(done.)-584(If )-84(we )-84(ar)]TJ 0.334 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Td (,l)Tj 0 Tc 0.811 0 Td [(etting )-20(these )-20(functions)]TJ -29.48 -1.2 Td [(handle )-102(a )-102(r)18(eturn )-102(value )-102(that\325s )-102(possibly )-102(less )-102(than )-102(r)16(equested. )-352(These)-353(two )-102(functions )-102(simply)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td (call)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.912 0 Td (read)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.786 0 Td (or)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.327 0 Td (write)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.386 0 Td [(as )-136(many )-136(times )-136(as )-136(r)18(equir)18(ed )-136(to )-136(r)18(ead )-136(or )-136(write )-136(the )-136(entir)18(e)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 24.822 0 Td (N)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.164 0 Td [(bytes )-136(of)]TJ -35.397 -1.2 Td (data.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5907 309.8814 Tm (#include "apue.h")Tj 0 -1.902 TD (ssize_t readn\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 10.8 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,v)Tj 0 Tc 2.578 0 Td (oid *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (buf)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 6.097 0 Td (ize_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3.6 0 Td (nbytes)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -23.075 -1.902 Td (ssize_t writen\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 11.4 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 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(readv)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 3.556 0 Td (and)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 2.334 0 Td (writev)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 4.156 0 Td (Functions)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5918 644.9613 Tm (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.436 0 Td (readv)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.762 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.455 0 Td (writev)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.362 0 Td [(functions )-512(let )-512(us )-512(r)18(ead )-512(into )-512(and )-512(write )-512(fr)18(om )-512(multiple)]TJ -13.015 -1.2 Td [(noncontiguous )-76(buf)18(fers )-76(in )-76(a )-76(single )-76(function )-76(call.)-576(These )-76(operations )-76(ar)]TJ 0.3259 Tc 30.539 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.249 0 Td (alled)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 2.498 0 Td [(scatter )-76(r)18(ead)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf -34.286 -1.2 Td (and)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.943 0 Td (gather write)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5913 603.0638 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.902 TD (ssize_t readv\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 10.8 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 2.578 0 Td (onst struct iovec *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (iov)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 14.422 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 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(};)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 460.8843 Tm [(The )-49(number )-49(of )-49(elements )-49(in )-49(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 14.044 0 Td (iov)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.521 0 Td [(array )-49(is )-49(speci\336ed )-49(by)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 9.3 0 Td (iovcnt)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.549 Tc (.I)Tj 0 Tc 3.654 0 Td [(t)-299(is)-299(limited )-49(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.281 0 Td (IOV_MAX)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -34.8 -1.2 Td [(\(r)18(ecall )-85(Figur)]TJ 0.3347 Tc 5.433 0 Td (e2)Tj 0 Tc 1.314 0 Td [(.1)55(1\). )-335(Figur)]TJ 0.3346 Tc 4.746 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.314 0 Td [(4.22 )-85(shows )-85(a )-85(diagram )-85(r)18(elating )-85(the )-85(ar)18(guments )-85(to )-85(these )-85(two)]TJ -12.806 -1.2 Td (functions and the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 7.961 0 Td (iovec)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e.)]TJ ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2634 3957.4 432 144 re S Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2634 3813.4 432 144 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 277.542 386.7104 Tm (len0)Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2634 3669.4 432 144 re S Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2634 3525.4 432 144 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 277.5254 357.8941 Tm (len1)Tj ET q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2634 3237.4 432 288 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 0.25 Tc 9.997 0 0 9.997 278.6664 336.2791 Tm (...)Tj ET q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2634 3093.4 432 144 re S Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2634 2949.4 432 144 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 0 Tc 7.9971 0 0 7.9971 276.3805 300.2719 Tm (len)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (N)Tj ET q 0.9996401 0 0 0.9996401 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 349.8 402.94 cm 0 0 m -7.2 -1.8 l -7.2 1.8 l f Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3498 4029.3999 cm 0 0 m -72 -18 l -72 18 l h S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2994.25 4029.25 cm 0 0 m 432 0 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 3498 3957.4 1008 144 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9966 0 0 7.9966 387.3253 401.0115 Tm [(buf)18(fer0)]TJ ET q 0.9995801 0 0 0.9995801 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 364.2 366.94 cm 0 0 m -7.344 -1.008 l -6.912 2.592 l f Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3642 3669.3999 cm 0 0 m -73.44 -10.08 l -69.12 25.92 l h S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2994.25 3741.25 cm 0 0 m 576 -64 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 3642 3597.4 720 144 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9962 0 0 7.9962 387.302 365.0048 Tm [(buf)18(fer1)]TJ ET q 0.9995201 0 0 0.9995201 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 378.6 316.54 cm 0 0 m -7.2 -1.8 l -7.2 1.8 l f Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3786 3165.3999 cm 0 0 m -72 -18 l -72 18 l h S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2994.25 3165.25 cm 0 0 m 720 0 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 3786 3093.4 1152 144 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9957 0 0 7.9957 422.148 314.6101 Tm [(buf)18(fer)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf (N)Tj -28.894 10.8 Td (iov)Tj /TT0 1 Tf ([0].iov_base)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 0 -1.8 TD (iov)Tj /TT0 1 Tf ([0].iov_len)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf T* (iov)Tj /TT0 1 Tf ([1].iov_base)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf T* (iov)Tj /TT0 1 Tf ([1].iov_len)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -2.967 -5.4 Td (iov)Tj /TT0 1 Tf ([)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (iovcnt)Tj /TT3 1 Tf (!)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (1)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (].iov_base)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -0 -1.8 Td (iov)Tj /TT0 1 Tf ([)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (iovcnt)Tj /TT3 1 Tf (!)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (1)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (].iov_len)Tj ET q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3498.25 3921.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -72 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4506.25 3921.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -72 l S Q Q q 0.9994002 0 0 0.9994002 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 349.8 388.54 cm 0 0 m 7.2 1.8 l 7.2 -1.8 l f Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3498 3885.3999 cm 0 0 m 72 18 l 72 -18 l h S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3570.25 3885.25 cm 0 0 m 288 0 l S Q Q q 0.9993402 0 0 0.9993402 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 450.6 388.54 cm 0 0 m -7.2 -1.8 l -7.2 1.8 l f Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4506 3885.3999 cm 0 0 m -72 -18 l -72 18 l h S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4434.25 3885.25 cm 0 0 m -288 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9942 0 0 7.9942 392.5093 386.5016 Tm (len0)Tj ET q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3642.25 3561.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -72 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4362.25 3561.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -72 l S Q Q q 0.9992203 0 0 0.9992203 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 364.2 352.54 cm 0 0 m 7.2 1.8 l 7.2 -1.8 l f Q Q q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3642 3525.3999 cm 0 0 m 72 18 l 72 -18 l h S Q Q q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3714.25 3525.25 cm 0 0 m 144 0 l S Q Q q 0.9991603 0 0 0.9991603 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 436.2 352.54 cm 0 0 m -7.2 -1.8 l -7.2 1.8 l f Q Q q 0.099916 0 0 0.099916 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4362 3525.3999 cm 0 0 m -72 -18 l -72 18 l h S Q Q q 0.099916 0 0 0.099916 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4290.25 3525.25 cm 0 0 m -144 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9928 0 0 7.9928 392.4386 350.4644 Tm (len1)Tj ET q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3786.25 3057.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -72 l S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4938.25 3057.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -72 l S Q Q q 0.9990404 0 0 0.9990404 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 378.6 302.14 cm 0 0 m 7.2 1.8 l 7.2 -1.8 l f Q Q q 0.099904 0 0 0.099904 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3786 3021.3999 cm 0 0 m 72 18 l 72 -18 l h S Q Q q 0.099904 0 0 0.099904 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3858.25 3021.25 cm 0 0 m 360 0 l S Q Q q 0.9989805 0 0 0.9989805 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 493.8 302.14 cm 0 0 m -7.2 -1.8 l -7.2 1.8 l f Q Q q 0.099898 0 0 0.099898 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4938 3021.3999 cm 0 0 m -72 -18 l -72 18 l h S Q Q q 0.099898 0 0 0.099898 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4866.25 3021.25 cm 0 0 m -360 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9914 0 0 7.9914 427.2183 300.0558 Tm (len)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (N)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -25.837 -3.83 Td (Figure 14.22)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.195 0 Td (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.924 0 Td (iovec)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)]TJ 0.25 Tc 3.49 0 Td (ef)Tj 0 Tc 1.062 0 Td (or)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.191 0 Td (readv)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.943 0 Td (writev)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9892 0 0 9.9892 129.4597 238.2823 Tm (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.058 0 Td (writev)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.984 0 Td [(function )-134(gathers )-134(the )-134(output )-134(data )-134(fr)18(om )-134(the )-134(buf)18(fers )-134(in )-134(or)17(der:)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 27.298 0 Td (iov[0])Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (,)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3.022 0 Td (iov[1])Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (,)Tj -36.362 -1.2 Td [(thr)18(ough)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 3.918 0 Td (iov[iovcnt)Tj /TT3 1 Tf (!)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (1])Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (;)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 6.051 0 Td (writev)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 3.946 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(turns )-96(the )-96(total )-96(number )-96(of )-96(bytes )-96(output, )-96(which )-96(should)]TJ -14.771 -1.2 Td [(normally equal the sum of all the buf)18(fer lengths.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.071 0 Td (readv)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.397 0 Td [(function )-147(scatters )-147(the )-147(data )-147(into )-147(the )-147(buf)18(fers )-147(in )-147(or)20(der)]TJ 0.3968 Tc 22.964 0 Td (,a)Tj 0 Tc 1.147 0 Td [(lways )-147(\336lling )-147(one)]TJ -31.379 -1.2 Td [(buf)18(fer )-18(befor)]TJ 0.2679 Tc 5.234 0 Td (ep)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.348 0 Td (ro)Tj 0 Tc 0.923 0 Td [(ceeding )-18(to )-18(the )-18(next.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.176 0 Td (readv)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 3.268 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(turns )-18(the )-18(total )-18(number )-18(of )-18(bytes )-18(that )-18(wer)19(e)]TJ -0.018 Tc -20.804 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(ad. )-258(A)-257(count )-8(of )-8(0 )-8(is )-8(r)18(eturned )-8(if )-8(ther)20(e)-258(is)-258(no)-258(m)1(or)]TJ 0.2577 Tc 20.187 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.348 0 Td [(ata )-8(and )-8(the )-8(end )-8(of )-8(\336le )-8(is )-8(encounter)19(ed.)]TJ 7.9914 0 0 7.9914 183.4014 156.3708 Tm [(These )-44(two )-44(functions )-44(originated )-44(in )-44(4.2BSD )-44(and )-44(wer)]TJ 0.2936 Tc 22.462 0 Td (el)Tj 0 Tc 1.064 0 Td [(ater )-43(added )-43(to )-43(SVR4.)-543(These )-43(two )-43(functions)]TJ -23.526 -1.25 Td (ar)Tj 0.25 Tc 0.877 0 Td (ei)Tj 0 Tc 1.02 0 Td (ncluded in the XSI option of the Single UNIX Speci\336cation.)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46955 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(14.5)]TJ 35.197 0 Td [(Asynchr)18(onous )-250(I/O)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 10.673 0 Td [(51)37(1)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5911 668.9599 Tm [(3. )-633(Enable)-326(asynchr)18(onous )-76(I/O )-76(on )-76(the )-76(descriptor )-76(by )-76(calling)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 26.241 0 Td (fcntl)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.326 0 Td [(with )-76(a )-76(command)]TJ -27.933 -1.2 Td (of)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.129 0 Td (F_SETFL)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td (to set the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 4.238 0 Td (O_ASYNC)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td (\336le status \337ag \(Figur)Tj 0.25 Tc 9.108 0 Td (e3)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (.10\).)Tj -28.037 -1.92 Td [(Step )-60(3 )-60(can )-60(be )-60(performed )-60(only )-60(on )-60(descriptors )-60(that )-60(r)18(efer )-60(to )-60(terminals )-60(or )-60(networks, )-60(which)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(is a fundamental limitation of the BSD asynchr)18(onous I/O facility)111(.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(For )-77(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.539 0 Td (SIGURG)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.927 0 Td [(signal, )-77(we )-77(need )-77(perform )-77(only )-77(steps )-77(1 )-77(and )-77(2.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 20.358 0 Td (SIGURG)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.927 0 Td [(is )-77(generated)]TJ -33.551 -1.2 Td [(only )-159(for )-159(descriptors )-159(that )-159(r)18(efer )-159(to )-159(network )-159(connections )-159(that )-159(support )-159(out-of-band )-159(data,)]TJ T* (such as TCP connections.)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 11.9993 0 0 11.9993 129.5918 556.1666 Tm [(14.5.3 )-556(POSIX)-556(Async)10(hr)20(onous )-278(I/O)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5919 532.1681 Tm [(The )-479(POSIX )-479(asynchr)18(onous )-479(I/O )-479(interfaces )-479(give )-479(us )-479(a )-479(consistent )-479(way )-479(to )-479(perform)]TJ T* [(asynchr)18(onous )-128(I/O, )-128(r)17(egar)18(dless )-129(of )-129(the )-129(type )-129(of )-129(\336le.)-629(These )-129(interfaces )-129(wer)]TJ 0.3786 Tc 31.951 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.358 0 Td [(dopted )-129(fr)18(om)]TJ -33.308 -1.2 Td [(the )-242(r)18(eal-time )-242(draft )-242(standar)18(d, )-242(which )-242(themselves )-242(wer)18(e)-492(an)-492(option )-242(in )-242(the )-242(Single )-242(UNIX)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(Speci\336cation. )-302(In)]TJ -0.111 Tc 7.657 0 Td (Ve)Tj 0 Tc 1.09 0 Td [(rsion )-52(4, )-52(the )-52(Single )-52(UNIX )-52(Speci\336cation )-52(moved )-52(these )-52(interfaces )-52(to )-52(the)]TJ -8.747 -1.2 Td (base, so they ar)Tj 0.25 Tc 6.746 0 Td (en)Tj 0 Tc 1.311 0 Td [(ow r)18(equir)18(ed to be supported by all platforms.)]TJ -6.257 -1.2 Td [(The )-7(asynchr)18(onous )-7(I/O )-7(interfaces )-7(use )-7(AIO )-7(contr)18(ol )-7(blocks )-7(to )-7(describe )-7(I/O )-7(operations.)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.976 0 Td (aiocb)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.302 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)]TJ 0.3016 Tc 3.49 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.392 0 Td [(e\336nes )-52(an )-52(AIO )-52(contr)18(ol )-52(block.)-550(It )-52(contains )-52(at )-52(least )-52(the )-52(\336elds )-52(shown)]TJ -10.159 -1.2 Td [(in the following str)8(uctur)]TJ 0.25 Tc 10.77 0 Td (e\()Tj 0 Tc 1.062 0 Td (implementations might include additional \336elds\):)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5906 429.0743 Tm (struct aiocb {)Tj 1.2 -1.189 Td (int )Tj 9.6 0 Td [(aio_fildes;)-3600(/* file descriptor */)]TJ -9.6 -1.189 Td (off_t )Tj 9.6 0 Td [(aio_offset;)-3600(/* file offset for I/O */)]TJ -9.6 -1.189 Td [(volatile void)-1200(*aio_buf; )-4800(/*)-600(buffer for I/O */)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD (size_t )Tj 9.6 0 Td [(aio_nbytes;)-3600(/* number of bytes to transfer */)]TJ -9.6 -1.189 Td (int )Tj 9.6 0 Td [(aio_reqprio;)-3000(/* priority */)]TJ -9.6 -1.189 Td [(struct sigevent aio_sigevent;)-2400(/* signal information */)]TJ T* (int )Tj 9.6 0 Td [(aio_lio_opcode;)-1200(/* operation for list I/O */)]TJ -10.8 -1.189 Td (};)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5906 320.6808 Tm (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.008 0 Td (aio_fildes)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.334 0 Td [(\336eld )-84(is )-84(the )-84(\336le )-84(descriptor )-84(open )-84(for )-84(the )-84(\336le )-84(to )-84(be )-84(r)18(ead )-84(or )-84(written.)]TJ -10.142 -1.2 Td [(The )-193(r)18(ead )-193(or )-193(write )-193(starts )-193(at )-193(the )-193(of)18(fset )-193(speci\336ed )-193(by)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 23.416 0 Td (aio_offset)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.6936 Tc (.F)Tj 0 Tc 7.5 0 Td [(or )-194(a )-194(r)18(ead, )-194(data )-194(is)]TJ -30.916 -1.2 Td [(copied )-55(to )-55(the )-55(buf)18(fer )-55(that )-55(begins )-55(at )-55(the )-55(addr)18(ess )-55(speci\336ed )-55(by)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 26.569 0 Td (aio_buf)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.5554 Tc (.F)Tj 0 Tc 5.561 0 Td [(or )-55(a )-55(write, )-55(data)]TJ -32.131 -1.2 Td [(is )-47(copied )-47(fr)18(om )-47(this )-47(buf)19(fer)]TJ 0.5467 Tc 11.24 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.41 0 Td (he)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.358 0 Td (aio_nbytes)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.297 0 Td [(\336eld )-47(contains )-47(the )-47(number )-47(of )-47(bytes )-47(to )-47(r)20(ead)]TJ -20.304 -1.2 Td (or write.)Tj 1.8 -1.2 Td [(Note )-181(that )-181(we )-181(have )-181(to )-181(pr)18(ovide )-181(an )-181(explicit )-181(of)18(fset )-181(when )-181(we )-181(perform )-181(asynchr)19(onous)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(I/O. )-457(The)-457(asynchr)18(onous )-207(I/O )-207(interfaces )-207(don\325t )-207(af)18(fect )-207(the )-207(\336le )-207(of)19(fset )-207(maintained )-207(by )-207(the)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(operating )-48(system.)-548(This )-48(won\325t )-48(be )-48(a )-48(pr)18(oblem )-48(as )-48(long )-48(as )-48(we )-48(never )-48(mix )-48(asynchr)17(onous )-48(I/O)]TJ T* [(functions )-49(with )-49(conventional )-49(I/O )-49(functions )-49(on )-49(the )-49(same )-49(\336le )-49(in )-49(a )-49(pr)14(ocess. )-299(Also)-300(note )-49(that)]TJ T* [(if )-94(we )-94(write )-94(to )-94(a )-94(\336le )-94(opened )-94(in )-94(append )-94(mode )-94(\(with)]TJ /TT0 1 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0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 183.589 670.9597 Tm [(None )-65(of )-65(the )-65(implementations )-65(described )-65(in )-65(this )-65(book )-65(r)18(estart)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 26.834 0 Td (poll)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.715 0 Td (or)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.256 0 Td (select)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.915 0 Td [(when )-65(a )-65(signal )-65(is)]TJ -0.018 Tc -34.719 -1.25 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (ceived, even if the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.235 0 Td (SA_RESTART)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.25 0 Td (\337ag is used.)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 11.9993 0 0 11.9993 93.5948 624.9625 Tm [(14.5 )-776(Async)10(hr)20(onous )-278(I/O)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5926 600.9639 Tm (Using)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.903 0 Td (select)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.872 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.965 0 Td (poll)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(,)-272(as)-272(described )-22(in )-22(the )-22(pr)18(evious )-22(section, )-22(is )-22(a )-22(synchr)18(onous )-22(form )-22(of)]TJ -8.74 -1.2 Td [(noti\336cation. )-279(The)-279(system )-29(doesn\325t )-29(tell )-29(us )-29(anything )-29(until )-29(we )-29(ask )-29(\(by )-29(calling )-29(either)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 35.4 0 Td (select)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -35.4 -1.2 Td (or)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.558 0 Td (poll)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(\). )-617(As)-616(we )-367(saw )-367(in )-367(Chapter )-367(10, )-367(signals )-367(pr)18(ovide )-367(an )-367(asynchr)21(onous )-367(form )-367(of)]TJ -1.558 -1.2 Td [(noti\336cation )-13(that )-13(something )-13(has )-13(happened.)-512(All )-13(systems )-13(derived )-13(fr)18(om )-13(BSD )-13(and )-13(System )-13(V)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(pr)18(ovide )-50(some )-50(form )-50(of )-50(asynchr)18(onous )-50(I/O, )-50(using )-50(a )-50(signal )-50(\()]TJ /TT0 1 Tf (SIGPOLL)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 30.117 0 Td [(in )-50(System )-50(V)55(;)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.883 0 Td (SIGIO)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -36 -1.2 Td [(in )-98(BSD\) )-98(to )-98(notify )-98(the )-98(pr)18(ocess )-98(that )-98(something )-98(of )-98(inter)17(est )-98(has )-98(happened )-98(on )-98(a )-98(descriptor)74(.)]TJ T* [(As )-176(mentioned )-176(in )-176(the )-176(pr)20(evious )-176(section, )-176(these )-176(forms )-176(of )-176(asynchr)18(onous )-176(I/O )-176(ar)]TJ 0.4257 Tc 34.673 0 Td (el)Tj 0 Tc 1.196 0 Td (imited:)Tj -35.869 -1.2 Td [(they )-157(don\325t )-157(work )-157(with )-157(all )-157(\336le )-157(types )-157(and )-157(they )-157(allow )-157(the )-157(use )-157(of )-157(only )-157(one )-157(signal.)-657(If )-157(we)]TJ T* [(enable )-31(mor)]TJ 0.2815 Tc 4.971 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.086 0 Td [(han )-31(one )-31(descriptor )-31(for )-31(asynchr)18(onous )-31(I/O, )-31(we )-31(cannot )-31(tell )-31(which )-31(descriptor)]TJ -6.058 -1.2 Td [(the signal corr)18(esponds to when the signal is deliver)18(ed.)]TJ -0.111 Tc 1.8 -1.2 Td (Ve)Tj 0 Tc 1.09 0 Td [(rsion )-158(4 )-158(of )-158(the )-158(Single )-158(UNIX )-158(Speci\336cation )-158(moved )-158(the )-158(general )-158(asynchr)18(onous )-158(I/O)]TJ -2.89 -1.2 Td [(mechanism )-207(fr)18(om )-207(the )-207(r)18(eal-time )-207(extensions )-207(to )-207(the )-207(base )-207(speci\336cation.)-707(This )-207(mechanism)]TJ T* [(addr)18(esses the limitations that exist with these older asynchr)18(onous I/O facilities.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(Befor)18(e)-337(we)-337(l)-1(ook )-87(at )-87(the )-87(dif)17(fer)18(ent )-87(ways )-87(to )-87(use )-87(asynchr)16(onous )-87(I/O, )-87(we )-87(need )-87(to )-87(discuss)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(the )-84(costs.)-585(When )-85(we )-85(decide )-85(to )-85(use )-85(asynchr)18(onous )-85(I/O, )-85(we )-85(complicate )-85(the )-85(design )-85(of )-85(our)]TJ T* [(application )-83(by )-83(choosing )-83(to )-83(juggle )-83(multiple )-83(concurr)18(ent )-83(operations.)]TJ 0.333 Tc 30.041 0 Td (As)Tj 0 Tc 1.535 0 Td [(impler )-83(appr)18(oach)]TJ -31.576 -1.2 Td [(may )-139(be )-139(to )-139(use )-139(multiple )-139(thr)18(eads, )-139(which )-139(would )-139(allow )-139(us )-139(to )-139(write )-139(the )-139(pr)18(ogram )-139(using )-139(a)]TJ T* [(synchr)18(onous model, and let the thr)18(eads r)8(un asynchr)18(onous to each other)74(.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 1.8 -1.2 Td [(We )-586(i)]TJ 0 Tc 2.33 0 Td [(ncur )-402(additional )-402(complexity )-402(when )-402(we )-402(use )-402(the )-402(POSIX )-402(asynchr)18(onous )-402(I/O)]TJ -4.13 -1.2 Td (interfaces:)Tj 0.883 Tc 1.8 -1.92 Td (\245W)Tj 0.6475 Tc 2.397 0 Td (eh)Tj 0 Tc 1.709 0 Td [(ave )-397(to )-397(worry )-397(about )-397(thr)18(ee )-397(sour)16(ces )-398(of )-398(err)18(ors )-398(for )-398(every )-398(asynchr)20(onous)]TJ -2.616 -1.2 Td [(operation: )-117(one )-117(associated )-117(with )-117(the )-117(submission )-117(of )-117(the )-117(operation, )-117(one )-117(associated)]TJ T* [(with )-8(the )-8(r)18(esult )-8(of )-8(the )-8(operation )-8(itself, )-8(and )-8(one )-8(associated )-8(with )-8(the )-8(functions )-8(used)]TJ T* [(to determine the status of the asynchr)18(onous operations.)]TJ 0.883 Tc -1.489 -1.6 Td (\245T)Tj 0 Tc 2.102 0 Td [(he )-272(interfaces )-272(themselves )-272(involve )-272(a )-272(lot )-272(of )-272(extra )-272(setup )-272(and )-272(pr)18(ocessing )-272(r)9(ules)]TJ -0.613 -1.2 Td [(compar)18(ed to their conventional counterparts, as we shall see.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 219.5871 266.784 Tm [(We )-189(c)]TJ 0 Tc 2.086 0 Td [(an\325t )-4(r)18(eally )-4(call )-4(the )-4(non-asynchr)18(onous )-4(I/O )-4(function )-4(calls )-4(\324)33(\324synchr)18(onous,\325)]TJ 0.2545 Tc 31.4 0 Td (\325b)Tj 0 Tc 1.085 0 Td (ecause)Tj -34.571 -1.25 Td [(although )-353(they )-353(ar)]TJ 0.6035 Tc 8.013 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.506 0 Td [(ynchr)18(onous )-353(with )-353(r)18(espect )-353(to )-353(the )-353(pr)16(ogram )-353(\337ow)]TJ 0.6034 Tc 22.039 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 1.179 0 Td [(hey )-353(ar)18(en\325t)]TJ -32.738 -1.25 Td [(synchr)18(onous )-26(with )-26(r)18(espect )-26(to )-26(the )-26(I/O.)-528(Recall )-26(the )-26(discussion )-26(of )-26(synchr)18(onous )-26(writes )-26(in)]TJ -0 -1.25 Td [(Chapter )-20(3.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 5.132 0 Td [(We )-204(c)]TJ 0 Tc 2.101 0 Td [(all )-20(a )-20(write )-20(\324)37(\324synchr)18(onous\325)37(\325)-270(if)-270(the )-20(data )-20(we )-20(write )-20(is )-20(persistent )-20(when )-20(we)]TJ -0.018 Tc -7.233 -1.25 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(turn )-430(fr)18(om )-430(the )-430(call )-430(to )-430(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 13.3 0 Td (write)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.681 0 Td [(function. )-680(W)]TJ 0.6805 Tc 5.796 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.66 0 Td [(lso )-430(can\325t )-430(dif)17(fer)18(entiate )-430(the)]TJ -25.291 -1.25 Td [(conventional )-241(I/O )-241(function )-241(calls )-241(fr)18(om )-241(the )-241(asynchr)18(onous )-241(ones )-241(by )-241(r)17(eferring )-241(to )-241(the)]TJ 0 -1.25 TD [(conventional )-81(calls )-81(as )-81(the )-81(\324)36(\324standar)18(d\325)]TJ 0.3314 Tc 16.012 0 Td (\325I)Tj 0 Tc 0.946 0 Td [(/O )-81(calls, )-81(because )-81(this )-81(confuses )-81(them )-81(with )-81(the)]TJ -16.958 -1.25 Td [(function )-202(calls )-202(in )-202(the )-202(standar)]TJ 0.4521 Tc 13.046 0 Td (dI)Tj 0 Tc 1.4 0 Td [(/O )-202(library)]TJ 0.7021 Tc 4.714 0 Td (.T)Tj 0.4521 Tc 1.473 0 Td (oa)Tj 0 Tc 1.498 0 Td [(void )-202(confusion, )-202(we\325ll )-202(r)18(efer )-202(to )-202(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -22.131 -1.25 Td (read)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.943 0 Td (write)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td [(functions as the \324)37(\324conventional\325)]TJ 0.25 Tc 13.686 0 Td (\325I)Tj 0 Tc 0.865 0 Td (/O function calls in this section.)Tj 0.883 Tc 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5927 162.7902 Tm (\245R)Tj 0 Tc 2.157 0 Td [(ecovering )-216(fr)18(om )-216(err)18(ors )-216(can )-216(be )-216(dif)17(\336cult. )-466(For)-467(example, )-216(if )-216(we )-216(submit )-216(multiple)]TJ -0.668 -1.2 Td [(asynchr)18(onous )-140(writes )-140(and )-140(one )-140(fails, )-140(how )-140(should )-140(we )-140(pr)16(oceed? )-390(If)-390(the )-140(writes )-140(ar)18(e)]TJ -0.018 Tc 0 -1.2 TD (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (lated, we might have to undo the ones that succeeded.)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46958 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (506)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Advanced )-250(I/O)]TJ 38.741 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(14)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 668.9599 Tm [(It )-206(is )-206(important )-206(to )-206(r)18(ealize )-206(that )-206(whether )-206(a )-206(descriptor )-206(is )-206(blocking )-206(or )-206(not )-206(doesn\325t )-206(af)14(fect)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD (whether)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 4.01 0 Td (select)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.933 0 Td [(blocks. )-333(That)-332(is, )-83(if )-83(we )-83(have )-83(a )-83(nonblocking )-83(descriptor )-83(that )-83(we )-83(want )-83(to)]TJ -0.018 Tc -7.942 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(ad )-14(fr)18(om )-14(and )-14(we )-14(call)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.103 0 Td (select)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.864 0 Td [(with )-14(a )-14(timeout )-14(value )-14(of )-14(5 )-14(seconds,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 15.413 0 Td (select)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.864 0 Td [(will )-14(block )-14(for)]TJ -33.101 -1.2 Td [(up )-22(to )-22(5 )-22(seconds.)-524(Similarly)111(,)-272(if)-272(we)-272(s)-1(pecify )-22(an )-22(in\336nite )-22(timeout,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 26.751 0 Td (select)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.872 0 Td [(blocks )-22(until )-22(data )-22(is)]TJ -0.018 Tc -30.624 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (ady for the descriptor or until a signal is caught.)Tj 0.944 -1.2 Td [(If )-4(we )-4(encounter )-4(the )-4(end )-4(of )-4(\336le )-4(on )-4(a )-4(descriptor)]TJ 0.2541 Tc 20.085 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 0.83 0 Td [(hat )-4(descriptor )-4(is )-4(consider)18(ed )-4(r)18(eadable)]TJ -22.715 -1.2 Td (by)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.374 0 Td (select)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5145 Tc (.W)Tj 0.2645 Tc 5.272 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.069 0 Td [(hen )-14(call)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.698 0 Td (read)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.664 0 Td [(and )-14(it )-14(r)17(eturns )-15(0)]TJ 0.0833 Tc 6.873 0 Td (\321t)Tj 0 Tc 1.409 0 Td [(he )-15(way )-15(to )-15(signify )-15(end )-15(of )-15(\336le )-15(on )-15(UNIX)]TJ -22.36 -1.2 Td [(systems. )-711(\(Many)-711(people )-461(incorr)18(ectly )-461(assume )-461(that)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 23.973 0 Td (select)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.311 0 Td [(indicates )-461(an )-461(exception)]TJ -28.284 -1.2 Td [(condition on a descriptor when the end of \336le is r)18(eached.\))]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td (POSIX.1 also de\336nes a variant of)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 14.648 0 Td (select)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td (called)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.866 0 Td (pselect)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5909 541.8675 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -2.14 TD (int pselect\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 9.6 0 Td (maxfdp1)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,f)Tj 0 Tc 5.3 0 Td (d_set *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 9.6 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.76 0 Td (adfds)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -18.06 -1.189 Td (fd_set *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 10.2 0 Td (writefds)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,f)Tj 0 Tc 5.078 0 Td (d_set *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 9.6 0 Td (exceptfds)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -24.878 -1.189 Td (const struct timespec *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 19.2 0 Td (tsptr)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -19.2 -1.189 Td (const sigset_t *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 15 0 Td (sigmask)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -9.884 -2.14 Td [(Returns: count of r)18(eady descriptors, 0 on timeout,)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 22.148 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 4668.25 cm 0 0 m 0 841 l 3900 841 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 450.8259 Tm (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.924 0 Td (pselect)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td (function is identical to)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 10.109 0 Td (select)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (,w)Tj 0 Tc 4.934 0 Td (ith the following exceptions.)Tj 0.883 Tc -19.617 -2.04 Td (\245T)Tj 0 Tc 2.102 0 Td [(he )-236(timeout )-236(value )-236(for)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.173 0 Td (select)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.086 0 Td [(is )-236(speci\336ed )-236(by )-236(a)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.204 0 Td (timeval)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.686 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e, )-236(but )-236(for)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -27.763 -1.2 Td (pselect)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.2626 Tc (,a)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0 Tc (timespec)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 10.538 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e)-263(is)-263(u)1(sed. )-262(\(Recall)-263(the )-12(de\336nition )-12(of )-12(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 20.373 0 Td (timespec)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -30.911 -1.2 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e)-376(in)-376(S)-1(ection )-126(4.2.\))-626(Instead )-126(of )-126(seconds )-126(and )-126(micr)18(oseconds, )-126(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 30.911 0 Td (timespec)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -30.911 -1.2 Td [(str)8(uctur)]TJ 0.6344 Tc 3.49 0 Td (er)Tj 0 Tc 1.49 0 Td [(epr)18(esents )-384(the )-384(timeout )-384(value )-384(in )-384(seconds )-384(and )-384(nanoseconds.)-886(This)]TJ -4.98 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ovides )-42(a )-42(higher)17(-r)18(esolution )-42(timeout )-42(if )-42(the )-42(platform )-42(supports )-42(that )-42(\336ne )-42(a )-42(level )-42(of)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(granularity)111(.)]TJ 0.883 Tc -1.489 -1.72 Td (\245T)Tj 0 Tc 2.102 0 Td [(he )-66(timeout )-66(value )-66(for)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.489 0 Td (pselect)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.516 0 Td [(is )-66(declar)18(ed)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.138 0 Td (const)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.3156 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 4.066 0 Td [(nd )-66(we )-66(ar)]TJ 0.3155 Tc 4.014 0 Td (eg)Tj 0 Tc 1.351 0 Td [(uaranteed )-65(that)]TJ -29.186 -1.2 Td [(its value will not change as a r)18(esult of calling)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 20.041 0 Td (pselect)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj 0.883 Tc -21.53 -1.72 Td (\245A)Tj 0.4845 Tc 2.267 0 Td (no)Tj 0 Tc 1.612 0 Td [(ptional )-234(signal )-234(mask )-234(ar)18(gument )-234(is )-234(available )-234(with)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 22.56 0 Td (pselect)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.7346 Tc (.I)Tj 0 Tc 5.522 0 Td (f)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 0.818 0 Td (sigmask)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.707 0 Td (is)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -34.996 -1.2 Td (NULL)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.075 0 Td (pselect)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.625 0 Td [(behaves )-175(as)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.355 0 Td (select)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.025 0 Td [(does )-175(with )-175(r)18(espect )-175(to )-175(signals.)-673(Otherwise,)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf -17.079 -1.2 Td (sigmask)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.645 0 Td [(points )-173(to )-173(a )-173(signal )-173(mask )-173(that )-173(is )-173(atomically )-173(installed )-173(when)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 26.728 0 Td (pselect)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.623 0 Td (is)Tj -34.996 -1.2 Td [(called. )-250(On)]TJ -0.018 Tc 4.984 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(turn, the pr)18(evious signal mask is r)18(estor)18(ed.)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 11.9986 0 0 11.9986 129.5838 254.4495 Tm (14.4.2)Tj /TT3 1 Tf 3.614 0 Td (poll)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 2.956 0 Td (Function)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5839 230.4523 Tm (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.941 0 Td (poll)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.667 0 Td [(function )-17(is )-17(similar )-17(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.439 0 Td (select)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.2674 Tc (,b)Tj 0 Tc 4.67 0 Td [(ut )-17(the )-17(pr)18(ogrammer )-17(interface )-17(is )-17(dif)16(fer)18(ent. )-267(This)]TJ -18.718 -1.2 Td [(function )-135(was )-135(originally )-135(intr)18(oduced )-135(in )-135(System )-135(V )-135(to )-135(support )-135(the )-135(STREAMS )-135(subsystem,)]TJ T* (but we ar)Tj 0.25 Tc 4.172 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td [(ble to use it with any type of \336le descriptor)74(.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9989 0 0 8.9989 147.5822 187.3575 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -2.14 TD (int poll\(struct pollfd)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 13.8 0 Td (fdarray)Tj /TT0 1 Tf ([], nfds_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 9.544 0 Td (nfds)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 3.523 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (timeout)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -16.351 -2.14 Td [(Returns: count of r)18(eady descriptors, 0 on timeout,)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 22.148 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 1443.25 cm 0 0 m 0 521 l 3900 521 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46959 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (502)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Advanced )-250(I/O)]TJ 38.741 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(14)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 183.589 670.9597 Tm [(I/O )-278(multiplexing )-278(was )-278(pr)18(ovided )-278(with )-278(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 19.867 0 Td (select)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.128 0 Td [(function )-278(in )-278(4.2BSD.)-778(This )-278(function )-278(has)]TJ -23.996 -1.25 Td [(always )-199(worked )-199(with )-199(any )-199(descriptor)]TJ 0.4489 Tc 16.43 0 Td (,a)Tj 0 Tc 1.199 0 Td [(lthough )-199(its )-199(main )-199(use )-199(has )-199(been )-199(for )-199(terminal )-199(I/O )-199(and)]TJ -17.629 -1.25 Td [(network )-159(I/O.)-659(SVR3 )-159(added )-159(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 14.608 0 Td (poll)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.81 0 Td [(function )-159(when )-159(the )-159(STREAMS )-159(mechanism )-159(was )-159(added.)]TJ -17.418 -1.25 Td [(Initially)111(,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.998 0 Td (poll)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.794 0 Td [(worked )-144(only )-144(with )-144(STREAMS )-144(devices.)-644(In )-144(SVR4, )-144(support )-144(was )-144(added )-144(to )-144(allow)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -6.792 -1.25 Td (poll)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td [(to work on any descriptor)74(.)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 11.9993 0 0 11.9993 129.5926 598.9641 Tm (14.4.1)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 3.614 0 Td (select)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 4.156 0 Td (and)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 2.334 0 Td (pselect)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 4.756 0 Td (Functions)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 574.9655 Tm (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.37 0 Td (select)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.296 0 Td [(function )-446(lets )-446(us )-446(do )-446(I/O )-446(multiplexing )-446(under )-446(all )-446(POSIX-compatible)]TJ -6.666 -1.2 Td [(platforms. )-250(The)-250(ar)18(guments we pass to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 16.837 0 Td (select)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td (tell the kernel)Tj 0.883 Tc -18.887 -2.04 Td (\245W)Tj 0 Tc 2.489 0 Td (hich descriptors we\325r)Tj 0.25 Tc 9.303 0 Td (ei)Tj 0 Tc 1.02 0 Td [(nter)18(ested in.)]TJ 0.883 Tc -12.812 -1.6 Td (\245W)Tj 0 Tc 2.489 0 Td [(hich )-101(conditions )-101(we\325r)]TJ 0.3509 Tc 9.212 0 Td (ei)Tj 0 Tc 1.121 0 Td [(nter)18(ested )-101(in )-101(for )-101(each )-101(descriptor)]TJ 0.6009 Tc 14.077 0 Td (.\()Tj 0 Tc 1.184 0 Td [(Do )-101(we )-101(want )-101(to )-101(r)18(ead)]TJ -26.593 -1.2 Td [(fr)18(om )-130(a )-130(given )-130(descriptor?)-631(Do )-130(we )-130(want )-130(to )-130(write )-130(to )-130(a )-130(given )-130(descriptor?)-632(Ar)]TJ 0.3802 Tc 33.539 0 Td (ew)Tj 0 Tc 1.693 0 Td (e)Tj -35.232 -1.2 Td [(inter)18(ested in an exception condition for a given descriptor?\))]TJ 0.883 Tc -1.489 -1.6 Td (\245H)Tj 0 Tc 2.321 0 Td [(ow )-76(long )-76(we )-76(want )-76(to )-76(wait.)-575(\(W)]TJ 0.3259 Tc 13.429 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.249 0 Td [(an )-76(wait )-76(for)18(ever)]TJ 0.3259 Tc 6.785 0 Td (,w)Tj 0 Tc 1.41 0 Td [(ait )-76(a )-76(\336xed )-76(amount )-76(of )-76(time,)]TJ -23.705 -1.2 Td (or not wait at all.\))Tj -3.289 -2.04 Td [(On the r)18(eturn fr)18(om)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.656 0 Td (select)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (,t)Tj 0 Tc 4.426 0 Td (he kernel tells us)Tj 0.883 Tc -11.282 -2.04 Td (\245T)Tj 0 Tc 2.102 0 Td (he total count of the number of descriptors that ar)Tj 0.25 Tc 21.988 0 Td (er)Tj 0 Tc 1.106 0 Td (eady)Tj 0.883 Tc -25.196 -1.6 Td (\245W)Tj 0 Tc 2.489 0 Td [(hich )-208(descriptors )-208(ar)]TJ 0.4584 Tc 8.629 0 Td (er)Tj 0 Tc 1.314 0 Td [(eady )-208(for )-208(each )-208(of )-208(the )-208(thr)18(ee )-208(conditions )-208(\(r)18(ead, )-208(write, )-208(or)]TJ -10.943 -1.2 Td (exception condition\))Tj -0.055 Tc -3.289 -2.04 Td (Wi)Tj 0 Tc 1.236 0 Td [(th )-27(this )-27(r)18(eturn )-27(information, )-27(we )-27(can )-27(call )-27(the )-27(appr)20(opriate )-27(I/O )-27(function )-27(\(usually)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 34.146 0 Td (read)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.677 0 Td (or)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -38.059 -1.2 Td (write)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (\)a)Tj 0 Tc 4.083 0 Td (nd know that the function won\325t block.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 142.5519 354.2787 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -2.14 TD (int select\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 9 0 Td (maxfdp1)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,f)Tj 0 Tc 5.3 0 Td (d_set *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 9.6 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.76 0 Td (adfds)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -18.06 -1.189 Td (fd_set *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 10.2 0 Td (writefds)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,f)Tj 0 Tc 5.078 0 Td (d_set *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 9.6 0 Td (exceptfds)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -24.878 -1.189 Td (struct timeval *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 15 0 Td (tvptr)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -8.164 -2.14 Td [(Returns: count of r)18(eady descriptors, 0 on timeout,)]TJ /TT3 1 Tf 22.148 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 2899.25 cm 0 0 m 0 734 l 3900 734 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 147.5823 273.9471 Tm [(Let\325s )-45(look )-45(at )-45(the )-45(last )-45(ar)18(gument )-45(\336rst.)-545(It )-45(speci\336es )-45(how )-45(long )-45(we )-45(want )-45(to )-45(wait )-45(in )-45(terms)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(of seconds and micr)18(oseconds \(r)18(ecall Section 4.20\).)-500(Ther)]TJ 0.25 Tc 24.425 0 Td (ea)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.229 0 Td [(re )-36(t)]TJ 0 Tc 1.432 0 Td [(hr)18(ee conditions.)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf -25.286 -1.84 Td (tvptr)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.555 0 Td [(== )100(NULL)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf -0.092 Tc -0.755 -1.68 Td (Wa)Tj 0 Tc 1.408 0 Td [(it )-72(for)18(ever)]TJ 0.5723 Tc 4.039 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.435 0 Td [(his )-72(in\336nite )-72(wait )-72(can )-72(be )-72(interr)8(upted )-72(if )-72(we )-72(catch )-72(a )-72(signal.)-575(Return)]TJ -6.883 -1.2 Td [(is )-213(made )-213(when )-213(one )-213(of )-213(the )-213(speci\336ed )-213(descriptors )-213(is )-213(r)21(eady )-213(or )-213(when )-213(a )-213(signal )-213(is)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(caught. )-250(If)]TJ 0.25 Tc 4.681 0 Td (as)Tj 0 Tc 1.174 0 Td (ignal is caught,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 6.946 0 Td (select)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 3.85 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (turns)Tj /TT3 1 Tf 2.58 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (1w)Tj 0 Tc 2.133 0 Td (ith)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.449 0 Td (errno)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td (set to)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.601 0 Td (EINTR)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -31.32 -1.84 Td (tvptr)Tj /T1_3 1 Tf (!)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (>tv_sec)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 6.285 0 Td (==)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.7 0 Td (0)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1 0 Td (&&)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.7 0 Td (tvptr)Tj /T1_3 1 Tf (!)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (>tv_usec)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 6.841 0 Td (==)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.7 0 Td (0)Tj -17.426 -1.68 Td [(Don\325t )-136(wait )-136(at )-136(all.)-638(All )-136(the )-136(speci\336ed )-136(descriptors )-136(ar)]TJ 0.3865 Tc 22.451 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.191 0 Td [(ested, )-136(and )-136(r)18(eturn )-136(is )-136(made)]TJ -23.642 -1.2 Td (immediately)Tj 0.5532 Tc 5.479 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.416 0 Td [(his )-53(is )-53(a )-53(way )-53(to )-53(poll )-53(the )-53(system )-53(to )-53(\336nd )-53(out )-53(the )-53(status )-53(of )-53(multiple)]TJ -6.895 -1.2 Td (descriptors without blocking in the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 15.773 0 Td (select)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td (function.)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46960 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (500)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Advanced )-250(I/O)]TJ 38.741 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(14)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 11.9993 0 0 11.9993 93.5944 668.9599 Tm [(14.4 )-776(I/O)-556(Multiple)15(xing)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 644.9613 Tm [(When )-67(we )-67(r)18(ead )-67(fr)18(om )-67(one )-67(descriptor )-67(and )-67(write )-67(to )-67(another)71(,)-317(we)-317(c)-1(an )-67(use )-67(blocking )-67(I/O )-67(in )-67(a)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD (loop, such as)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 169.1898 616.263 Tm (while \(\(n = read\(STDIN_FILENO, buf, BUFSIZ\)\) > 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(write\(STDOUT_FILENO, buf, n\) != n\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_sys\("write error"\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.092 Tc 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 576.8654 Tm [(We )-286(s)]TJ 0 Tc 2.163 0 Td [(ee )-102(this )-102(form )-102(of )-102(blocking )-102(I/O )-102(over )-102(and )-102(over )-102(again.)-602(What )-102(if )-102(we )-102(have )-102(to )-102(r)18(ead )-102(fr)19(om)]TJ -2.163 -1.2 Td [(two )-48(descriptors?)-549(In )-48(this )-48(case, )-48(we )-48(can\325t )-48(do )-48(a )-48(blocking)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 23.879 0 Td (read)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.699 0 Td [(on )-48(either )-48(descriptor)73(,)-298(as)-298(d)-1(ata)]TJ -26.577 -1.2 Td [(may )-65(appear )-65(on )-65(one )-65(descriptor )-65(while )-65(we\325r)]TJ 0.3147 Tc 18.596 0 Td (eb)Tj 0 Tc 1.347 0 Td [(locked )-65(in )-65(a)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 5.244 0 Td (read)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.715 0 Td [(on )-65(the )-65(other)]TJ 0.5647 Tc 5.398 0 Td (.A)Tj 0 Tc 1.907 0 Td [(dif)18(fer)18(ent)]TJ -35.207 -1.2 Td [(technique is r)18(equir)18(ed to handle this case.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(Let\325s )-138(look )-138(at )-138(the )-138(str)6(uctur)]TJ 0.3884 Tc 11.314 0 Td (eo)Tj 0.3885 Tc 1.413 0 Td (ft)Tj 0 Tc 1.048 0 Td (he)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.449 0 Td (telnet)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.6 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (1)Tj 0.5 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.721 -0.04 Td [(command. )-388(In)-389(this )-138(pr)18(ogram, )-138(we )-138(r)17(ead)]TJ -22.179 -1.2 Td [(fr)18(om )-179(the )-179(terminal )-179(\(standar)]TJ 0.4288 Tc 12.212 0 Td (di)Tj 0 Tc 1.331 0 Td [(nput\) )-179(and )-179(write )-179(to )-179(a )-179(network )-179(connection, )-179(and )-179(we )-179(r)20(ead)]TJ -13.543 -1.2 Td [(fr)18(om )-57(the )-57(network )-57(connection )-57(and )-57(write )-57(to )-57(the )-57(terminal )-57(\(standar)]TJ 0.3069 Tc 28.504 0 Td (do)Tj 0 Tc 1.464 0 Td [(utput\). )-307(At)-307(the )-57(other)]TJ -29.968 -1.2 Td [(end )-323(of )-323(the )-323(network )-323(connection, )-323(the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 17.551 0 Td (telnetd)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.773 0 Td [(daemon )-323(r)18(eads )-323(what )-323(we )-323(typed )-323(and)]TJ -22.324 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(esents )-177(it )-177(to )-177(a )-177(shell )-177(as )-177(if )-177(we )-177(wer)]TJ 0.4266 Tc 15.712 0 Td (el)Tj 0 Tc 1.197 0 Td [(ogged )-177(in )-177(to )-177(the )-177(r)20(emote )-177(machine.)-676(The)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 17.891 0 Td (telnetd)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -34.8 -1.2 Td [(daemon )-55(sends )-55(any )-55(output )-55(generated )-55(by )-55(the )-55(commands )-55(we )-55(type )-55(back )-55(to )-55(us )-55(thr)14(ough )-55(the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf T* (telnet)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.992 0 Td [(command, )-142(to )-142(be )-142(displayed )-142(on )-142(our )-142(terminal.)-640(Figur)]TJ 0.3917 Tc 23.011 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.371 0 Td [(4.13 )-142(shows )-142(a )-142(pictur)]TJ 0.3917 Tc 8.877 0 Td (eo)Tj 0 Tc 1.417 0 Td (f)Tj -38.667 -1.2 Td (this arrangement.)Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2616 4097 cm 0 0 m 0 -59.64 -120.89 -108 -270 -108 c -419.11 -108 -540 -59.64 -540 0 c -540 59.64 -419.11 108 -270 108 c -120.89 108 0 59.64 0 0 c h S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 219.6656 412.8904 Tm (user at a)Tj -0.01 -1.25 Td (terminal)Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2976 3917 540 360 re S Q BT /TT1 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 310.1442 412.8657 Tm (telnet)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.425 -1.25 Td (command)Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4416 4097 cm 0 0 m 0 -59.64 -120.89 -108 -270 -108 c -419.11 -108 -540 -59.64 -540 0 c -540 59.64 -419.11 108 -270 108 c -120.89 108 0 59.64 0 0 c h S Q Q BT /TT1 1 Tf 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 397.7045 412.8409 Tm (telnetd)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.3 -1.25 Td (daemon)Tj ET q 0.99976 0 0 0.99976 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 297.6 416.9 cm 0 0 m -7.2 -1.8 l -7.2 1.8 l f Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2976 4169 cm 0 0 m -72 -18 l -72 18 l h S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2904.25 4169.25 cm 0 0 m -324 0 l S Q Q q 0.9997 0 0 0.9997 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 258 402.5 cm 0 0 m 7.2 1.8 l 7.2 -1.8 l f Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2580 4025 cm 0 0 m 72 18 l 72 -18 l h S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2976.25 4025.25 cm 0 0 m -324 0 l S Q Q q 0.9996401 0 0 0.9996401 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 391.2 416.9 cm 0 0 m -7.2 -1.8 l -7.2 1.8 l f Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3912 4169 cm 0 0 m -72 -18 l -72 18 l h S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3516.25 4169.25 cm 0 0 m 324 0 l S Q Q q 0.9995801 0 0 0.9995801 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 351.6 402.5 cm 0 0 m 7.2 1.8 l 7.2 -1.8 l f Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3516 4025 cm 0 0 m 72 18 l 72 -18 l h S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3588.25 4025.25 cm 0 0 m 324 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9962 0 0 7.9962 245.778 368.723 Tm (Figure 14.13)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.195 0 Td (Overview of)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 5.773 0 Td (telnet)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram)]TJ 9.9952 0 0 9.9952 147.5294 341.1362 Tm (The)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.951 0 Td (telnet)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.876 0 Td [(pr)18(ocess )-26(has )-26(two )-26(inputs )-26(and )-26(two )-26(outputs.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 18.598 0 Td [(We )-211(c)]TJ 0 Tc 2.108 0 Td [(an\325t )-26(do )-26(a )-26(blocking)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 8.268 0 Td (read)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -36.6 -1.2 Td (on either of the inputs, as we never know which input will have data for\ us.)Tj 1.8 -1.2 Td [(One )-138(way )-138(to )-138(handle )-138(this )-138(particular )-138(pr)18(oblem )-138(is )-138(to )-138(divide )-138(the )-138(pr)18(ocess )-138(in )-138(two )-138(pieces)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td (\(using)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 3.431 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(\), )-392(with )-392(each )-392(half )-392(handling )-392(one )-392(dir)18(ection )-392(of )-392(data.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 27.373 0 Td [(We )-576(s)]TJ 0 Tc 2.453 0 Td [(how )-392(this )-392(in)]TJ -33.257 -1.2 Td (Figur)Tj 0.4514 Tc 2.383 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.43 0 Td [(4.14. )-451(\(The)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 5.16 0 Td (cu)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.2 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (1)Tj 0.5 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.784 -0.04 Td [(command )-201(pr)18(ovided )-201(with )-201(System )-201(V\325s)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 17.437 0 Td (uucp)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.851 0 Td (communication)Tj -32.079 -1.2 Td [(package was str)8(uctur)18(ed like this.\))]TJ ET q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2616 2331.3999 cm 0 0 m 0 -59.64 -120.89 -108 -270 -108 c -419.11 -108 -540 -59.64 -540 0 c -540 59.65 -419.11 108 -270 108 c -120.89 108 0 59.65 0 0 c h S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9957 0 0 7.9957 219.5734 236.2524 Tm (user at a)Tj -0.01 -1.25 Td (terminal)Tj ET q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4416 2331.3999 cm 0 0 m 0 -59.64 -120.89 -108 -270 -108 c -419.11 -108 -540 -59.64 -540 0 c -540 59.65 -419.11 108 -270 108 c -120.89 108 0 59.65 0 0 c h S Q Q BT /TT1 1 Tf 7.9952 0 0 7.9952 397.5614 236.2382 Tm (telnetd)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.3 -1.25 Td (daemon)Tj ET q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2886 2425 720 216 re S Q BT /TT1 1 Tf 7.9947 0 0 7.9947 291.2117 256.3707 Tm (telnet)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td (command)Tj -1.466 -1.25 Td [(\(par)18(ent\))]TJ ET q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2886 2021.8 720 216 re S Q BT /TT1 1 Tf 7.9942 0 0 7.9942 291.1943 216.0644 Tm (telnet)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td (command)Tj -1.143 -1.25 Td (\(child\))Tj ET q 0.9992802 0 0 0.9992802 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 288.6 253.3 cm 0 0 m -5.904 -4.464 l -7.272 -1.152 l f Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2886 2533 cm 0 0 m -59.04 -44.64 l -72.72 -11.52 l h S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2580.25 2403.25 cm 0 0 m 240 102 l S Q Q q 0.9992203 0 0 0.9992203 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 391.2 240.34 cm 0 0 m -7.344 1.152 l -5.976 4.464 l f Q Q q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3912 2403.3999 cm 0 0 m -73.44 11.52 l -59.76 44.64 l h S Q Q q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3606.25 2533.25 cm 0 0 m 240 -102 l S Q Q q 0.9991603 0 0 0.9991603 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 258 225.94 cm 0 0 m 7.344 -1.152 l 5.976 -4.464 l f Q Q q 0.099916 0 0 0.099916 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2580 2259.3999 cm 0 0 m 73.44 -11.52 l 59.76 -44.64 l h S Q Q q 0.099916 0 0 0.099916 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2646.25 2231.25 cm 0 0 m 240 -101 l S Q Q q 0.9991004 0 0 0.9991004 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 360.6 212.98 cm 0 0 m 5.904 4.464 l 7.272 1.152 l f Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3606 2129.8 cm 0 0 m 59.04 44.64 l 72.72 11.52 l h S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3672.25 2158.25 cm 0 0 m 240 101 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9923 0 0 7.9923 224.6362 179.2079 Tm (Figure 14.14)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.195 0 Td (The)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.924 0 Td (telnet)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram using two pr)18(ocesses)]TJ 9.9904 0 0 9.9904 129.476 151.6344 Tm [(If )-23(we )-23(use )-23(two )-23(pr)18(ocesses, )-23(we )-23(can )-23(let )-23(each )-23(pr)22(ocess )-22(do )-22(a )-22(blocking)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 27.897 0 Td (read)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5225 Tc (.B)Tj 0 Tc 3.784 0 Td [(ut )-22(this )-22(leads )-22(to )-22(a)]TJ -31.681 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(oblem )-110(when )-110(the )-110(operation )-110(terminates.)-610(If )-110(an )-110(end )-110(of )-110(\336le )-110(is )-110(r)17(eceived )-110(by )-110(the )-110(child )-110(\(the)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46961 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(14.3)]TJ 36.622 0 Td (Recor)Tj 0.5 Tc 2.514 0 Td (dL)Tj 0 Tc 1.722 0 Td (ocking)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.975 0 Td (485)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 11.9993 0 0 11.9993 93.5944 668.9599 Tm [(14.3 )-776(Recor)]TJ 0.556 Tc 5.814 0 Td (dL)Tj 0 Tc 1.778 0 Td [(oc)20(king)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 647.3612 Tm [(What )-150(happens )-150(when )-150(two )-150(people )-150(edit )-150(the )-150(same )-150(\336le )-150(at )-150(the )-150(same )-150(time?)-654(In )-150(most )-150(UNIX)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(systems, )-73(the )-73(\336nal )-73(state )-73(of )-73(the )-73(\336le )-73(corr)16(esponds )-73(to )-73(the )-73(last )-73(pr)18(ocess )-73(that )-73(wr)18(ote )-73(the )-73(\336le.)-575(In)]TJ T* [(some )-132(applications, )-132(however)]TJ 0.3817 Tc 12.548 0 Td (,s)Tj 0 Tc 1.056 0 Td [(uch )-132(as )-132(a )-132(database )-132(system, )-132(a )-132(pr)18(ocess )-132(needs )-132(to )-132(be )-132(certain)]TJ -13.604 -1.2 Td [(that )-142(it )-142(alone )-142(is )-142(writing )-142(to )-142(a )-142(\336le.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 15.124 0 Td [(To )-326(p)]TJ -0.018 Tc 2.06 0 Td (ro)Tj 0 Tc 0.923 0 Td [(vide )-142(this )-142(capability )-142(for )-142(pr)18(ocesses )-142(that )-142(need )-142(it,)]TJ -18.108 -1.2 Td [(commer)18(cial )-312(UNIX )-312(systems )-312(pr)18(ovide )-312(r)18(ecor)]TJ 0.5622 Tc 19.209 0 Td (dl)Tj 0 Tc 1.464 0 Td [(ocking. )-562(\(In)-562(Chapter )-312(20, )-312(we )-312(develop )-312(a)]TJ -20.673 -1.2 Td [(database library that uses r)18(ecor)]TJ 0.25 Tc 13.761 0 Td (dl)Tj 0 Tc 1.152 0 Td (ocking.\))Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -13.113 -1.2 Td [(Record )-240(locking)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 6.683 0 Td [(is )-240(the )-240(term )-240(normally )-240(used )-240(to )-240(describe )-240(the )-240(ability )-240(of )-240(a )-240(pr)18(ocess )-240(to)]TJ -8.483 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(event )-219(other )-219(pr)18(ocesses )-219(fr)18(om )-219(modifying )-219(a )-219(r)17(egion )-219(of )-219(a )-219(\336le )-219(while )-219(the )-219(\336rst )-219(pr)18(ocess )-219(is)]TJ -0.018 Tc 0 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(ading )-141(or )-141(modifying )-141(that )-141(portion )-141(of )-141(the )-141(\336le.)-641(Under )-141(the )-141(UNIX )-141(System, )-141(\324)35(\324r)18(ecor)18(d\325)37(\325)-391(is)-391(a)]TJ -0.856 -1.2 Td [(misnomer; )-41(the )-41(UNIX )-41(kernel )-41(does )-41(not )-41(have )-41(a )-41(notion )-41(of )-41(r)15(ecor)18(ds )-41(in )-41(a )-41(\336le.)]TJ 0.2914 Tc 31.992 0 Td (Ab)Tj 0 Tc 1.622 0 Td [(etter )-41(term )-41(is)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf -33.614 -1.2 Td (byte-range locking)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (,g)Tj 0 Tc 8.509 0 Td (iven that it is a range of a \336le \(possibly the entir)Tj 0.25 Tc 20.96 0 Td (e\336)Tj 0 Tc 1.334 0 Td (le\) that is locked.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -34.403 -2.16 Td [(Histor )268(y)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 3.6 -1.92 Td [(One )-199(of )-199(the )-199(criticisms )-199(of )-199(early )-199(UNIX )-199(systems )-199(was )-199(that )-199(they )-199(couldn\325t )-199(be )-199(used )-199(to )-199(r)7(un)]TJ T* [(database )-207(systems, )-207(because )-207(they )-207(did )-207(not )-207(support )-207(locking )-207(portions )-207(of )-207(\336les.)-706(As )-207(UNIX)]TJ T* [(systems )-38(found )-38(their )-38(way )-38(into )-38(business )-38(computing )-38(envir)18(onments, )-38(various )-38(gr)18(oups )-38(added)]TJ T* [(support for r)18(ecor)]TJ 0.25 Tc 7.493 0 Td (dl)Tj 0 Tc 1.152 0 Td [(ocking \(dif)18(fer)18(ently)111(,)-250(of)-250(course\).)]TJ -6.845 -1.2 Td [(Early )-201(Berkeley )-201(r)18(eleases )-201(supported )-201(only )-201(the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 20.309 0 Td (flock)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.451 0 Td [(function. )-451(This)-452(function )-201(locks)]TJ -25.56 -1.2 Td (only entir)Tj 0.25 Tc 4.28 0 Td (e\336)Tj 0 Tc 1.334 0 Td [(les, not r)18(egions of a \336le.)]TJ -3.814 -1.2 Td (Recor)Tj 0.2917 Tc 2.514 0 Td (dl)Tj 0 Tc 1.194 0 Td [(ocking )-42(was )-42(added )-42(to )-42(System )-42(V )-42(Release )-42(3 )-42(thr)18(ough )-42(the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 24.028 0 Td (fcntl)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.292 0 Td [(function. )-292(The)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf -32.827 -1.2 Td (lockf)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.568 0 Td [(function )-318(was )-318(built )-318(on )-318(top )-318(of )-318(this, )-318(pr)18(oviding )-318(a )-318(simpli\336ed )-318(interface.)-818(These)]TJ -3.568 -1.2 Td [(functions )-72(allowed )-72(callers )-72(to )-72(lock )-72(arbitrary )-72(byte )-72(ranges )-72(in )-72(a )-72(\336le, )-72(ranging )-72(fr)22(om )-72(the )-72(entir)19(e)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td (\336le down to a single byte within the \336le.)Tj 1.8 -1.2 Td [(POSIX.1 )-35(chose )-35(to )-35(standar)17(dize )-36(on )-36(the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 16.445 0 Td (fcntl)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.286 0 Td [(appr)18(oach. )-286(Figur)]TJ 0.2856 Tc 7.32 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.265 0 Td [(4.2 )-36(shows )-36(the )-36(forms)]TJ -30.115 -1.2 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2502 504 216 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 315.9002 264.1766 Tm (UDP)Tj -0.731 -1.25 Td (port 514)Tj ET q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 3930 2502 504 216 re S Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9976 0 0 7.9976 396.481 259.1622 Tm (/dev/klog)Tj ET q 0.9997 0 0 0.9997 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 222.576 271.8 cm 0 0 m -1.8 7.2 l 1.8 7.2 l f Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2225.76 2718 cm 0 0 m -18 72 l 18 72 l h S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2226.25 2790.25 cm 0 0 m 0 288 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 1973.76 3078 504 288 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9971 0 0 7.9971 214.8946 325.3229 Tm (user)Tj -0.697 -1.25 Td [(pr)18(ocess)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -2.202 -2.075 Td (syslog)Tj ET q 0.9996401 0 0 0.9996401 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 324.6 307.8 cm 0 0 m 1.8 -7.2 l -1.8 -7.2 l f Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3246 3078 cm 0 0 m 18 -72 l -18 -72 l h S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3246.25 2718.25 cm 0 0 m 0 288 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2994 3078 504 288 re S Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9966 0 0 7.9966 307.6707 320.3054 Tm (syslogd)Tj ET q 0.9995801 0 0 0.9995801 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 312 307.8 cm 0 0 m -5.616 -4.824 l -7.2 -1.584 l f Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3120 3078 cm 0 0 m -56.16 -48.24 l -72 -15.84 l h S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2394.25 2718.25 cm 0 0 m 662 328 l S Q Q q 0.9995201 0 0 0.9995201 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 337.2 307.8 cm 0 0 m 7.344 -1.296 l 5.904 -4.608 l f Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3372 3078 cm 0 0 m 73.44 -12.96 l 59.04 -46.08 l h S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4182.25 2718.25 cm 0 0 m -745 330 l S Q Q q 0.9994601 0 0 0.9994601 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 418.2 250.2 cm 0 0 m 1.8 -7.2 l -1.8 -7.2 l f Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4182 2502 cm 0 0 m 18 -72 l -18 -72 l h S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4182.25 2430.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -216 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 3930 1962 504 252 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9952 0 0 7.9952 406.8278 211.9128 Tm (kernel)Tj -0.018 Tc -0.423 -1.25 Td (ro)Tj 0 Tc 0.923 0 Td (utines)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -1.159 4 Td (log)Tj ET q 0.9994002 0 0 0.9994002 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 324.6 351 cm 0 0 m 1.8 -7.2 l -1.8 -7.2 l f Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3246 3510 cm 0 0 m 18 -72 l -18 -72 l h S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3246.25 3366.25 cm 0 0 m 0 72 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9947 0 0 7.9947 295.7208 373.3935 Tm (written to \336le or)Tj -0.981 -1.25 Td (to logged-in users or)Tj 0.206 -1.25 Td (sent to another host)Tj -10.477 -13.875 Td (UNIX domain)Tj -0.51 -1.25 Td (datagram socket)Tj 11.764 1.25 Td (Internet domain)Tj -0.064 -1.25 Td (datagram socket)Tj ET q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1914.25 1818.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1914.25 1890.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1914.25 1962.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1914.25 2034.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1914.25 2106.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1914.25 2178.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1914.25 2250.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1914.25 2322.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1914.25 2394.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1914.25 2466.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1914.25 2538.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1914.25 2610.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1914.25 2682.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1914.25 2754.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1914.25 2826.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l 36 36 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1985.25 2862.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2056.25 2862.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2127.25 2862.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2198.25 2862.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2269.25 2862.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2340.25 2862.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2411.25 2862.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2482.25 2862.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2553.25 2862.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2624.25 2862.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2695.25 2862.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2766.25 2862.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2837.25 2862.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2908.25 2862.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2979.25 2862.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3050.25 2862.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3121.25 2862.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3192.25 2862.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3263.25 2862.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3334.25 2862.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3406.25 2862.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3476.25 2862.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3547.25 2862.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3619.25 2862.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3689.25 2862.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3761.25 2862.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3832.25 2862.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3902.25 2862.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3974.25 2862.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4044.25 2862.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4116.25 2862.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4187.25 2862.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4257.25 2862.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4329.25 2862.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4400.25 2862.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4470.25 2862.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4542.25 2862.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l 36 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4578.25 2790.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4578.25 2718.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4578.25 2646.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4578.25 2574.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4578.25 2502.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4578.25 2430.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4578.25 2358.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4578.25 2286.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4578.25 2214.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4578.25 2142.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4578.25 2070.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4578.25 1998.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4578.25 1926.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4578.25 1854.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l -36 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4506.25 1818.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4436.25 1818.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4365.25 1818.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4293.25 1818.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4223.25 1818.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4152.25 1818.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4080.25 1818.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4010.25 1818.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3938.25 1818.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3868.25 1818.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3797.25 1818.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3725.25 1818.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3655.25 1818.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3583.25 1818.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3512.25 1818.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3442.25 1818.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3370.25 1818.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3299.25 1818.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3228.25 1818.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3157.25 1818.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3086.25 1818.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3015.25 1818.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2944.25 1818.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2873.25 1818.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2802.25 1818.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2731.25 1818.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2660.25 1818.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2589.25 1818.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2518.25 1818.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2447.25 1818.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2376.25 1818.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2305.25 1818.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2234.25 1818.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2163.25 1818.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2092.25 1818.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2021.25 1818.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1950.25 1818.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9942 0 0 7.9942 193.2608 184.9068 Tm (kernel)Tj ET q 0.9992802 0 0 0.9992802 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 324.6 228.6 cm 0 0 m 1.8 -7.2 l -1.8 -7.2 l f Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3246 2286 cm 0 0 m 18 -72 l -18 -72 l h S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3246.25 2214.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -468 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9938 0 0 7.9938 294.6061 167.7091 Tm (TCP/IP network)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -4.61 -2.755 Td (Figure 13.2)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.695 0 Td (The BSD)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 4.084 0 Td (syslog)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td (facility)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46968 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (466)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Daemon )-250(Pr)18(ocesses )]TJ 38.741 0 Td [(Chapter)-500(13)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 11.9993 0 0 11.9993 93.5944 668.9599 Tm [(13.3 )-776(Coding)-556(Rules)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 644.9613 Tm [(Some )-104(basic )-104(r)8(ules )-104(to )-104(coding )-104(a )-104(daemon )-104(pr)18(event )-104(unwanted )-104(interactions )-104(fr)19(om )-104(happening.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 0 -1.2 TD [(We )-205(s)]TJ 0 Tc 2.082 0 Td [(tate )-21(these )-21(r)8(ules )-21(her)]TJ 0.2707 Tc 8.355 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td [(nd )-21(then )-21(show )-21(a )-21(function,)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 11.358 0 Td (daemonize)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.2707 Tc (,t)Tj 0 Tc 6.247 0 Td [(hat )-21(implements )-21(them.)]TJ -27.492 -2.04 Td [(1. )-633(Call)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 3.716 0 Td (umask)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.292 0 Td [(to )-42(set )-42(the )-42(\336le )-42(mode )-42(cr)17(eation )-42(mask )-42(to )-42(a )-42(known )-42(value, )-42(usually )-42(0.)-544(The)]TJ -5.375 -1.2 Td [(inherited )-112(\336le )-112(mode )-112(cr)18(eation )-112(mask )-112(could )-112(be )-112(set )-112(to )-112(deny )-112(certain )-112(permissions.)-614(If)]TJ T* [(the )-140(daemon )-140(pr)18(ocess )-140(cr)18(eates )-140(\336les, )-140(it )-140(may )-140(want )-140(to )-140(set )-140(speci\336c )-140(permissions.)-642(For)]TJ T* [(example, )-26(if )-26(it )-26(cr)18(eates )-26(\336les )-26(with )-26(gr)19(oup-r)18(ead )-26(and )-26(gr)18(oup-write )-26(enabled, )-26(a )-26(\336le )-26(mode)]TJ T* [(cr)18(eation )-84(mask )-84(that )-84(turns )-84(of)]TJ 0.3337 Tc 12.167 0 Td (fe)Tj 0 Tc 1.146 0 Td [(ither )-84(of )-84(these )-84(permissions )-84(would )-84(undo )-84(its )-84(ef)20(forts.)]TJ -13.313 -1.2 Td [(On )-30(the )-30(other )-30(hand, )-30(if )-30(the )-30(daemon )-30(calls )-30(library )-30(functions )-30(that )-30(r)19(esult )-30(in )-30(\336les )-30(being)]TJ T* [(cr)18(eated, )-154(then )-154(it )-154(might )-154(make )-154(sense )-154(to )-154(set )-154(the )-154(\336le )-154(mode )-154(cr)18(eate )-154(mask )-154(to )-154(a )-154(mor)14(e)]TJ -0.018 Tc 0 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(strictive )-140(value )-140(\(such )-140(as )-140(007\), )-140(since )-140(the )-140(library )-140(functions )-140(might )-140(not )-140(allow )-140(the)]TJ -0.856 -1.2 Td [(caller to specify the permissions thr)18(ough an explicit ar)18(gument.)]TJ -1.633 -1.6 Td [(2. )-633(Call)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 3.869 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.845 0 Td [(and )-195(have )-195(the )-195(par)17(ent)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 9.852 0 Td (exit)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.6952 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 3.958 0 Td [(his )-195(does )-195(several )-195(things.)-696(First, )-195(if )-195(the)]TJ -18.891 -1.2 Td [(daemon )-150(was )-150(started )-150(as )-150(a )-150(simple )-150(shell )-150(command, )-150(having )-150(the )-150(par)18(ent )-150(terminate)]TJ T* [(makes )-68(the )-68(shell )-68(think )-68(that )-68(the )-68(command )-68(is )-68(done.)-565(Second, )-68(the )-68(child )-68(inherits )-68(the)]TJ T* [(pr)18(ocess )-77(gr)18(oup )-77(ID )-77(of )-77(the )-77(par)18(ent )-77(but )-77(gets )-77(a )-77(new )-77(pr)18(ocess )-77(ID, )-77(so )-77(we\325r)]TJ 0.3272 Tc 29.73 0 Td (eg)Tj 0 Tc 1.362 0 Td (uaranteed)Tj -31.092 -1.2 Td [(that )-58(the )-58(child )-58(is )-58(not )-58(a )-58(pr)18(ocess )-58(gr)18(oup )-58(leader)]TJ 0.558 Tc 19.132 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.421 0 Td [(his )-58(is )-58(a )-58(pr)18(er)18(equisite )-58(for )-58(the )-58(call )-58(to)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf -20.553 -1.2 Td (setsid)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td (that is done next.)Tj -5.483 -1.6 Td [(3. )-633(Call)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 3.718 0 Td (setsid)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.894 0 Td [(to )-44(cr)18(eate )-44(a )-44(new )-44(session.)-544(The 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mounted \336le system, that \336le system cannot be unmounted.)Tj 0 -1.8 TD (Alternatively)Tj 0.3681 Tc 5.748 0 Td (,s)Tj 0 Tc 1.042 0 Td [(ome )-118(daemons )-118(might )-118(change )-118(the )-118(curr)18(ent )-118(working )-118(dir)18(ectory )-118(to )-118(a)]TJ -6.79 -1.2 Td [(speci\336c )-96(location )-96(wher)]TJ 0.3463 Tc 9.779 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.151 0 Td [(hey )-96(will )-96(do )-96(all )-96(their )-96(work.)-596(For )-96(example, )-96(a )-96(line )-96(printer)]TJ -10.93 -1.2 Td [(spooling daemon might change its working dir)18(ectory to its spool dir)18(ectory)111(.)]TJ -1.633 -1.6 Td [(5. )-633(Unneeded)-440(\336le )-190(descriptors )-190(should )-190(be )-190(closed.)-690(This )-190(pr)18(events )-190(the )-190(daemon )-190(fr)17(om)]TJ 1.633 -1.2 Td [(holding )-64(open )-64(any )-64(descriptors )-64(that )-64(it )-64(may )-64(have )-64(inherited )-64(fr)18(om )-64(its )-64(par)22(ent )-63(\(which)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(could )-156(be )-156(a )-156(shell )-156(or )-156(some )-156(other )-156(pr)20(ocess\). )-406(W)]TJ 0.4057 Tc 19.977 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.329 0 Td [(an )-156(use )-156(our)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 5.349 0 Td (open_max)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.206 0 Td (function)Tj -31.86 -1.2 Td (\(Figur)Tj 0.2979 Tc 2.716 0 Td (e2)Tj 0 Tc 1.277 0 Td [(.17\) )-48(or )-48(the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 4.805 0 Td (getrlimit)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.698 0 Td [(function )-48(\(Section )-48(7.1)55(1\) )-48(to )-48(determine )-48(the )-48(highest)]TJ -14.495 -1.2 Td (descriptor and close all descriptors up to that value.)Tj -1.633 -1.6 Td [(6. )-633(Some)-483(daemons )-233(open )-233(\336le )-233(descriptors )-233(0, )-233(1, )-233(and )-233(2 )-233(to)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 26.008 0 Td (/dev/null)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.883 0 Td [(so )-233(that )-233(any)]TJ -30.258 -1.2 Td [(library )-24(r)18(outines )-24(that )-24(try )-24(to )-24(r)18(ead )-24(fr)18(om )-24(standar)]TJ 0.2739 Tc 19.836 0 Td (di)Tj 0 Tc 1.176 0 Td [(nput )-24(or )-24(write )-24(to )-24(standar)]TJ 0.2739 Tc 10.666 0 Td (do)Tj 0 Tc 1.431 0 Td (utput)Tj -33.108 -1.2 Td [(or )-43(standar)]TJ 0.2935 Tc 4.554 0 Td (de)Tj 0 Tc 1.384 0 Td [(rr)18(or )-43(will )-43(have )-43(no )-43(ef)16(fect. )-294(Since)-293(the )-44(daemon )-44(is )-44(not )-44(associated )-44(with )-44(a)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46969 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 30 0 0 30 129.6 650.4 Tm (13)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 24 0 0 24 129.6 545.576 Tm [(Daemon )-280(Pr)15(ocesses)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 93.6 434.4 Tm [(13.1 )-776(Intr)20(oduction)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 129.6 410.4 Tm [(Daemons )-3(ar)]TJ 0.2534 Tc 5.318 0 Td (ep)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.333 0 Td (ro)Tj 0 Tc 0.923 0 Td [(cesses )-3(that )-3(live )-3(for )-3(a )-3(long )-3(time.)-503(They )-3(ar)]TJ 0.2534 Tc 17.396 0 Td (eo)Tj 0 Tc 1.278 0 Td [(ften )-3(started )-3(when )-3(the )-3(system)]TJ -26.249 -1.2 Td [(is )-53(bootstrapped )-53(and )-53(terminate )-53(only )-53(when )-53(the )-53(system )-53(is )-53(shut 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(daemon)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3.534 0 Td [(as )-173(it )-173(applies )-173(to )-173(computer)]TJ -30.432 -1.25 Td (systems, see Raymond)Tj 10.244 0.04 Td ([)Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (1996)Tj 2 0.04 Td (])Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 93.6006 266.4 Tm [(13.2 )-776(Daemon)-556(Characteristics)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 129.6006 242.4 Tm [(Let\325s )-161(look )-161(at )-161(some )-161(common )-161(system )-161(daemons )-161(and )-161(how )-161(they )-161(r)18(elate )-161(to )-161(the )-161(concepts )-161(of)]TJ T* [(pr)18(ocess )-28(gr)18(oups, )-28(contr)18(olling )-28(terminals, )-28(and )-28(sessions )-28(that )-28(we )-28(described )-28(in )-28(Chapter )-28(9.)-527(The)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 0 -1.2 Td (ps)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.2 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (1)Tj 0.5 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.867 -0.04 Td [(command )-284(prints )-284(the )-284(status )-284(of )-284(various )-284(pr)18(ocesses )-284(in )-284(the )-284(system.)-780(Ther)]TJ 0.5337 Tc 32.698 0 Td (ea)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.513 0 Td [(re )-320(a)]TJ 0 Tc -37.11 -1.2 Td (multitude of options)Tj 0.0833 Tc 9.191 0 Td (\321c)Tj 0 Tc 1.527 0 Td (onsult your system\325s manual for all the details.)Tj -0.092 Tc 21.19 0 Td (We)Tj 0 Tc 1.387 0 Td (\325ll execute)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 147.6008 189.7 Tm (ps -axj)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 129.6008 171.7 Tm [(under )-113(BSD)]TJ 4.943 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(based )-112(systems )-112(to )-112(see )-112(the )-112(information )-112(we )-112(need )-112(for )-112(this )-112(discussion.)-617(The)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 32.524 0 Td (-a)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -37.8 -1.2 Td [(option )-168(shows )-168(the )-168(status )-168(of )-168(pr)18(ocesses )-168(owned )-168(by )-168(others, )-168(and)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 27.804 0 Td (-x)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.618 0 Td [(shows )-168(pr)18(ocesses )-168(that)]TJ -29.422 -1.2 Td [(don\325t )-100(have )-100(a )-100(contr)19(olling )-100(terminal.)-599(The)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 17.821 0 Td (-j)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.55 0 Td [(option )-100(displays )-100(the )-100(job-r)18(elated )-100(information:)]TJ -19.37 -1.2 Td [(the )-94(session )-94(ID, )-94(pr)17(ocess )-95(gr)18(oup )-95(ID, )-95(contr)18(olling )-95(terminal, )-95(and )-95(terminal )-95(pr)18(ocess )-95(gr)18(oup )-95(ID.)]TJ /T1_4 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 506.1009 114 Tm (463)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46970 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (462)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Thr)18(ead )-250(Contr)18(ol )]TJ 38.741 0 Td [(Chapter)-500(12)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 172.5896 670.2598 Tm (Thread A)Tj 19.444 0 Td (Thread B)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -22.222 -1.189 Td [(lseek\(fd, 300, SEEK_SET\);)-4444(lseek\(fd, 700, SEEK_SET\);)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD (read\(fd, buf1, 100\);)Tj 19.444 0 Td (read\(fd, buf2, 100\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 628.7225 Tm [(If )-101(thr)18(ead )-101(A )-101(executes )-101(the )-101(call )-101(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 14.319 0 Td (lseek)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.351 0 Td [(and )-101(then )-101(thr)18(ead )-101(B )-101(calls)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.855 0 Td (lseek)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.351 0 Td (befor)Tj 0.3515 Tc 2.288 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.156 0 Td [(hr)18(ead )-101(A)]TJ -35.321 -1.2 Td (calls)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.325 0 Td (read)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.3754 Tc (,t)Tj 0 Tc 3.351 0 Td [(hen )-125(both )-125(thr)18(eads )-125(will )-125(end )-125(up )-125(r)16(eading )-125(the )-125(same )-125(r)17(ecor)18(d. )-375(Clearly)]TJ 0.3753 Tc 28.799 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 0.951 0 Td [(his )-125(isn\325t)]TJ -35.427 -1.2 Td (what was intended.)Tj -0.092 Tc 1.8 -1.2 Td [(To )-275(s)]TJ 0 Tc 1.832 0 Td [(olve )-91(this )-91(pr)18(oblem, )-91(we )-91(can )-91(use)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 13.873 0 Td (pread)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.341 0 Td [(to )-91(make )-91(the )-91(setting )-91(of )-91(the )-91(of)20(fset )-91(and )-91(the)]TJ -0.018 Tc -20.845 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (ading of the data one atomic operation.)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 172.5906 561.8863 Tm (Thread A)Tj 19.444 0 Td (Thread B)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -22.222 -1.189 Td [(pread\(fd, buf1, 100, 300\);)-3844(pread\(fd, buf2, 100, 700\);)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5932 531.0483 Tm (Using)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.884 0 Td (pread)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(,)-253(we)-253(c)1(an )-3(ensur)]TJ 0.2526 Tc 9.312 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.058 0 Td [(hat )-2(thr)18(ead )-2(A )-2(r)18(eads )-2(the )-2(r)16(ecor)18(d)-252(at)-252(o)]TJ -0.018 Tc 14.813 0 Td (ff)Tj 0 Tc 0.648 0 Td [(set )-2(300, )-2(wher)18(eas )-2(thr)17(ead)]TJ 0.2848 Tc -28.714 -1.2 Td (Br)Tj 0 Tc 1.273 0 Td [(eads )-35(the )-35(r)18(ecor)]TJ 0.2848 Tc 6.194 0 Td (da)Tj 0.2849 Tc 1.396 0 Td (to)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.157 0 Td (ff)Tj 0 Tc 0.648 0 Td [(set )-35(700.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 3.799 0 Td [(We )-219(c)]TJ 0 Tc 2.116 0 Td [(an )-35(use)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.158 0 Td (pwrite)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.885 0 Td [(to )-35(solve )-35(the )-35(pr)18(oblem )-35(of )-35(concurr)19(ent)]TJ -23.625 -1.2 Td [(thr)18(eads writing to the same \336le.)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 11.9993 0 0 11.9993 93.5953 471.0519 Tm [(12.11 )-220(Summar)-10(y)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5931 449.4532 Tm [(Thr)18(eads )-376(pr)18(ovide )-376(an )-376(alternative )-376(model )-376(for )-376(partitioning )-376(concurr)18(ent )-376(tasks )-376(in )-376(UNIX)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(systems. )-317(They)-317(pr)18(omote )-67(sharing )-67(among )-67(separate )-67(thr)18(eads )-67(of )-67(contr)18(ol, )-67(but )-67(pr)18(esent )-67(unique)]TJ T* [(synchr)18(onization )-222(pr)18(oblems. )-472(In)-473(this )-222(chapter)74(,)-472(we)-472(l)-1(ooked )-222(at )-222(how )-222(we )-222(can )-222(\336ne-tune )-222(our)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(thr)18(eads )-168(and )-168(their )-168(synchr)19(onization )-168(primitives.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 21.329 0 Td [(We )-352(d)]TJ 0 Tc 2.416 0 Td [(iscussed )-168(r)18(eentrancy )-168(with )-168(thr)19(eads.)]TJ -0.092 Tc -23.744 -1.2 Td [(We )-184(a)]TJ 0 Tc 2.137 0 Td [(lso looked at how thr)18(eads interact with some of the pr)18(ocess-oriented system calls.)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 11.9993 0 0 11.9993 129.5927 361.8585 Tm [(Ex)10(er)20(cises)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 129.5927 340.8597 Tm (12.1)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.065 0 Td [(Run )-155(the )-155(pr)18(ogram )-155(in )-155(Figur)]TJ 0.4053 Tc 11.975 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.384 0 Td [(2.17 )-155(on )-155(a )-155(Linux )-155(system, )-155(but )-155(r)17(edir)18(ect )-155(the )-155(output )-155(into )-155(a )-155(\336le.)]TJ -13.36 -1.222 Td [(Explain the r)18(esults.)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf -3.065 -1.667 Td (12.2)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.065 0 Td (Implement)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 5.796 0 Td (putenv_r)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.9352 Tc (,ar)Tj 0 Tc 7.797 0 Td [(eentrant )-685(version )-685(of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.636 0 Td (putenv)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.1852 Tc (.M)Tj 0 Tc 5.981 0 Td [(ake )-685(sur)]TJ 0.9352 Tc 3.874 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.74 0 Td [(hat )-685(your)]TJ -35.825 -1.222 Td [(implementation is async-signal safe as well as thr)18(ead-safe.)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf -3.065 -1.667 Td (12.3)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.065 0 Td [(Can )-101(you )-101(make )-101(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.704 0 Td (getenv)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.951 0 Td [(function )-101(shown )-101(in )-101(Figur)]TJ 0.3508 Tc 10.983 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.33 0 Td [(2.13 )-101(async-signal )-101(safe )-101(by )-101(blocking)]TJ -24.968 -1.222 Td [(signals )-198(at )-198(the )-198(beginning )-198(of )-198(the )-198(function )-198(and )-198(r)17(estoring )-198(the )-198(pr)18(evious )-198(signal )-198(mask )-198(befor)17(e)]TJ -0.018 Tc 0 -1.222 TD (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(turning? )-250(Explain.)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf -3.921 -1.667 Td (12.4)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.074 Tc 3.065 0 Td (Wr)Tj 0 Tc 1.321 0 Td [(ite )-2(a )-2(pr)18(ogram )-2(to )-2(exer)18(cise )-2(the )-2(version )-2(of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 17.38 0 Td (getenv)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.852 0 Td [(fr)18(om )-2(Figur)]TJ 0.2521 Tc 4.774 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.231 0 Td [(2.13. )-252(Compile)-252(and )-2(r)8(un )-2(the)]TJ -28.558 -1.222 Td [(pr)18(ogram on Fr)18(eeBSD. )-250(What)-250(happens? )-250(Explain.)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf -3.065 -1.667 Td (12.5)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.065 0 Td [(Given )-128(that )-128(you )-128(can )-128(cr)18(eate )-128(multiple )-128(thr)19(eads )-128(to )-128(perform )-128(dif)18(fer)18(ent )-128(tasks )-128(within )-128(a )-128(pr)18(ogram,)]TJ 0 -1.222 Td (explain why you might still need to use)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 17.727 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -20.792 -1.667 Td (12.6)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.065 0 Td [(Reimplement )-501(the )-501(pr)18(ogram )-501(in )-501(Figur)]TJ 0.751 Tc 17.467 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.73 0 Td [(0.29 )-501(to )-501(make )-501(it )-501(thr)18(ead-safe )-501(without )-501(using)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -19.197 -1.222 Td (nanosleep)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.65 0 Td (or)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.191 0 Td (clock_nanosleep)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -9.906 -1.667 Td (12.7)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.065 0 Td [(After )-42(calling)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.85 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.2919 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 3.386 0 Td [(ould )-42(we )-42(safely )-42(r)18(einitialize )-42(a )-42(condition )-42(variable )-42(in )-42(the )-42(child )-42(pr)18(ocess )-42(by)]TJ -9.236 -1.222 Td [(\336rst )-612(destr)18(oying )-612(the )-612(condition )-612(variable )-612(with)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 22.882 0 Td (pthread_cond_destroy)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 12.862 0 Td [(and )-612(then)]TJ -35.744 -1.222 Td (initializing it with)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.192 0 Td (pthread_cond_init)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (?)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -11.257 -1.667 Td (12.8)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.065 0 Td (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.924 0 Td (timeout)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td (function in Figur)Tj 0.25 Tc 7.463 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (2.8 can be simpli\336ed substantially)Tj 0.5 Tc 14.84 0 Td (.E)Tj 0 Tc 1.361 0 Td [(xplain how)92(.)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46971 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(12.10)]TJ 35.825 0 Td [(Thr)18(eads )-250(and )-250(I/O)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 10.008 0 Td (461)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5911 668.9599 Tm [(In )-294(Figur)]TJ 0.5436 Tc 3.846 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.523 0 Td [(2.17, )-294(we )-294(de\336ne )-294(two )-294(mutexes,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 14.453 0 Td (lock1)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.544 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.237 0 Td (lock2)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.7936 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 4.657 0 Td (he)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.604 0 Td [(pr)18(epar)18(e)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 3.508 0 Td (fork)Tj -37.17 -1.2 Td [(handler )-126(acquir)18(es )-126(them )-126(both, )-126(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 14.913 0 Td (child)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.339 0 Td [(fork )-126(handler )-126(r)18(eleases )-126(them )-126(in )-126(the )-126(context )-126(of )-126(the)]TJ -17.252 -1.2 Td [(child )-176(pr)18(ocess, )-176(and )-176(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 10.547 0 Td [(par)18(ent)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 3.019 0 Td [(fork )-176(handler )-176(r)18(eleases )-176(them )-176(in )-176(the )-176(context )-176(of )-176(the )-176(par)21(ent)]TJ -13.566 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ocess.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(When we r)8(un this pr)18(ogram, we get the following output:)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5913 604.2637 Tm ($)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (./a.out)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -1.2 -1.189 Td (thread started...)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (parent about to fork...)Tj T* (preparing locks...)Tj T* (child unlocking locks...)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (child returned from fork)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (parent unlocking locks...)Tj T* (parent returned from fork)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5924 511.3693 Tm [(As )-67(we )-67(can )-67(see, )-67(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 8.646 0 Td [(pr)18(epar)18(e)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 3.281 0 Td [(fork )-67(handler )-67(r)8(uns )-67(after)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.568 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.717 0 Td [(is )-67(called, )-67(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 5.92 0 Td (child)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.28 0 Td [(fork )-67(handler)]TJ -0.008 Tc -33.413 -1.2 Td (ru)Tj 0 Tc 0.99 0 Td [(ns )-165(befor)18(e)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.604 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 2.816 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(turns )-165(in )-165(the )-165(child, )-165(and )-165(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 12.631 0 Td [(par)18(ent)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 3.008 0 Td [(fork )-165(handler )-165(r)8(uns )-165(befor)17(e)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.695 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.018 Tc -36.6 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(turns in the par)18(ent.)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5141.25 4874.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 50 50 l 0 50 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 147.5823 463.3444 Tm [(Although )-283(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.716 0 Td (pthread_atfork)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.933 0 Td [(mechanism )-283(is )-283(intended )-283(to )-283(make )-283(locking )-283(state)]TJ -17.449 -1.2 Td [(consistent )-156(after )-156(a)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.174 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(,)-406(it)-406(has )-156(several )-156(drawbacks )-156(that )-156(make )-156(it )-156(usable )-156(in )-156(only )-156(limited)]TJ -8.174 -1.2 Td [(cir)18(cumstances:)]TJ 0.883 Tc 1.8 -1.8 Td (\245T)Tj 0 Tc 2.102 0 Td [(her)18(e)-311(is)-311(no)-311(g)1(ood )-61(way )-61(to )-61(r)19(einitialize )-61(the )-61(state )-61(for )-61(mor)]TJ 0.3107 Tc 23.109 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.234 0 Td [(omplex )-61(synchr)18(onization)]TJ -24.955 -1.2 Td (objects such as condition variables and barriers.)Tj 0.883 Tc -1.489 -1.6 Td (\245S)Tj 0 Tc 2.014 0 Td [(ome )-59(implementations )-59(of )-59(err)18(or)18(-checking )-59(mutexes )-59(will )-59(generate )-59(err)18(ors )-59(when )-59(the)]TJ -0.525 -1.2 Td [(child fork handler tries to unlock a mutex that was locked by the par)18(ent.)]TJ 0.883 Tc -1.489 -1.6 Td (\245R)Tj 0 Tc 2.157 0 Td [(ecursive )-22(mutexes )-22(can\325t )-22(be )-22(cleaned )-22(up )-22(in )-22(the )-22(child )-22(fork )-22(handler)]TJ 0.272 Tc 27.537 0 Td (,b)Tj 0 Tc 1.075 0 Td [(ecause )-22(ther)]TJ 0.272 Tc 4.965 0 Td (ei)Tj 0 Tc 1.042 0 Td (s)Tj -35.287 -1.2 Td (no way to determine the number of times one has been locked.)Tj 0.883 Tc -1.489 -1.6 Td (\245I)Tj 0.3655 Tc 1.826 0 Td (fc)Tj 0 Tc 1.143 0 Td [(hild )-115(pr)18(ocesses )-116(ar)]TJ 0.3656 Tc 7.581 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.345 0 Td [(llowed )-116(to )-116(call )-116(only )-116(async-signal )-116(safe )-116(functions, )-116(then )-116(the)]TJ -10.405 -1.2 Td [(child )-137(fork )-137(handler )-137(shouldn\325t )-137(even )-137(be )-137(able )-137(to )-137(clean )-137(up )-137(synchr)13(onization )-137(objects,)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(because )-33(none )-33(of )-33(the )-33(functions )-33(that )-33(ar)]TJ 0.2833 Tc 16.378 0 Td (eu)Tj 0 Tc 1.365 0 Td [(sed )-33(to )-33(manipulate )-33(them )-33(ar)]TJ 0.2833 Tc 11.722 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.262 0 Td (sync-signal)Tj -30.728 -1.2 Td [(safe. )-499(The)-500(practical )-249(pr)18(oblem )-249(is )-249(that )-249(a )-249(synchr)18(onization )-249(object )-249(might )-249(be )-249(in )-249(an)]TJ T* [(intermediate )-137(state )-137(when )-137(one )-137(thr)18(ead )-137(calls)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 18.931 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.3875 Tc (,b)Tj 0 Tc 3.591 0 Td [(ut )-137(the )-137(synchr)18(onization )-137(object)]TJ -22.521 -1.2 Td (can\325t be cleaned up unless it is in a consistent state.)Tj 0.883 Tc -1.489 -1.6 Td (\245I)Tj 0 Tc 1.826 0 Td [(f)-317(an)-317(application )-67(calls)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.605 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.717 0 Td [(in )-67(a )-67(signal )-67(handler )-67(\(which )-67(is )-67(legal, )-67(because)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 19.621 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.717 0 Td (is)Tj -34.996 -1.2 Td [(async-signal )-130(safe\), )-130(then )-130(the )-130(fork )-130(handlers )-130(r)15(egister)18(ed )-131(by)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 25.404 0 Td (pthread_atfork)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.781 0 Td (can)Tj -34.185 -1.2 Td [(call only async-signal safe functions, or else the r)18(esults ar)]TJ 0.25 Tc 25.153 0 Td (eu)Tj 0 Tc 1.332 0 Td (nde\336ned.)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 11.9986 0 0 11.9986 93.59 202.5757 Tm [(12.10 )-220(Threads)-556(and )-278(I/O)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf -0.092 Tc 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5856 180.9783 Tm [(We )-318(i)]TJ 0 Tc 2.062 0 Td [(ntr)18(oduced )-134(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.734 0 Td (pread)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.384 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.077 0 Td (pwrite)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.984 0 Td [(functions )-134(in )-134(Section )-134(3.1)55(1. )-384(These)-384(functions )-134(ar)18(e)]TJ -18.241 -1.2 Td [(helpful )-25(in )-25(a )-25(multithr)17(eaded )-25(envir)18(onment, )-25(because )-25(all )-25(thr)18(eads )-25(in )-25(a )-25(pr)18(ocess )-25(shar)]TJ 0.2754 Tc 34.297 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.08 0 Td [(he )-25(same)]TJ -35.378 -1.2 Td (\336le descriptors.)Tj 1.8 -1.2 Td [(Consider )-193(two )-193(thr)18(eads )-193(r)18(eading )-193(fr)17(om )-193(or )-193(writing )-193(to )-193(the )-193(same )-193(\336le )-193(descriptor )-193(at )-193(the)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td (same time.)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46972 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(12.9)]TJ 35.154 0 Td [(Thr)18(eads )-250(and)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.279 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.4 0 Td (457)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 668.9599 Tm [(in )-109(the )-109(main )-109(thr)18(ead )-109(of )-109(contr)18(ol )-109(to )-109(check )-109(the )-109(value )-109(of )-109(the )-109(\337ag )-109(and )-109(atomically )-109(r)14(elease )-109(the)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD (mutex when we wait for the condition.)Tj 1.8 -1.2 Td [(Note )-189(that )-189(we )-189(block)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.376 0 Td (SIGINT)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.039 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.132 0 Td (SIGQUIT)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.639 0 Td [(in )-189(the )-189(beginning )-189(of )-189(the )-189(main )-189(thr)17(ead.)]TJ -21.986 -1.2 Td [(When )-217(we )-217(cr)18(eate )-217(the )-217(thr)18(ead )-217(to )-217(handle )-217(signals, )-217(the )-217(thr)18(ead )-217(inherits )-217(the )-217(curr)18(ent )-217(signal)]TJ T* [(mask. )-346(Since)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.877 0 Td (sigwait)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.546 0 Td [(will )-96(unblock )-96(the )-96(signals, )-96(only )-96(one )-96(thr)18(ead )-96(is )-96(available )-96(to )-96(r)16(eceive)]TJ -10.423 -1.2 Td [(signals. )-539(This)-539(enables )-289(us )-289(to )-289(code )-289(the )-289(main )-289(thr)18(ead )-289(without )-289(having )-289(to )-289(worry )-289(about)]TJ T* [(interr)8(upts fr)18(om these signals.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(If we r)8(un this pr)18(ogram, we get output similar to that fr)18(om Figur)]TJ 0.25 Tc 28.168 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (0.23:)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5909 568.2659 Tm ($)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (./a.out)Tj -1.2 -1.189 Td (\366?)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 12 0 Td (type the interrupt character)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -12 -1.189 Td (interrupt)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 0 -1.189 TD (\366?)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 12 0 Td (type the interrupt character again)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -12 -1.189 Td (interrupt)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 0 -1.189 TD (\366?)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 12 0 Td (and again)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -12 -1.189 Td (interrupt)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 0 -1.189 TD (\366\\)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td ($)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 10.2 0 Td (now terminate with quit character)Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5141.25 4754.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 50 50 l 0 50 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /TT2 1 Tf 11.9986 0 0 11.9986 93.5888 439.3473 Tm [(12.9 )-776(Threads)-556(and)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 9.78 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 415.3502 Tm [(When )-120(a )-120(thr)18(ead )-120(calls)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.447 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.3698 Tc (,ac)Tj 0 Tc 4.334 0 Td [(opy )-120(of )-120(the )-120(entir)]TJ 0.3698 Tc 7.133 0 Td (ep)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.45 0 Td (ro)Tj 0 Tc 0.923 0 Td [(cess )-120(addr)18(ess )-120(space )-120(is )-120(made )-120(for )-120(the)]TJ -23.287 -1.2 Td [(child. )-427(Recall)-427(the )-177(discussion )-177(of )-177(copy-on-write )-177(in )-177(Section )-177(8.3.)-676(The )-177(child )-177(is )-177(an )-177(entir)19(ely)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(dif)18(fer)18(ent )-228(pr)18(ocess )-228(fr)18(om )-228(the )-228(par)18(ent, )-228(and )-228(as )-228(long )-228(as )-228(neither )-228(one )-228(makes )-228(changes )-228(to )-228(its)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(memory )-31(contents, )-31(copies )-31(of )-31(the )-31(memory )-31(pages )-31(can )-31(be )-31(shar)18(ed )-31(between )-31(par)18(ent )-31(and )-31(child.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(By )-89(inheriting )-89(a )-89(copy )-89(of )-89(the )-89(addr)17(ess )-89(space, )-89(the )-89(child )-89(also )-89(inherits )-89(the )-89(state )-89(of )-89(every)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(mutex, )-17(r)18(eader\320writer )-17(lock, )-17(and )-17(condition )-17(variable )-17(fr)19(om )-17(the )-17(par)18(ent )-17(pr)19(ocess. )-267(If)-266(the )-17(par)18(ent)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(consists )-50(of )-50(mor)]TJ 0.2997 Tc 6.745 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.105 0 Td [(han )-50(one )-50(thr)19(ead, )-50(the )-50(child )-50(will )-50(need )-50(to )-50(clean )-50(up )-50(the )-50(lock )-50(state )-50(if )-50(it )-50(isn\325t)]TJ -7.85 -1.2 Td (going to call)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 5.679 0 Td (exec)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td (immediately after)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.123 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 2.65 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (turns.)Tj -18.158 -1.2 Td [(Inside )-8(the )-8(child )-8(pr)17(ocess, )-8(only )-8(one )-8(thr)18(ead )-8(exists.)-508(It )-8(is )-8(made )-8(fr)18(om )-8(a )-8(copy )-8(of )-8(the )-8(thr)17(ead)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(that )-80(called)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.01 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.73 0 Td [(in )-80(the )-80(par)18(ent. )-330(If)-330(the )-80(thr)18(eads )-80(in )-80(the )-80(par)18(ent )-80(pr)18(ocess )-80(hold )-80(any )-80(locks, )-80(the)]TJ -7.74 -1.2 Td [(same )-60(locks )-60(will )-60(also )-60(be )-60(held )-60(in )-60(the )-60(child )-60(pr)17(ocess. )-310(The)-310(pr)18(oblem )-60(is )-60(that )-60(the )-60(child )-60(pr)18(ocess)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(doesn\325t )-59(contain )-59(copies )-59(of )-59(the )-59(thr)17(eads )-59(holding )-59(the )-59(locks, )-59(so )-59(ther)16(e)-309(is)-309(no)-309(w)-1(ay )-59(for )-59(the )-59(child)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td (to know which locks ar)Tj 0.25 Tc 10.261 0 Td (eh)Tj 0 Tc 1.311 0 Td (eld and need to be unlocked.)Tj -9.772 -1.2 Td [(This )-139(pr)18(oblem )-139(can )-139(be )-139(avoided )-139(if )-139(the )-139(child )-139(calls )-139(one )-139(of )-139(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 26.517 0 Td (exec)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.789 0 Td [(functions )-138(dir)18(ectly)]TJ -31.106 -1.2 Td [(after )-75(r)18(eturning )-75(fr)17(om)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.339 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.5754 Tc (.I)Tj 0.3254 Tc 3.562 0 Td (nt)Tj 0 Tc 1.233 0 Td [(his )-75(case, )-75(the )-75(old )-75(addr)18(ess )-75(space )-75(is )-75(discar)18(ded, )-75(so )-75(the )-75(lock)]TJ -14.135 -1.2 Td [(state )-223(doesn\325t )-223(matter)]TJ 0.7227 Tc 9.082 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.586 0 Td [(his )-223(is )-223(not )-223(always )-223(possible, )-223(however)76(,)-473(so)-473(if)-473(t)1(he )-223(child )-223(needs )-223(to)]TJ -10.667 -1.2 Td [(continue pr)18(ocessing, we need to use a dif)18(fer)18(ent strategy)111(.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 1.8 -1.2 Td [(To )-448(a)]TJ 0 Tc 2.081 0 Td [(void )-263(pr)18(oblems )-263(with )-263(inconsistent )-263(state )-263(in )-263(a )-263(multithr)18(eaded )-263(pr)18(ocess, )-263(POSIX.1)]TJ -3.881 -1.2 Td [(states )-50(that )-50(only )-50(async-signal )-50(safe )-50(functions )-50(should )-50(be )-50(called )-50(by )-50(a )-50(child )-50(pr)16(ocess )-50(between)]TJ T* [(the )-82(time )-82(that)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.096 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 2.732 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(turns )-82(and )-82(the )-82(time )-82(that )-82(the )-82(child )-82(calls )-82(one )-82(of )-82(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 22.203 0 Td (exec)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.732 0 Td (functions.)Tj -34.619 -1.2 Td [(This )-65(limits )-65(what )-65(the )-65(child )-65(can )-65(do )-65(befor)]TJ 0.315 Tc 17.44 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.238 0 Td (alling)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.826 0 Td (exec)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.315 Tc (,b)Tj 0 Tc 3.518 0 Td [(ut )-65(doesn\325t )-65(addr)18(ess )-65(the )-65(pr)18(oblem)]TJ -25.022 -1.2 Td [(of lock state in the child pr)18(ocess.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 1.8 -1.2 Td [(To )-380(c)]TJ 0 Tc 1.956 0 Td [(lean )-195(up )-195(the )-195(lock )-195(state, )-195(we )-195(can )-195(establish)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 18.858 0 Td [(fork )-195(handlers)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 5.891 0 Td [(by )-195(calling )-195(the )-195(function)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -28.506 -1.2 Td (pthread_atfork)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46973 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(12.8)]TJ 34.385 0 Td [(Thr)18(eads )-250(and )-250(Signals)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 11.448 0 Td (453)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 183.589 670.9597 Tm [(Several )-59(of )-59(the )-59(functions )-59(listed )-59(in )-59(Figur)]TJ 0.3095 Tc 17.165 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.288 0 Td [(2.15, )-59(such )-59(as )-59(the )-59(ones )-59(dealing )-59(with )-59(message )-59(catalogs)]TJ -18.454 -1.25 Td (and wide character sets, ar)Tj 0.25 Tc 11.753 0 Td (en)Tj 0 Tc 1.311 0 Td (ot discussed further in this text.)Tj 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5906 642.9614 Tm [(If )-82(your )-82(application )-82(doesn\325t )-82(call )-82(one )-82(of )-82(the )-82(functions )-82(in )-82(Figur)]TJ 0.3316 Tc 27.092 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.311 0 Td [(2.14 )-82(or )-82(Figur)]TJ 0.3316 Tc 5.737 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.311 0 Td (2.15)Tj -37.25 -1.2 Td [(for )-239(a )-239(long )-239(period )-239(of )-239(time )-239(\(if )-239(it )-239(is )-239(compute )-239(bound, )-239(for )-239(example\), )-239(then )-239(you )-239(can )-239(call)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0 -1.2 TD (pthread_testcancel)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 11.05 0 Td [(to add your own cancellation points to the pr)18(ogram.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5903 599.864 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -2.14 TD (void pthread_testcancel\(void\);)Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 5761.25 cm 0 0 m 0 328 l 3900 328 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 147.5823 560.1728 Tm [(When )-104(you )-104(call)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.936 0 Td (pthread_testcancel)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(,)-354(if)-354(a)-354(cancellation )-104(r)18(equest )-104(is )-104(pending )-104(and )-104(if)]TJ -8.736 -1.2 Td [(cancellation )-141(has )-141(not )-141(been )-141(disabled, )-141(the )-141(thr)18(ead )-141(will )-141(be )-141(canceled.)-644(When )-141(cancellation )-141(is)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD (disabled, however)Tj 0.25 Tc 8.066 0 Td (,c)Tj 0 Tc 0.944 0 Td (alls to)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.878 0 Td (pthread_testcancel)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 11.05 0 Td [(have no ef)18(fect.)]TJ -21.138 -1.2 Td [(The )-390(default )-390(cancellation )-390(type )-390(we )-390(have )-390(been )-390(describing )-390(is )-390(known )-390(as)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 33.995 0 Td [(deferr)18(ed)]TJ -35.795 -1.2 Td (cancellation)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.7322 Tc (.A)Tj 0 Tc 6.574 0 Td [(fter )-232(a )-232(call )-232(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.36 0 Td (pthread_cancel)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.4822 Tc (,t)Tj 0 Tc 9.458 0 Td [(he )-232(actual )-232(cancellation )-232(doesn\325t )-232(occur)]TJ -22.392 -1.2 Td [(until )-11(the )-11(thr)18(ead )-11(hits )-11(a )-11(cancellation )-11(point.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 18.428 0 Td [(We )-195(c)]TJ 0 Tc 2.092 0 Td [(an )-11(change )-11(the )-11(cancellation )-11(type )-11(by )-11(calling)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -20.52 -1.2 Td (pthread_setcanceltype)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9989 0 0 8.9989 147.5825 471.4838 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.902 TD (int pthread_setcanceltype\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 18 0 Td (type)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 3.522 0 Td (nt *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (oldtype)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.241 -1.902 Td [(Returns: 0 if OK, err)18(or number on failur)18(e)]TJ ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 4328.25 cm 0 0 m 0 477 l 3900 477 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9982 0 0 9.9982 129.5767 419.2245 Tm (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.259 0 Td (pthread_setcanceltype)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 13.185 0 Td [(function )-335(sets )-335(the )-335(cancellation )-335(type )-335(to)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 18.365 0 Td (type)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.307 0 Td (\(either)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -36.115 -1.2 Td (PTHREAD_CANCEL_DEFERRED)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 14.092 0 Td (or)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.233 0 Td (PTHREAD_CANCEL_ASYNCHRONOUS)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.292 Tc (\)a)Tj 0 Tc 17.325 0 Td [(nd )-42(r)18(eturns )-42(the)]TJ -32.65 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(evious type in the integer pointed to by)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 18.633 0 Td (oldtype)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj -16.833 -1.2 Td [(Asynchr)18(onous )-56(cancellation )-56(dif)18(fers )-56(fr)18(om )-56(deferr)18(ed )-56(cancellation )-56(in )-56(that )-56(the )-56(thr)18(ead )-56(can)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(be )-49(canceled )-49(at )-49(any )-49(time.)-549(The )-49(thr)16(ead )-49(doesn\325t )-49(necessarily )-49(need )-49(to )-49(hit )-49(a )-49(cancellation )-49(point)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD (for it to be canceled.)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 11.9978 0 0 11.9978 93.5832 318.4427 Tm [(12.8 )-776(Threads)-556(and )-278(Signals)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9982 0 0 9.9982 129.5767 294.447 Tm [(Dealing )-453(with )-453(signals )-453(can )-453(be )-453(complicated )-453(even )-453(with )-453(a )-453(pr)18(ocess-based )-453(paradigm.)]TJ T* [(Intr)18(oducing thr)18(eads into the pictur)]TJ 0.25 Tc 15.328 0 Td (em)Tj 0 Tc 1.612 0 Td (akes things even mor)Tj 0.25 Tc 9.381 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.173 0 Td (omplicated.)Tj -25.694 -1.2 Td [(Each )-185(thr)18(ead )-185(has )-185(its )-185(own )-185(signal )-185(mask, )-185(but )-185(the )-185(signal )-185(disposition )-185(is )-185(shar)18(ed )-185(by )-185(all)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(thr)18(eads )-202(in )-202(the )-202(pr)19(ocess. )-452(As)]TJ 0.4517 Tc 12.814 0 Td (ac)Tj 0 Tc 1.396 0 Td [(onsequence, )-202(individual )-202(thr)18(eads )-202(can )-202(block )-202(signals, )-202(but)]TJ -14.21 -1.2 Td [(when )-83(a )-83(thr)18(ead )-83(modi\336es )-83(the )-83(action )-83(associated )-83(with )-83(a )-83(given )-83(signal, )-83(all )-83(thr)18(eads )-83(shar)]TJ 0.3327 Tc 36.801 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.138 0 Td (he)Tj -37.939 -1.2 Td [(action. )-362(Thus,)-361(if )-112(one )-112(thr)18(ead )-112(chooses )-112(to )-112(ignor)]TJ 0.3618 Tc 19.968 0 Td (eag)Tj 0 Tc 2.259 0 Td [(iven )-112(signal, )-112(another )-112(thr)18(ead )-112(can )-112(undo)]TJ -22.227 -1.2 Td [(that )-155(choice )-155(by )-155(r)18(estoring )-155(the )-155(default )-155(disposition )-155(or )-155(installing )-155(a )-155(signal )-155(handler )-155(for )-155(that)]TJ T* (signal.)Tj 1.8 -1.2 Td [(Signals )-107(ar)]TJ 0.3572 Tc 4.403 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.447 0 Td [(eliver)18(ed )-107(to )-107(a )-107(single )-107(thr)18(ead )-107(in )-107(the )-107(pr)17(ocess. )-357(If)-358(the )-107(signal )-107(is )-107(r)18(elated )-107(to )-107(a)]TJ -7.65 -1.2 Td [(har)18(dwar)]TJ 0.3425 Tc 3.781 0 Td (ef)Tj 0 Tc 1.154 0 Td [(ault, )-92(the )-92(signal )-92(is )-92(usually )-92(sent )-92(to )-92(the )-92(thr)18(ead )-92(whose )-92(action )-92(caused )-92(the )-92(event.)]TJ -4.935 -1.2 Td (Other signals, on the other hand, ar)Tj 0.25 Tc 15.631 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.34 0 Td [(eliver)18(ed to an arbitrary thr)18(ead.)]TJ -15.171 -1.2 Td [(In )-17(Section )-17(10.12, )-17(we )-17(discussed )-17(how )-17(pr)17(ocesses )-17(can )-17(use )-17(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 25.486 0 Td (sigprocmask)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.867 0 Td [(function )-17(to)]TJ -34.154 -1.2 Td [(block )-52(signals )-52(fr)18(om )-52(delivery)]TJ 0.552 Tc 12.059 0 Td (.H)Tj 0 Tc 1.634 0 Td (owever)Tj 0.302 Tc 3.224 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 0.878 0 Td [(he )-52(behavior )-52(of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.757 0 Td (sigprocmask)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.902 0 Td [(is )-52(unde\336ned )-52(in )-52(a)]TJ -31.454 -1.2 Td [(multithr)18(eaded pr)18(ocess. )-250(Thr)18(eads have to use the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 21.381 0 Td (pthread_sigmask)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.25 0 Td (function instead.)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46974 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(12.7)]TJ 36.772 0 Td [(Cancel )-250(Options)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 9.061 0 Td (451)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 11.9993 0 0 11.9993 93.5944 668.9599 Tm [(12.7 )-776(Cancel)-556(Options)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf -0.09 Tc 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 648.5611 Tm (Tw)Tj 0.3476 Tc 1.357 0 Td (ot)Tj 0 Tc 1.22 0 Td [(hr)18(ead )-98(attributes )-98(that )-98(ar)]TJ 0.3476 Tc 10.426 0 Td (en)Tj 0 Tc 1.409 0 Td [(ot )-98(included )-98(in )-98(the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 8.434 0 Td (pthread_attr_t)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.748 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)]TJ 0.3475 Tc 3.49 0 Td (ea)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.326 0 Td [(re )-134(t)]TJ 0 Tc 1.529 0 Td (he)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -37.939 -1.2 Td [(cancelability )-235(state)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 7.914 0 Td [(and )-235(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 4.051 0 Td [(cancelability )-235(type)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 0.7355 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 8.861 0 Td [(hese )-235(attributes )-235(af)18(fect )-235(the )-235(behavior )-235(of )-235(a)]TJ -20.826 -1.2 Td [(thr)18(ead in r)18(esponse to a call to)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 13.18 0 Td (pthread_cancel)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.65 0 Td [(\(Section 1)55(1.5\).)]TJ -20.03 -1.2 Td (The)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 2.441 0 Td [(cancelability )-517(state)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 8.476 0 Td [(attribute )-517(can )-517(be )-517(either)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 11.975 0 Td (PTHREAD_CANCEL_ENABLE)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 13.367 0 Td (or)Tj /TT1 1 Tf -38.059 -1.2 Td (PTHREAD_CANCEL_DISABLE)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.7977 Tc (.A)Tj 0 Tc 15.573 0 Td [(thr)18(ead )-298(can )-298(change )-298(its)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 10.776 0 Td [(cancelability )-298(state)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 8.039 0 Td [(by )-298(calling)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf -34.388 -1.2 Td (pthread_setcancelstate)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5909 571.8657 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.902 TD (int pthread_setcancelstate\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 18.6 0 Td (state)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 3.688 0 Td (nt *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (oldstate)Tj /TT1 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -1.007 -1.902 Td [(Returns: 0 if OK, err)18(or number on failur)18(e)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 5331.25 cm 0 0 m 0 478 l 3900 478 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 519.5976 Tm [(In )-37(one )-37(atomic )-37(operation,)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 11.178 0 Td (pthread_setcancelstate)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 13.487 0 Td [(sets )-36(the )-36(curr)17(ent)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 7.106 0 Td [(cancelability )-36(state)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf -31.77 -1.2 Td (to)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.216 0 Td (state)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.231 0 Td [(and )-93(stor)18(es )-93(the )-93(pr)17(evious)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 10.916 0 Td [(cancelability )-94(state)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 7.63 0 Td [(in )-94(the )-94(memory )-94(location )-94(pointed )-94(to )-94(by)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf -21.993 -1.2 Td (oldstate)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj 1.8 -1.2 Td [(Recall )-18(fr)18(om )-18(Section )-18(1)55(1.5 )-18(that )-18(a )-18(call )-18(to)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 16.475 0 Td (pthread_cancel)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.668 0 Td [(doesn\325t )-18(wait )-18(for )-18(a )-18(thr)18(ead )-18(to)]TJ -26.943 -1.2 Td [(terminate. )-442(In)-443(the )-192(default )-192(case, )-192(a )-192(thr)18(ead )-192(will )-192(continue )-192(to )-192(execute )-192(after )-192(a )-192(cancellation)]TJ -0.018 Tc 0 -1.2 TD (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(quest )-135(is )-135(made )-135(until )-135(the )-135(thr)18(ead )-135(r)18(eaches )-135(a)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 18.797 0 Td [(cancellation )-135(point)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 0.6346 Tc (.A)Tj 0 Tc 9.357 0 Td [(cancellation )-134(point )-134(is )-134(a)]TJ -29.009 -1.2 Td [(place )-218(wher)]TJ 0.4682 Tc 5.055 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.273 0 Td [(he )-218(thr)18(ead )-218(checks )-218(whether )-218(it )-218(has )-218(been )-218(canceled, )-218(and )-218(if )-218(so, )-218(acts )-218(on )-218(the)]TJ -0.018 Tc -6.328 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(quest. )-282(POSIX.1)-281(guarantees )-32(that )-32(cancellation )-32(points )-32(will )-32(occur )-32(when )-32(a )-32(thr)20(ead )-32(calls )-32(any)]TJ -0.856 -1.2 Td (of the functions listed in Figur)Tj 0.25 Tc 13.325 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (2.14.)Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1418.25 4012.25 cm 0 0 m 3656 0 l S Q Q BT /TT1 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 145.7738 393.1892 Tm (accept )Tj 10.5 0 Td (mq_timedsend)Tj 14.7 0 Td [(pthread_join )-4500(sendto)]TJ -25.2 -1.25 Td [(aio_suspend )-3300(msgrcv)]TJ 25.2 0 Td [(pthread_testcancel )-900(sigsuspend)]TJ -25.2 -1.25 Td [(clock_nanosleep )-900(msgsnd)]TJ 25.2 0 Td (pwrite )Tj 12.3 0 Td (sigtimedwait)Tj -37.5 -1.25 Td (close )Tj 10.5 0 Td (msync)Tj 14.7 0 Td (read )Tj 12.3 0 Td (sigwait)Tj -37.5 -1.25 Td (connect )Tj 10.5 0 Td (nanosleep)Tj 14.7 0 Td (readv )Tj 12.3 0 Td (sigwaitinfo)Tj -37.5 -1.25 Td (creat )Tj 10.5 0 Td (open)Tj 14.7 0 Td (recv )Tj 12.3 0 Td (sleep)Tj -37.5 -1.25 Td (fcntl )Tj 10.5 0 Td (openat)Tj 14.7 0 Td (recvfrom )Tj 12.3 0 Td (system)Tj -37.5 -1.25 Td [(fdatasync )-4500(pause)]TJ 25.2 0 Td (recvmsg )Tj 12.3 0 Td (tcdrain)Tj -37.5 -1.25 Td (fsync )Tj 10.5 0 Td (poll)Tj 14.7 0 Td (select )Tj 12.3 0 Td (wait)Tj -37.5 -1.25 Td (lockf )Tj 10.5 0 Td (pread)Tj 14.7 0 Td [(sem_timedwait )-3900(waitid)]TJ -25.2 -1.25 Td [(mq_receive )-3900(pselect)]TJ 25.2 0 Td (sem_wait )Tj 12.3 0 Td (waitpid)Tj -37.5 -1.25 Td (mq_send )Tj 10.5 0 Td [(pthread_cond_timedwait)-1500(send )]TJ 27 0 Td (write)Tj -37.5 -1.25 Td [(mq_timedreceive )-900(pthread_cond_wait)-4500(sendmsg )]TJ 37.5 0 Td (writev)Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1418.25 2692.25 cm 0 0 m 3656 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4398.25 2692.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1320 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3414.25 2692.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1320 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2238.25 2692.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1320 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5074.25 2692.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1320 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1418.25 2692.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1320 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 229.9408 251.1997 Tm (Figure 12.14)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.195 0 Td (Cancellation points de\336ned by POSIX.1)Tj 0.5337 Tc 9.9976 0 0 9.9976 147.5648 224.806 Tm (At)Tj 0 Tc 1.638 0 Td [(hr)18(ead )-284(starts )-284(with )-284(a )-284(default)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 13.289 0 Td [(cancelability )-284(state)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 8.011 0 Td (of)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.413 0 Td (PTHREAD_CANCEL_ENABLE)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj -26.15 -1.2 Td [(When )-81(the )-81(state )-81(is )-81(set )-81(to)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 10.889 0 Td (PTHREAD_CANCEL_DISABLE)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.3313 Tc (,ac)Tj 0 Tc 15.057 0 Td [(all )-81(to)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 2.616 0 Td (pthread_cancel)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.731 0 Td (will)Tj -37.293 -1.2 Td [(not )-159(kill )-159(the )-159(thr)17(ead. )-409(Instead,)-409(the )-159(cancellation )-159(r)18(equest )-159(r)18(emains )-159(pending )-159(for )-159(the )-159(thr)17(ead.)]TJ T* [(When )-292(the )-292(state )-292(is )-292(enabled )-292(again, )-292(the )-292(thr)19(ead )-292(will )-292(act )-292(on )-292(any )-292(pending )-292(cancellation)]TJ -0.018 Tc T* (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (quests at the next cancellation point.)Tj 0.944 -1.2 Td [(In )-128(addition )-128(to )-128(the )-128(functions )-128(listed )-128(in )-128(Figur)]TJ 0.3785 Tc 19.394 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.357 0 Td [(2.14, )-128(POSIX.1 )-128(speci\336es )-128(the )-128(functions)]TJ -22.552 -1.2 Td (listed in Figur)Tj 0.25 Tc 6.178 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (2.15 as optional cancellation points.)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46975 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (446)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Thr)18(ead )-250(Contr)18(ol )]TJ 38.741 0 Td [(Chapter)-500(12)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf -0.092 Tc 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5911 668.9599 Tm [(To )-402(m)]TJ 0 Tc 2.418 0 Td (ake)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.003 0 Td (getenv_r)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 5.267 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(entrant, )-217(we )-217(changed )-217(the )-217(interface )-217(so )-217(that )-217(the )-217(caller )-217(must)]TJ -12.343 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ovide )-52(its )-52(own )-52(buf)19(fer)]TJ 0.5517 Tc 9.982 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.415 0 Td [(hus )-52(each )-52(thr)18(ead )-52(can )-52(use )-52(a )-52(dif)20(fer)18(ent )-52(buf)18(fer )-52(to )-52(avoid )-52(interfering)]TJ -11.397 -1.2 Td [(with )-33(the )-33(others.)-533(Note, )-33(however)]TJ 0.2832 Tc 14.043 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 0.859 0 Td [(hat )-33(this )-33(is )-33(not )-33(enough )-33(to )-33(make)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 13.82 0 Td (getenv_r)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.083 0 Td [(thr)18(ead-safe.)]TJ -0.092 Tc -33.806 -1.2 Td [(To )-216(m)]TJ 0 Tc 2.232 0 Td (ake)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.817 0 Td (getenv_r)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.082 0 Td [(thr)18(ead-safe, )-32(we )-32(need )-32(to )-32(pr)18(otect )-32(against )-32(changes )-32(to )-32(the )-32(envir)14(onment)]TJ -9.132 -1.2 Td [(while )-56(we )-56(ar)]TJ 0.3056 Tc 5.278 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.209 0 Td [(ear)18(ching )-56(for )-56(the )-56(r)19(equested )-55(string.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 15.412 0 Td [(We )-240(c)]TJ 0 Tc 2.136 0 Td [(an )-55(use )-55(a )-55(mutex )-55(to )-55(serialize )-55(access)]TJ -24.035 -1.2 Td [(to the envir)18(onment list by)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.642 0 Td (getenv_r)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.05 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.943 0 Td (putenv)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj -0.092 Tc -16.835 -1.2 Td [(We )-432(c)]TJ 0 Tc 2.329 0 Td [(ould )-248(have )-248(used )-248(a )-248(r)18(eader\320writer )-248(lock )-248(to )-248(allow )-248(multiple )-248(concurr)18(ent )-248(calls )-248(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.129 -1.2 Td (getenv_r)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.3124 Tc (,b)Tj 0 Tc 5.915 0 Td [(ut )-62(the )-62(added )-62(concurr)18(ency )-62(pr)18(obably )-62(wouldn\325t )-62(impr)18(ove )-62(the )-62(performance )-62(of)]TJ -5.915 -1.2 Td [(our )-142(pr)18(ogram )-142(by )-142(very )-142(much, )-142(for )-142(two )-142(r)17(easons. )-392(First,)-392(the )-142(envir)18(onment )-142(list )-142(usually )-142(isn\325t)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(very )-26(long, )-26(so )-26(we )-26(won\325t )-26(hold )-26(the )-26(mutex )-26(for )-26(too )-26(long )-26(while )-26(we )-26(scan )-26(the )-26(list.)-526(Second, )-26(calls)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD (to)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.22 0 Td (getenv)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.948 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.041 0 Td (putenv)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.948 0 Td (ar)Tj 0.3484 Tc 0.877 0 Td (ei)Tj 0 Tc 1.118 0 Td [(nfr)18(equent, )-98(so )-98(if )-98(we )-98(impr)18(ove )-98(their )-98(performance, )-98(we )-98(won\325t)]TJ -13.154 -1.2 Td [(af)18(fect the overall performance of the pr)18(ogram very much.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(Even )-252(though )-252(we )-252(can )-252(make)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 13.2 0 Td (getenv_r)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.302 0 Td [(thr)18(ead-safe, )-252(that )-252(doesn\325t )-252(mean )-252(that )-252(it )-252(is)]TJ -0.018 Tc -20.303 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(entrant )-89(with )-89(r)18(espect )-89(to )-89(signal )-89(handlers.)-588(If )-89(we )-89(wer)18(e)-339(to)-339(use )-89(a )-89(nonr)18(ecursive )-89(mutex, )-89(we)]TJ -0.856 -1.2 Td [(would )-151(r)8(un )-151(the )-151(risk )-151(that )-151(a )-151(thr)18(ead )-151(would )-151(deadlock )-151(itself )-151(if )-151(it )-151(called)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 30.759 0 Td (getenv_r)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.201 0 Td [(fr)18(om )-151(a)]TJ -35.96 -1.2 Td [(signal )-240(handler)]TJ 0.7399 Tc 6.5 0 Td (.I)Tj 0.4899 Tc 1.327 0 Td (ft)Tj 0 Tc 1.149 0 Td [(he )-240(signal )-240(handler )-240(interr)8(upted )-240(the )-240(thr)18(ead )-240(while )-240(it )-240(was )-240(executing)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -8.976 -1.2 Td (getenv_r)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(,)-425(we)-425(would )-175(alr)18(eady )-175(be )-175(holding)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 19.604 0 Td (env_mutex)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.825 0 Td [(locked, )-175(so )-175(another )-175(attempt )-175(to)]TJ -25.429 -1.2 Td [(lock )-187(it )-187(would )-187(block, )-187(causing )-187(the )-187(thr)18(ead )-187(to )-187(deadlock.)-687(Thus )-187(we )-187(must )-187(use )-187(a )-187(r)21(ecursive)]TJ T* [(mutex )-1(to )-1(pr)18(event )-1(other )-1(thr)18(eads )-1(fr)18(om )-1(changing )-1(the )-1(data )-1(str)10(uctur)18(es )-1(while )-1(we )-1(look )-1(at )-1(them)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(and )-308(to )-308(pr)18(event )-308(deadlocks )-308(fr)18(om )-308(signal )-308(handlers.)-808(The )-308(pr)18(oblem )-308(is )-308(that )-308(the )-308(pthr)13(ead)]TJ T* [(functions )-191(ar)]TJ 0.4412 Tc 5.449 0 Td (en)Tj 0 Tc 1.502 0 Td [(ot )-191(guaranteed )-191(to )-191(be )-191(async-signal )-191(safe, )-191(so )-191(we )-191(can\325t )-191(use )-191(them )-191(to )-191(make)]TJ -6.951 -1.2 Td (another function async-signal safe.)Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5141.25 4170.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 50 50 l 0 50 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /TT1 1 Tf 11.9986 0 0 11.9986 93.5888 371.3554 Tm [(12.6 )-776(Thread)]TJ 6.334 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(Speci\336c )-278(Data)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 347.3583 Tm [(Thr)18(ead-speci\336c )-27(data, )-27(also )-27(known )-27(as )-27(thr)18(ead-private )-27(data, )-27(is )-27(a )-27(mechanism )-27(for )-27(storing )-27(and)]TJ T* [(\336nding )-441(data )-441(associated )-441(with )-441(a )-441(particular )-441(thr)18(ead. )-691(The)]TJ -0.018 Tc 27.165 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(ason )-441(we )-441(call )-441(the )-441(data)]TJ -28.021 -1.2 Td [(thr)18(ead-speci\336c, or thr)18(ead-private, is that we\325d like each thr)14(ead to access its own separate)]TJ T* [(copy of the data, without worrying about synchr)18(onizing access with other thr)18(eads.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(Many )-205(people )-205(went )-205(to )-205(a )-205(lot )-205(of )-205(tr)20(ouble )-205(designing )-205(a )-205(thr)18(eads )-205(model )-205(that )-205(pr)19(omotes)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(sharing )-60(pr)18(ocess )-60(data )-60(and )-60(attributes.)-562(So )-60(why )-60(would )-60(anyone )-60(want )-60(to )-60(pr)18(omote )-60(interfaces)]TJ T* [(that pr)18(event sharing in this model?)-500(Ther)]TJ 0.25 Tc 18.024 0 Td (ea)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.229 0 Td [(re )-36(t)]TJ 0 Tc 1.432 0 Td [(wo r)18(easons.)]TJ -18.885 -1.2 Td [(First, )-79(sometimes )-79(we )-79(need )-79(to )-79(maintain )-79(data )-79(on )-79(a )-79(per)20(-thr)18(ead )-79(basis.)-579(Since )-79(ther)19(e)-329(is)-329(no)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(guarantee )-181(that )-181(thr)18(ead )-181(IDs )-181(ar)]TJ 0.4313 Tc 13.167 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.334 0 Td [(mall, )-181(sequential )-181(integers, )-181(we )-181(can\325t )-181(simply )-181(allocate )-181(an)]TJ -14.501 -1.2 Td [(array )-80(of )-80(per)18(-thr)18(ead )-80(data )-80(and )-80(use )-80(the )-80(thr)18(ead )-80(ID )-80(as )-80(the )-80(index.)-579(Even )-80(if )-80(we )-80(could )-80(depend)]TJ T* [(on )-164(small, )-164(sequential )-164(thr)18(ead )-164(IDs, )-164(we\325d )-164(like )-164(a )-164(little )-164(extra )-164(pr)18(otection )-164(so )-164(that )-164(one )-164(thr)19(ead)]TJ T* [(can\325t mess with another)-74(\325s data.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(The )-91(second )-91(r)18(eason )-91(for )-91(thr)18(ead-private )-91(data )-91(is )-91(to )-91(pr)20(ovide )-91(a )-91(mechanism )-91(for )-91(adapting)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ocess-based )-2(interfaces )-2(to )-2(a )-2(multithr)18(eaded )-2(envir)17(onment. )-252(An)-253(obvious )-2(example )-2(of )-2(this )-2(is)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0 -1.2 Td (errno)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.7335 Tc (.R)Tj 0 Tc 4.651 0 Td [(ecall )-234(the )-234(discussion )-234(of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.845 0 Td (errno)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.484 0 Td [(in )-234(Section )-234(1.7.)-734(Older )-234(interfaces )-234(\(befor)]TJ 0.4836 Tc 17.67 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.289 0 Td (he)Tj -37.939 -1.2 Td [(advent )-157(of )-157(thr)18(eads\) )-157(de\336ned)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 12.569 0 Td (errno)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.407 0 Td [(as )-157(an )-157(integer )-157(that )-157(is )-157(accessible )-157(globally )-157(within )-157(the)]TJ -15.976 -1.2 Td [(context )-180(of )-180(a )-180(pr)18(ocess. )-430(System)-430(calls )-180(and )-180(library )-180(r)18(outines )-180(set)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 27.366 0 Td (errno)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.43 0 Td [(as )-180(a )-180(side )-180(ef)18(fect )-180(of)]TJ -30.796 -1.2 Td [(failing. )-479(T)]TJ 0.4788 Tc 4.344 0 Td (om)Tj 0 Tc 1.908 0 Td [(ake )-229(it )-229(possible )-229(for )-229(thr)18(eads )-229(to )-229(use )-229(these )-229(same )-229(system )-229(calls )-229(and )-229(library)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46976 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (442)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Thr)18(ead )-250(Contr)18(ol )]TJ 38.741 0 Td [(Chapter)-500(12)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5911 668.9599 Tm [(The )-72(value )-72(of )-72(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 7.666 0 Td [(pr)18(ocess-shar)18(ed)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 6.137 0 Td [(attribute )-72(can )-72(be )-72(either)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.197 0 Td (PTHREAD_PROCESS_SHARED)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -25.8 -1.2 Td [(\(accessible )-463(to )-463(thr)18(eads )-463(fr)18(om )-463(multiple )-463(pr)18(ocesses\) )-463(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 25.2 0 Td (PTHREAD_PROCESS_PRIVATE)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -25.2 -1.2 Td [(\(accessible to only thr)18(eads in the pr)18(ocess that initialized the barrier\).)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 11.9993 0 0 11.9993 93.5949 608.9635 Tm [(12.5 )-776(Reentranc)10(y)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf -0.092 Tc 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5927 589.7646 Tm [(We )-449(d)]TJ 0 Tc 2.513 0 Td [(iscussed )-265(r)18(eentrant )-265(functions )-265(and )-265(signal )-265(handlers )-265(in )-265(Section )-265(10.6.)-766(Thr)18(eads )-265(ar)18(e)]TJ -2.513 -1.2 Td [(similar )-72(to )-72(signal )-72(handlers )-72(when )-72(it )-72(comes )-72(to )-72(r)20(eentrancy)]TJ 0.5718 Tc 24.38 0 Td (.I)Tj 0.3217 Tc 1.159 0 Td (nb)Tj 0 Tc 1.457 0 Td [(oth )-72(cases, )-72(multiple )-72(thr)19(eads)]TJ -26.996 -1.2 Td [(of contr)18(ol can potentially call the same function at the same time.)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1682.25 5458.25 cm 0 0 m 3128 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 172.1793 537.7355 Tm [(basename )-3900(getchar_unlocked)-1500(getservent )-1500(putc_unlocked)]TJ 0 -1.25 TD [(catgets )-4500(getdate)]TJ 20.4 0 Td [(getutxent )-2100(putchar_unlocked)]TJ -20.4 -1.25 Td (crypt )Tj 9.3 0 Td (getenv)Tj 11.1 0 Td [(getutxid )-2700(putenv)]TJ -20.4 -1.25 Td [(dbm_clearerr )-1500(getgrent)]TJ 20.4 0 Td [(getutxline )-1500(pututxline)]TJ -20.4 -1.25 Td [(dbm_close )-3300(getgrgid)]TJ 20.4 0 Td [(gmtime )-3900(rand)]TJ -20.4 -1.25 Td [(dbm_delete )-2700(getgrnam)]TJ 20.4 0 Td [(hcreate )-3300(readdir)]TJ -20.4 -1.25 Td [(dbm_error )-3300(gethostent)]TJ 20.4 0 Td [(hdestroy )-2700(setenv)]TJ -20.4 -1.25 Td [(dbm_fetch )-3300(getlogin)]TJ 20.4 0 Td [(hsearch )-3300(setgrent)]TJ -20.4 -1.25 Td [(dbm_firstkey )-1500(getnetbyaddr)-3900(inet_ntoa )-2100(setkey)]TJ T* [(dbm_nextkey )-2100(getnetbyname)-3900(l64a )]TJ 28.5 0 Td (setpwent)Tj -28.5 -1.25 Td [(dbm_open )-3900(getnetent)]TJ 20.4 0 Td [(lgamma )-3900(setutxent)]TJ -20.4 -1.25 Td [(dbm_store )-3300(getopt)]TJ 20.4 0 Td [(lgammaf )-3300(strerror)]TJ -20.4 -1.25 Td [(dirname )-4500(getprotobyname)-2700(lgammal )-3300(strsignal)]TJ T* [(dlerror )-4500(getprotobynumber)-1500(localeconv )-1500(strtok)]TJ T* [(drand48 )-4500(getprotoent)-4500(localtime )-2100(system)]TJ T* [(encrypt )-4500(getpwent)]TJ 20.4 0 Td [(lrand48 )-3300(ttyname)]TJ -20.4 -1.25 Td [(endgrent )-3900(getpwnam)]TJ 20.4 0 Td [(mrand48 )-3300(unsetenv)]TJ -20.4 -1.25 Td [(endpwent )-3900(getpwuid)]TJ 20.4 0 Td (nftw )Tj 8.1 0 Td (wcstombs)Tj -28.5 -1.25 Td [(endutxent )-3300(getservbyname)-3300(nl_langinfo )-900(wctomb)]TJ T* [(getc_unlocked )-900(getservbyport)-3300(ptsname)]TJ ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1682.25 3438.25 cm 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(wcrtomb)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.703 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.196 0 Td (wcsrtombs)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.903 0 Td [(ar)18(e)]TJ -37.644 -1.2 Td [(thr)18(ead-safe when they ar)]TJ 0.25 Tc 10.991 0 Td (ep)Tj 0 Tc 1.33 0 Td (assed a null pointer for their)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 12.772 0 Td (mbstate_t)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.65 0 Td [(ar)18(gument.)]TJ -28.943 -1.2 Td [(Implementations )-1109(that )-1109(support )-1109(thr)18(ead-safe )-1109(functions )-1109(will )-1109(de\336ne )-1109(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.8 -1.2 Td (_POSIX_THREAD_SAFE_FUNCTIONS)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 17.235 0 Td [(symbol )-185(in)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.997 0 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.6853 Tc (.A)Tj 0 Tc 7.713 0 Td [(pplications )-185(can )-185(also)]TJ -29.945 -1.2 Td [(use )-19(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.431 0 Td (_SC_THREAD_SAFE_FUNCTIONS)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 15.269 0 Td [(ar)18(gument )-19(with)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.877 0 Td (sysconf)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.469 0 Td [(to )-19(check )-19(for )-19(support)]TJ -30.046 -1.2 Td [(of )-38(thr)18(ead-safe )-38(functions )-38(at )-38(r)6(untime. )-288(Prior)-289(to )-38(V)111(ersion )-39(4 )-39(of )-39(the )-39(Single )-39(UNIX )-39(Speci\336cation,)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(all )-222(XSI-conforming )-222(implementations )-222(wer)]TJ 0.4719 Tc 18.692 0 Td (er)Tj 0 Tc 1.328 0 Td [(equir)18(ed )-222(to )-222(support )-222(thr)18(ead-safe )-222(functions.)]TJ -0.055 Tc -20.02 -1.2 Td (Wi)Tj 0 Tc 1.236 0 Td [(th )-620(SUSv4, )-620(however)]TJ 0.87 Tc 9.597 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 1.446 0 Td [(hr)18(ead-safe )-620(function )-620(support )-620(is )-620(now )-620(r)18(equir)18(ed )-620(for )-620(an)]TJ -12.279 -1.2 Td [(implementation to be consider)18(ed POSIX conforming.)]TJ -0.055 Tc 1.8 -1.2 Td (Wi)Tj 0 Tc 1.236 0 Td [(th )-558(thr)18(ead-safe )-558(functions, )-558(implementations )-558(pr)17(ovide )-558(alternative, )-558(thr)18(ead-safe)]TJ -3.036 -1.2 Td [(versions )-61(of )-61(some )-61(of )-61(the )-61(POSIX.1 )-61(functions )-61(that )-61(ar)18(en\325t )-61(thr)19(ead-safe. )-311(Figur)]TJ 0.311 Tc 32.195 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.29 0 Td [(2.10 )-61(lists )-61(the)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46977 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(12.4)]TJ 31.602 0 Td [(Synchr)18(onization )-250(Attributes)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 14.231 0 Td (441)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 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1034 l 3900 1034 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 147.5823 505.9593 Tm (Curiously)Tj 0.2772 Tc 4.307 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 0.853 0 Td [(he )-27(Single )-27(UNIX )-27(Speci\336cation )-27(doesn\325t )-27(de\336ne )-27(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 21.361 0 Td (clock)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.257 0 Td [(attribute )-27(for )-27(any )-27(of)]TJ -30.579 -1.2 Td (the other attribute objects that have a wait function with a timeout.)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 11.9986 0 0 11.9986 129.5844 453.1656 Tm [(12.4.4 )-556(Barrier)-556(Attrib)20(utes)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 429.1685 Tm [(Barriers )-92(have )-92(attributes, )-92(too.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 13.376 0 Td [(We )-276(c)]TJ 0 Tc 2.173 0 Td [(an )-92(use )-92(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.002 0 Td (pthread_barrierattr_init)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 14.742 0 Td (function)Tj -35.293 -1.2 Td [(to )-337(initialize )-337(a )-337(barrier )-337(attributes )-337(object )-337(and )-337(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 22.8 0 Td (pthread_barrierattr_destroy)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -22.8 -1.2 Td (function to deinitialize a barrier attributes object.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9989 0 0 8.9989 147.5825 387.2735 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -2.14 TD (int pthread_barrierattr_init\(pthread_barrierattr_t *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (attr)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj 0 -2.14 TD (int pthread_barrierattr_destroy\(pthread_barrierattr_t *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (attr)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 19.681 -2.14 Td [(Both r)18(eturn: 0 if OK, err)18(or number on failur)18(e)]TJ ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 3250.25 cm 0 0 m 0 713 l 3900 713 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9982 0 0 9.9982 147.5734 310.2841 Tm [(The )-212(only )-212(barrier )-212(attribute )-212(curr)18(ently )-212(de\336ned )-212(is )-212(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 23.678 0 Td [(pr)18(ocess-shar)18(ed)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 6.277 0 Td [(attribute, )-212(which)]TJ -31.756 -1.2 Td [(contr)18(ols )-38(whether )-38(a )-38(barrier )-38(can )-38(be )-38(used )-38(by )-38(thr)18(eads )-38(fr)18(om )-38(multiple )-38(pr)18(ocesses )-38(or )-38(only )-38(fr)11(om)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(within )-141(the )-141(pr)18(ocess )-141(that )-141(initialized )-141(the )-141(barrier)]TJ 0.6412 Tc 20.443 0 Td (.A)Tj 0.3912 Tc 1.669 0 Td (sw)Tj 0 Tc 1.649 0 Td [(ith )-141(the )-141(other )-141(attribute )-141(objects, )-141(we)]TJ -23.762 -1.2 Td [(have )-130(one )-130(function )-130(to )-130(get )-130(the )-130(attribute )-130(\()]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 17.849 0 Td (pthread_barrierattr_getpshared)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.3796 Tc (\)v)Tj 0 Tc 19.278 0 Td (alue)Tj -37.127 -1.2 Td (and one function to set the value \()Tj /TT0 1 Tf (pthread_barrierattr_setpshared)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (\).)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9984 0 0 8.9984 147.574 244.3956 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -2.14 TD (int pthread_barrierattr_getpshared\(const pthread_barrierattr_t *)Tj 19.2 -1.189 Td (restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 5.4 0 Td (attr)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -5.4 -1.189 Td (int *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 8.4 0 Td [(pshar)18(ed)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -27.6 -2.14 Td (int pthread_barrierattr_setpshared\(pthread_barrierattr_t *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (attr)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj 19.2 -1.189 Td (int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 2.4 0 Td [(pshar)18(ed)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -1.919 -2.14 Td [(Both r)18(eturn: 0 if OK, err)18(or number on failur)18(e)]TJ ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 1500.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1034 l 3900 1034 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46978 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (440)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Thr)18(ead )-250(Contr)18(ol )]TJ 38.741 0 Td [(Chapter)-500(12)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 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)-34(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.504 0 Td (fsync)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -36 -1.2 Td [(\(Section 3.13\), but works on memory-mapped r)18(egions.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5909 568.2659 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.902 TD (int msync\(void *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (addr)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 13.233 0 Td (ize_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3.6 0 Td (len)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 3.023 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (\337ags)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.195 -1.902 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 5295.25 cm 0 0 m 0 478 l 3900 478 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 515.9981 Tm [(If )-373(the )-373(mapping )-373(is )-373(private, )-373(the )-373(\336le )-373(mapped )-373(is )-373(not )-373(modi\336ed.)-873(As )-373(with )-373(the )-373(other)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(memory-mapped functions, the addr)18(ess must be aligned on a page boundary)111(.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td (The)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 2.059 0 Td (\337ags)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.263 0 Td [(ar)18(gument )-135(allows )-135(us )-135(some )-135(contr)18(ol )-135(over )-135(how )-135(the )-135(memory )-135(is )-135(\337ushed.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 31.492 0 Td (We)Tj 0 Tc -37.613 -1.2 Td [(can )-74(specify )-74(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.012 0 Td (MS_ASYNC)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.124 0 Td [(\337ag )-74(to )-74(simply )-74(schedule )-74(the )-74(pages )-74(to )-74(be )-74(written.)-571(If )-74(we )-74(want)]TJ -12.136 -1.2 Td [(to )-7(wait )-7(for )-7(the )-7(writes )-7(to )-7(complete )-7(befor)]TJ 0.2572 Tc 17.242 0 Td (er)Tj 0 Tc 1.113 0 Td [(eturning, )-7(we )-7(can )-7(use )-7(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.082 0 Td (MS_SYNC)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.457 0 Td [(\337ag. )-257(Either)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -33.895 -1.2 Td (MS_ASYNC)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.05 0 Td (or)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.191 0 Td (MS_SYNC)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td (must be speci\336ed.)Tj -8.891 -1.2 Td [(An )-61(optional )-61(\337ag,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.891 0 Td (MS_INVALIDATE)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.3114 Tc (,l)Tj 0 Tc 8.652 0 Td [(ets )-61(us )-61(tell )-61(the )-61(operating )-61(system )-61(to )-61(discar)]TJ 0.3113 Tc 18.096 0 Td (da)Tj 0 Tc 1.422 0 Td (ny)Tj -37.862 -1.2 Td [(pages )-189(that )-189(ar)]TJ 0.4395 Tc 6.05 0 Td (eo)Tj 0 Tc 1.464 0 Td [(ut )-189(of )-189(sync )-189(with )-189(the )-189(underlying )-189(storage.)-689(Some )-189(implementations )-189(will)]TJ -7.514 -1.2 Td (discar)Tj 0.336 Tc 2.647 0 Td (da)Tj 0 Tc 1.447 0 Td [(ll )-86(pages )-86(in )-86(the )-86(speci\336ed )-86(range )-86(when )-86(we )-86(use )-86(this )-86(\337ag, )-86(but )-86(this )-86(behavior )-86(is )-86(not)]TJ -0.018 Tc -4.094 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(quir)18(ed.)]TJ 7.999 0 0 7.999 183.578 388.0134 Tm (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.012 0 Td (msync)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.338 0 Td [(function )-88(is )-88(included )-88(in )-88(the )-88(XSI )-88(option )-88(in )-88(the )-88(Single )-88(UNIX )-88(Speci\336cation.)-588(As )-88(such,)]TJ -5.35 -1.25 Td (all UNIX systems must support it.)Tj 0.2628 Tc 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 147.5823 358.017 Tm (Am)Tj 0 Tc 1.924 0 Td [(emory-mapped )-13(r)18(egion )-13(is )-13(automatically )-13(unmapped )-13(when )-13(the )-13(pr)19(ocess )-13(terminates)]TJ -3.724 -1.2 Td [(or )-173(we )-173(can )-173(unmap )-173(a )-173(r)18(egion )-173(dir)18(ectly )-173(by )-173(calling )-173(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 23.339 0 Td (munmap)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.023 0 Td [(function. )-423(Closing)-424(the )-173(\336le)]TJ -27.362 -1.2 Td [(descriptor used when we mapped the r)18(egion does not unmap the r)18(egion.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9989 0 0 8.9989 147.5822 317.3219 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.902 TD (int munmap\(void *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (addr)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 13.833 0 Td (ize_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3.6 0 Td (len)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.418 -1.902 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 2786.25 cm 0 0 m 0 477 l 3900 477 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9982 0 0 9.9982 129.5767 265.0723 Tm (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.054 0 Td (munmap)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.98 0 Td [(function )-130(does )-130(not )-130(af)18(fect )-130(the )-130(object )-130(that )-130(was )-130(mapped)]TJ 0.0833 Tc 23.878 0 Td (\321t)Tj 0 Tc 1.409 0 Td [(hat )-130(is, )-130(the )-130(call )-130(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -31.322 -1.2 Td (munmap)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.891 0 Td [(does )-41(not )-41(cause )-41(the )-41(contents )-41(of )-41(the )-41(mapped )-41(r)14(egion )-42(to )-42(be )-42(written )-42(to )-42(the )-42(disk )-42(\336le.)]TJ -3.892 -1.2 Td [(The )-120(updating )-120(of )-120(the )-120(disk )-120(\336le )-120(for )-120(a)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 15.999 0 Td (MAP_SHARED)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 6.37 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(gion )-120(happens )-120(automatically )-120(by )-120(the)]TJ -23.224 -1.2 Td [(kernel\325s )-124(virtual )-124(memory )-124(algorithm )-124(sometime )-124(after )-124(we )-124(stor)]TJ 0.3742 Tc 26.516 0 Td (ei)Tj 0 Tc 1.144 0 Td [(nto )-124(the )-124(memory-mapped)]TJ -0.018 Tc -27.661 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(gion. )-416(Modi\336cations)-415(to )-166(memory )-166(in )-166(a)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 17.067 0 Td (MAP_PRIVATE)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 7.016 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(gion )-165(ar)]TJ 0.4155 Tc 3.268 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.506 0 Td [(iscar)18(ded )-165(when )-165(the)]TJ -0.018 Tc -30.568 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (gion is unmapped.)Tj /TT2 1 Tf -4.456 -2.88 Td (Example)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.6 -2.16 Td [(The )-331(pr)18(ogram )-331(in )-331(Figur)]TJ 0.5809 Tc 10.531 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.56 0 Td [(4.27 )-331(copies )-331(a )-331(\336le )-331(\(similar )-331(to )-331(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 16.143 0 Td (cp)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.2 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (1)Tj 0.5 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.914 -0.04 Td [(command\) )-331(using)]TJ -31.181 -1.2 Td (memory-mapped I/O.)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46981 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (526)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Advanced )-250(I/O)]TJ 38.741 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(14)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2112 6494 720 144 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 238.1857 640.4016 Tm (stack)Tj -2.75 -6.575 Td (memory-mapped)Tj 0.854 -1.25 Td (portion of \336le)Tj 1.939 -7.475 Td (heap)Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2112 4910 720 216 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 215.8741 504.9794 Tm (uninitialized data)Tj 2.879 -1.25 Td (\(bss\))Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2112 4766 720 144 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 220.6003 481.9532 Tm (initialized data)Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2112 4550 720 216 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 240.5543 463.9286 Tm (text)Tj ET q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2112.25 6350.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2188.25 6350.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2264.25 6350.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2340.25 6350.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2416.25 6350.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2492.25 6350.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2568.25 6350.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2644.25 6350.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2719.25 6350.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2796.25 6350.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2112.25 5270.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2188.25 5270.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2264.25 5270.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2340.25 5270.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2416.25 5270.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2492.25 5270.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2568.25 5270.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2644.25 5270.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2719.25 5270.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2796.25 5270.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2112.25 6206.25 cm 0 0 m 720 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2112.25 5486.25 cm 0 0 m 720 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2112 5126 720 1368 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9976 0 0 7.9976 163.6549 656.8429 Tm [(high addr)18(ess)]TJ 0.34 -24.85 Td [(low addr)18(ess)]TJ ET q 0.9997 0 0 0.9997 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 207.6 548.6 cm 0 0 m -7.2 -1.8 l -7.2 1.8 l f Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2076 5486 cm 0 0 m -72 -18 l -72 18 l h S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2004.25 5486.25 cm 0 0 m -144 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9971 0 0 7.9971 149.2423 546.6432 Tm (start addr)Tj ET q 0.9996401 0 0 0.9996401 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 196.8 548.6 cm 0 0 m -1.8 7.2 l 1.8 7.2 l f Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1968 5486 cm 0 0 m -18 72 l 18 72 l h S Q Q q 0.9995801 0 0 0.9995801 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 196.8 620.6 cm 0 0 m 1.8 -7.2 l -1.8 -7.2 l f Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1968 6206 cm 0 0 m 18 -72 l -18 -72 l h S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1968.25 5558.25 cm 0 0 m 0 576 l S Q Q BT /T1_2 1 Tf 7.9962 0 0 7.9962 184.9272 582.5603 Tm (len)Tj ET q 0.9995201 0 0 0.9995201 0 0 cm 0.699 g 340.8 455 36 21.6 re f Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 3408 4550 360 216 re S Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 3768 4550 720 216 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9957 0 0 7.9957 381.5939 468.7868 Tm (memory-mapped)Tj 0.854 -1.25 Td (portion of \336le)Tj ET q 0.9994601 0 0 0.9994601 0 0 cm 0.699 g 448.8 455 14.4 21.6 re f Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 4488 4550 144 216 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9952 0 0 7.9952 325.6046 463.7617 Tm (\336le:)Tj ET q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3408.25 4478.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -144 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3768.25 4478.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -144 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4488.25 4478.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -144 l S Q Q q 0.9993402 0 0 0.9993402 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 340.8 444.2 cm 0 0 m 7.2 1.8 l 7.2 -1.8 l f Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3408 4442 cm 0 0 m 72 18 l 72 -18 l h S Q Q q 0.9992802 0 0 0.9992802 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 376.8 444.2 cm 0 0 m -7.2 -1.8 l 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0.09991 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3314.25 6206.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3240.25 6206.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3165.25 6206.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3091.25 6206.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3017.25 6206.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2942.25 6206.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2868.25 6206.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4488.25 5702.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4488.25 5627.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4488.25 5552.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4488.25 5476.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4488.25 5402.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4488.25 5327.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4488.25 5252.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4488.25 5177.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4488.25 5102.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4488.25 5027.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4488.25 4952.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4488.25 4877.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4488.25 4802.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3768 5126 cm 0 0 m 0.01 1.2 0.02 2.41 0.02 3.62 c 0.02 14.43 -0.47 25.23 -1.44 36 c S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3760.0901 5200.8799 cm 0 0 m -2.52 11.91 -5.65 23.69 -9.36 35.28 c S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3736.3201 5272.8799 cm 0 0 m -4.73 11.06 -10.02 21.88 -15.84 32.4 c S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3698.8799 5338.3901 cm 0 0 m -7.2 9.74 -14.89 19.12 -23.04 28.09 c S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3648.48 5393.8398 cm 0 0 m -8.97 8.15 -18.35 15.84 -28.09 23.04 c S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3587.28 5438.48 cm 0 0 m -10.52 5.82 -21.34 11.11 -32.4 15.84 c S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3518.1599 5468.73 cm 0 0 m -11.59 3.71 -23.37 6.84 -35.28 9.36 c S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3444.01 5484.5601 cm 0 0 m -10.76 0.97 -21.57 1.46 -32.38 1.46 c -33.58 1.46 -34.8 1.45 -36 1.44 c S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3408.25 5486.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 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0.09991 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3768.25 4867.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3768.25 4802.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9923 0 0 7.9923 238.0514 407.8083 Tm (Figure 14.26)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.195 0 Td (Example of a memory-mapped \336le)Tj 9.9904 0 0 9.9904 129.4758 376.6382 Tm [(the )-240(mapped )-240(memory )-240(being )-240(somewher)]TJ 0.4901 Tc 17.829 0 Td (eb)Tj 0 Tc 1.522 0 Td [(etween )-240(the )-240(heap )-240(and )-240(the )-240(stack: )-240(this )-240(is )-240(an)]TJ -19.352 -1.2 Td [(implementation detail and may dif)18(fer fr)18(om one implementation to the next.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td (The)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.924 0 Td (\337ag)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.739 0 Td [(ar)18(gument af)18(fects various attributes of the mapped r)18(egion.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -3.663 -2.04 Td (MAP_FIXED)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.8 0 Td [(The )-46(r)18(eturn )-46(value )-46(must )-46(equal)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 13.021 0 Td (addr)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5456 Tc (.U)Tj 0 Tc 3.407 0 Td [(se )-46(of )-46(this )-46(\337ag )-46(is )-46(discouraged,)]TJ -16.428 -1.2 Td [(as )-97(it )-97(hinders )-97(portability)]TJ 0.5966 Tc 10.51 0 Td (.I)Tj 0.3466 Tc 1.184 0 Td (ft)Tj 0 Tc 1.006 0 Td [(his )-96(\337ag )-96(is )-96(not )-96(speci\336ed )-96(and )-96(if)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 13.807 0 Td (addr)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.179 0 Td (is)Tj -28.685 -1.2 Td [(nonzer)18(o, )-75(then )-75(the )-75(kernel )-75(uses)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 13.556 0 Td (addr)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.158 0 Td [(as )-75(a )-75(hint )-75(of )-75(wher)17(e)-325(to)-325(p)-1(lace )-75(the)]TJ -15.714 -1.2 Td [(mapped )-327(r)18(egion, )-327(but )-327(ther)]TJ 0.5775 Tc 11.735 0 Td (ei)Tj 0 Tc 1.347 0 Td [(s)-577(no)-577(g)-1(uarantee )-327(that )-327(the )-327(r)17(equested)]TJ -13.082 -1.2 Td [(addr)18(ess )-451(will )-451(be )-451(used.)-951(Maximum )-451(portability )-451(is )-451(obtained )-451(by)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD (specifying)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 4.807 0 Td (addr)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.083 0 Td (as 0.)Tj 7.9923 0 0 7.9923 255.3553 252.3576 Tm [(Support )-468(for )-468(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.411 0 Td (MAP_FIXED)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.118 0 Td [(\337ag )-468(is )-468(optional )-468(on )-468(POSIX-conforming)]TJ -14.529 -1.25 Td [(systems, but r)18(equir)18(ed on XSI-conforming systems.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.9904 0 0 9.9904 147.459 221.3874 Tm (MAP_SHARED)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.8 0 Td [(This )-256(\337ag )-256(describes )-256(the )-256(disposition )-256(of )-256(stor)]TJ 0.5059 Tc 19.581 0 Td (eo)Tj 0 Tc 1.531 0 Td [(perations )-256(into )-256(the)]TJ -21.112 -1.2 Td [(mapped )-323(r)18(egion )-323(by )-323(this )-323(pr)16(ocess. )-573(This)-574(\337ag )-323(speci\336es )-323(that )-323(stor)17(e)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(operations )-145(modify )-145(the )-145(mapped )-145(\336le)]TJ 0.0833 Tc 16.01 0 Td (\321t)Tj 0 Tc 1.409 0 Td [(hat )-145(is, )-145(a )-145(stor)]TJ 0.395 Tc 5.731 0 Td (eo)Tj 0 Tc 1.42 0 Td [(peration )-145(is)]TJ -24.57 -1.2 Td [(equivalent )-251(to )-251(a)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.552 0 Td (write)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.501 0 Td [(to )-251(the )-251(\336le.)-751(Either )-251(this )-251(\337ag )-251(or )-251(the )-251(next)]TJ -11.054 -1.2 Td (\()Tj /TT0 1 Tf (MAP_PRIVATE)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (\), but not both, must be speci\336ed.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -7.8 -1.96 Td (MAP_PRIVATE)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.8 0 Td [(This )-1(\337ag )-1(says )-1(that )-1(stor)]TJ 0.2507 Tc 9.888 0 Td (eo)Tj 0 Tc 1.276 0 Td [(perations )-1(into )-1(the )-1(mapped )-1(r)19(egion )-1(cause )-1(a)]TJ -11.164 -1.2 Td [(private )-272(copy )-272(of )-272(the )-272(mapped )-272(\336le )-272(to )-272(be )-272(cr)16(eated. )-522(All)-523(successive)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46982 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (472)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Daemon )-250(Pr)18(ocesses )]TJ 38.741 0 Td [(Chapter)-500(13)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1584.25 6670.25 cm 0 0 m 3323 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_2 1 Tf 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 180.0772 658.9605 Tm (facility)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.498 0 Td (XSI )Tj 14.854 0 Td (Description)Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1584.25 6550.25 cm 0 0 m 3323 0 l S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1584.25 6530.25 cm 0 0 m 3323 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 162.4525 644.9226 Tm (LOG_AUDIT)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 11.729 0 Td (the audit facility)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -11.729 -1.25 Td (LOG_AUTH)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 11.729 0 Td [(authorization pr)18(ograms:)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.02 0 Td (login)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td (su)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.7 0 Td (getty)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (,.)Tj 0 Tc 3.75 0 Td (..)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -31.699 -1.25 Td (LOG_AUTHPRIV)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 11.729 0 Td (same as)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.71 0 Td (LOG_AUTH)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (,b)Tj 0 Tc 5.853 0 Td [(ut logged to \336le with r)18(estricted permissions)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.292 -1.25 Td (LOG_CONSOLE)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 11.729 0 Td (messages 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thr)18(eads will spin if they try to acquir)]TJ 0.25 Tc 20.952 0 Td (ei)Tj 0 Tc 1.02 0 Td (t.)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 11.9986 0 0 11.9986 129.585 385.7737 Tm [(11.6.8 )-556(Barrier)15(s)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.585 365.3762 Tm [(Barriers )-269(ar)]TJ 0.519 Tc 4.886 0 Td (eas)Tj 0 Tc 2.441 0 Td [(ynchr)18(onization )-269(mechanism )-269(that )-269(can )-269(be )-269(used )-269(to )-269(coor)18(dinate )-269(multiple)]TJ -7.327 -1.2 Td [(thr)18(eads )-89(working )-89(in )-89(parallel.)]TJ 0.3388 Tc 13.135 0 Td (Ab)Tj 0 Tc 1.67 0 Td [(arrier )-89(allows )-89(each )-89(thr)19(ead )-89(to )-89(wait )-89(until )-89(all )-89(cooperating)]TJ -14.805 -1.2 Td [(thr)18(eads )-121(have )-121(r)18(eached )-121(the )-121(same )-121(point, )-121(and )-121(then )-121(continue )-121(executing )-121(fr)18(om )-121(ther)18(e. )-371(W)92(e\325ve)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(alr)18(eady )-218(seen )-218(one )-218(form )-218(of )-218(barrier)]TJ 0.0833 Tc 15.351 0 Td (\321t)Tj 0 Tc 1.409 0 Td (he)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.529 0 Td (pthread_join)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.668 0 Td [(function )-218(acts )-218(as )-218(a )-218(barrier )-218(to)]TJ -25.956 -1.2 Td [(allow one thr)18(ead to wait until another thr)18(ead exits.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(Barrier )-327(objects )-327(ar)]TJ 0.5773 Tc 8.104 0 Td (em)Tj 0 Tc 1.939 0 Td (or)Tj 0.5773 Tc 0.923 0 Td (eg)Tj 0 Tc 1.612 0 Td [(eneral )-327(than )-327(this, )-327(however)]TJ 0.8274 Tc 12.127 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.69 0 Td [(hey )-327(allow )-327(an )-327(arbitrary)]TJ -28.196 -1.2 Td [(number )-117(of )-117(thr)18(eads )-117(to )-117(wait )-117(until )-117(all )-117(of )-117(the )-117(thr)18(eads )-117(have )-117(completed )-117(pr)20(ocessing, )-117(but )-117(the)]TJ T* [(thr)18(eads )-124(don\325t )-124(have )-124(to )-124(exit.)-626(They )-124(can )-124(continue )-124(working )-124(after )-124(all )-124(thr)18(eads )-124(have )-124(r)15(eached)]TJ T* [(the barrier)74(.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 1.8 -1.2 Td [(We )-323(c)]TJ 0 Tc 2.22 0 Td [(an )-139(use )-139(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.143 0 Td (pthread_barrier_init)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 12.389 0 Td [(function )-139(to )-139(initialize )-139(a )-139(barrier)]TJ 0.3893 Tc 13.413 0 Td (,a)Tj 0 Tc 1.139 0 Td [(nd )-139(we)]TJ -36.105 -1.2 Td (can use the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 5.169 0 Td (pthread_barrier_destroy)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 14.05 0 Td [(function to deinitialize a barrier)74(.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9989 0 0 8.9989 147.5826 228.6926 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.902 TD (int pthread_barrier_init\(pthread_barrier_t *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 31.8 0 Td (barrier)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -16.8 -1.189 Td (const pthread_barrierattr_t *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 22.8 0 Td (attr)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -22.8 -1.189 Td (unsigned int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 7.8 0 Td (count)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -22.8 -1.902 Td (int pthread_barrier_destroy\(pthread_barrier_t *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (barrier)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 19.681 -1.902 Td [(Both r)18(eturn: 0 if OK, err)18(or number on failur)18(e)]TJ ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 1514.25 cm 0 0 m 0 863 l 3900 863 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46992 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(1)55(1.6 )]TJ 32.941 0 Td [(Thr)18(ead )-250(Synchr)18(onization)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 12.892 0 Td (417)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 11.9993 0 0 11.9993 129.5922 668.9599 Tm [(11.6.7 )-556(Spin)-556(Loc)20(ks)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 0.3665 Tc 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 648.5611 Tm (As)Tj 0 Tc 1.569 0 Td [(pin )-116(lock )-116(is )-116(like )-116(a )-116(mutex, )-116(except )-116(that )-116(instead )-116(of )-116(blocking )-116(a )-116(pr)18(ocess )-116(by )-116(sleeping, )-116(the)]TJ -1.569 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ocess )-139(is )-139(blocked )-139(by )-139(busy-waiting )-139(\(spinning\) )-139(until )-139(the )-139(lock )-139(can )-139(be )-139(acquir)15(ed. )-389(A)-390(spin)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(lock )-159(could )-159(be )-159(used )-159(in )-159(situations )-159(wher)]TJ 0.4089 Tc 17.392 0 Td (el)Tj 0 Tc 1.179 0 Td [(ocks )-159(ar)]TJ 0.4089 Tc 3.256 0 Td (eh)Tj 0 Tc 1.47 0 Td [(eld )-159(for )-159(short )-159(periods )-159(of )-159(times )-159(and)]TJ -23.297 -1.2 Td [(thr)18(eads don\325t want to incur the cost of being descheduled.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(Spin )-45(locks )-45(ar)]TJ 0.2947 Tc 5.726 0 Td (eo)Tj 0 Tc 1.32 0 Td [(ften )-45(used )-45(as )-45(low-level )-45(primitives )-45(to )-45(implement )-45(other )-45(types )-45(of )-45(locks.)]TJ -8.846 -1.2 Td [(Depending )-99(on )-99(the )-99(system )-99(ar)17(chitectur)18(e, )-99(they )-99(can )-99(be )-99(implemented )-99(ef)17(\336ciently )-99(using )-99(test-)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(and-set )-48(instr)8(uctions. )-298(Although)-298(ef)18(\336cient, )-48(they )-48(can )-48(lead )-48(to )-48(wasting )-48(CPU )-48(r)18(esour)18(ces: )-48(while)]TJ 0.4718 Tc -0 -1.2 Td (at)Tj 0 Tc 1.298 0 Td [(hr)18(ead )-222(is )-222(spinning )-222(and )-222(waiting )-222(for )-222(a )-222(lock )-222(to )-222(become )-222(available, )-222(the )-222(CPU )-222(can\325t )-222(do)]TJ -1.298 -1.2 Td [(anything else.)-500(This is why spin locks should be held only for short periods of time.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(Spin )-157(locks )-157(ar)]TJ 0.4066 Tc 5.95 0 Td (eu)Tj 0 Tc 1.489 0 Td [(seful )-157(when )-157(used )-157(in )-157(a )-157(nonpr)18(eemptive )-157(kernel: )-157(besides )-157(pr)18(oviding )-157(a)]TJ -9.239 -1.2 Td [(mutual )-344(exclusion )-344(mechanism, )-344(they )-344(block )-344(interr)8(upts )-344(so )-344(an )-344(interr)8(upt )-344(handler )-344(can\325t)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(deadlock )-154(the )-154(system )-154(by )-154(trying )-154(to )-154(acquir)]TJ 0.4045 Tc 18.406 0 Td (eas)Tj 0 Tc 2.212 0 Td [(pin )-154(lock )-154(that )-154(is )-154(alr)16(eady )-155(locked )-155(\(think )-155(of)]TJ -20.618 -1.2 Td [(interr)8(upts )-52(as )-52(another )-52(type )-52(of )-52(pr)16(eemption\). )-302(In)-303(these )-52(types )-52(of )-52(kernels, )-52(interr)8(upt )-52(handlers)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(can\325t sleep, so the only synchr)18(onization primitives they can use ar)]TJ 0.25 Tc 29.013 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.153 0 Td (pin locks.)Tj -28.366 -1.2 Td [(However)74(,)-274(at)-274(user )-24(level, )-24(spin )-24(locks )-24(ar)]TJ 0.2741 Tc 16.069 0 Td (en)Tj 0 Tc 1.335 0 Td [(ot )-24(as )-24(useful )-24(unless )-24(you )-24(ar)]TJ 0.2742 Tc 11.285 0 Td (er)Tj 0 Tc 1.14 0 Td [(unning )-24(in )-24(a )-24(r)17(eal-)]TJ -31.628 -1.2 Td [(time )-133(scheduling )-133(class )-133(that )-133(doesn\325t )-133(allow )-133(pr)16(eemption. )-383(User)18(-level )-133(thr)18(eads )-133(r)8(unning )-133(in )-133(a)]TJ T* [(time-sharing )-72(scheduling )-72(class )-72(can )-72(be )-72(descheduled )-72(when )-72(their )-72(time )-72(quantum )-72(expir)18(es )-72(or)]TJ T* [(when )-59(a )-59(thr)18(ead )-59(with )-59(a )-59(higher )-59(scheduling )-59(priority )-59(becomes )-59(r)7(unnable. )-309(In)-309(these )-59(cases, )-59(if )-59(a)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(thr)18(ead )-110(is )-110(holding )-110(a )-110(spin )-110(lock, )-110(it )-110(will )-110(be )-110(put )-110(to )-110(sleep )-110(and )-110(other )-110(thr)19(eads )-110(blocked )-110(on )-110(the)]TJ T* (lock will continue spinning longer than intended.)Tj 1.8 -1.2 Td [(Many )-94(mutex )-94(implementations )-94(ar)17(e)-344(so)-344(e)]TJ -0.018 Tc 17.402 0 Td (f\336)Tj 0 Tc 0.92 0 Td [(cient )-94(that )-94(the )-94(performance )-94(of )-94(applications)]TJ -20.122 -1.2 Td [(using )-146(mutex )-146(locks )-146(is )-146(equivalent )-146(to )-146(their )-146(performance )-146(if )-146(they )-146(had )-146(used )-146(spin )-146(locks.)-650(In)]TJ T* [(fact, )-219(some )-219(mutex )-219(implementations )-219(will )-219(spin )-219(for )-219(a )-219(limited )-219(amount )-219(of )-219(time )-219(trying )-219(to)]TJ T* (acquir)Tj 0.4319 Tc 2.775 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.237 0 Td [(he )-182(mutex, )-182(and )-182(only )-182(sleep )-182(when )-182(the )-182(spin )-182(count )-182(thr)19(eshold )-182(is )-182(r)18(eached. )-432(These)]TJ -4.012 -1.2 Td [(factors, )-265(combined )-265(with )-265(advances )-265(in )-265(modern )-265(pr)16(ocessors )-265(that )-265(allow )-265(them )-265(to )-265(context)]TJ T* [(switch at faster and faster rates, make spin locks useful only in limite\ d cir)18(cumstances.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(The )-120(interfaces )-120(for )-120(spin )-120(locks )-120(ar)]TJ 0.3697 Tc 14.086 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.273 0 Td [(imilar )-120(to )-120(those )-120(for )-120(mutexes, )-120(making )-120(it )-120(r)20(elatively)]TJ -17.158 -1.2 Td [(easy )-522(to )-522(r)18(eplace )-522(one )-522(with )-522(the )-522(other)]TJ 1.0219 Tc 17.915 0 Td (.W)Tj 0.7719 Tc 2.18 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.695 0 Td [(an )-522(initialize )-522(a )-522(spin )-522(lock )-522(with )-522(the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf -21.79 -1.2 Td (pthread_spin_init)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 11.036 0 Td [(function. )-836(T)]TJ 0.8357 Tc 5.564 0 Td (od)Tj 0 Tc 1.993 0 Td [(einitialize )-586(a )-586(spin )-586(lock, )-586(we )-586(can )-586(call )-586(the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf -18.592 -1.2 Td (pthread_spin_destroy)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 12.25 0 Td (function.)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.591 283.883 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.783 TD (int pthread_spin_init\(pthread_spinlock_t *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (lock)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 28.573 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td [(pshar)18(ed)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf (\);)Tj -30.373 -1.783 Td (int pthread_spin_destroy\(pthread_spinlock_t *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (lock)Tj /TT1 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 19.681 -1.783 Td [(Both r)18(eturn: 0 if OK, err)18(or number on failur)18(e)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 2312.25 cm 0 0 m 0 617 l 3900 617 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 217.7239 Tm [(Only )-298(one )-298(attribute )-298(is )-298(speci\336ed )-298(for )-298(spin )-298(locks, )-298(which )-298(matters )-298(only )-298(if )-298(the )-298(platform)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(supports )-222(the )-222(Thr)18(ead )-222(Pr)17(ocess-Shar)18(ed )-222(Synchr)18(onization )-222(option )-222(\(now )-222(mandatory )-222(in )-222(the)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(Single )-294(UNIX )-294(Speci\336cation; )-294(r)18(ecall )-294(Figur)]TJ 0.5444 Tc 18.164 0 Td (e2)Tj 0 Tc 1.523 0 Td [(.5\). )-544(The)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 4.346 0 Td [(pshar)18(ed)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 3.637 0 Td [(ar)18(gument )-294(r)18(epr)18(esents )-294(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf -27.67 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ocess-shar)18(ed)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 6.093 0 Td [(attribute, )-28(which )-28(indicates )-28(how )-28(the )-28(spin )-28(lock )-28(will )-28(be )-28(acquir)22(ed. )-278(If)-277(it )-28(is )-28(set )-28(to)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf -6.093 -1.2 Td (PTHREAD_PROCESS_SHARED)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.3426 Tc (,t)Tj 0 Tc 14.119 0 Td [(hen )-93(the )-93(spin )-93(lock )-93(can )-93(be )-93(acquir)20(ed )-92(by )-92(thr)18(eads )-92(that )-92(have)]TJ -14.119 -1.2 Td [(access )-332(to )-332(the )-332(lock\325s )-332(underlying )-332(memory)]TJ 0.5822 Tc 19.001 0 Td (,e)Tj 0 Tc 1.311 0 Td [(ven )-332(if )-332(those )-332(thr)18(eads )-332(ar)]TJ 0.5823 Tc 11.112 0 Td (ef)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.394 0 Td (ro)Tj 0.5823 Tc 0.923 0 Td (md)Tj 0 Tc 2.076 0 Td [(if)18(fer)18(ent)]TJ -35.818 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ocesses. )-262(Otherwise,)-263(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 11.718 0 Td [(pshar)18(ed)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 3.355 0 Td [(ar)18(gument )-12(is )-12(set )-12(to)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 8.171 0 Td (PTHREAD_PROCESS_PRIVATE)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 14.062 0 Td (and)Tj -37.307 -1.2 Td [(the spin lock can be accessed only fr)18(om thr)18(eads within the pr)18(ocess that initialized it.)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46993 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(1)55(1.6 )]TJ 32.941 0 Td [(Thr)18(ead )-250(Synchr)18(onization)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 12.892 0 Td (413)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5911 668.9599 Tm [(In )-9(this )-9(example, )-9(we )-9(lock )-9(the )-9(queue\325s 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)-145(the )-145(r)17(eader\320writer )-145(lock )-145(is )-145(held )-145(in )-145(r)18(ead )-145(mode, )-145(the)]TJ T* [(data )-133(str)8(uctur)18(e)-383(it)-383(p)]TJ -0.018 Tc (ro)Tj 0 Tc 9.197 0 Td [(tects )-133(can )-133(be )-133(r)17(ead )-133(by )-133(multiple )-133(thr)18(eads, )-133(as )-133(long )-133(as )-133(the )-133(thr)18(eads )-133(\336rst)]TJ -9.197 -1.2 Td (acquir)Tj 0.25 Tc 2.775 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.055 0 Td [(he lock in r)18(ead mode.)]TJ -2.03 -1.2 Td [(Reader\320writer )-119(locks )-119(ar)]TJ 0.3693 Tc 10.229 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.348 0 Td [(lso )-119(called )-119(shar)18(ed\320exclusive )-119(locks.)-620(When )-119(a )-119(r)17(eader\320writer)]TJ -13.377 -1.2 Td [(lock )-47(is )-47(r)18(ead )-47(locked, )-47(it )-47(is )-47(said )-47(to )-47(be )-47(locked )-47(in )-47(shar)18(ed )-47(mode.)-547(When )-47(it )-47(is )-47(write )-47(locked, )-47(it )-47(is)]TJ T* (said to be locked in exclusive mode.)Tj 1.8 -1.2 Td [(As )-76(with )-76(mutexes, )-76(r)18(eader\320writer )-76(locks )-76(must )-76(be )-76(initialized )-76(befor)]TJ 0.3261 Tc 28.135 0 Td (eu)Tj 0 Tc 1.408 0 Td [(se )-76(and )-76(destr)18(oyed)]TJ -31.343 -1.2 Td (befor)Tj 0.25 Tc 2.288 0 Td (ef)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.062 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(eing their underlying memory)111(.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5906 302.2819 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.783 TD (int pthread_rwlock_init\(pthread_rwlock_t *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 30.6 0 Td (rwlock)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -16.2 -1.189 Td (const pthread_rwlockattr_t *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 22.2 0 Td (attr)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -36.6 -1.783 Td (int pthread_rwlock_destroy\(pthread_rwlock_t *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (rwlock)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 19.681 -1.783 Td [(Both r)18(eturn: 0 if OK, err)18(or number on failur)18(e)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 2389.25 cm 0 0 m 0 724 l 3900 724 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 0.3482 Tc 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 225.4229 Tm (Ar)Tj 0 Tc 1.503 0 Td [(eader\320writer )-98(lock )-98(is )-98(initialized )-98(by )-98(calling)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 18.842 0 Td (pthread_rwlock_init)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.5982 Tc (.W)Tj 0.3482 Tc 13.156 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.271 0 Td [(an )-98(pass )-98(a)]TJ -34.773 -1.2 Td [(null )-26(pointer )-26(for)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 7.088 0 Td (attr)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.775 0 Td [(if )-26(we )-26(want )-26(the )-26(r)18(eader\320writer )-26(lock )-26(to )-26(have )-26(the )-26(default )-26(attributes.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 28.75 0 Td (We)Tj 0 Tc -37.613 -1.2 Td [(discuss r)18(eader\320writer lock attributes in Section 12.4.2.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(The )-481(Single )-481(UNIX )-481(Speci\336cation )-481(de\336nes )-481(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 21.6 0 Td (PTHREAD_RWLOCK_INITIALIZER)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -23.4 -1.2 Td [(constant )-3(in )-3(the )-3(XSI )-3(option.)-502(It )-3(can )-3(be )-3(used )-3(to )-3(initialize )-3(a )-3(statically )-3(allocated )-3(r)20(eader\320writer)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD (lock when the default attributes ar)Tj 0.25 Tc 15.194 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.153 0 Td [(uf)18(\336cient.)]TJ -14.547 -1.2 Td (Befor)Tj 0.7416 Tc 2.346 0 Td (ef)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.554 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(eing )-492(the )-492(memory )-492(backing )-492(a )-492(r)20(eader\320writer )-491(lock, )-491(we )-491(need )-491(to )-491(call)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -6.556 -1.2 Td (pthread_rwlock_destroy)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 13.527 0 Td [(to )-77(clean )-77(it )-77(up.)-577(If)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.794 0 Td (pthread_rwlock_init)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 11.727 0 Td [(allocated )-77(any)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46995 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(1)55(1.6 )]TJ 32.941 0 Td [(Thr)18(ead )-250(Synchr)18(onization)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 12.892 0 Td (407)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 215.987 670.2598 Tm (tfp = tfp->f_next;)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (tfp->f_next = fp->f_next;)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj 0 -1.189 TD (pthread_mutex_unlock\(&hashlock\);)Tj T* (pthread_mutex_destroy\(&fp->f_lock\);)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (free\(fp\);)Tj 0.6 Tc -2.4 -1.189 Td (}e)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (lse {)Tj 0.6 -1.189 Td (pthread_mutex_unlock\(&hashlock\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 5692.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 267.1959 553.1326 Tm [(Figure 1)37(1.12)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 6.25 0 Td (Simpli\336ed locking)Tj 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 147.5823 529.1355 Tm [(Note )-26(how )-26(much )-26(simpler )-26(the )-26(pr)18(ogram )-26(in )-26(Figur)]TJ 0.2756 Tc 20.45 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.2 0 Td [(1.12 )-26(is )-26(compar)18(ed )-26(to )-26(the )-26(pr)18(ogram )-26(in)]TJ -23.45 -1.2 Td (Figur)Tj 0.2655 Tc 2.383 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.189 0 Td [(1.1)55(1. )-265(The)-266(lock-or)18(dering )-15(issues )-15(surr)18(ounding )-15(the )-15(hash )-15(list )-15(and )-15(the )-15(r)15(efer)18(ence )-15(count)]TJ -3.572 -1.2 Td [(go )-32(away )-32(when )-32(we )-32(use )-32(the )-32(same )-32(lock )-32(for )-32(both )-32(purposes.)-530(Multithr)18(eaded )-32(softwar)]TJ 0.2819 Tc 35.296 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.372 0 Td (esign)Tj -36.668 -1.2 Td [(involves )-47(these )-47(types )-47(of )-47(trade-of)18(fs. )-297(If)-297(your )-47(locking )-47(granularity )-47(is )-47(too )-47(coarse, )-47(you )-47(end )-47(up)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(with )-348(too )-348(many )-348(thr)18(eads )-348(blocking )-348(behind )-348(the )-348(same )-348(locks, )-348(with )-348(little )-348(impr)17(ovement)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(possible )-92(fr)18(om )-92(concurr)18(ency)]TJ 0.5919 Tc 11.773 0 Td (.I)Tj 0.3419 Tc 1.179 0 Td (fy)Tj 0 Tc 1.231 0 Td [(our )-92(locking )-92(granularity )-92(is )-92(too )-92(\336ne, )-92(then )-92(you )-92(suf)18(fer )-92(bad)]TJ -14.183 -1.2 Td [(performance )-93(fr)18(om )-93(excess )-93(locking )-93(over)18(head, )-93(and )-93(you )-93(end )-93(up )-93(with )-93(complex )-93(code.)-588(As )-93(a)]TJ T* [(pr)18(ogrammer)]TJ 0.5908 Tc 5.541 0 Td (,y)Tj 0 Tc 1.397 0 Td [(ou )-341(need )-341(to )-341(\336nd )-341(the )-341(corr)18(ect )-341(balance )-341(between )-341(code )-341(complexity )-341(and)]TJ -6.938 -1.2 Td [(performance, while still satisfying your locking r)18(equir)18(ements.)]TJ ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5141.25 4332.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 50 50 l 0 50 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /TT1 1 Tf 11.9978 0 0 11.9978 129.5767 398.3273 Tm (11.6.3)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 3.614 0 Td (pthread_mutex_timedlock)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 14.356 0 Td (Function)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9982 0 0 9.9982 129.5767 376.7316 Tm [(One )-52(additional )-52(mutex )-52(primitive )-52(allows )-52(us )-52(to )-52(bound )-52(the )-52(time )-52(that )-52(a )-52(thr)17(ead )-52(blocks )-52(when)]TJ 0.418 Tc T* (am)Tj 0 Tc 1.801 0 Td [(utex )-168(it )-168(is )-168(trying )-168(to )-168(acquir)18(e)-418(is)-418(alr)18(eady )-168(locked.)-668(The)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 23.399 0 Td (pthread_mutex_timedlock)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -25.2 -1.2 Td [(function )-128(is )-128(equivalent )-128(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.482 0 Td (pthread_mutex_lock)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.378 Tc (,b)Tj 0 Tc 11.981 0 Td [(ut )-128(if )-128(the )-128(timeout )-128(value )-128(is )-128(r)18(eached,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -23.463 -1.2 Td (pthread_mutex_timedlock)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 14.162 0 Td [(will )-112(r)18(eturn )-112(the )-112(err)17(or )-112(code)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.939 0 Td (ETIMEDOUT)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.762 0 Td [(without )-112(locking)]TJ -31.864 -1.2 Td (the mutex.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9984 0 0 8.9984 147.574 312.0432 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.189 TD (#include )Tj 0 -1.902 TD (int pthread_mutex_timedlock\(pthread_mutex_t *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 32.4 0 Td (mutex)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -15.6 -1.189 Td (const struct timespec *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 19.2 0 Td (tsptr)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -14.719 -1.902 Td [(Returns: 0 if OK, err)18(or number on failur)18(e)]TJ ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 2519.25 cm 0 0 m 0 692 l 3900 692 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9976 0 0 9.9976 147.5646 238.4018 Tm [(The )-53(timeout )-53(speci\336es )-53(how )-53(long )-53(we )-53(ar)]TJ 0.3029 Tc 16.819 0 Td (ew)Tj 0 Tc 1.616 0 Td [(illing )-53(to )-53(wait )-53(in )-53(terms )-53(of )-53(absolute )-53(time )-53(\(as)]TJ -20.235 -1.2 Td [(opposed )-44(to )-44(r)17(elative )-44(time; )-44(we )-44(specify )-44(that )-44(we )-44(ar)]TJ 0.2944 Tc 20.937 0 Td (ew)Tj 0 Tc 1.607 0 Td [(illing )-44(to )-44(block )-44(until )-44(time )-44(X )-44(instead )-44(of)]TJ -22.544 -1.2 Td [(saying )-114(that )-114(we )-114(ar)]TJ 0.3636 Tc 7.924 0 Td (ew)Tj 0 Tc 1.677 0 Td [(illing )-113(to )-113(block )-113(for )-113(Y )-113(seconds\).)-613(The )-113(timeout )-113(is )-113(r)14(epr)18(esented )-113(by )-113(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -9.6 -1.2 Td (timespec)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.05 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e, which describes time in terms of seconds and nanoseconds.)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf -8.65 -2.76 Td (Example)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.6 -2.4 Td [(In )-180(Figur)]TJ 0.4304 Tc 3.732 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.354 0 Td [(1.13, )-180(we )-180(see )-180(how )-180(to )-180(use)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.618 0 Td (pthread_mutex_timedlock)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 14.23 0 Td [(to )-180(avoid )-180(blocking)]TJ -30.935 -1.2 Td [(inde\336nitely)111(.)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46996 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (402)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Thr)18(eads )]TJ 36.604 0 Td (Chapter)Tj -0.055 Tc 6.284 0 Td (11)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 0 Tc 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 668.9599 Tm [(necessary )-265(when )-265(we )-265(initialize )-265(the )-265(r)19(efer)18(ence )-265(count )-265(to )-265(1 )-265(in )-265(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 29.128 0 Td (foo_alloc)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.915 0 Td (function,)Tj -35.043 -1.2 Td [(because )-102(the )-102(allocating )-102(thr)18(ead )-102(is )-102(the )-102(only )-102(r)18(efer)18(ence )-102(to )-102(it )-102(so )-102(far)]TJ 0.602 Tc 27.662 0 Td (.I)Tj 0 Tc 1.189 0 Td [(f)-352(we)-352(wer)18(e)-352(to)-352(place )-102(the)]TJ -28.851 -1.2 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e)-279(on)-279(a)-279(l)-1(ist )-29(at )-29(this )-29(point, )-29(it )-29(could )-29(be )-29(found )-29(by )-29(other )-29(thr)14(eads, )-29(so )-29(we )-29(would )-29(need )-29(to)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td (lock it \336rst.)Tj 1.8 -1.2 Td (Befor)Tj 0.4596 Tc 2.346 0 Td (eu)Tj 0 Tc 1.542 0 Td [(sing )-210(the )-210(object, )-210(thr)18(eads )-210(ar)]TJ 0.4596 Tc 12.086 0 Td (ee)Tj 0 Tc 1.418 0 Td [(xpected )-210(to )-210(add )-210(a )-210(r)20(efer)18(ence )-209(to )-209(it )-209(by )-209(calling)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -19.192 -1.2 Td (foo_hold)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.6848 Tc (.W)Tj 0 Tc 6.735 0 Td [(hen )-185(they )-185(ar)]TJ 0.4348 Tc 5.333 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.525 0 Td [(one, )-185(they )-185(must )-185(call)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.301 0 Td (foo_rele)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.235 0 Td [(to )-185(r)18(elease )-185(the )-185(r)18(efer)18(ence.)]TJ -28.128 -1.2 Td [(When the last r)18(efer)18(ence is r)18(eleased, the object\325s memory is fr)18(eed.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(In )-361(this )-361(example, )-361(we )-361(have )-361(ignor)18(ed )-361(how )-361(thr)18(eads )-361(\336nd )-361(an )-361(object )-361(befor)]TJ 0.611 Tc 33.155 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.534 0 Td (alling)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -36.489 -1.2 Td (foo_hold)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.8436 Tc (.E)Tj 0 Tc 6.505 0 Td [(ven )-344(though )-344(the )-344(r)19(efer)18(ence )-344(count )-344(is )-344(zer)18(o, )-344(it )-344(would )-344(be )-344(a )-344(mistake )-344(for)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -6.505 -1.2 Td (foo_rele)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.163 0 Td [(to )-113(fr)18(ee )-113(the )-113(object\325s )-113(memory )-113(if )-113(another )-113(thr)18(ead )-113(is )-113(blocked )-113(on )-113(the )-113(mutex )-113(in )-113(a)]TJ -5.163 -1.2 Td [(call )-14(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 2.926 0 Td (foo_hold)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5141 Tc (.W)Tj 0.2641 Tc 6.472 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.187 0 Td [(an )-14(avoid )-14(this )-14(pr)18(oblem )-14(by )-14(ensuring )-14(that )-14(the )-14(object )-14(can\325t )-14(be )-14(found)]TJ -10.585 -1.2 Td (befor)Tj 0.25 Tc 2.288 0 Td (ef)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.062 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (eing its memory)Tj 0.5 Tc 7.08 0 Td (.W)Tj 0 Tc 1.658 0 Td [(e\325ll see how to do this in the examples that follow)92(.)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5141.25 5370.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 50 50 l 0 50 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /TT1 1 Tf 11.9986 0 0 11.9986 129.5844 504.5394 Tm [(11.6.2 )-556(Deadloc)]TJ 0.556 Tc 7.484 0 Td (kA)Tj -0.03 Tc 1.794 0 Td (vo)Tj 0 Tc 1.137 0 Td (idance)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.3405 Tc 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 484.1419 Tm (At)Tj 0 Tc 1.444 0 Td [(hr)18(ead )-91(will )-91(deadlock )-91(itself )-91(if )-91(it )-91(tries )-91(to )-91(lock )-91(the )-91(same )-91(mutex )-91(twice, )-91(but )-91(ther)]TJ 0.3406 Tc 33.421 0 Td (ea)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.32 0 Td [(re )-127(l)]TJ 0 Tc 1.488 0 Td (ess)Tj -37.673 -1.2 Td [(obvious )-51(ways )-51(to )-51(cr)18(eate )-51(deadlocks )-51(with )-51(mutexes.)-551(For )-51(example, )-51(when )-51(we )-51(use )-51(mor)]TJ 0.3006 Tc 36.23 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.106 0 Td (han)Tj -37.336 -1.2 Td [(one )-179(mutex )-179(in )-179(our )-179(pr)18(ograms, )-179(a )-179(deadlock )-179(can )-179(occur )-179(if )-179(we )-179(allow )-179(one )-179(thr)23(ead )-179(to )-179(hold )-179(a)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(mutex )-163(and )-163(block )-163(while )-163(trying )-163(to )-163(lock )-163(a )-163(second )-163(mutex )-163(at )-163(the )-163(same )-163(time )-163(that )-163(another)]TJ T* [(thr)18(ead )-253(holding )-253(the )-253(second )-253(mutex )-253(tries )-253(to )-253(lock )-253(the )-253(\336rst )-253(mutex.)-749(Neither )-253(thr)18(ead )-253(can)]TJ T* [(pr)18(oceed, )-20(because )-20(each )-20(needs )-20(a )-20(r)20(esour)18(ce )-20(that )-20(is )-20(held )-20(by )-20(the )-20(other)76(,)-269(so)-269(we)-269(h)-1(ave )-19(a )-19(deadlock.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(Deadlocks )-94(can )-94(be )-94(avoided )-94(by )-94(car)18(efully )-94(contr)18(olling )-94(the )-94(or)16(der )-94(in )-94(which )-94(mutexes )-94(ar)16(e)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(locked. )-383(For)-382(example, )-133(assume )-133(that )-133(you )-133(have )-133(two )-133(mutexes, )-133(A )-133(and )-133(B, )-133(that )-133(you )-133(need )-133(to)]TJ T* [(lock )-63(at )-63(the )-63(same )-63(time.)-562(If )-63(all )-63(thr)18(eads )-63(always )-63(lock )-63(mutex )-63(A )-63(befor)]TJ 0.3129 Tc 28.435 0 Td (em)Tj 0 Tc 1.675 0 Td [(utex )-63(B, )-63(no )-63(deadlock)]TJ -30.11 -1.2 Td [(can )-294(occur )-294(fr)17(om )-294(the )-294(use )-294(of )-294(the )-294(two )-294(mutexes )-294(\(but )-294(you )-294(can )-294(still )-294(deadlock )-294(on )-294(other)]TJ -0.018 Tc T* (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(sour)18(ces\). )-363(Similarly)111(,)-363(if)-363(all )-113(thr)18(eads )-113(always )-113(lock )-113(mutex )-113(B )-113(befor)]TJ 0.363 Tc 27.212 0 Td (em)Tj 0 Tc 1.725 0 Td [(utex )-113(A, )-113(no )-113(deadlock)]TJ -29.793 -1.2 Td [(will )-101(occur)]TJ 0.601 Tc 4.416 0 Td (.Y)Tj 0 Tc 1.426 0 Td [(ou\325ll )-101(have )-101(the )-101(potential )-101(for )-101(a )-101(deadlock )-101(only )-101(when )-101(one )-101(thr)18(ead )-101(attempts )-101(to)]TJ -5.842 -1.2 Td [(lock the mutexes in the opposite or)18(der fr)18(om another thr)18(ead.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(Sometimes, )-53(an )-53(application\325s )-53(ar)17(chitectur)]TJ 0.3035 Tc 17.502 0 Td (em)Tj 0 Tc 1.666 0 Td [(akes )-53(it )-53(dif)17(\336cult )-54(to )-54(apply )-54(a )-54(lock )-54(or)20(dering.)]TJ -20.968 -1.2 Td [(If )-85(enough )-85(locks )-85(and )-85(data )-85(str)7(uctur)18(es )-85(ar)]TJ 0.3353 Tc 17.191 0 Td (ei)Tj 0 Tc 1.105 0 Td [(nvolved )-85(that )-85(the )-85(functions )-85(you )-85(have )-85(available)]TJ -18.296 -1.2 Td [(can\325t )-79(be )-79(molded )-79(to )-79(\336t )-79(a )-79(simple )-79(hierar)21(chy)]TJ 0.3287 Tc 18.25 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 0.905 0 Td [(hen )-79(you\325ll )-79(have )-79(to )-79(try )-79(some )-79(other )-79(appr)20(oach.)]TJ -19.155 -1.2 Td [(In )-82(this )-82(case, )-82(you )-82(might )-82(be )-82(able )-82(to )-82(r)15(elease )-82(your )-82(locks )-82(and )-82(try )-82(again )-82(at )-82(a )-82(later )-82(time.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 37.276 0 Td (Yo)Tj 0 Tc 1.121 0 Td (u)Tj -38.397 -1.2 Td [(can )-94(use )-94(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.452 0 Td (pthread_mutex_trylock)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 12.944 0 Td [(interface )-94(to )-94(avoid )-94(deadlocking )-94(in )-94(this )-94(case.)-596(If)]TJ -18.396 -1.2 Td [(you )-100(ar)]TJ 0.3504 Tc 2.932 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.329 0 Td [(lr)18(eady )-100(holding )-100(locks )-100(and)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.629 0 Td (pthread_mutex_trylock)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 12.95 0 Td [(is )-100(successful, )-100(then )-100(you)]TJ -28.841 -1.2 Td [(can )-37(pr)18(oceed. )-287(If)-287(it )-37(can\325t )-37(acquir)]TJ 0.2873 Tc 13.191 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.092 0 Td [(he )-37(lock, )-37(however)]TJ 0.2873 Tc 7.529 0 Td (,y)Tj 0 Tc 1.093 0 Td [(ou )-37(can )-37(r)18(elease )-37(the )-37(locks )-37(you )-37(alr)16(eady)]TJ -22.905 -1.2 Td [(hold, clean up, and try again later)74(.)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf -3.6 -2.52 Td (Example)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.6 -2.04 Td [(In )-158(this )-158(example, )-158(we )-158(update )-158(Figur)]TJ 0.4082 Tc 15.398 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.332 0 Td [(1.10 )-158(to )-158(show )-158(the )-158(use )-158(of )-158(two )-158(mutexes.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 17.962 0 Td [(We )-342(a)]TJ 0 Tc 2.295 0 Td (void)Tj -36.987 -1.2 Td [(deadlocks )-34(by )-34(ensuring )-34(that )-34(when )-34(we )-34(need )-34(to )-34(acquir)]TJ 0.2839 Tc 23.076 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.089 0 Td [(wo )-34(mutexes )-34(at )-34(the )-34(same )-34(time, )-34(we)]TJ -24.165 -1.2 Td [(always )-53(lock )-53(them )-53(in )-53(the )-53(same )-53(or)19(der)]TJ 0.5528 Tc 15.909 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.416 0 Td [(he )-53(second )-53(mutex )-53(pr)18(otects )-53(a )-53(hash )-53(list )-53(that )-53(we )-53(use)]TJ -17.325 -1.2 Td [(to )-90(keep )-90(track )-90(of )-90(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.175 0 Td (foo)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.14 0 Td [(data )-90(str)8(uctur)18(es. )-340(Thus)-340(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.8 0 Td (hashlock)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.14 0 Td [(mutex )-90(pr)18(otects )-90(both )-90(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -28.255 -1.2 Td (fh)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.499 0 Td [(hash )-49(table )-49(and )-49(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.511 0 Td (f_next)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.899 0 Td [(hash )-49(link )-49(\336eld )-49(in )-49(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.547 0 Td (foo)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.099 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e. )-299(The)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.74 0 Td (f_lock)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.899 0 Td (mutex)Tj -36.193 -1.2 Td (in the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.76 0 Td (foo)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.05 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)]TJ 0.25 Tc 3.49 0 Td (ep)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.33 0 Td (ro)Tj 0 Tc 0.923 0 Td [(tects access to the r)18(emainder of the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 15.586 0 Td (foo)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.05 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e\325s \336elds.)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46997 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(1)55(1.6 )]TJ 32.941 0 Td [(Thr)18(ead )-250(Synchr)18(onization)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 12.892 0 Td (399)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2148.25 6638.25 cm 0 0 m 360 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 216.027 667 Tm [(Thr)18(ead A)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 1968 6026 720 432 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 198.4322 627.3647 Tm (fetch)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.414 0 Td (i)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.85 0 Td [(into r)18(egister)]TJ -1.771 -1.25 Td [(\(r)18(egister = 5\))]TJ ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 1968 5414 720 432 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 208.4425 576.1363 Tm [(incr)18(ement the)]TJ 0.621 -1.25 Td (contents of)Tj -0.063 -1.25 Td [(the r)18(egister)]TJ -0.318 -1.25 Td [(\(r)18(egister = 6\))]TJ ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 1968 4802 720 432 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 201.7596 514.9164 Tm (stor)Tj 0.25 Tc 1.673 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.055 0 Td (he contents)Tj -1.9 -1.25 Td [(of the r)18(egister)]TJ 1.749 -1.25 Td (into)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.995 0 Td (i)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -3.497 -1.25 Td [(\(r)18(egister = 6\))]TJ ET q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3084.25 6638.25 cm 0 0 m 360 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9976 0 0 7.9976 310.2149 666.8399 Tm [(Thr)18(ead B)]TJ ET q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2904 5414 720 432 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9971 0 0 7.9971 291.9509 566.0362 Tm (fetch)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.414 0 Td (i)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.85 0 Td [(into r)18(egister)]TJ -1.771 -1.25 Td [(\(r)18(egister = 5\))]TJ ET q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2904 4802 720 432 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9966 0 0 7.9966 301.9531 514.8237 Tm [(incr)18(ement the)]TJ 0.621 -1.25 Td (contents of)Tj -0.063 -1.25 Td [(the r)18(egister)]TJ -0.318 -1.25 Td [(\(r)18(egister = 6\))]TJ ET q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2904 4190 720 432 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9962 0 0 7.9962 295.2662 453.6222 Tm (stor)Tj 0.25 Tc 1.673 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.055 0 Td (he contents)Tj -1.9 -1.25 Td [(of the r)18(egister)]TJ 1.749 -1.25 Td (into)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.995 0 Td (i)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -3.497 -1.25 Td [(\(r)18(egister = 6\))]TJ ET q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4020.25 6638.25 cm 0 0 m 576 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9957 0 0 7.9957 406.7683 666.6799 Tm (Contents of)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 5.353 0 Td (i)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -2.626 -5.575 Td (5)Tj 0 -7.65 TD (5)Tj T* (6)Tj 0 -7.65 TD (6)Tj ET q 0.9994601 0 0 0.9994601 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 182.4 440.6 cm 0 0 m -1.8 7.2 l 1.8 7.2 l f Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1824 4406 cm 0 0 m -18 72 l 18 72 l h S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1824.25 6242.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -1764 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9952 0 0 7.9952 162.4705 530.3217 Tm (time)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.639 -17.105 Td [(Figure 1)37(1.9)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf -0.09 Tc 6.25 0 Td (Tw)Tj 0.25 Tc 1.357 0 Td (ou)Tj 0 Tc 1.399 0 Td [(nsynchr)18(onized thr)18(eads incr)18(ementing the same variable)]TJ 9.994 0 0 9.994 147.5117 364.7811 Tm [(In )-71(a )-71(sequentially )-71(consistent )-71(envir)18(onment, )-71(we )-71(can )-71(explain )-71(modi\336cations )-71(to )-71(our )-71(data)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(as )-24(a )-24(sequential )-24(step )-24(of )-24(operations )-24(taken )-24(by )-24(the )-24(r)6(unning )-24(thr)18(eads. )-274(W)]TJ 0.2743 Tc 29.603 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.197 0 Td [(an )-24(say )-24(such )-24(things)]TJ -30.801 -1.2 Td [(as )-109(\324)37(\324Thr)18(ead )-109(A )-109(incr)18(emented )-109(the )-109(variable, )-109(then )-109(thr)18(ead )-109(B )-109(incr)18(emented )-109(the )-109(variable, )-109(so )-109(its)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(value )-47(is )-47(two )-47(gr)18(eater )-47(than )-47(befor)20(e\325)37(\325)-297(or)-297(\324)38(\324Thr)18(ead )-47(B )-47(incr)18(emented )-47(the )-47(variable, )-47(then )-47(thr)20(ead )-47(A)]TJ T* [(incr)18(emented )-33(the )-33(variable, )-33(so )-33(its )-33(value )-33(is )-33(two )-33(gr)18(eater )-33(than )-33(befor)21(e.\325)]TJ 0.5327 Tc 28.801 0 Td (\325N)Tj 0.2827 Tc 1.642 0 Td (op)Tj 0 Tc 1.43 0 Td [(ossible )-33(or)18(dering)]TJ -31.872 -1.2 Td [(of the two thr)18(eads can r)18(esult in any other value of the variable.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(Besides )-241(the )-241(computer )-241(ar)18(chitectur)18(e, )-241(races )-241(can )-241(arise )-241(fr)18(om )-241(the )-241(ways )-241(in )-241(which )-241(our)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ograms )-28(use )-28(variables, )-28(cr)18(eating )-28(places )-28(wher)20(e)-278(it)-278(is)-278(p)1(ossible )-28(to )-28(view )-28(inconsistencies.)-526(For)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(example, )-97(we )-97(might )-97(incr)18(ement )-97(a )-97(variable )-97(and )-97(then )-97(make )-97(a )-97(decision )-97(based )-97(on )-97(its )-97(value.)]TJ T* [(The )-7(combination )-7(of )-7(the )-7(incr)18(ement )-7(step )-7(and )-7(the )-7(decision-making )-7(step )-7(isn\325t )-7(atomic, )-7(which)]TJ T* (opens a window wher)Tj 0.25 Tc 9.852 0 Td (ei)Tj 0 Tc 1.02 0 Td (nconsistencies can arise.)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 11.9928 0 0 11.9928 129.5226 220.8674 Tm [(11.6.1 )-556(Mute)]TJ -0.01 Tc 5.932 0 Td (xe)Tj 0 Tc 1.102 0 Td (s)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.092 Tc 9.994 0 0 9.994 129.5226 196.8818 Tm [(We )-306(c)]TJ 0 Tc 2.203 0 Td [(an )-122(pr)18(otect )-122(our )-122(data )-122(and )-122(ensur)]TJ 0.3725 Tc 13.682 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.351 0 Td [(ccess )-122(by )-122(only )-122(one )-122(thr)18(ead )-122(at )-122(a )-122(time )-122(by )-122(using )-122(the)]TJ -17.237 -1.2 Td [(pthr)18(eads )-239(mutual-exclusion )-239(interfaces. )-239(A)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 18.852 0 Td (mutex)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.045 0 Td [(is )-239(basically )-239(a )-239(lock )-239(that )-239(we )-239(set )-239(\(lock\))]TJ -21.897 -1.2 Td (befor)Tj 0.3738 Tc 2.288 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.353 0 Td [(ccessing )-124(a )-124(shar)18(ed )-124(r)19(esour)18(ce )-124(and )-124(r)18(elease )-124(\(unlock\) )-124(when )-124(we\325r)]TJ 0.3739 Tc 26.692 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.464 0 Td [(one. )-374(While)-374(it )-124(is)]TJ -31.796 -1.2 Td [(set, )-90(any )-90(other )-90(thr)18(ead )-90(that )-90(tries )-90(to )-90(set )-90(it )-90(will )-90(block )-90(until )-90(we )-90(r)23(elease )-89(it.)-589(If )-89(mor)]TJ 0.3395 Tc 34.245 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.144 0 Td [(han )-89(one)]TJ -35.39 -1.2 Td [(thr)18(ead )-69(is )-69(blocked )-69(when )-69(we )-69(unlock )-69(the )-69(mutex, )-69(then )-69(all )-69(thr)18(eads )-69(blocked )-69(on )-69(the )-69(lock )-69(will)]TJ T* [(be )-76(made )-76(r)8(unnable, )-76(and )-76(the )-76(\336rst )-76(one )-76(to )-76(r)8(un )-76(will )-76(be )-76(able )-76(to )-76(set )-76(the )-76(lock.)-576(The )-76(others )-76(will)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46998 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(1)55(1.6 )]TJ 32.941 0 Td [(Thr)18(ead )-250(Synchr)18(onization)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 12.892 0 Td (397)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5911 658.2605 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.902 TD (int pthread_detach\(pthread_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 17.4 0 Td (tid)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.881 -1.902 Td [(Returns: 0 if OK, err)18(or number on failur)18(e)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 6195.25 cm 0 0 m 0 478 l 3900 478 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 604.7874 Tm [(As )-20(we )-20(will )-20(see )-20(in )-20(the )-20(next )-20(chapter)76(,)-270(we)-270(can )-20(cr)18(eate )-20(a )-20(thr)18(ead )-20(that )-20(is )-20(alr)18(eady )-20(in )-20(the )-20(detached)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(state by modifying the thr)18(ead attributes we pass to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 22.682 0 Td (pthread_create)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 11.9986 0 0 11.9986 93.5888 556.7932 Tm [(11.6 )-776(Thread)-556(Sync)10(hr)20(onization)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 533.9959 Tm [(When )-108(multiple )-108(thr)17(eads )-108(of )-108(contr)18(ol )-108(shar)]TJ 0.3582 Tc 17.372 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.163 0 Td [(he )-108(same )-108(memory)111(,)-358(we)-358(need )-108(to )-108(make )-108(sur)]TJ 0.3582 Tc 17.893 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.163 0 Td (hat)Tj -37.592 -1.2 Td [(each )-105(thr)18(ead )-105(sees )-105(a )-105(consistent )-105(view )-105(of )-105(its )-105(data.)-605(If )-105(each )-105(thr)19(ead )-105(uses )-105(variables )-105(that )-105(other)]TJ T* [(thr)18(eads )-28(don\325t )-28(r)18(ead )-28(or )-28(modify)]TJ 0.2776 Tc 12.769 0 Td (,n)Tj 0.2775 Tc 1.11 0 Td (oc)Tj 0 Tc 1.268 0 Td [(onsistency )-27(pr)18(oblems )-27(will )-27(exist.)-529(Similarly)111(,)-277(if)-277(a)-277(v)-1(ariable)]TJ -15.146 -1.2 Td [(is )-191(r)18(ead-only)]TJ 0.4407 Tc 5.32 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 1.017 0 Td [(her)18(e)-441(is)-441(n)]TJ 0.4408 Tc 4.095 0 Td (oc)Tj 0 Tc 1.431 0 Td [(onsistency )-191(pr)18(oblem )-191(with )-191(mor)]TJ 0.4408 Tc 13.545 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.246 0 Td [(han )-191(one )-191(thr)18(ead )-191(r)18(eading )-191(its)]TJ -26.654 -1.2 Td [(value )-138(at )-138(the )-138(same )-138(time.)-640(However)]TJ 0.3884 Tc 15.414 0 Td (,w)Tj 0 Tc 1.472 0 Td [(hen )-138(one )-138(thr)17(ead )-138(can )-138(modify )-138(a )-138(variable )-138(that )-138(other)]TJ -16.886 -1.2 Td [(thr)18(eads )-181(can )-181(r)18(ead )-181(or )-181(modify)112(,)-431(we)-431(n)1(eed )-181(to )-181(synchr)18(onize )-181(the )-181(thr)18(eads )-181(to )-181(ensur)]TJ 0.4308 Tc 33.982 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.236 0 Td [(hat )-181(they)]TJ -35.218 -1.2 Td (don\325t use an invalid value when accessing the variable\325s memory co\ ntents.)Tj 1.8 -1.2 Td [(When )-609(one )-609(thr)18(ead )-609(modi\336es )-609(a )-609(variable, )-609(other )-609(thr)18(eads )-609(can )-609(potentially )-609(see)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(inconsistencies )-102(when )-102(r)18(eading )-102(the )-102(value )-102(of )-102(that )-102(variable.)-605(On )-102(pr)18(ocessor )-102(ar)17(chitectur)18(es )-102(in)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(which )-98(the )-98(modi\336cation )-98(takes )-98(mor)]TJ 0.348 Tc 15.228 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.153 0 Td [(han )-98(one )-98(memory )-98(cycle, )-98(this )-98(can )-98(happen )-98(when )-98(the)]TJ -16.381 -1.2 Td [(memory )-38(r)18(ead )-38(is )-38(interleaved )-38(between )-38(the )-38(memory )-38(write )-38(cycles.)-541(Of )-38(course, )-38(this )-38(behavior)]TJ T* [(is )-178(ar)18(chitectur)]TJ 0.4284 Tc 5.892 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.518 0 Td [(ependent, )-178(but )-178(portable )-178(pr)18(ograms )-178(can\325t )-178(make )-178(any )-178(assumptions )-178(about)]TJ -7.411 -1.2 Td [(what type of pr)18(ocessor ar)18(chitectur)18(e)-250(is)-250(being used.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td (Figur)Tj 0.3687 Tc 2.383 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.293 0 Td [(1.7 )-119(shows )-119(a )-119(hypothetical )-119(example )-119(of )-119(two )-119(thr)20(eads )-119(r)18(eading )-119(and )-119(writing )-119(the)]TJ -5.476 -1.2 Td [(same )-7(variable.)-507(In )-7(this )-7(example, )-7(thr)18(ead )-7(A )-7(r)20(eads )-7(the )-7(variable )-7(and )-7(then )-7(writes )-7(a )-7(new )-7(value)]TJ T* [(to )-197(it, )-197(but )-197(the )-197(write )-197(operation )-197(takes )-197(two )-197(memory )-197(cycles.)-700(If )-197(thr)18(ead )-197(B )-197(r)18(eads )-197(the )-197(same)]TJ T* (variable between the two write cycles, it will see an inconsistent value\ .)Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2778.25 3176.25 cm 0 0 m 360 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 278.9898 320.8422 Tm [(Thr)18(ead A)]TJ ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2742 2816.6 432 216 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 287.8629 290.6302 Tm (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (ad)Tj ET q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2742 2384.6 432 216 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9976 0 0 7.9976 284.9145 247.4258 Tm (write)Tj 5.9982 0 0 5.9982 303.5089 243.427 Tm (1)Tj ET q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2742 1952.6 432 216 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9971 0 0 7.9971 284.8974 204.2265 Tm (write)Tj 5.9978 0 0 5.9978 303.4907 200.2279 Tm (2)Tj ET q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3498.25 3176.25 cm 0 0 m 360 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9966 0 0 7.9966 351.5603 320.7652 Tm [(Thr)18(ead B)]TJ ET q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 3462 2168.6 432 216 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 7.9962 0 0 7.9962 359.7593 225.7916 Tm (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (ad)Tj ET q 0.9995201 0 0 0.9995201 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 259.8 198.86 cm 0 0 m -1.8 7.2 l 1.8 7.2 l f Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2598 1988.6 cm 0 0 m -18 72 l 18 72 l h S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2598.25 2852.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -792 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9957 0 0 7.9957 239.8384 240.1703 Tm (time)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -2.402 -8.78 Td [(Figure 1)37(1.7)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 6.25 0 Td [(Interleaved memory cycles with two thr)18(eads)]TJ -0.092 Tc 9.9946 0 0 9.9946 147.5203 145.9813 Tm [(To )-205(s)]TJ 0 Tc 1.762 0 Td [(olve )-21(this )-21(pr)18(oblem, )-21(the )-21(thr)17(eads )-21(have )-21(to )-21(use )-21(a )-21(lock )-21(that )-21(will )-21(allow )-21(only )-21(one )-21(thr)17(ead)]TJ -3.562 -1.2 Td [(to )-97(access )-97(the )-97(variable )-97(at )-97(a )-97(time.)-596(Figur)]TJ 0.3469 Tc 17.164 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.271 0 Td [(1.8 )-97(shows )-97(this )-97(synchr)18(onization. )-347(If)-347(it )-97(wants )-97(to)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 46999 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (388)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Thr)18(eads )]TJ 36.604 0 Td (Chapter)Tj -0.055 Tc 6.284 0 Td (11)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 0 Tc 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 668.9599 Tm [(thr)18(ead )-320(ID )-320(of )-320(the )-320(newly )-320(cr)18(eated )-320(thr)19(ead )-320(thr)18(ough )-320(the )-320(\336rst )-320(parameter )-320(\()]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 32.953 0 Td (tidp)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(\). )-570(In)-570(our)]TJ -32.953 -1.2 Td [(example, )-58(the )-58(main )-58(thr)18(ead )-58(stor)18(es )-58(this )-58(ID )-58(in)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 19.162 0 Td (ntid)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.3078 Tc (,b)Tj 0 Tc 3.511 0 Td [(ut )-58(the )-58(new )-58(thr)18(ead )-58(can\325t )-58(safely )-58(use )-58(it.)]TJ -22.673 -1.2 Td [(If )-80(the )-80(new )-80(thr)18(ead )-80(r)8(uns )-80(befor)]TJ 0.3302 Tc 12.762 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.135 0 Td [(he )-80(main )-80(thr)18(ead )-80(r)18(eturns )-80(fr)18(om )-80(calling)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 16.453 0 Td (pthread_create)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj -30.35 -1.2 Td [(then )-20(the )-20(new )-20(thr)17(ead )-20(will )-20(see )-20(the )-20(uninitialized )-20(contents )-20(of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 25.533 0 Td (ntid)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.671 0 Td [(instead )-20(of )-20(the )-20(thr)18(ead )-20(ID.)]TJ -26.403 -1.2 Td [(Running the pr)18(ogram in Figur)]TJ 0.25 Tc 13.365 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.174 0 Td (1.2 on Solaris gives us)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5907 605.3336 Tm ($)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (./a.out)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -1.2 -1.189 Td (main thread: pid 20075 tid 1 \(0x1\))Tj 0 -1.189 TD [(new thread:)-1200(pid 20075 tid 2 \(0x2\))]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5918 567.0058 Tm [(As )-6(we )-6(expect, )-6(both )-6(thr)19(eads )-6(have )-6(the )-6(same )-6(pr)18(ocess )-6(ID, )-6(but )-6(dif)20(fer)18(ent )-6(thr)18(ead )-6(IDs.)-505(Running)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(the pr)18(ogram in Figur)]TJ 0.25 Tc 9.251 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.174 0 Td [(1.2 on Fr)18(eeBSD gives us)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5905 539.3777 Tm ($)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (./a.out)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -1.2 -1.189 Td (main thread: pid 37396 tid 673190208 \(0x28201140\))Tj T* [(new thread:)-1200(pid 37396 tid 673280320 \(0x28217140\))]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5916 501.0499 Tm [(As )-98(we )-98(expect, )-98(both )-98(thr)18(eads )-98(have )-98(the )-98(same )-98(pr)18(ocess )-98(ID.)-594(If )-98(we )-98(look )-98(at )-98(the )-98(thr)18(ead )-98(IDs )-98(as)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(decimal )-27(integers, )-27(the )-27(values )-27(look )-27(strange, )-27(but )-27(if )-27(we )-27(look )-27(at )-27(them )-27(in )-27(hexadecimal )-27(format,)]TJ T* [(they )-75(make )-75(mor)]TJ 0.3252 Tc 6.817 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.228 0 Td [(ense. )-325(As)-325(we )-75(noted )-75(earlier)]TJ 0.3253 Tc 11.58 0 Td (,F)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.131 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(eBSD )-75(uses )-75(a )-75(pointer )-75(to )-75(the )-75(thr)18(ead )-75(data)]TJ -21.613 -1.2 Td [(str)8(uctur)]TJ 0.25 Tc 3.49 0 Td (ef)Tj 0 Tc 1.062 0 Td [(or its thr)18(ead ID.)]TJ -0.092 Tc -2.752 -1.2 Td [(We )-198(w)]TJ 0 Tc 2.485 0 Td [(ould )-14(expect )-14(Mac )-14(OS )-14(X )-14(to )-14(be )-14(similar )-14(to )-14(Fr)18(eeBSD; )-14(however)]TJ 0.2639 Tc 25.112 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 0.84 0 Td [(he )-14(thr)18(ead )-14(ID )-14(for )-14(the)]TJ -30.237 -1.2 Td [(main )-122(thr)18(ead )-122(is )-122(fr)18(om )-122(a )-122(dif)18(fer)18(ent )-122(addr)18(ess )-122(range )-122(than )-122(the )-122(thr)18(ead )-122(IDs )-122(for )-122(thr)18(eads )-122(cr)18(eated)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td (with)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.283 0 Td (pthread_create)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (:)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5899 413.4251 Tm ($)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (./a.out)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -1.2 -1.189 Td (main thread: pid 31807 tid 140735073889440 \(0x7fff70162ca0\))Tj 0 -1.189 TD [(new thread:)-1200(pid 31807 tid 4295716864 \(0x1000b7000\))]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.591 375.0973 Tm [(Running the same pr)18(ogram on Linux gives us)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5899 359.4681 Tm ($)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (./a.out)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -1.2 -1.189 Td (main thread: pid 17874 tid 140693894424320 \(0x7ff5d9996700\))Tj T* [(new thread:)-1200(pid 17874 tid 140693886129920 \(0x7ff5d91ad700\))]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.591 321.1407 Tm [(The )-58(Linux )-58(thr)19(ead )-57(IDs )-57(look )-57(like )-57(pointers, )-57(even )-57(though )-57(they )-57(ar)]TJ 0.3075 Tc 27.332 0 Td (er)Tj 0 Tc 1.164 0 Td [(epr)18(esented )-57(as )-57(unsigned)]TJ -28.496 -1.2 Td (long integers.)Tj 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 183.5878 289.1427 Tm [(The )-380(thr)18(eads )-380(implementation )-380(changed )-380(between )-380(Linux )-380(2.4 )-380(and )-380(Linux )-380(2.6.)-880(In )-380(Linux )-380(2.4,)]TJ 0 -1.25 TD [(LinuxThr)18(eads )-220(implemented )-220(each )-220(thr)19(ead )-220(with )-220(a )-220(separate )-220(pr)20(ocess. )-470(This)-469(made )-220(it )-220(dif)18(\336cult )-220(to)]TJ 0 -1.25 Td [(match )-45(the )-45(behavior )-45(of )-45(POSIX )-45(thr)16(eads. )-296(In)-295(Linux )-46(2.6, )-46(the )-46(Linux 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0.4207 Tc (,o)Tj 0 Tc 4.217 0 Td (r)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.816 0 Td (_exit)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.4207 Tc (,t)Tj 0 Tc 3.997 0 Td [(hen )-171(the )-171(entir)]TJ 0.4208 Tc 5.926 0 Td (ep)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.501 0 Td (ro)Tj 0 Tc 0.923 0 Td (cess)Tj -37.229 -1.2 Td [(terminates. )-325(Similarly)]TJ 0.3248 Tc 9.422 0 Td (,w)Tj 0 Tc 1.409 0 Td [(hen )-75(the )-75(default )-75(action )-75(is )-75(to )-75(terminate )-75(the )-75(pr)20(ocess, )-75(a )-75(signal )-75(sent)]TJ -10.831 -1.2 Td [(to )-212(a )-212(thr)18(ead )-212(will )-212(terminate )-212(the )-212(entir)]TJ 0.4618 Tc 16.428 0 Td (ep)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.542 0 Td (ro)Tj 0 Tc 0.923 0 Td [(cess )-212(\(we\325ll )-212(talk )-212(mor)]TJ 0.4619 Tc 9.142 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.441 0 Td [(bout )-212(the )-212(interactions)]TJ -29.475 -1.2 Td [(between signals and thr)18(eads in Section 12.8\).)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47000 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(1)55(1.4 )]TJ 36.361 0 Td [(Thr)18(ead )-250(Cr)18(eation)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 9.472 0 Td (385)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5911 658.2605 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -2.021 TD (int pthread_equal\(pthread_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 16.8 0 Td (tid1)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,p)Tj 0 Tc 3.411 0 Td (thread_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 5.4 0 Td (tid2)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -3.03 -2.021 Td [(Returns: nonzer)18(o)-250(if)-250(equal, 0 otherwise)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 6174.25 cm 0 0 m 0 499 l 3900 499 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 183.578 599.4481 Tm [(Linux )-50(3.2.0 )-50(uses )-50(an )-50(unsigned )-50(long )-50(integer )-50(for )-50(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 22.183 0 Td (pthread_t)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.7 0 Td [(data )-49(type.)-549(Solaris )-49(10 )-49(r)16(epr)18(esents)]TJ -27.883 -1.25 Td (the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.795 0 Td (pthread_t)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.808 0 Td [(data )-158(type )-158(as )-158(an )-158(unsigned )-158(integer)]TJ 0.658 Tc 15.107 0 Td (.F)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.464 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(eBSD )-158(8.0 )-158(and )-158(Mac )-158(OS )-158(X )-158(10.6.8 )-158(use )-158(a)]TJ -25.03 -1.25 Td (pointer to the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 6.229 0 Td (pthread)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)]TJ 0.25 Tc 3.49 0 Td (ef)Tj 0 Tc 1.062 0 Td (or the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.828 0 Td (pthread_t)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.65 0 Td (data type.)Tj 0.3057 Tc 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 147.5826 561.4526 Tm (Ac)Tj 0 Tc 1.528 0 Td [(onsequence )-56(of )-56(allowing )-56(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 12.558 0 Td (pthread_t)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.706 0 Td [(data )-56(type )-56(to )-56(be )-56(a )-56(str)10(uctur)18(e)-306(is)-306(t)1(hat )-56(ther)18(e)]TJ -21.591 -1.2 Td [(is )-54(no )-54(portable )-54(way )-54(to )-54(print )-54(its )-54(value.)-554(Sometimes, )-54(it )-54(is )-54(useful )-54(to )-54(print )-54(thr)18(ead )-54(IDs )-54(during)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(pr)18(ogram )-161(debugging, )-161(but 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TD (int pthread_create\(pthread_t *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 23.4 0 Td (tidp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -12 -1.189 Td (const pthread_attr_t *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 18.6 0 Td (attr)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -18.6 -1.189 Td (void *\(*)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (start_rtn)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\)\(void *\), void *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 24.066 0 Td [(ar)18(g)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -14.185 -2.021 Td [(Returns: 0 if OK, err)18(or number on failur)18(e)]TJ ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 1402.25 cm 0 0 m 0 713 l 3900 713 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47001 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (384)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Thr)18(eads )]TJ 36.604 0 Td (Chapter)Tj -0.055 Tc 6.284 0 Td (11)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 0 Tc 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 162.4803 668.9599 Tm [(and 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pr)18(ovide the array)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9989 0 0 8.9989 147.5823 388.2534 Tm (extern char *sys_siglist[];)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 370.2556 Tm [(The )-103(array )-103(index )-103(is )-103(the )-103(signal )-103(number)]TJ 0.3535 Tc 16.786 0 Td (,g)Tj 0 Tc 1.159 0 Td [(iving )-103(a )-103(pointer )-103(to )-103(the )-103(character )-103(string )-103(name )-103(of)]TJ -17.946 -1.2 Td (the signal.)Tj 7.999 0 0 7.999 183.5779 338.2594 Tm [(Fr)18(eeBSD )-9(8.0, )-9(Linux )-9(3.2.0, )-9(and )-9(Mac )-9(OS )-9(X )-9(10.6.8 )-9(all )-9(pr)18(ovide )-9(this )-9(array )-9(of )-9(signal )-9(names.)-509(Solaris )-9(10)]TJ 0 -1.25 TD (does, too, but it uses the name)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 13.588 0 Td (_sys_siglist)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.45 0 Td (instead.)Tj -0.092 Tc 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 147.5822 308.263 Tm [(To )-188(p)]TJ 0 Tc 1.922 0 Td [(rint )-4(the )-4(character )-4(string )-4(corr)18(esponding )-4(to )-4(a )-4(signal )-4(number )-4(in )-4(a )-4(portable )-4(manner)70(,)]TJ -3.722 -1.2 Td (we can use the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 6.732 0 Td (psignal)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td (function.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9989 0 0 8.9989 147.5822 278.3666 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.902 TD (void psignal\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 10.2 0 Td (signo)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 3.967 0 Td (onst char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (msg)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 2568.25 cm 0 0 m 0 306 l 3900 306 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9982 0 0 9.9982 129.5767 242.0364 Tm [(The )-177(string)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 5.103 0 Td (msg)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.094 0 Td [(\(which )-177(normally )-177(includes )-177(the )-177(name )-177(of )-177(the )-177(pr)15(ogram\) )-177(is )-177(output )-177(to )-177(the)]TJ -7.197 -1.2 Td (standar)Tj 0.278 Tc 3.32 0 Td (de)Tj 0 Tc 1.368 0 Td [(rr)18(or)]TJ 0.278 Tc 1.639 0 Td (,f)Tj 0 Tc 0.861 0 Td [(ollowed )-28(by )-28(a )-28(colon )-28(and )-28(a )-28(space, )-28(followed )-28(by )-28(a )-28(description )-28(of )-28(the )-28(signal,)]TJ -7.188 -1.2 Td [(followed )-229(by )-229(a )-229(newline.)-731(If)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 12.645 0 Td (msg)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.146 0 Td (is)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.194 0 Td (NULL)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.4795 Tc (,t)Tj 0 Tc 3.456 0 Td [(hen )-229(only )-229(the )-229(description )-229(is )-229(written )-229(to )-229(the)]TJ -19.442 -1.2 Td (standar)Tj 0.25 Tc 3.32 0 Td (de)Tj 0 Tc 1.34 0 Td [(rr)18(or)]TJ 0.5 Tc 1.639 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.363 0 Td (his function is similar to)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 10.916 0 Td (perror)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td (\(Section 1.7\).)Tj -20.628 -1.2 Td [(If )-151(you )-151(have )-151(a)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.606 0 Td (siginfo)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.601 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)]TJ 0.4014 Tc 3.49 0 Td (ef)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.213 0 Td (ro)Tj 0 Tc 0.923 0 Td [(m)-401(an)-401(a)-1(lternative)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.903 0 Td (sigaction)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.801 0 Td [(signal )-151(handler)74(,)]TJ -32.339 -1.2 Td (you can print the signal information with the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 20.152 0 Td (psiginfo)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.05 0 Td (function.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9984 0 0 8.9984 147.5736 164.1504 Tm (#include )Tj T* (void psiginfo\(const siginfo_t *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (info)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 21.956 0 Td (onst char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (msg)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 1425.25 cm 0 0 m 0 307 l 3900 307 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47005 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (376)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td (Signals )Tj 36.187 0 Td [(Chapter)-3054(10)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 11.9993 0 0 11.9993 93.5944 668.9599 Tm (10.20)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 3 0 Td (sigqueue)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 5.356 0 Td (Function)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 647.3612 Tm [(In )-24(Section )-24(10.8 )-24(we )-24(said )-24(that )-24(most )-24(UNIX )-24(systems )-24(don\325t )-24(queue )-24(signals.)]TJ -0.055 Tc 30.962 0 Td (Wi)Tj 0 Tc 1.236 0 Td 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)Tj 0 -1.783 TD (int sigqueue\(pid_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 11.4 0 Td (pid)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 3.078 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (signo)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 3.967 0 Td (onst union sigval)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 10.8 0 Td (value)Tj /TT2 1 Tf (\))Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -4.194 -1.783 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT3 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 3701.25 cm 0 0 m 0 456 l 3900 456 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 147.5823 357.7571 Tm (The)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 2.076 0 Td (sigqueue)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.201 0 Td [(function )-151(is )-151(similar )-151(to )-151(the)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 11.764 0 Td (kill)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.801 0 Td [(function, )-152(except )-152(that )-152(we )-152(can )-152(only)]TJ -23.642 -1.2 Td [(dir)18(ect )-34(signals )-34(to )-34(a )-34(single )-34(pr)18(ocess )-34(with)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 16.908 0 Td (sigqueue)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.2841 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 5.834 0 Td [(nd )-34(we )-34(can 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-1.25 Td [(8.0 )-1827(3.2.0)-1735(10.6.8 )-2170(10)]TJ -21.893 0.625 Td (Behavior)Tj 17.362 0 Td (SUS)Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 2038.25 cm 0 0 m 3906 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 2018.25 cm 0 0 m 3906 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 3.636 Tc 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 373.0185 193.7535 Tm (\245\245)Tj 7.5495 Tc 7.944 0 Td (\245\245)Tj 0 Tc -37.883 0 Td (supports)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 4.17 0 Td (sigqueue)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 24.23 -1.562 Td [(optional )-1847(\245)]TJ 17.638 0 Td (\245)Tj -46.038 0 Td (queues other signals besides)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 12.805 0 Td (SIGRTMIN)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.05 0 Td (to)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 1.122 0 Td (SIGRTMAX)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.423 -1.562 Td [(optional )-1847(\245)-3096(\245)]TJ -28.4 0 Td (queues signals even if the caller doesn\325t use the)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 21.121 0 Td (SA_SIGINFO)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -18.871 -1.25 Td (\337ag)Tj ET q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 1548.25 cm 0 0 m 3906 0 l S Q Q q 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1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 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8.9984 147.5731 196.3627 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -2.14 TD (int sigpending\(sigset_t *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (set)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 26.851 -2.14 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT3 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 1534.25 cm 0 0 m 0 520 l 3900 520 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47013 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (346)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td (Signals )Tj 36.187 0 Td [(Chapter)-3054(10)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 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)-69(pr)18(ocess )-69(is )-69(the )-69(set )-69(of )-69(signals )-69(curr)10(ently)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(blocked fr)18(om delivery to that pr)17(ocess. )-250(A)-250(pr)18(ocess can examine its signal mask, change its)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td (signal mask, or perform both operations in one step by calling the follo\ wing function.)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5913 601.8639 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -2.14 TD (int sigprocmask\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 12 0 Td (how)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 3.466 0 Td (onst sigset_t *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 14.4 0 Td (set)Tj /TT2 1 Tf (,)Tj -20.266 -1.189 Td (sigset_t *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 11.4 0 Td (oset)Tj /TT2 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.851 -2.14 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT3 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 5482.25 cm 0 0 m 0 627 l 3900 627 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 532.2161 Tm [(First, )-152(if)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 3.671 0 Td (oset)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.957 0 Td [(is )-152(a )-152(non-null )-152(pointer)]TJ 0.4023 Tc 9.378 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 0.978 0 Td [(he )-152(curr)18(ent )-152(signal )-152(mask )-152(for )-152(the )-152(pr)18(ocess )-152(is )-152(r)15(eturned)]TJ -15.984 -1.2 Td [(thr)18(ough)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 3.822 0 Td (oset)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj -2.022 -1.2 Td [(Second, )-192(if)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 4.945 0 Td (set)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.553 0 Td [(is )-192(a )-192(non-null )-192(pointer)]TJ 0.4419 Tc 9.497 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 1.018 0 Td (he)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.503 0 Td (how)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.108 0 Td [(ar)18(gument )-192(indicates )-192(how )-192(the )-192(curr)18(ent)]TJ -22.423 -1.2 Td [(signal )-522(mask )-522(is )-522(modi\336ed.)-1022(Figur)]TJ 0.772 Tc 15.719 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.751 0 Td [(0.13 )-522(describes )-522(the )-522(possible )-522(values )-522(for)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 19.614 0 Td (how)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj /TT2 1 Tf -37.084 -1.2 Td (SIG_BLOCK)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.862 0 Td [(is )-212(an )-212(inclusive-OR )-212(operation, )-212(wher)16(eas)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 18.057 0 Td (SIG_SETMASK)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.062 0 Td [(is )-212(an )-212(assignment.)]TJ -30.982 -1.2 Td (Note that)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 4.416 0 Td (SIGKILL)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td (and)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 1.943 0 Td (SIGSTOP)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td (can\325t be blocked.)Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1550.25 4523.25 cm 0 0 m 3392 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_2 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 178.7038 444.2 Tm (how)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 19.706 0 Td (Description)Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1550.25 4403.25 cm 0 0 m 3392 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1550.25 4383.25 cm 0 0 m 3392 0 l S Q Q BT /TT2 1 Tf 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 158.9618 430.1767 Tm (SIG_BLOCK)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 8.1 0 Td [(The new signal mask for the pr)18(ocess is the union of its curr)18(ent signal mask)]TJ 0 -1.25 TD (and the signal set pointed to by)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 14.12 0 Td (set)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 2.474 0 Td (hat is,)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 2.873 0 Td (set)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.361 0 Td (contains the additional)Tj -20.828 -1.25 Td (signals that we want to block.)Tj /TT2 1 Tf -8.1 -1.875 Td (SIG_UNBLOCK)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 8.1 0 Td [(The new signal mask for the pr)18(ocess is the intersection of its curr)18(ent signal)]TJ T* (mask and the complement of the signal set pointed to by)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 25.263 0 Td (set)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 2.474 0 Td (hat is,)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 2.873 0 Td (set)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -30.61 -1.25 Td (contains the signals that we want to unblock.)Tj /TT2 1 Tf -8.1 -1.875 Td (SIG_SETMASK)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 8.1 0 Td [(The new signal mask for the pr)18(ocess is r)18(eplaced by the value of the signal)]TJ T* (set pointed to by)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 7.646 0 Td (set)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj ET q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1550.25 3463.25 cm 0 0 m 3392 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2178.25 3463.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1060 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4942.25 3463.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1060 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1550.25 3463.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1060 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9976 0 0 7.9976 191.5265 328.1815 Tm (Figure 10.13)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.092 Tc 6.195 0 Td (Wa)Tj 0 Tc 1.408 0 Td [(ys to change the curr)18(ent signal mask using)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 19.051 0 Td (sigprocmask)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.997 0 0 9.997 147.556 301.7894 Tm (If)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.072 0 Td (set)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.513 0 Td [(is )-152(a )-152(null )-152(pointer)]TJ 0.4023 Tc 7.335 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 0.978 0 Td [(he )-152(signal )-152(mask )-152(of )-152(the )-152(pr)18(ocess )-152(is )-152(not )-152(changed, )-152(and)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 23.518 0 Td (how)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.068 0 Td (is)Tj -38.285 -1.2 Td [(ignor)18(ed.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(After )-121(calling)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 6.007 0 Td (sigprocmask)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(,)-371(if)-371(a)1(ny )-121(unblocked )-121(signals )-121(ar)]TJ 0.3708 Tc 19.576 0 Td (ep)Tj 0 Tc 1.451 0 Td [(ending, )-121(at )-121(least )-121(one )-121(of)]TJ -28.834 -1.2 Td [(these signals is deliver)18(ed to the pr)18(ocess befor)18(e)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 20.577 0 Td (sigprocmask)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 6.85 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (turns.)Tj 7.9976 0 0 7.9976 183.5447 245.8062 Tm (The)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 1.936 0 Td (sigprocmask)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.862 0 Td [(function )-12(is )-12(de\336ned )-12(only )-12(for )-12(single-thr)19(eaded )-12(pr)18(ocesses. )-262(A)-261(separate )-12(function)]TJ -8.798 -1.25 Td [(is )-5(pr)18(ovided )-5(to )-5(manipulate )-5(a )-5(thr)18(ead\325s )-5(signal )-5(mask )-5(in )-5(a )-5(multithr)16(eaded )-5(pr)18(ocess. )-255(W)92(e\325ll )-5(discuss )-5(this)]TJ T* (in Section 12.8.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 9.997 0 0 9.997 93.5714 192.2223 Tm (Example)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.6 -2.4 Td (Figur)Tj 0.299 Tc 2.383 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.278 0 Td [(0.14 )-49(shows )-49(a )-49(function )-49(that )-49(prints )-49(the )-49(names )-49(of )-49(the )-49(signals )-49(in )-49(the )-49(signal )-49(mask )-49(of)]TJ -3.661 -1.2 Td [(the )-47(calling )-47(pr)17(ocess. )-297(W)]TJ 0.2975 Tc 9.938 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.221 0 Td [(all )-48(this )-48(function )-48(fr)18(om )-48(the )-48(pr)18(ograms )-48(shown )-48(in )-48(Figur)]TJ 0.2976 Tc 22.825 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.277 0 Td [(0.20 )-48(and)]TJ -35.259 -1.2 Td (Figur)Tj 0.25 Tc 2.383 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (0.22.)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47014 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (344)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td (Signals )Tj 36.187 0 Td [(Chapter)-3054(10)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 11.9993 0 0 11.9993 93.5944 668.9599 Tm [(10.11 )-220(Signal)-556(Sets)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf -0.092 Tc 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 644.9613 Tm [(We )-216(n)]TJ 0 Tc 2.251 0 Td [(eed )-32(a )-32(data )-32(type )-32(to )-32(r)16(epr)18(esent )-32(multiple )-32(signals)]TJ 0.0833 Tc 19.857 0 Td (\321a)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 0 Tc 1.866 0 Td [(signal )-32(set)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5324 Tc (.W)Tj 0 Tc 5.529 0 Td [(e\325ll )-32(use )-32(this )-32(data )-32(type)]TJ -29.503 -1.2 Td [(with )-25(such )-25(functions )-25(as)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 10.24 0 Td (sigprocmask)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.875 0 Td [(\(in )-25(the )-25(next )-25(section\) )-25(to )-25(tell )-25(the )-25(kernel )-25(not )-25(to )-25(allow)]TJ -17.115 -1.2 Td [(any )-60(of )-60(the )-60(signals )-60(in )-60(the )-60(set )-60(to )-60(occur)]TJ 0.5597 Tc 16.169 0 Td (.A)Tj 0 Tc 1.588 0 Td [(s)-310(we)-310(m)1(entioned )-60(earlier)]TJ 0.3097 Tc 10.201 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 0.886 0 Td [(he )-60(number )-60(of )-60(dif)19(fer)18(ent)]TJ -28.843 -1.2 Td [(signals )-17(can )-17(exceed )-17(the )-17(number )-17(of )-17(bits )-17(in )-17(an )-17(integer)]TJ 0.2671 Tc 22.35 0 Td (,s)Tj 0 Tc 0.941 0 Td [(o)-267(in)-267(general )-17(we )-17(can\325t )-17(use )-17(an )-17(integer)]TJ -23.291 -1.2 Td [(to )-27(r)18(epr)18(esent )-27(the )-27(set )-27(with )-27(one )-27(bit )-27(per )-27(signal.)-527(POSIX.1 )-27(de\336nes )-27(the )-27(data )-27(type)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 33.051 0 Td (sigset_t)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.077 0 Td (to)Tj -38.128 -1.2 Td (contain a signal set and the following \336ve functions to manipulate si\ gnal sets.)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5904 565.866 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -2.021 TD (int sigemptyset\(sigset_t *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (set)Tj /TT1 1 Tf (\);)Tj -0 -2.021 Td (int sigfillset\(sigset_t *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (set)Tj /TT1 1 Tf (\);)Tj -0 -2.021 Td (int sigaddset\(sigset_t *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (set)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 17.311 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (signo)Tj /TT1 1 Tf (\);)Tj -19.111 -2.021 Td (int sigdelset\(sigset_t *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (set)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 17.311 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (signo)Tj /TT1 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.718 -2.021 Td [(All four r)18(eturn: 0 if OK,)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 10.635 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf -34.464 -2.021 Td (int sigismember\(const sigset_t *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (set)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 22.111 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (signo)Tj /TT1 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -1.494 -2.021 Td [(Returns: 1 if tr)8(ue, 0 if false,)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 12.047 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 4340.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1409 l 3900 1409 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 418.1198 Tm [(The )-44(function)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 5.968 0 Td (sigemptyset)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.894 0 Td [(initializes )-44(the )-44(signal )-44(set )-44(pointed )-44(to )-44(by)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 16.999 0 Td (set)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.405 0 Td [(so )-44(that )-44(all )-44(signals)]TJ -31.265 -1.2 Td (ar)Tj 0.3071 Tc 0.877 0 Td (ee)Tj 0 Tc 1.265 0 Td [(xcluded. )-307(The)-307(function)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 10.357 0 Td (sigfillset)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.307 0 Td [(initializes )-57(the )-57(signal )-57(set )-57(so )-57(that )-57(all )-57(signals )-57(ar)16(e)]TJ -18.806 -1.2 Td [(included. )-354(All)-353(applications )-104(have )-104(to )-104(call )-104(either)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 20.72 0 Td (sigemptyset)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.954 0 Td (or)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.294 0 Td (sigfillset)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.354 0 Td [(once )-103(for)]TJ -35.322 -1.2 Td [(each )-266(signal )-266(set, )-266(befor)]TJ 0.5158 Tc 9.963 0 Td (eu)Tj 0 Tc 1.598 0 Td [(sing )-266(the )-266(signal )-266(set, )-266(because )-266(we )-266(cannot )-266(assume )-266(that )-266(the )-266(C)]TJ -11.561 -1.2 Td [(initialization )-91(for )-91(external )-91(and )-91(static )-91(variables)]TJ 20.5 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (0)Tj 0.5 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.674 -0.04 Td [(corr)18(esponds )-91(to )-91(the )-91(implementation )-91(of)]TJ -22.008 -1.2 Td (signal sets on a given system.)Tj 1.8 -1.2 Td [(Once )-74(we )-74(have )-74(initialized )-74(a )-74(signal )-74(set, )-74(we )-74(can )-74(add )-74(and )-74(delete )-74(speci\336c )-74(signals )-74(in )-74(the)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(set. )-353(The)-353(function)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 8.168 0 Td (sigaddset)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.753 0 Td [(adds )-103(a )-103(single )-103(signal )-103(to )-103(an )-103(existing )-103(set, )-103(and)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 19.679 0 Td (sigdelset)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.018 Tc -33.6 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(moves )-198(a )-198(single )-198(signal )-198(fr)18(om )-198(a )-198(set.)-698(In )-198(all )-198(the )-198(functions )-198(that )-198(take )-198(a )-198(signal )-198(set )-198(as )-198(an)]TJ -0.856 -1.2 Td [(ar)18(gument, we always pass the addr)18(ess of the signal set as the ar)18(gument.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -3.6 -2.76 Td (Implementation)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.6 -2.4 Td [(If )-219(the )-219(implementation )-219(has )-219(fewer )-219(signals )-219(than )-219(bits )-219(in )-219(an )-219(integer)]TJ 0.469 Tc 29.474 0 Td (,as)Tj 0 Tc 2.112 0 Td [(ignal )-219(set )-219(can )-219(be)]TJ -31.586 -1.2 Td [(implemented )-21(using )-21(one )-21(bit )-21(per )-21(signal.)-521(For )-21(the )-21(r)21(emainder )-21(of )-21(this )-21(section, )-21(assume )-21(that )-21(an)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(implementation )-133(has )-133(31 )-133(signals )-133(and )-133(32)]TJ 17.242 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(bit )-133(integers.)-633(The)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 8.025 0 Td (sigemptyset)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.983 0 Td [(function )-133(zer)18(os)]TJ -32.584 -1.2 Td [(the )-13(integer)]TJ 0.2629 Tc 4.684 0 Td (,a)Tj 0 Tc 1.013 0 Td [(nd )-13(the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 3.106 0 Td (sigfillset)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.263 0 Td [(function )-13(turns )-13(on )-13(all )-13(the )-13(bits )-13(in )-13(the )-13(integer)]TJ 0.513 Tc 18.625 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.376 0 Td [(hese )-13(two)]TJ -35.067 -1.2 Td [(functions can be implemented as macr)18(os in the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 20.952 0 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.25 0 Td (header:)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 8.9989 0 0 8.9989 147.5833 191.7072 Tm [(#define sigemptyset\(ptr\))-1200(\(*\(ptr\) = 0\))]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(#define sigfillset\(ptr\))-1800(\(*\(ptr\) = \367\(sigset_t\)0, 0\))]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5854 160.8711 Tm [(Note )-47(that)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 4.51 0 Td (sigfillset)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.297 0 Td [(must )-47(r)18(eturn )-47(0, )-47(in )-47(addition )-47(to )-47(setting 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Td (Section 12.8 for mor)Tj 0.25 Tc 8.773 0 Td (ei)Tj 0 Tc 1.02 0 Td (nformation.\))Tj /TT1 1 Tf 11.9993 0 0 11.9993 93.595 563.3662 Tm (10.10)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 3 0 Td (alarm)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 3.556 0 Td (and)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 2.334 0 Td (pause)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 3.556 0 Td (Functions)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5924 541.7675 Tm (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.03 0 Td (alarm)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.356 0 Td [(function )-106(allows )-106(us )-106(to )-106(set )-106(a )-106(timer )-106(that )-106(will )-106(expir)20(e)-356(at)-356(a)-356(s)1(peci\336ed )-106(time )-106(in )-106(the)]TJ -5.386 -1.2 Td [(futur)18(e. )-286(When)-286(the )-36(timer )-36(expir)18(es, )-36(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 16.146 0 Td (SIGALRM)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.486 0 Td [(signal )-36(is )-36(generated.)-536(If )-36(we )-36(ignor)17(e)-286(or)-286(d)-1(on\325t)]TJ -20.632 -1.2 Td [(catch this signal, its default action is to terminate the pr)18(ocess.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5907 498.6701 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.902 TD (unsigned int alarm\(unsigned int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 19.2 0 Td (seconds)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -5.793 -1.902 Td [(Returns: 0 or number of seconds until pr)18(eviously set alarm)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 4599.25 cm 0 0 m 0 478 l 3900 478 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 444.0067 Tm (The)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 2.007 0 Td (seconds)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.407 0 Td [(value )-83(is )-83(the )-83(number )-83(of )-83(clock )-83(seconds )-83(in )-83(the )-83(futur)]TJ 0.3334 Tc 22.208 0 Td (ew)Tj 0 Tc 1.646 0 Td [(hen )-83(the )-83(signal )-83(should)]TJ -29.269 -1.2 Td [(be )-129(generated.)-630(When )-129(that )-129(time )-129(occurs, )-129(the )-129(signal )-129(is )-129(generated )-129(by )-129(the )-129(kernel, )-129(although)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(additional )-305(time )-305(could )-305(elapse )-305(befor)]TJ 0.5549 Tc 16.305 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.36 0 Td [(he )-305(pr)18(ocess )-305(gets )-305(contr)18(ol )-305(to )-305(handle )-305(the )-305(signal,)]TJ -17.665 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-1.2 Td [(pr)18(ocess will terminate.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.924 0 Td (pause)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td [(function suspends the calling pr)18(ocess until a signal is caught.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9989 0 0 8.9989 147.5824 181.9382 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.902 TD (int pause\(void\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 22.923 -1.902 Td (Returns:)Tj /TT3 1 Tf 3.977 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (1w)Tj 0 Tc 2.133 0 Td (ith)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.449 0 Td (errno)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td (set to)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.601 0 Td (EINTR)Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 1432.25 cm 0 0 m 0 477 l 3900 477 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47016 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (336)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td (Signals )Tj 36.187 0 Td [(Chapter)-3054(10)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 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)-153(featur)18(e)]TJ -37.203 -1.25 Td [(was )-162(partially )-162(implemented )-162(within )-162(the )-162(kernel, )-162(but )-162(it )-162(is )-162(not )-162(enabled )-162(in )-162(SVR4.)-660(Curiously)]TJ 0.4118 Tc 39.951 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 0.988 0 Td (he)Tj -40.939 -1.25 Td [(SVID didn\325t make the same claims of r)18(eliable queuing.)]TJ 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.591 420.9747 Tm [(What )-281(happens )-281(if )-281(mor)]TJ 0.5312 Tc 10.201 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.336 0 Td [(han )-281(one )-281(signal )-281(is )-281(r)18(eady )-281(to )-281(be )-281(deliver)17(ed )-281(to )-281(a )-281(pr)17(ocess?)]TJ -13.337 -1.2 Td [(POSIX.1 )-142(does )-142(not )-142(specify )-142(the )-142(or)17(der )-142(in )-142(which )-142(the )-142(signals )-142(ar)]TJ 0.3921 Tc 26.966 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.482 0 Td [(eliver)18(ed )-142(to )-142(the )-142(pr)18(ocess.)]TJ -28.448 -1.2 Td [(The )-178(Rationale )-178(for )-178(POSIX.1 )-178(does )-178(suggest, )-178(however)]TJ 0.428 Tc 22.852 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 1.004 0 Td [(hat )-178(signals )-178(r)18(elated )-178(to )-178(the )-178(curr)18(ent)]TJ -23.856 -1.2 Td [(state of the pr)18(ocess be deliver)18(ed befor)]TJ 0.25 Tc 16.619 0 Td (eo)Tj 0 Tc 1.275 0 Td [(ther signals.)-500(\()]TJ /TT0 1 Tf (SIGSEGV)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 10.633 0 Td (is one such signal.\))Tj -26.727 -1.2 Td [(Each )-44(pr)18(ocess )-44(has )-44(a)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 8.613 0 Td [(signal )-44(mask)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 5.088 0 Td [(that )-44(de\336nes )-44(the )-44(set )-44(of )-44(signals )-44(curr)19(ently )-44(blocked )-44(fr)19(om)]TJ -15.501 -1.2 Td [(delivery )-72(to )-72(that )-72(pr)18(ocess. )-322(W)]TJ 0.322 Tc 12.264 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.245 0 Td [(an )-72(think )-72(of )-72(this )-72(mask )-72(as )-72(having )-72(one )-72(bit )-72(for )-72(each )-72(possible)]TJ -13.509 -1.2 Td [(signal. )-289(If)-290(the )-39(bit )-39(is )-39(on )-39(for )-39(a )-39(given )-39(signal, )-39(that )-39(signal )-39(is )-39(curr)18(ently )-39(blocked.)]TJ 0.2894 Tc 32.822 0 Td (Ap)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.668 0 Td (ro)Tj 0 Tc 0.923 0 Td [(cess )-39(can)]TJ -35.414 -1.2 Td [(examine )-315(and )-315(change )-315(its )-315(curr)16(ent )-315(signal )-315(mask )-315(by )-315(calling)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 26.973 0 Td (sigprocmask)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5655 Tc (,w)Tj 0 Tc 8.249 0 Td [(hich )-315(we)]TJ -35.223 -1.2 Td (describe in Section 10.12.)Tj 1.8 -1.2 Td [(Since )-165(it )-165(is )-165(possible )-165(for )-165(the )-165(number )-165(of )-165(signals )-165(to )-165(exceed )-165(the )-165(number )-165(of )-165(bits )-165(in )-165(an)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td (integer)Tj 0.4718 Tc 3.034 0 Td (,P)Tj 0 Tc 1.326 0 Td [(OSIX.1 )-222(de\336nes )-222(a )-222(data )-222(type, )-222(called)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 16.341 0 Td (sigset_t)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.4719 Tc (,t)Tj 0 Tc 5.848 0 Td [(hat )-222(holds )-222(a)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 5.778 0 Td [(signal )-222(set)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 0.7219 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 5.613 0 Td (he)Tj -37.939 -1.2 Td [(signal )-310(mask, )-310(for )-310(example, )-310(is )-310(stor)18(ed )-310(in )-310(one )-310(of )-310(these )-310(signal 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(SIGCLD)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.977 0 Td [(signal\), )-127(so )-127(it )-127(generates )-127(another )-127(call )-127(to )-127(the )-127(signal )-127(handler)]TJ 0.6271 Tc 25.634 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.49 0 Td [(he )-127(signal )-127(handler)]TJ -31.101 -1.2 Td (calls)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.2 0 Td (signal)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 4.6 0 Td [(nd the whole pr)18(ocess starts over again.)]TJ -0.092 Tc -5 -1.2 Td [(To )-241(\336)]TJ 0.3074 Tc 1.979 0 Td (xt)Tj 0 Tc 1.149 0 Td [(his )-57(pr)18(ogram, )-57(we )-57(have )-57(to )-57(move )-57(the )-57(call )-57(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 18.741 0 Td (signal)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.908 0 Td [(after )-57(the )-57(call )-57(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.048 0 Td (wait)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.5575 Tc (.B)Tj 0 Tc 3.819 0 Td (y)Tj -38.444 -1.2 Td [(doing )-163(this, )-163(we )-163(call)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.95 0 Td (signal)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.013 0 Td [(after )-163(fetching )-163(the )-163(child\325s )-163(termination )-163(status; )-163(the )-163(signal )-163(is)]TJ -12.963 -1.2 Td (generated again by the kernel only if some other child has since termina\ ted.)Tj 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 183.5891 561.9663 Tm [(POSIX.1 )-286(states )-286(that )-286(when )-286(we )-286(establish )-286(a )-286(signal )-286(handler )-286(for)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 28.76 0 Td (SIGCHLD)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.736 0 Td [(and )-286(ther)]TJ 0.536 Tc 3.993 0 Td (ee)Tj 0 Tc 1.494 0 Td [(xists )-286(a)]TJ -38.983 -1.25 Td [(terminated )-29(child )-29(we )-29(have )-29(not )-29(yet)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 15.019 0 Td (wait)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(ed )-29(for)74(,)-279(it)-279(is)-279(unspeci\336ed )-29(whether )-29(the )-29(signal )-29(is )-29(generated.)]TJ -15.019 -1.25 Td [(This )-182(allows )-182(the )-182(behavior )-182(described )-182(pr)16(eviously)]TJ 0.6825 Tc 21.166 0 Td (.B)Tj 0 Tc 1.544 0 Td [(ut )-182(since )-182(POSIX.1 )-182(does )-182(not )-182(r)16(eset )-183(a )-183(signal\325s)]TJ -22.709 -1.25 Td [(disposition )-239(to )-239(its )-239(default )-239(when )-239(the )-239(signal )-239(occurs )-239(\(assuming )-239(that )-239(we\325r)]TJ 0.489 Tc 32.542 0 Td (eu)Tj 0 Tc 1.571 0 Td [(sing )-239(the )-239(POSIX.1)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -34.113 -1.25 Td (sigaction)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.768 0 Td [(function )-118(to )-118(set )-118(its )-118(disposition\), )-118(ther)17(e)-368(is)-368(n)]TJ 0.3684 Tc (on)Tj 0 Tc 19.979 0 Td [(eed )-118(for )-118(us )-118(to )-118(ever )-118(establish )-118(a )-118(signal)]TJ -25.747 -1.25 Td (handler for)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 5.214 0 Td (SIGCHLD)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td [(within that handler)74(.)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5141.25 5060.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 50 50 l 0 50 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 147.5823 473.5432 Tm [(Be )-208(cognizant )-208(of )-208(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.517 0 Td (SIGCHLD)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.658 0 Td [(semantics )-208(for )-208(your )-208(implementation.)-708(Be )-208(especially)]TJ -15.975 -1.2 Td [(awar)18(e)-289(of)-289(some )-39(systems )-39(that)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 12.595 0 Td [(#define )311(SIGCHLD)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 8.978 0 Td [(to )-39(be)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 2.482 0 Td (SIGCLD)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(,)-289(or)-289(v)1(ice )-39(versa.)-538(Changing)]TJ -24.054 -1.2 Td [(the )-21(name )-21(may )-21(allow )-21(you )-21(to )-21(compile )-21(a )-21(pr)18(ogram )-21(that )-21(was )-21(written )-21(for )-21(another )-21(system, )-21(but)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(if that pr)18(ogram depends on the other semantics, it may not work.)]TJ 7.999 0 0 7.999 183.5783 415.5501 Tm [(Of )-11(the )-11(four )-11(platforms )-11(described )-11(in )-11(this )-11(text, )-11(only )-11(Linux )-11(3.2.0 )-11(and )-11(Solaris )-11(10 )-11(de\336ne)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 36.272 0 Td (SIGCLD)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.5106 Tc (.O)Tj 0 Tc 5.147 0 Td (n)Tj -41.419 -1.25 Td (these platforms,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 7.339 0 Td (SIGCLD)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td (is equivalent to)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 7.013 0 Td (SIGCHLD)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 11.9986 0 0 11.9986 93.5891 361.1567 Tm [(10.8 )-776(Reliab)10(le-Signal )-278(T)60(erminology )-278(and )-278(Semantics)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf -0.092 Tc 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5847 334.7598 Tm 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-1.2 Td [(systems )-370(de\336ne)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.511 0 Td (SIGCLD)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.22 0 Td [(to )-370(be )-370(the )-370(same )-370(as)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.599 0 Td (SIGCHLD)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.82 0 Td [(for )-370(backwar)18(d)]TJ -26.149 -1.2 Td (compatibility)Tj 0.6239 Tc 5.788 0 Td (.I)Tj 0.3739 Tc 1.211 0 Td (fy)Tj 0 Tc 1.263 0 Td [(ou )-124(maintain )-124(softwar)]TJ 0.3739 Tc 9.192 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.179 0 Td [(hat )-124(uses)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.086 0 Td (SIGCLD)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.3739 Tc (,y)Tj 0 Tc 4.78 0 Td [(ou )-124(need )-124(to)]TJ -27.498 -1.2 Td [(check )-60(your )-60(system\325s )-60(manual )-60(page )-60(to )-60(see )-60(which )-60(semantics )-60(it )-60(follows.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 31.031 0 Td (We)Tj 0 Tc -31.031 -1.2 Td (discuss these two signals in Section 10.7.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -6.582 -1.84 Td (SIGCONT)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.582 0 Td [(This )-65(job-contr)18(ol )-65(signal )-65(is )-65(sent )-65(to )-65(a )-65(stopped )-65(pr)18(ocess )-65(when )-65(it )-65(is )-65(continued.)]TJ T* [(The 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(315)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 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1.409 0 Td [(his, )-287(we )-287(tell )-287(the )-287(kernel )-287(to )-287(call )-287(a )-287(function )-287(of )-287(ours)]TJ -12.328 -1.2 Td [(whenever )-118(the )-118(signal )-118(occurs.)-617(In )-118(our )-118(function, )-118(we )-118(can )-118(do )-118(whatever )-118(we )-118(want )-118(to)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(handle )-240(the )-240(condition.)-740(If )-240(we\325r)]TJ 0.4896 Tc 13.747 0 Td (ew)Tj 0 Tc 1.803 0 Td [(riting )-240(a )-240(command )-240(interpr)19(eter)]TJ 0.4896 Tc 13.515 0 Td (,f)Tj 0 Tc 1.073 0 Td [(or )-240(example,)]TJ -30.137 -1.2 Td [(when )-32(the )-32(user )-32(generates )-32(the )-32(interr)8(upt )-32(signal )-32(at )-32(the )-32(keyboar)15(d, )-32(we )-32(pr)18(obably )-32(want)]TJ T* [(to )-77(r)18(eturn )-77(to )-77(the )-77(main )-77(loop )-77(of )-77(the )-77(pr)16(ogram, )-77(terminating )-77(whatever )-77(command )-77(we)]TJ T* (wer)Tj 0.3955 Tc 1.69 0 Td (ee)Tj 0 Tc 1.354 0 Td [(xecuting )-145(for )-145(the )-145(user)]TJ 0.6456 Tc 9.471 0 Td (.I)Tj 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[(command\) )-59(to )-59(clean )-59(up )-59(the )-59(temporary )-59(\336les.)-561(Note )-59(that )-59(the )-59(two)]TJ -7.944 -1.2 Td (signals)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.318 0 Td (SIGKILL)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.943 0 Td (SIGSTOP)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td (can\325t be caught.)Tj -15.794 -1.72 Td [(3. )-633(Let)-568(the )-318(default )-318(action )-318(apply)]TJ 0.8179 Tc 14.978 0 Td (.E)Tj 0 Tc 1.679 0 Td [(very )-318(signal )-318(has )-318(a )-318(default )-318(action, )-318(shown )-318(in)]TJ -15.024 -1.2 Td (Figur)Tj 0.428 Tc 2.383 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.407 0 Td [(0.1. )-428(Note)-428(that )-178(the )-178(default )-178(action )-178(for )-178(most )-178(signals )-178(is )-178(to )-178(terminate )-178(the)]TJ -3.79 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ocess.)]TJ -3.433 -2.16 Td (Figur)Tj 0.2769 Tc 2.383 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.256 0 Td [(0.1 )-27(lists )-27(the )-27(names )-27(of )-27(all )-27(the )-27(signals, )-27(an )-27(indication )-27(of )-27(which )-27(systems )-27(support )-27(the)]TJ -3.639 -1.2 Td 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2.157 0 Td [(oot dir)18(ectory)]TJ 0.883 Tc -2.157 -1.6 Td (\245F)Tj 0 Tc 2.045 0 Td [(ile mode cr)18(eation mask)]TJ 0.883 Tc -2.045 -1.6 Td (\245F)Tj 0 Tc 2.045 0 Td (ile locks)Tj 0.883 Tc -2.045 -1.6 Td (\245P)Tj -0.018 Tc 2.093 0 Td (ro)Tj 0 Tc 0.923 0 Td (cess signal mask)Tj 0.883 Tc -3.016 -1.6 Td (\245P)Tj 0 Tc 2.093 0 Td (ending signals)Tj 0.883 Tc -2.093 -1.6 Td (\245R)Tj 0 Tc 2.157 0 Td [(esour)18(ce limits)]TJ 0.883 Tc -2.157 -1.6 Td (\245N)Tj 0 Tc 2.32 0 Td (ice value \(on XSI-conformant systems; see Section 8.16\))Tj 0.883 Tc -2.32 -1.6 Td (\245V)Tj 0 Tc 2.119 0 Td (alues for)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 4.071 0 Td (tms_utime)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 5.9 0 Td (tms_stime)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 5.9 0 Td (tms_cutime)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 7 0 Td (nd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.443 0 Td (tms_cstime)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -28.233 -2.04 Td [(The )-221(handling )-221(of )-221(open )-221(\336les )-221(depends )-221(on )-221(the )-221(value )-221(of )-221(the )-221(close-on-exec )-221(\337ag )-221(for )-221(each)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD (descriptor)Tj 0.8674 Tc 4.438 0 Td (.R)Tj 0 Tc 1.785 0 Td [(ecall )-367(fr)18(om )-367(Figur)]TJ 0.6174 Tc 7.762 0 Td (e3)Tj 0 Tc 1.596 0 Td [(.7 )-367(and )-367(our )-367(mention )-367(of )-367(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 13.646 0 Td (FD_CLOEXEC)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.617 0 Td [(\337ag )-367(in)]TJ -35.846 -1.2 Td [(Section )-46(3.14 )-46(that )-46(every )-46(open )-46(descriptor )-46(in )-46(a )-46(pr)18(ocess )-46(has )-46(a )-46(close-on-exec )-46(\337ag.)-545(If )-46(this )-46(\337ag)]TJ T* [(is )-150(set, )-150(the )-150(descriptor )-150(is )-150(closed )-150(acr)18(oss )-150(an)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 18.602 0 Td (exec)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.6502 Tc (.O)Tj 0 Tc 4.086 0 Td [(therwise, )-150(the )-150(descriptor )-150(is )-150(left )-150(open)]TJ -22.688 -1.2 Td [(acr)18(oss )-54(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.709 0 Td (exec)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5537 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 3.817 0 Td [(he )-54(default )-54(is )-54(to )-54(leave )-54(the )-54(descriptor )-54(open )-54(acr)20(oss )-54(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 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l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5911 668.9599 Tm [(For both functions, the ar)16(gument)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 14.83 0 Td (statloc)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.879 0 Td (is a pointer to an 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r)18(eturned for a child that terminated abnormally)]TJ 0.25 Tc 27.401 0 Td (,b)Tj 0 Tc 1.053 0 Td (y)Tj -0.018 Tc -29.967 -1.25 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(ceipt of a signal that it didn\325t catch.)-500(In this case, we can execute)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 1.394 -1.75 Td (WTERMSIG\()Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (status)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\))Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -2.25 -1.75 Td (to fetch the signal number that caused the termination.)Tj -0 -1.875 Td (Additionally)Tj 0.25 Tc 5.563 0 Td (,s)Tj 0 Tc 0.924 0 Td (ome implementations \(but not the Single UNIX)Tj -6.487 -1.25 Td [(Speci\336cation\) de\336ne the macr)18(o)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 2.25 -1.75 Td (WCOREDUMP\()Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (status)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\))Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -2.25 -1.75 Td [(that r)18(eturns tr)8(ue if a cor)]TJ 0.25 Tc 10.456 0 Td (e\336)Tj 0 Tc 1.334 0 Td [(le of the terminated pr)18(ocess was generated.)]TJ ET q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1452.25 3280.25 cm 0 0 m 3588 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9976 0 0 7.9976 149.1792 319.904 Tm (WIFSTOPPED\()Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (status)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\))Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.09 Tc 12.344 0 Td [(Tr )78(u)]TJ 0 Tc 1.513 0 Td [(e)-250(if)-250(status was r)18(eturned for a child that is curr)18(ently stopped.)-500(In this)]TJ -1.513 -1.25 Td (case, we can execute)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.25 -1.75 Td (WSTOPSIG\()Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (status)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\))Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -2.25 -1.75 Td (to fetch the signal number that caused the child to stop.)Tj ET q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1452.25 2780.25 cm 0 0 m 3588 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9971 0 0 7.9971 149.1703 269.9028 Tm (WIFCONTINUED\()Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (status)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\))Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.09 Tc 12.344 0 Td [(Tr )78(u)]TJ 0 Tc 1.513 0 Td [(e)-250(if)-250(status was r)18(eturned for a child that has been continued after a)]TJ -1.513 -1.25 Td [(job contr)18(ol stop \(XSI option;)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 12.596 0 Td (waitpid)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td (only\).)Tj ET q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1452.25 2560.25 cm 0 0 m 3588 0 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2420.25 2560.25 cm 0 0 m 0 2490 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5040.25 2560.25 cm 0 0 m 0 2490 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1452.25 2560.25 cm 0 0 m 0 2490 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9966 0 0 7.9966 172.6115 237.9001 Tm (Figure 8.4)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.195 0 Td [(Macr)18(os to examine the termination status r)18(eturned by)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 23.991 0 Td (wait)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.943 0 Td (waitpid)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.092 Tc 9.9958 0 0 9.9958 129.5459 207.9127 Tm (We)Tj 0 Tc 1.387 0 Td [(\325ll discuss how a pr)18(ocess can be stopped in Section 9.8 when we discuss job contr)18(ol.)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf -4.987 -2.76 Td (Example)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.6 -2.4 Td [(The )-330(function)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.542 0 Td (pr_exit)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.78 0 Td [(in )-330(Figur)]TJ 0.5803 Tc 3.836 0 Td (e8)Tj 0 Tc 1.559 0 Td [(.5 )-330(uses )-330(the )-330(macr)18(os )-330(fr)18(om )-330(Figur)]TJ 0.5804 Tc 14.665 0 Td (e8)Tj 0 Tc 1.559 0 Td [(.4 )-330(to )-330(print )-330(a)]TJ -32.942 -1.2 Td [(description )-61(of )-61(the )-61(termination )-61(status.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 17.114 0 Td (We)Tj 0 Tc 1.387 0 Td [(\325ll )-61(call )-61(this )-61(function )-61(fr)18(om )-61(numer)18(ous )-61(pr)19(ograms)]TJ -18.501 -1.2 Td [(in the text.)-500(Note that this function handles the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 20.759 0 Td (WCOREDUMP)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.65 0 Td [(macr)18(o, if it is de\336ned.)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47027 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (222)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Pr)18(ocess )-250(Envir)18(onment )]TJ 39.241 0 Td [(Chapter)-500(7)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 668.9599 Tm (RLIMIT_RSS)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 11.4 0 Td [(Maximum )-469(r)18(esident )-469(set )-469(size)]TJ 13.989 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (RSS)Tj 1.718 0.04 Td (\))Tj 1.052 -0.04 Td [(in )-469(bytes.)-969(If )-469(available)]TJ -17.092 -1.2 Td [(physical )-411(memory )-411(is )-411(low)]TJ 0.6613 Tc 11.709 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 1.237 0 Td [(he )-411(kernel )-411(takes )-411(memory )-411(fr)17(om)]TJ -12.946 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ocesses that exceed their RSS.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -11.4 -1.6 Td (RLIMIT_SBSIZE)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 11.4 0 Td [(The )-118(maximum )-118(size )-118(in )-118(bytes )-118(of )-118(socket )-118(buf)20(fers )-118(that )-118(a )-118(user )-118(can)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD (consume at any given time.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -11.4 -1.6 Td (RLIMIT_SIGPENDING)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 11.4 0 Td [(The )-202(maximum )-202(number )-202(of )-202(signals )-202(that )-202(can )-202(be )-202(queued )-202(for )-202(a)]TJ T* [(pr)18(ocess. )-530(This)-531(limit )-280(is )-280(enfor)18(ced )-280(by )-280(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 18.563 0 Td (sigqueue)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.33 0 Td (function)Tj -23.893 -1.2 Td (\(Section 10.20\).)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -11.4 -1.6 Td (RLIMIT_STACK)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 11.4 0 Td [(The maximum size in bytes of the stack.)-500(See Figur)]TJ 0.25 Tc 22.27 0 Td (e7)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (.6.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -34.899 -1.6 Td (RLIMIT_SWAP)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 11.4 0 Td [(The )-56(maximum )-56(amount )-56(of )-56(swap )-56(space )-56(in )-56(bytes )-56(that )-56(a )-56(user )-56(can)]TJ T* (consume.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -11.4 -1.6 Td (RLIMIT_VMEM)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 11.4 0 Td (This is a synonym for)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 9.778 0 Td (RLIMIT_AS)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1624.25 4910.25 cm 0 0 m 3243 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 309.2149 482.942 Tm [(Fr)18(eeBSD )-2416(Linux)-2382(Mac OS X)-2198(Solaris)]TJ 1.276 -1.25 Td [(8.0 )-3993(3.2.0)-3618(10.6.8 )-3868(10)]TJ -15.228 0.625 Td (Limit)Tj 9.22 0 Td (XSI)Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1624.25 4690.25 cm 0 0 m 3243 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1624.25 4670.25 cm 0 0 m 3243 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 166.41 458.9174 Tm (RLIMIT_AS)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.262 Tc 13.581 0 Td [(\245\245\245 )-356(\245)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0 Tc -13.581 -1.25 Td (RLIMIT_CORE)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.262 Tc 13.581 0 Td (\245\245\245\245\245)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0 Tc -13.581 -1.25 Td (RLIMIT_CPU)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.262 Tc 13.581 0 Td (\245\245\245\245\245)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0 Tc -13.581 -1.25 Td (RLIMIT_DATA)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.262 Tc 13.581 0 Td (\245\245\245\245\245)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0 Tc -13.581 -1.25 Td (RLIMIT_FSIZE)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.262 Tc 13.581 0 Td (\245\245\245\245\245)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0 Tc -13.581 -1.25 Td (RLIMIT_MEMLOCK)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.262 Tc 19.449 0 Td (\245\245\245)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0 Tc -19.449 -1.25 Td (RLIMIT_MSGQUEUE)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 25.317 0 Td (\245)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -25.317 -1.25 Td (RLIMIT_NICE)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 25.317 0 Td (\245)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -25.317 -1.25 Td (RLIMIT_NOFILE)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.262 Tc 13.581 0 Td (\245\245\245\245\245)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0 Tc -13.581 -1.25 Td (RLIMIT_NPROC)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.262 Tc 19.449 0 Td (\245\245\245)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0 Tc -19.449 -1.25 Td (RLIMIT_NPTS)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 19.449 0 Td (\245)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -19.449 -1.25 Td (RLIMIT_RSS)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.262 Tc 19.449 0 Td (\245\245\245)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0 Tc -19.449 -1.25 Td (RLIMIT_SBSIZE)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 19.449 0 Td (\245)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -19.449 -1.25 Td (RLIMIT_SIGPENDING)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 25.317 0 Td (\245)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -25.317 -1.25 Td (RLIMIT_STACK)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.262 Tc 13.581 0 Td (\245\245\245\245\245)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0 Tc -13.581 -1.25 Td (RLIMIT_SWAP)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 19.449 0 Td (\245)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -19.449 -1.25 Td (RLIMIT_VMEM)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 37.053 0 Td (\245)Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1624.25 2950.25 cm 0 0 m 3243 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3010.25 2950.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1960 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2540.25 2950.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1960 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4867.25 2950.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1960 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1624.25 2950.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1960 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 254.335 276.9335 Tm (Figure 7.15)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.695 0 Td [(Support for r)18(esour)18(ce limits)]TJ 9.9976 0 0 9.9976 147.5648 249.3401 Tm [(The )-7(r)18(esour)18(ce )-7(limits )-7(af)18(fect )-7(the )-7(calling )-7(pr)18(ocess )-7(and )-7(ar)]TJ 0.257 Tc 22.569 0 Td (ei)Tj 0 Tc 1.027 0 Td [(nherited )-7(by )-7(any )-7(of )-7(its )-7(childr)18(en.)]TJ -25.396 -1.2 Td [(This )-14(means )-14(that )-14(the )-14(setting )-14(of )-14(r)19(esour)18(ce )-14(limits )-14(needs )-14(to )-14(be )-14(built )-14(into )-14(the )-14(shells )-14(to )-14(af)19(fect )-14(all)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(our )-136(futur)]TJ 0.3861 Tc 4.172 0 Td (ep)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.466 0 Td (ro)Tj 0 Tc 0.923 0 Td [(cesses. )-386(Indeed,)-386(the )-136(Bourne )-136(shell, )-136(the )-136(GNU )-136(Bourne-again )-136(shell, )-136(and )-136(the)]TJ -6.561 -1.2 Td [(Korn )-77(shell )-77(have )-77(the )-77(built-in)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 12.736 0 Td (ulimit)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.927 0 Td [(command, )-77(and )-77(the )-77(C )-77(shell )-77(has )-77(the )-77(built-in)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 19.336 0 Td (limit)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -36 -1.2 Td [(command. )-270(\(The)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.495 0 Td (umask)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.27 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.963 0 Td (chdir)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.27 0 Td [(functions )-20(also )-20(have )-20(to )-20(be )-20(handled )-20(as )-20(shell )-20(built-ins.\))]TJ /TT1 1 Tf -19.597 -2.4 Td (Example)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.6 -2.4 Td [(The )-125(pr)18(ogram )-125(in )-125(Figur)]TJ 0.3748 Tc 9.913 0 Td (e7)Tj 0 Tc 1.354 0 Td [(.16 )-125(prints )-125(out )-125(the )-125(curr)18(ent )-125(soft )-125(limit )-125(and )-125(har)]TJ 0.3748 Tc 19.798 0 Td (dl)Tj 0 Tc 1.277 0 Td [(imit )-125(for )-125(all )-125(the)]TJ -0.018 Tc -32.342 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(sour)18(ce )-140(limits )-140(supported )-140(on )-140(the )-140(system.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 18.411 0 Td [(To )-324(c)]TJ 0 Tc 1.901 0 Td [(ompile )-140(this )-140(pr)18(ogram )-140(on )-140(all )-140(the )-140(various)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47028 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (212)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Pr)18(ocess )-250(Envir)18(onment )]TJ 39.241 0 Td [(Chapter)-500(7)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1853.25 6670.25 cm 0 0 m 2786 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 313.9092 658.9605 Tm [(Fr)18(eeBSD )-1250(Linux )-1250(Mac)-250(OS X)-1500(Solaris)]TJ 1.276 -1.25 Td [(8.0 )-2827(3.2.0)-2735(10.6.8 )-3170(10)]TJ -16.416 0.625 Td [(Function)-1935(ISO C)-1500(POSIX.1)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1853.25 6450.25 cm 0 0 m 2786 0 l S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1853.25 6430.25 cm 0 0 m 2786 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 189.2973 634.9238 Tm (getenv)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.032 Tc 7.3 0 Td [(\245\245 )3685(\245)]TJ 4.3795 Tc 14.575 0 Td [(\245\245 )4445(\245)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0 Tc -21.875 -1.25 Td (putenv)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 11.477 0 Td [(XSI )-3917(\245)]TJ 4.3795 Tc 10.398 0 Td [(\245\245 )4445(\245)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0 Tc -21.876 -1.25 Td (setenv)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.629 Tc 11.938 0 Td (\245\245)Tj 4.3795 Tc 9.937 0 Td (\245\245)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0 Tc -21.875 -1.25 Td (unsetenv)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.629 Tc 11.938 0 Td (\245\245)Tj 4.3795 Tc 9.937 0 Td (\245\245)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0 Tc -21.875 -1.25 Td (clearenv)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 21.875 0 Td (\245)Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1853.25 5910.25 cm 0 0 m 2786 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3079.25 5910.25 cm 0 0 m 0 760 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2337.25 5910.25 cm 0 0 m 0 760 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4639.25 5910.25 cm 0 0 m 0 760 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1853.25 5910.25 cm 0 0 m 0 760 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 221.3801 572.8969 Tm (Figure 7.8)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.195 0 Td [(Support for various envir)18(onment list functions)]TJ -9.923 -3.1 Td (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.006 0 Td (clearenv)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.132 0 Td [(function )-82(is )-82(not )-82(part )-82(of )-82(the )-82(Single )-82(UNIX )-82(Speci\336cation.)-582(It )-82(is )-82(used )-82(to )-82(r)18(emove )-82(all)]TJ -7.138 -1.25 Td [(entries fr)18(om the envir)18(onment list.)]TJ 9.9982 0 0 9.9982 129.5767 516.1071 Tm [(The pr)18(ototypes for the middle thr)18(ee functions listed in Figur)]TJ 0.25 Tc 26.585 0 Td (e7)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td [(.8 ar)18(e)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9984 0 0 8.9984 147.5732 499.4101 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.783 TD (int putenv\(char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (str)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 24.288 -1.783 Td [(Returns: 0 if OK, nonzer)18(o)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -24.288 -1.783 Td (int setenv\(const char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (name)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 17.767 0 Td (onst char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (value)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 10.567 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 1.8 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.76 0 Td (write)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -30.894 -1.783 Td (int unsetenv\(const char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (name)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 25.251 -1.783 Td [(Both r)18(eturn: 0 if OK,)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 9.213 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 4147.25 cm 0 0 m 0 938 l 3900 938 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9976 0 0 9.9976 129.5689 401.1537 Tm [(The operation of these thr)18(ee functions is as follows:)]TJ 0.883 Tc 1.8 -2.04 Td (\245T)Tj 0 Tc 2.102 0 Td (he)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.397 0 Td (putenv)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.936 0 Td [(function )-86(takes )-86(a )-86(string )-86(of )-86(the )-86(form)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 15.839 0 Td (name=value)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.276 0 Td [(and )-86(places )-86(it )-86(in )-86(the)]TJ -27.06 -1.2 Td [(envir)18(onment list.)-500(If)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 8.944 0 Td (name)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.417 0 Td [(alr)18(eady exists, its old de\336nition is \336rst r)18(emoved.)]TJ 0.883 Tc -12.85 -1.6 Td (\245T)Tj 0 Tc 2.102 0 Td (he)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.769 0 Td (setenv)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.308 0 Td [(function )-458(sets)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 6.777 0 Td (name)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.875 0 Td (to)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.58 0 Td (value)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.9583 Tc (.I)Tj 0 Tc 3.712 0 Td (f)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.041 0 Td (name)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.875 0 Td [(alr)18(eady )-458(exists )-458(in )-458(the)]TJ -25.552 -1.2 Td [(envir)18(onment, )-19(then )-19(\(a\) )-19(if)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 10.775 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.76 0 Td (write)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.38 0 Td [(is )-18(nonzer)18(o, )-18(the )-18(existing )-18(de\336nition )-18(for)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 16.627 0 Td (name)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.436 0 Td [(is )-18(\336rst)]TJ -0.018 Tc -32.978 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(moved; )-160(or )-160(\(b\) )-160(if)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 7.758 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.76 0 Td (write)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.521 0 Td [(is )-160(0, )-160(an )-160(existing )-160(de\336nition )-160(for)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 14.06 0 Td (name)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.577 0 Td [(is )-160(not )-160(r)18(emoved,)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf -28.532 -1.2 Td (name)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.417 0 Td (is not set to the new)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 9.052 0 Td (value)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 3.167 0 Td [(nd no err)18(or occurs.)]TJ 0.883 Tc -16.125 -1.6 Td (\245T)Tj 0 Tc 2.102 0 Td (he)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.488 0 Td (unsetenv)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.227 0 Td [(function )-177(r)18(emoves )-177(any )-177(de\336nition )-177(of)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 16.425 0 Td (name)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.6769 Tc (.I)Tj 0 Tc 3.431 0 Td [(t)-427(is)-427(not )-177(an )-177(err)18(or )-177(if)]TJ -27.183 -1.2 Td (such a de\336nition does not exist.)Tj 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 183.5559 268.7855 Tm [(Note )-21(the )-21(dif)19(fer)18(ence )-21(between)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 12.773 0 Td (putenv)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.871 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.964 0 Td (setenv)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5206 Tc (.W)Tj 0 Tc 5.371 0 Td [(her)18(eas)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.112 0 Td (setenv)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.871 0 Td [(must )-21(allocate )-21(memory )-21(to)]TJ -30.961 -1.25 Td [(cr)18(eate )-42(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 4.576 0 Td (name=value)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.232 0 Td [(string )-42(fr)18(om )-42(its )-42(ar)17(guments,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.903 0 Td (putenv)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.892 0 Td [(is )-42(fr)18(ee )-42(to )-42(place )-42(the )-42(string )-42(passed )-42(to )-42(it)]TJ -25.604 -1.25 Td [(dir)18(ectly )-81(into )-81(the )-81(envir)19(onment. )-331(Indeed,)-331(many )-81(implementations )-81(do )-81(exactly )-81(this, )-81(so )-81(it )-81(would )-81(be)]TJ -0 -1.25 Td [(an )-124(err)18(or )-124(to )-124(pass)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.592 0 Td (putenv)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.3744 Tc 3.974 0 Td (as)Tj 0 Tc 1.298 0 Td [(tring )-124(allocated )-124(on )-124(the )-124(stack, )-124(since )-124(the )-124(memory )-124(would )-124(be )-124(r)16(eused)]TJ -12.865 -1.25 Td [(after we r)18(eturn fr)18(om the curr)18(ent function.)]TJ 9.9976 0 0 9.9976 147.5638 207.8001 Tm [(It )-87(is )-87(inter)18(esting )-87(to )-87(examine )-87(how )-87(these )-87(functions )-87(must )-87(operate )-87(when )-87(modifying )-87(the)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(envir)18(onment )-112(list.)-612(Recall )-112(Figur)]TJ 0.3624 Tc 13.667 0 Td (e7)Tj 0 Tc 1.341 0 Td [(.6: )-112(the )-112(envir)18(onment )-112(list)]TJ 0.0833 Tc 10.582 0 Td (\321t)Tj 0 Tc 1.409 0 Td [(he )-112(array )-112(of )-112(pointers )-112(to )-112(the)]TJ -26.999 -1.2 Td (actual)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3.009 0 Td (name=value)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.286 0 Td [(strings )167(\321 )167(and)-346(the )-95(envir)18(onment )-95(strings )-95(ar)]TJ 0.3455 Tc 18.194 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.151 0 Td [(ypically )-95(stor)18(ed )-95(at )-95(the )-95(top)]TJ -27.639 -1.2 Td [(of )-78(a )-78(pr)18(ocess\325s )-78(memory )-78(space, )-78(above )-78(the )-78(stack.)-578(Deleting )-78(a )-78(string )-78(is )-78(simple; )-78(we )-78(just )-78(\336nd)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(the )-132(pointer )-132(in )-132(the )-132(envir)19(onment )-132(list )-132(and )-132(move )-132(all )-132(subsequent )-132(pointers )-132(down )-132(one.)-631(But)]TJ T* [(adding )-24(a )-24(string )-24(or )-24(modifying )-24(an )-24(existing )-24(string )-24(is )-24(mor)]TJ 0.2744 Tc 23.927 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.364 0 Td [(if)18(\336cult. )-274(The)-275(space )-24(at )-24(the )-24(top )-24(of)]TJ -25.292 -1.2 Td [(the )-76(stack )-76(cannot )-76(be )-76(expanded, )-76(because )-76(it )-76(is )-76(often )-76(at )-76(the )-76(top )-76(of )-76(the )-76(addr)18(ess )-76(space )-76(of )-76(the)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47029 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(7.9)]TJ 33.483 0 Td [(Envir)18(onment )-250(V)92(ariables)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 12.387 0 Td [(21)37(1)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 668.9599 Tm [(Note )-56(that )-56(this )-56(function )-56(r)18(eturns )-56(a )-56(pointer )-56(to )-56(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 21.162 0 Td (value)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.473 0 Td [(of )-56(a)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 1.99 0 Td (name=value)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.246 0 Td [(string. )-306(W)]TJ 0.3056 Tc 4.288 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.209 0 Td (hould)Tj -36.367 -1.2 Td [(always )-44(use)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.199 0 Td (getenv)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.894 0 Td [(to )-44(fetch )-44(a )-44(speci\336c )-44(value )-44(fr)18(om )-44(the )-44(envir)18(onment, )-44(instead )-44(of )-44(accessing)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -9.093 -1.2 Td (environ)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td [(dir)18(ectly)111(.)]TJ -2.65 -1.2 Td [(Some )-548(envir)18(onment )-548(variables )-548(ar)]TJ 0.7979 Tc 15.394 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.888 0 Td [(e\336ned )-548(by )-548(POSIX.1 )-548(in )-548(the )-548(Single )-548(UNIX)]TJ -19.082 -1.2 Td [(Speci\336cation, )-30(wher)18(eas )-30(others )-30(ar)]TJ 0.2804 Tc 14.029 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.37 0 Td [(e\336ned )-30(only )-30(if )-30(the )-30(XSI )-30(option )-30(is )-30(supported.)-534(Figur)]TJ 0.2805 Tc 21.591 0 Td (e7)Tj 0 Tc 1.259 0 Td (.7)Tj -38.25 -1.2 Td [(lists )-230(the )-230(envir)18(onment )-230(variables )-230(de\336ned )-230(by )-230(the )-230(Single )-230(UNIX )-230(Speci\336cation )-230(and )-230(notes)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(which )-166(implementations )-166(support )-166(the )-166(variables.)-666(Any )-166(envir)18(onment )-166(variable )-166(de\336ned )-166(by)]TJ T* [(POSIX.1 )-194(is )-194(marked )-194(with )-194(\245; )-194(otherwise, )-194(it )-194(is )-194(part )-194(of )-194(the )-194(XSI )-194(option.)-694(Many )-194(additional)]TJ T* [(implementation-dependent )-9(envir)18(onment )-9(variables )-9(ar)]TJ 0.2591 Tc 23.487 0 Td (eu)Tj 0 Tc 1.341 0 Td [(sed )-9(in )-9(the )-9(four )-9(implementations)]TJ -24.828 -1.2 Td [(described in this book.)-500(Note that ISO C doesn\325t de\336ne any envir)18(onment variables.)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 5350.25 cm 0 0 m 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 218.9257 526.9368 Tm [(Fr)18(eeBSD )-135(Linux )-135(Mac)-251(OS X)-385(Solaris)]TJ 1.276 -1.25 Td [(8.0 )-1712(3.2.0)-1621(10.6.8 )-2055(10)]TJ -0.092 Tc -10.835 0.625 Td (Va)Tj 0 Tc 1.13 0 Td [(riable)-1866(POSIX.1)]TJ 32.222 0 Td (Description)Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 5130.25 cm 0 0 m 3900 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 5110.25 cm 0 0 m 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 130.6085 502.9095 Tm (COLUMNS)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.5145 Tc 8.517 0 Td (\245\245)Tj 3.265 Tc 7.708 0 Td [(\245\245 )3331(\245)]TJ 0 Tc 10.101 0 Td (terminal width)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -26.326 -1.25 Td (DATEMSK)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.056 0 Td (XSI )Tj 8.169 0 Td (\245)Tj 3.4495 Tc 3.871 0 Td (\245\245)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0 Tc 6.23 0 Td (getdate)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.2 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (3)Tj 0.5 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.583 -0.04 Td (template \336le pathname)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -31.942 -1.25 Td (HOME)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.5145 Tc 8.517 0 Td (\245\245)Tj 3.265 Tc 7.708 0 Td [(\245\245 )3331(\245)]TJ 0 Tc 10.101 0 Td [(home dir)18(ectory)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -26.326 -1.25 Td (LANG)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.5145 Tc 8.517 0 Td (\245\245)Tj 3.265 Tc 7.708 0 Td [(\245\245 )3331(\245)]TJ 0 Tc 10.101 0 Td (name of locale)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -26.326 -1.25 Td (LC_ALL)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.5145 Tc 8.517 0 Td (\245\245)Tj 3.265 Tc 7.708 0 Td [(\245\245 )3331(\245)]TJ 0 Tc 10.101 0 Td (name of locale)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -26.326 -1.25 Td (LC_COLLATE)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.5145 Tc 8.517 0 Td (\245\245)Tj 3.265 Tc 7.708 0 Td [(\245\245 )3331(\245)]TJ 0 Tc 10.101 0 Td (name of locale for collation)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -26.326 -1.25 Td (LC_CTYPE)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.5145 Tc 8.517 0 Td (\245\245)Tj 3.265 Tc 7.708 0 Td [(\245\245 )3331(\245)]TJ 0 Tc 10.101 0 Td (name of locale for character classi\336cation)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -26.326 -1.25 Td (LC_MESSAGES)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.5145 Tc 8.517 0 Td (\245\245)Tj 3.265 Tc 7.708 0 Td [(\245\245 )3331(\245)]TJ 0 Tc 10.101 0 Td (name of locale for messages)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -26.326 -1.25 Td (LC_MONETARY)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.5145 Tc 8.517 0 Td (\245\245)Tj 3.265 Tc 7.708 0 Td [(\245\245 )3331(\245)]TJ 0 Tc 10.101 0 Td (name of locale for monetary editing)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -26.326 -1.25 Td (LC_NUMERIC)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.5145 Tc 8.517 0 Td (\245\245)Tj 3.265 Tc 7.708 0 Td [(\245\245 )3331(\245)]TJ 0 Tc 10.101 0 Td (name of locale for numeric editing)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -26.326 -1.25 Td (LC_TIME)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.5145 Tc 8.517 0 Td (\245\245)Tj 3.265 Tc 7.708 0 Td [(\245\245 )3331(\245)]TJ 0 Tc 10.101 0 Td (name of locale for date/time formatting)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -26.326 -1.25 Td (LINES)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.5145 Tc 8.517 0 Td (\245\245)Tj 3.265 Tc 7.708 0 Td [(\245\245 )3331(\245)]TJ 0 Tc 10.101 0 Td (terminal height)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -26.326 -1.25 Td (LOGNAME)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.5145 Tc 8.517 0 Td (\245\245)Tj 3.265 Tc 7.708 0 Td [(\245\245 )3331(\245)]TJ 0 Tc 10.101 0 Td (login name)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -26.326 -1.25 Td (MSGVERB)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.056 0 Td [(XSI )-2803(\245)]TJ 3.265 Tc 8.169 0 Td [(\245\245 )3331(\245)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0 Tc 10.101 0 Td (fmtmsg)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.6 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (3)Tj 0.5 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.583 -0.04 Td [(message components to pr)18(ocess)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -31.342 -1.25 Td (NLSPATH)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.5145 Tc 8.517 0 Td (\245\245)Tj 3.265 Tc 7.708 0 Td [(\245\245 )3331(\245)]TJ 0 Tc 10.101 0 Td (sequence of templates for message catalogs)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -26.326 -1.25 Td (PATH)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.5145 Tc 8.517 0 Td (\245\245)Tj 3.265 Tc 7.708 0 Td [(\245\245 )3331(\245)]TJ 0 Tc 10.101 0 Td [(list of path pr)18(e\336xes to sear)18(ch for executable \336le)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -26.326 -1.25 Td (PWD)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.5145 Tc 8.517 0 Td (\245\245)Tj 3.265 Tc 7.708 0 Td [(\245\245 )3331(\245)]TJ 0 Tc 10.101 0 Td [(absolute pathname of curr)18(ent working dir)18(ectory)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -26.326 -1.25 Td (SHELL)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.5145 Tc 8.517 0 Td (\245\245)Tj 3.265 Tc 7.708 0 Td [(\245\245 )3331(\245)]TJ 0 Tc 10.101 0 Td [(name of user)-74(\325s pr)18(eferr)18(ed shell)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -26.326 -1.25 Td (TERM)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.5145 Tc 8.517 0 Td (\245\245)Tj 3.265 Tc 7.708 0 Td [(\245\245 )3331(\245)]TJ 0 Tc 10.101 0 Td (terminal type)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -26.326 -1.25 Td (TMPDIR)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.5145 Tc 8.517 0 Td (\245\245)Tj 3.265 Tc 7.708 0 Td [(\245\245 )3331(\245)]TJ 0 Tc 10.101 0 Td [(pathname of dir)18(ectory for cr)18(eating temporary \336les)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -26.326 -1.25 Td (TZ)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.5145 Tc 8.517 0 Td (\245\245)Tj 3.265 Tc 7.708 0 Td [(\245\245 )3331(\245)]TJ 0 Tc 10.101 0 Td (time zone information)Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 2990.25 cm 0 0 m 3900 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3397.25 2990.25 cm 0 0 m 0 2360 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2174.25 2990.25 cm 0 0 m 0 2360 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1849.25 2990.25 cm 0 0 m 0 2360 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5196.25 2990.25 cm 0 0 m 0 2360 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 2990.25 cm 0 0 m 0 2360 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 191.0941 280.9326 Tm (Figure 7.7)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.195 0 Td [(Envir)18(onment variables de\336ned in the Single UNIX Speci\336cation)]TJ 9.9976 0 0 9.9976 147.5648 244.9412 Tm [(In )-147(addition )-147(to )-147(fetching )-147(the )-147(value )-147(of )-147(an )-147(envir)18(onment )-147(variable, )-147(sometimes )-147(we )-147(may)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(want )-82(to )-82(set )-82(an )-82(envir)18(onment )-82(variable.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 17.181 0 Td [(We )-266(m)]TJ 0 Tc 2.602 0 Td [(ay )-82(want )-82(to )-82(change )-82(the )-82(value )-82(of )-82(an )-82(existing)]TJ -19.782 -1.2 Td [(variable )-84(or )-84(add )-84(a )-84(new )-84(variable )-84(to )-84(the )-84(envir)18(onment. )-334(\(In)-334(the )-84(next )-84(chapter)]TJ 0.3339 Tc 32.46 0 Td (,w)Tj 0 Tc 1.418 0 Td [(e\325ll )-84(see )-84(that)]TJ -33.878 -1.2 Td [(we )-69(can )-69(af)18(fect )-69(the )-69(envir)18(onment )-69(of )-69(only )-69(the )-69(curr)21(ent )-69(pr)18(ocess )-69(and )-69(any )-69(child )-69(pr)18(ocesses )-69(that)]TJ T* [(we )-138(invoke.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 5.609 0 Td [(We )-322(c)]TJ 0 Tc 2.219 0 Td [(annot )-138(af)18(fect )-138(the )-138(envir)18(onment )-138(of )-138(the )-138(par)18(ent )-138(pr)18(ocess, )-138(which )-138(is )-138(often )-138(a)]TJ -7.828 -1.2 Td [(shell. )-610(Nevertheless,)-610(it )-360(is )-360(still )-360(useful )-360(to )-360(be )-360(able )-360(to )-360(modify )-360(the )-360(envir)20(onment )-360(list.\))]TJ -0 -1.2 Td (Unfortunately)Tj 0.3829 Tc 6.186 0 Td (,n)Tj 0 Tc 1.215 0 Td [(ot )-133(all )-133(systems )-133(support )-133(this )-133(capability)]TJ 0.6328 Tc 16.745 0 Td (.F)Tj 0 Tc 1.439 0 Td (igur)Tj 0.3828 Tc 1.827 0 Td (e7)Tj 0 Tc 1.362 0 Td [(.8 )-133(shows )-133(the )-133(functions)]TJ -28.773 -1.2 Td (that ar)Tj 0.25 Tc 2.861 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.153 0 Td [(upported by the various standar)18(ds and implementations.)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47030 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (180)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(System )-250(Data )-250(Files )-250(and )-250(Information)]TJ 39.241 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(6)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5911 668.9599 Tm [(Both )-26(functions )-26(r)18(eturn )-26(a )-26(pointer )-26(to )-26(a)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 15.979 0 Td (passwd)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.876 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)]TJ 0.2757 Tc 3.49 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.081 0 Td [(hat )-26(the )-26(functions )-26(\336ll )-26(in.)-524(This)]TJ -26.225 -1.2 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e)-671(is)-671(u)1(sually )-421(a)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.135 0 Td (static)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.271 0 Td [(variable )-421(within )-421(the )-421(function, )-421(so )-421(its )-421(contents )-421(ar)21(e)]TJ -15.406 -1.2 Td (overwritten each time we call either of these functions.)Tj 1.8 -1.2 Td [(These )-26(two )-26(POSIX.1 )-26(functions )-26(ar)]TJ 0.2763 Tc 14.065 0 Td (e\336)Tj 0 Tc 1.36 0 Td [(ne )-26(if )-26(we )-26(want )-26(to )-26(look )-26(up )-26(either )-26(a )-26(login )-26(name )-26(or )-26(a)]TJ -17.225 -1.2 Td [(user )-312(ID, )-312(but )-312(some )-312(pr)18(ograms )-312(need )-312(to )-312(go )-312(thr)18(ough )-312(the )-312(entir)]TJ 0.5617 Tc 28.114 0 Td (ep)Tj 0 Tc 1.642 0 Td (asswor)Tj 0.5617 Tc 3.105 0 Td (d\336)Tj 0 Tc 1.778 0 Td [(le. )-562(Thr)18(ee)]TJ -34.638 -1.2 Td (functions can be used for this purpose:)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 17.352 0 Td (getpwent)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 5.3 0 Td (setpwent)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 5.8 0 Td (nd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.443 0 Td (endpwent)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5904 593.4644 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.664 TD (struct passwd *getpwent\(void\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 16.913 -1.664 Td (Returns: pointer if OK,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 10.333 0 Td (NULL)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td [(on err)18(or or end of \336le)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -29.896 -1.664 Td (void setpwent\(void\);)Tj T* (void endpwent\(void\);)Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 5291.25 cm 0 0 m 0 734 l 3900 734 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 183.578 508.7189 Tm [(These )-95(thr)18(ee )-95(functions )-95(ar)]TJ 0.3448 Tc 10.862 0 Td (en)Tj 0 Tc 1.406 0 Td [(ot )-95(part )-95(of )-95(the )-95(base )-95(POSIX.1 )-95(standar)20(d. )-345(They)-345(ar)]TJ 0.3449 Tc 20.881 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.435 0 Td [(e\336ned )-95(as )-95(part )-95(of)]TJ -34.584 -1.25 Td [(the )-122(XSI )-122(option )-122(in )-122(the )-122(Single )-122(UNIX )-122(Speci\336cation.)-622(As )-122(such, )-122(all )-122(UNIX )-122(systems )-122(ar)]TJ 0.3721 Tc 35.97 0 Td (ee)Tj 0 Tc 1.33 0 Td [(xpected )-122(to)]TJ -37.3 -1.25 Td [(pr)18(ovide them.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 147.5824 468.7237 Tm [(We )-297(c)]TJ 0 Tc 2.194 0 Td (all)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.445 0 Td (getpwent)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.163 0 Td [(to )-113(r)18(eturn )-113(the )-113(next )-113(entry )-113(in )-113(the )-113(passwor)]TJ 0.363 Tc 17.769 0 Td (d\336)Tj 0 Tc 1.579 0 Td [(le. )-363(As)-363(with )-113(the )-113(two)]TJ -29.95 -1.2 Td [(POSIX.1 )-70(functions,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.691 0 Td (getpwent)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 5.121 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(turns )-70(a )-70(pointer )-70(to )-70(a )-70(str)6(uctur)]TJ 0.3204 Tc 12.514 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.125 0 Td [(hat )-70(it )-70(has )-70(\336lled )-70(in.)-572(This)]TJ -28.307 -1.2 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e)-315(is)-315(n)-1(ormally )-65(overwritten )-65(each )-65(time )-65(we )-65(call )-65(this )-65(function.)-567(If )-65(this )-65(is )-65(the )-65(\336rst )-65(call)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(to )-48(this )-48(function, )-48(it )-48(opens )-48(whatever )-48(\336les )-48(it )-48(uses.)-549(Ther)]TJ 0.2981 Tc 23.441 0 Td (ei)Tj 0 Tc 1.068 0 Td [(s)-298(no)-298(o)]TJ -0.018 Tc (rd)Tj 0 Tc 3.682 0 Td [(er )-48(implied )-48(when )-48(we )-48(use)]TJ -28.191 -1.2 Td [(this )-242(function; )-242(the )-242(entries )-242(can )-242(be )-242(in )-242(any )-242(or)17(der)]TJ 0.4922 Tc 21.283 0 Td (,b)Tj 0 Tc 1.295 0 Td [(ecause )-242(some )-242(systems )-242(use )-242(a )-242(hashed)]TJ -22.578 -1.2 Td (version of the \336le)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 7.923 0 Td (/etc/passwd)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj -6.123 -1.2 Td [(The )-48(function)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.976 0 Td (setpwent)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 5.098 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(winds )-48(whatever )-48(\336les )-48(it )-48(uses, )-48(and)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 14.977 0 Td (endpwent)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.098 0 Td [(closes )-48(these)]TJ -33.804 -1.2 Td [(\336les. )-412(When)-413(using)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.635 0 Td (getpwent)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(,)-412(we)-412(m)-1(ust )-162(always )-162(be )-162(sur)17(e)-412(to)-412(c)-1(lose )-162(these )-162(\336les )-162(by )-162(calling)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -8.635 -1.2 Td (endpwent)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.056 0 Td [(when )-5(we\325r)]TJ 0.2554 Tc 4.701 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.06 0 Td [(hr)18(ough. )-255(Although)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.521 0 Td (getpwent)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.055 0 Td [(is )-5(smart )-5(enough )-5(to )-5(know )-5(when )-5(it)]TJ -24.393 -1.2 Td (has to open its \336les \(the \336rst time we call it\), it never knows \ when we\325r)Tj 0.25 Tc 31.168 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.055 0 Td [(hr)18(ough.)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf -35.823 -2.28 Td (Example)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.6 -1.8 Td (Figur)Tj 0.25 Tc 2.383 0 Td (e6)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (.2 shows an implementation of the function)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 19.425 0 Td (getpwnam)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 3128.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9984 0 0 8.9984 129.5767 303.2244 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.189 TD (#include )Tj T* (#include )Tj 0 -1.783 TD (struct passwd *)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (getpwnam\(const char *name\))Tj T* ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td [(struct passwd)-1200(*ptr;)]TJ 0 -1.783 TD (setpwent\(\);)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (while \(\(ptr = getpwent\(\)\) != NULL\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(strcmp\(name, ptr->pw_name\) == 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td [(break; )-3000(/*)-600(found a match */)]TJ -4.8 -1.189 Td (endpwent\(\);)Tj T* [(return\(ptr\); )-1800(/*)-600(ptr is NULL if no match found */)]TJ -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 1487.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 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cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 668.9599 Tm [(If we execute the pr)18(ogram in Figur)]TJ 0.25 Tc 15.31 0 Td (e5)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (.12, we get)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5909 652.2609 Tm ($)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (./a.out)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -1.2 -1.189 Td (/tmp/fileT0Hsu6)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (/tmp/filekmAsYQ)Tj T* (one line of output)Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5141.25 6082.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 50 50 l 0 50 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 147.5823 584.1299 Tm [(The )-108(standar)]TJ 0.3579 Tc 5.352 0 Td (dt)Tj 0 Tc 1.295 0 Td [(echnique )-108(often )-108(used )-108(by )-108(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 12.689 0 Td (tmpfile)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.558 0 Td [(function )-108(is )-108(to )-108(cr)18(eate )-108(a )-108(unique)]TJ -25.693 -1.2 Td [(pathname )-114(by )-114(calling)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.611 0 Td (tmpnam)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.3645 Tc (,t)Tj 0 Tc 4.541 0 Td [(hen )-114(cr)18(eate )-114(the )-114(\336le, )-114(and )-114(immediately)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 16.73 0 Td (unlink)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.964 0 Td [(it. )-364(Recall)]TJ -34.846 -1.2 Td [(fr)18(om )-27(Section )-27(4.15 )-27(that )-27(unlinking )-27(a )-27(\336le )-27(does )-27(not )-27(delete )-27(its )-27(contents )-27(until )-27(the )-27(\336le )-27(is )-27(closed.)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(This )-262(way)]TJ 0.5123 Tc 4.201 0 Td (,w)Tj 0 Tc 1.596 0 Td [(hen )-262(the )-262(\336le )-262(is )-262(closed, )-262(either )-262(explicitly )-262(or )-262(on )-262(pr)18(ogram )-262(termination, )-262(the)]TJ -5.798 -1.2 Td (contents of the \336le ar)Tj 0.25 Tc 9.227 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.34 0 Td (eleted.)Tj -8.767 -1.2 Td [(The )-121(Single )-121(UNIX )-121(Speci\336cation )-121(de\336nes )-121(two )-121(additional )-121(functions )-121(as )-121(part )-121(of )-121(the )-121(XSI)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td (option for dealing with temporary \336les:)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 17.739 0 Td (mkdtemp)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.943 0 Td (mkstemp)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj 7.999 0 0 7.999 183.5781 492.1409 Tm [(Older )-153(versions )-153(of )-153(the )-153(Single )-153(UNIX )-153(Speci\336cation )-153(de\336ned )-153(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 27.89 0 Td (tempnam)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.603 0 Td [(function )-153(as )-153(a )-153(way )-153(to)]TJ -32.494 -1.25 Td [(cr)18(eate a temporary \336le in a caller)18(-speci\336ed location.)-500(It is marked obsolescent in SUSv4.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9989 0 0 8.9989 147.5824 457.0451 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.783 TD (char *mkdtemp\(char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (template)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 14.689 -1.783 Td [(Returns: pointer to dir)18(ectory name if OK,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 18.424 0 Td (NULL)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td [(on err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -35.763 -1.783 Td (int mkstemp\(char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (template)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 21.214 -1.783 Td (Returns: \336le descriptor if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 13.25 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 3884.25 cm 0 0 m 0 777 l 3900 777 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9982 0 0 9.9982 129.5767 372.433 Tm (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.194 0 Td (mkdtemp)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.72 0 Td [(function )-270(cr)18(eates )-270(a )-270(dir)18(ectory )-270(with )-270(a )-270(unique )-270(name, )-270(and )-270(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 27.886 0 Td (mkstemp)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -34.8 -1.2 Td [(function )-206(cr)18(eates )-206(a )-206(r)18(egular )-206(\336le )-206(with )-206(a )-206(unique )-206(name.)-706(The )-206(name )-206(is )-206(selected )-206(using )-206(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 0 -1.2 TD (template)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.794 0 Td [(string. )-350(This)-349(string )-100(is )-100(a )-100(pathname )-100(whose )-100(last )-100(six )-100(characters )-100(ar)]TJ 0.3498 Tc 27.727 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.253 0 Td [(et )-100(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 2.377 0 Td (XXXXXX)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj -35.15 -1.2 Td [(The )-176(function )-176(r)18(eplaces )-176(these )-176(placeholders )-176(with )-176(dif)20(fer)18(ent )-175(characters )-175(to )-175(cr)18(eate )-175(a )-175(unique)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(pathname. )-255(If)-255(successful, )-5(these )-5(functions )-5(modify )-5(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 23.156 0 Td (template)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.699 0 Td [(string )-5(to )-5(r)18(e\337ect )-5(the )-5(name )-5(of)]TJ -26.855 -1.2 Td (the temporary \336le.)Tj 1.8 -1.2 Td [(The )-89(dir)18(ectory )-89(cr)18(eated )-89(by)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.378 0 Td (mkdtemp)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.539 0 Td [(is )-88(cr)18(eated )-88(with )-88(the )-88(following )-88(access )-88(permission)]TJ -17.717 -1.2 Td [(bits )-46(set:)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.665 0 Td [(S_IRUSR )350(| )350(S_IWUSR )350(| )350(S_IXUSR)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 0.546 Tc (.N)Tj 0 Tc 16.427 0 Td [(ote )-46(that )-46(the )-46(\336le )-46(mode )-46(cr)18(eation )-46(mask )-46(of )-46(the)]TJ -20.092 -1.2 Td [(calling )-52(pr)18(ocess )-52(can )-52(r)19(estrict )-52(these )-52(permissions )-52(further)]TJ 0.5517 Tc 23.317 0 Td (.I)Tj 0.3017 Tc 1.139 0 Td (fd)Tj 0 Tc 1.246 0 Td [(ir)18(ectory )-52(cr)18(eation )-52(is )-52(successful,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -25.702 -1.2 Td (mkdtemp)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 4.45 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(turns the name of the new dir)18(ectory)111(.)]TJ -3.506 -1.2 Td (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.981 0 Td (mkstemp)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.507 0 Td [(function )-57(cr)18(eates )-57(a )-57(r)17(egular )-57(\336le )-57(with )-57(a )-57(unique )-57(name )-57(and )-57(opens )-57(it.)-561(The)]TJ -8.289 -1.2 Td [(\336le )-1(descriptor )-1(r)17(eturned )-1(by)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.853 0 Td (mkstemp)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.451 0 Td [(is )-1(open )-1(for )-1(r)18(eading )-1(and )-1(writing.)-501(The )-1(\336le )-1(cr)18(eated )-1(by)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -16.304 -1.2 Td (mkstemp)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td [(is cr)18(eated with access permissions)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 15.269 0 Td [(S_IRUSR )350(| )350(S_IWUSR)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj -17.919 -1.2 Td (Unlike)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.747 0 Td (tmpfile)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.7696 Tc (,t)Tj 0 Tc 5.546 0 Td [(he )-520(temporary )-520(\336le )-520(cr)18(eated )-520(by)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 15.29 0 Td (mkstemp)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.97 0 Td [(is )-520(not )-520(r)19(emoved)]TJ -31.352 -1.2 Td [(automatically )-50(for )-50(us.)-550(If )-50(we )-50(want )-50(to )-50(r)18(emove )-50(it )-50(fr)18(om )-50(the )-50(\336le )-50(system )-50(namespace, )-50(we )-50(need)]TJ T* (to unlink it ourselves.)Tj 1.8 -1.2 Td [(Use )-150(of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.361 0 Td (tmpnam)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.001 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.094 0 Td (tempnam)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.601 0 Td [(does )-151(have )-151(at )-151(least )-151(one )-151(drawback: )-151(a )-151(window )-151(exists)]TJ -15.855 -1.2 Td [(between )-21(the )-21(time )-21(that )-21(the )-21(unique )-21(pathname )-21(is )-21(r)17(eturned )-21(and )-21(the )-21(time )-21(that )-21(an )-21(application)]TJ T* [(cr)18(eates )-67(a )-67(\336le )-67(with )-67(that )-67(name.)-567(During )-67(this )-67(timing )-67(window)]TJ 0.3172 Tc 25.828 0 Td (,a)Tj 0 Tc 1.067 0 Td [(nother )-67(pr)18(ocess )-67(can )-67(cr)18(eate )-67(a)]TJ -26.895 -1.2 Td [(\336le )-10(of )-10(the )-10(same )-10(name.)-509(The)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 12.104 0 Td (tmpfile)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.46 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.953 0 Td (mkstemp)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.46 0 Td [(functions )-10(should )-10(be )-10(used )-10(instead, )-10(as)]TJ -22.977 -1.2 Td [(they don\325t suf)18(fer fr)18(om this pr)18(oblem.)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47032 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (168)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td (Standar)Tj 0.5 Tc 3.421 0 Td (dI)Tj 0 Tc 1.448 0 Td [(/O )-250(Library)]TJ 34.372 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(5)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 668.9599 Tm (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.111 0 Td (tmpnam)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.037 0 Td [(function )-187(generates )-187(a )-187(string )-187(that )-187(is )-187(a )-187(valid )-187(pathname )-187(and )-187(that )-187(does )-187(not)]TJ -6.149 -1.2 Td [(match )-57(the )-57(name )-57(of )-57(any )-57(existing )-57(\336le.)-556(This )-57(function )-57(generates )-57(a )-57(dif)19(fer)18(ent )-57(pathname )-57(each)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td (time it is called, up to)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 9.753 0 Td (TMP_MAX)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td (times.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.153 0 Td (TMP_MAX)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td (is de\336ned in)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 5.705 0 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 183.589 624.9625 Tm [(Although )-113(ISO )-113(C )-113(de\336nes)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.255 0 Td (TMP_MAX)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.3635 Tc (,t)Tj 0 Tc 5.139 0 Td [(he )-113(C )-113(standar)]TJ 0.3635 Tc 5.817 0 Td (dr)Tj 0 Tc 1.352 0 Td [(equir)18(es )-113(only )-113(that )-113(its )-113(value )-113(be )-113(at )-113(least )-113(25.)]TJ -23.563 -1.25 Td (The Single UNIX Speci\336cation, however)Tj 0.2505 Tc 17.703 0 Td (,r)Tj 0 Tc 0.877 0 Td [(equir)18(es that XSI-conforming systems support a value)]TJ -18.58 -1.25 Td [(of )-402(at )-402(least )-402(10,000.)-903(This )-402(minimum )-402(value )-402(allows )-402(an )-402(implementation )-402(to )-402(use )-402(four )-402(digits)]TJ 0 -1.21 TD (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (0000)Tj 2.083 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (9999)Tj 2 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.25 Tc 0.333 -0.04 Td (,a)Tj 0 Tc 1 0 Td (lthough most implementations on UNIX systems use alphanumeric characters\ .)Tj -6.333 -2.125 Td (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.064 0 Td (tmpnam)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.99 0 Td [(function )-140(is )-140(marked )-140(obsolescent )-140(in )-140(SUSv4, )-140(but )-140(the )-140(ISO )-140(C )-140(standar)]TJ 0.3903 Tc 29.404 0 Td (dc)Tj 0 Tc 1.445 0 Td [(ontinues )-140(to)]TJ -36.905 -1.25 Td (support it.)Tj 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5909 549.967 Tm (If)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 0.936 0 Td (ptr)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.488 0 Td (is)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.981 0 Td (NULL)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.2659 Tc (,t)Tj 0 Tc 3.242 0 Td [(he )-16(generated )-16(pathname )-16(is )-16(stor)18(ed )-16(in )-16(a )-16(static )-16(ar)18(ea, )-16(and )-16(a )-16(pointer )-16(to )-16(this)]TJ -8.446 -1.2 Td [(ar)18(ea )-33(is )-33(r)18(eturned )-33(as )-33(the )-33(value )-33(of )-33(the )-33(function.)-533(Subsequent )-33(calls )-33(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 28.998 0 Td (tmpnam)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.883 0 Td [(can )-33(overwrite)]TJ -32.881 -1.2 Td [(this )-62(static )-62(ar)17(ea. )-312(\(Thus,)-313(if )-62(we )-62(call )-62(this )-62(function )-62(mor)]TJ 0.3124 Tc 22.506 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.117 0 Td [(han )-62(once )-62(and )-62(we )-62(want )-62(to )-62(save )-62(the)]TJ -23.623 -1.2 Td [(pathname, )-53(we )-53(have )-53(to )-53(save )-53(a )-53(copy )-53(of )-53(the )-53(pathname, )-53(not )-53(a )-53(copy )-53(of )-53(the )-53(pointer)79(.\) )-303(If)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 36.76 0 Td (ptr)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.525 0 Td (is)Tj -38.285 -1.2 Td (not)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.748 0 Td (NULL)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(,)-294(it)-294(is)-294(a)1(ssumed )-44(that )-44(it )-44(points )-44(to )-44(an )-44(array )-44(of )-44(at )-44(least)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 24.869 0 Td (L_tmpnam)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.094 0 Td [(characters. )-294(\(The)]TJ -31.71 -1.2 Td (constant)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 4.13 0 Td (L_tmpnam)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.2 0 Td [(is )-150(de\336ned )-150(in)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.154 0 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(.\) )-400(The)-399(generated )-150(pathname )-150(is )-150(stor)18(ed )-150(in)]TJ -15.484 -1.2 Td (this array)Tj 0.25 Tc 4.108 0 Td (,a)Tj 0 Tc 1 0 Td (nd)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.443 0 Td (ptr)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.472 0 Td [(is r)18(eturned as the value of the function.)]TJ -6.223 -1.2 Td (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.427 0 Td (tmpfile)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.953 0 Td [(function )-503(cr)18(eates )-503(a )-503(temporary )-503(binary )-503(\336le )-503(\(type)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 23.733 0 Td (wb+)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.7528 Tc (\)t)Tj 0 Tc 3.212 0 Td [(hat )-503(is)]TJ -36.124 -1.2 Td [(automatically )-77(r)18(emoved )-77(when )-77(it )-77(is )-77(closed )-77(or )-77(on )-77(pr)16(ogram )-77(termination.)-577(Under )-77(the )-77(UNIX)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(System, it makes no dif)18(fer)18(ence that this \336le is a binary \336le.)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf -3.6 -2.4 Td (Example)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.6 -1.8 Td [(The pr)18(ogram in Figur)]TJ 0.25 Tc 9.538 0 Td (e5)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (.12 demonstrates these two functions.)Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 3880.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9989 0 0 8.9989 129.5844 378.4536 Tm (#include "apue.h")Tj 0 -2.021 TD (int)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (main\(void\))Tj T* ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td [(char )-1800(name[L_tmpnam],)-600(line[MAXLINE];)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(FILE )-1800(*fp;)]TJ 0 -2.021 TD [(printf\("%s\\n", tmpnam\(NULL\)\);)-4200(/* first temp name */)]TJ T* (tmpnam\(name\); )Tj 21.6 0 Td [(/*)-600(second temp name */)]TJ -21.6 -1.189 Td (printf\("%s\\n", name\);)Tj T* [(if \(\(fp = tmpfile\(\)\) == NULL\))-4200(/* create temp file */)]TJ 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_sys\("tmpfile error"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td [(fputs\("one line of output\\n", fp\);)-1200(/* write to temp file */)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD (rewind\(fp\); )Tj 21.6 0 Td [(/*)-600(then read it back */)]TJ -21.6 -1.189 Td (if \(fgets\(line, sizeof\(line\), fp\) == NULL\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_sys\("fgets error"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (fputs\(line, stdout\);)Tj 21.6 0 Td (/* print the line we wrote */)Tj -21.6 -2.021 Td (exit\(0\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 1543.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 220.4283 138.3231 Tm (Figure 5.12)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.695 0 Td (Demonstrate)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 5.964 0 Td (tmpnam)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.943 0 Td (tmpfile)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td (functions)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47033 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(5.1)]TJ 31.5943 Tc 4.888 0 Td (1F)Tj 0 Tc 32.65 0 Td [(ormatted )-250(I/O)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 8.295 0 Td (163)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 6670.25 cm 0 0 m 3899 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 149.179 658.9605 Tm (Conversion )Tj 24.6 0 Td (Description)Tj -23.021 -1.25 Td (type)Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 6450.25 cm 0 0 m 3899 0 l S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 6430.25 cm 0 0 m 3899 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 133.648 634.9238 Tm (d)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 10.5 0 Td (signed decimal, base 10)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -10.5 -1.25 Td (i)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 10.5 0 Td (signed decimal, base determined by format of input)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -10.5 -1.25 Td (o)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 10.5 0 Td (unsigned octal \(input optionally signed\))Tj /TT0 1 Tf -10.5 -1.25 Td (u)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 10.5 0 Td (unsigned decimal, base 10 \(input optionally signed\))Tj /TT0 1 Tf -10.5 -1.25 Td (x,X)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 10.5 0 Td (unsigned hexadecimal \(input optionally signed\))Tj /TT0 1 Tf -10.5 -1.25 Td (a,A,e,E,f,F,g,G)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 10.5 0 Td (\337oating-point number)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -10.5 -1.25 Td (c)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 10.5 0 Td (character \(with)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 6.931 0 Td (l)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.85 0 Td (length modi\336er)Tj 0.25 Tc 6.802 0 Td (,w)Tj 0 Tc 1.334 0 Td (ide character\))Tj /TT0 1 Tf -26.417 -1.25 Td (s)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 10.5 0 Td (string \(with)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 5.44 0 Td (l)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.85 0 Td (length modi\336er)Tj 0.25 Tc 6.802 0 Td (,w)Tj 0 Tc 1.334 0 Td (ide character string\))Tj /TT0 1 Tf -24.926 -1.25 Td ([)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 10.5 0 Td (matches a sequence of listed characters, ending with)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 23.362 0 Td (])Tj -33.862 -1.25 Td ([\366)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 10.5 0 Td (matches all characters except the ones listed, ending with)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 25.528 0 Td (])Tj -36.028 -1.25 Td (p)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 10.5 0 Td (pointer to a)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 5.342 0 Td (void)Tj -15.842 -1.25 Td (n)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 10.5 0 Td [(pointer to a signed integer into which is written the number of characte\ rs r)18(ead so far)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -10.5 -1.25 Td (%)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.25 Tc 10.5 0 Td (a%c)Tj 0 Tc 2.284 0 Td (haracter)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -12.784 -1.25 Td (C)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 10.5 0 Td (wide character)Tj 6.78 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (XSI option, equivalent to)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 11.219 0 Td (lc)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.2 0.04 Td (\))Tj /TT0 1 Tf -30.032 -1.29 Td (S)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 10.5 0 Td (wide character string)Tj 9.604 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (XSI option, equivalent to)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 11.219 0 Td (ls)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.2 0.04 Td (\))Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 4910.25 cm 0 0 m 3899 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2116.25 4910.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1760 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5195.25 4910.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1760 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 4910.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1760 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 193.8051 472.9149 Tm (Figure 5.10)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.695 0 Td (The conversion type component of a conversion speci\336cation)Tj 9.9982 0 0 9.9982 129.5769 445.3198 Tm [(speci\336ers )-61(to )-61(for)18(ce )-61(a )-61(memory )-61(buf)18(fer )-61(to )-61(be )-61(allocated )-61(to )-61(hold )-61(the )-61(converted )-61(string.)-559(In )-61(this)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(case, )-233(the )-233(corr)18(esponding )-233(ar)18(gument )-233(should )-233(be )-233(the )-233(addr)18(ess )-233(of )-233(a )-233(pointer )-233(to )-233(which )-233(the)]TJ T* [(addr)18(ess )-335(of )-335(the )-335(allocated )-335(buf)18(fer )-335(will )-335(be )-335(copied.)-834(If )-335(the )-335(call )-335(succeeds, )-335(the )-335(caller )-335(is)]TJ -0.018 Tc -0 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(sponsible )-148(for )-148(fr)18(eeing )-148(the )-148(buf)18(fer )-148(by )-148(calling )-148(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 21.263 0 Td (free)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.798 0 Td [(function )-148(when )-148(the )-148(buf)18(fer )-148(is )-148(no)]TJ -24.917 -1.2 Td (longer needed.)Tj 1.8 -1.2 Td (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.564 0 Td (scanf)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.89 0 Td [(family )-639(of )-639(functions )-639(also )-639(supports )-639(the )-639(alternative )-639(conversion)]TJ -8.253 -1.2 Td [(speci\336cation )-102(syntax )-102(allowing )-102(the )-102(ar)16(guments )-103(to )-103(be )-103(named )-103(explicitly: )-103(the )-103(sequence)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 37.055 0 Td (%n$)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.018 Tc -37.055 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(pr)18(esents )-26(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 5.631 0 Td (n)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(th )-26(ar)18(gument. )-276(W)55(ith )-26(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.904 0 Td (printf)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.876 0 Td [(family )-26(of )-26(functions, )-26(the )-26(same )-26(number)19(ed)]TJ -21.267 -1.2 Td [(ar)18(gument )-47(can )-47(be )-47(r)18(efer)18(enced )-47(in )-47(the )-47(format )-47(string )-47(mor)]TJ 0.297 Tc 23.503 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.102 0 Td [(han )-47(once.)-547(In )-47(this )-47(case, )-47(however)74(,)]TJ -24.605 -1.2 Td [(the )-204(Single )-204(UNIX )-204(Speci\336cation )-204(states )-204(that )-204(the )-204(behavior )-204(is )-204(unde\336ned )-204(with )-204(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 36 0 Td (scanf)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -36 -1.2 Td (family of functions.)Tj 1.8 -1.2 Td [(Like )-221(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.265 0 Td (printf)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.071 0 Td (family)Tj 0.4706 Tc 2.743 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 1.047 0 Td (he)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.532 0 Td (scanf)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.471 0 Td [(family )-221(supports )-221(functions )-221(that )-221(use )-221(variable)]TJ -18.928 -1.2 Td [(ar)18(gument lists as speci\336ed by)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 13.279 0 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9984 0 0 8.9984 147.5737 283.449 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.189 TD (#include )Tj 0 -2.021 TD (int vscanf\(const char *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 19.2 0 Td (format)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,v)Tj 0 Tc 4.466 0 Td (a_list)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 4.2 0 Td [(ar)18(g)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -27.866 -2.021 Td (int vfscanf\(FILE *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 16.2 0 Td (fp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 2.578 0 Td (onst char *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 12 0 Td (format)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -23.578 -1.189 Td (va_list)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 4.8 0 Td [(ar)18(g)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -12 -2.021 Td (int vsscanf\(const char *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 19.8 0 Td (buf)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 3.097 0 Td (onst char *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 12 0 Td (format)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -27.697 -1.189 Td (va_list)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 4.8 0 Td [(ar)18(g)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.671 -2.021 Td [(All thr)18(ee r)18(eturn: number of input items assigned,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.983 -1.189 Td (EOF)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.05 0 Td [(if input err)18(or or end of \336le befor)]TJ 0.25 Tc 14.124 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (ny conversion)Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 1634.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1291 l 3900 1291 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9976 0 0 9.9976 129.5689 148.7043 Tm [(Refer )-259(to )-259(your )-259(UNIX )-259(system )-259(manual )-259(for )-259(additional )-259(details )-259(on )-259(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 31.249 0 Td (scanf)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.509 0 Td [(family )-259(of)]TJ -34.758 -1.2 Td (functions.)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47034 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(5.1)]TJ 31.5943 Tc 4.888 0 Td (1F)Tj 0 Tc 32.65 0 Td [(ormatted )-250(I/O)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 8.295 0 Td (161)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1401.25 6670.25 cm 0 0 m 3690 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 144.1154 658.9605 Tm (Conversion )Tj 23.292 0 Td (Description)Tj -21.713 -1.25 Td (type)Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1401.25 6450.25 cm 0 0 m 3690 0 l S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1401.25 6430.25 cm 0 0 m 3690 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 144.1067 634.9238 Tm (d,i)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.619 0 Td (signed decimal)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -6.619 -1.25 Td (o)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.619 0 Td (unsigned octal)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -6.619 -1.25 Td (u)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.619 0 Td (unsigned decimal)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -6.619 -1.25 Td (x,X)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.619 0 Td (unsigned hexadecimal)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -6.619 -1.25 Td [(f,F )-4219(double)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 10.469 0 Td (\337oating-point number)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -10.469 -1.25 Td [(e,E )-4219(double)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 10.469 0 Td (\337oating-point number in exponential format)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -10.469 -1.25 Td (g,G)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.619 0 Td [(interpr)18(eted as f, F)92(,)-250(e,)-250(or)-250(E,)-250(depending on value converted)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -6.619 -1.25 Td [(a,A )-4219(double)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 10.469 0 Td (\337oating-point number in hexadecimal exponential format)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -10.469 -1.25 Td (c)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.619 0 Td (character \(with)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 6.931 0 Td (l)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.85 0 Td (length modi\336er)Tj 0.25 Tc 6.802 0 Td (,w)Tj 0 Tc 1.334 0 Td (ide character\))Tj /TT0 1 Tf -22.536 -1.25 Td (s)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.619 0 Td (string \(with)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 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Td [(Functions )-1882(135)]TJ -19.328 -1.3 Td [(4.24 )-2456(De)30(vice )-278(Special )-278(Files)-2160(137)]TJ 0 -1.3 Td [(4.25 )-2456(Summar)-30(y)-556(of)-556(File )-278(Access )-278(P)50(er )253(mission)-556(Bits )-1882(140)]TJ -0 -1.3 Td [(4.26 )-2456(Summar)]TJ 2.16 Tc 8.488 0 Td (y1)Tj 0 Tc 3.216 0 Td (40)Tj /TT2 1 Tf -14.224 -2.47 Td [(Chapter )-278(5.)-2032(Standar)]TJ 0.556 Tc 10.903 0 Td (dI)Tj 0 Tc 1.445 0 Td [(/O )-278(Librar)]TJ 16.758 Tc 4.456 0 Td (y1)Tj 0 Tc 17.87 0 Td (43)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -32.154 -1.82 Td [(5.1 )-3012(Introduction)-2160(143)]TJ T* [(5.2 )-3012(Streams)-556(and)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 11.183 0 Td (FILE)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.956 0 Td [(Objects )-1882(143)]TJ -14.139 -1.3 Td [(5.3 )-3012(Standard)-556(Input, )-278(Standard )-278(Output, )-278(and )-278(Standard)]TJ 6.48 -1.3 Td [(Error )-1882(145)]TJ -6.48 -1.3 Td [(5.4 )-3012(Buff)30(er )263(ing)-2160(145)]TJ -0 -1.3 Td [(5.5 )-3012(Opening)]TJ 0.556 Tc 9.016 0 Td (aS)Tj 0 Tc 1.779 0 Td [(tream )-1882(148)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47037 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (148)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td (Standar)Tj 0.5 Tc 3.421 0 Td (dI)Tj 0 Tc 1.448 0 Td [(/O )-250(Library)]TJ 34.372 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(5)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 11.9993 0 0 11.9993 93.5944 668.9599 Tm [(5.5 )-1332(Opening)]TJ 0.556 Tc 7.612 0 Td (aS)Tj 0 Tc 1.779 0 Td (tream)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5921 644.9613 Tm (The)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.924 0 Td (fopen)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td (freopen)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 5.2 0 Td (nd)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.443 0 Td (fdopen)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td (functions open a standar)Tj 0.25 Tc 10.909 0 Td (dI)Tj 0 Tc 1.198 0 Td [(/O str)18(eam.)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.591 627.0624 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -2.021 TD (FILE *fopen\(const char *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 19.8 0 Td (pathname)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 5.744 0 Td (onst char *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 12 0 Td (type)Tj /TT1 1 Tf (\);)Tj -37.544 -2.021 Td (FILE *freopen\(const char *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 21 0 Td (pathname)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 5.744 0 Td (onst char *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 12 0 Td (type)Tj /TT1 1 Tf (,)Tj -30.344 -1.189 Td (FILE *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 9 0 Td (fp)Tj /TT1 1 Tf (\);)Tj -17.4 -2.021 Td (FILE *fdopen\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 10.2 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 2.578 0 Td (onst char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (type)Tj /TT1 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.989 -2.021 Td [(All thr)18(ee r)18(eturn: \336le pointer if OK,)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 15.346 0 Td (NULL)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td [(on err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 5391.25 cm 0 0 m 0 970 l 3900 970 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 524.3771 Tm [(The dif)18(fer)18(ences in these thr)18(ee functions ar)18(e)-250(as)-250(follows:)]TJ 1.8 -2.04 Td [(1. )-633(The)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 3.557 0 Td (fopen)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td (function opens a speci\336ed \336le.)Tj 1.133 Tc -6.807 -1.6 Td (2T)Tj 0 Tc 2.246 0 Td (he)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.413 0 Td (freopen)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.552 0 Td [(function )-102(opens )-102(a )-102(speci\336ed )-102(\336le )-102(on )-102(a )-102(speci\336ed )-102(str)18(eam, )-102(closing )-102(the)]TJ -6.578 -1.2 Td [(str)18(eam )-149(\336rst )-149(if )-149(it )-149(is )-149(alr)18(eady )-149(open.)-649(If )-149(the )-149(str)18(eam )-149(pr)22(eviously )-149(had )-149(an )-149(orientation,)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf -0 -1.2 Td (freopen)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.485 0 Td [(clears )-35(it.)-535(This )-35(function )-35(is )-35(typically )-35(used )-35(to )-35(open )-35(a )-35(speci\336ed )-35(\336le )-35(as )-35(one)]TJ -4.485 -1.2 Td [(of the pr)18(ede\336ned str)18(eams: standar)]TJ 0.25 Tc 15.073 0 Td (di)Tj 0 Tc 1.152 0 Td (nput, standar)Tj 0.25 Tc 5.932 0 Td (do)Tj 0 Tc 1.407 0 Td (utput, or standar)Tj 0.25 Tc 7.47 0 Td (de)Tj 0 Tc 1.34 0 Td [(rr)18(or)74(.)]TJ -34.007 -1.6 Td [(3. )-633(The)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 3.703 0 Td (fdopen)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.996 0 Td [(function )-146(takes )-146(an )-146(existing )-146(\336le )-146(descriptor)]TJ 0.3957 Tc 18.33 0 Td (,w)Tj 0 Tc 1.48 0 Td [(hich )-146(we )-146(could )-146(obtain)]TJ -25.875 -1.2 Td [(fr)18(om )-165(the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 4.356 0 Td (open)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 3.065 0 Td (dup)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 2.465 0 Td (dup2)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 3.065 0 Td (fcntl)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 3.665 0 Td (pipe)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 3.065 0 Td (socket)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 4.265 0 Td (socketpair)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.415 Tc (,o)Tj 0 Tc 7.211 0 Td (r)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 0.81 0 Td (accept)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -31.967 -1.2 Td [(functions, )-322(and )-322(associates )-322(a )-322(standar)]TJ 0.5718 Tc 16.539 0 Td (dI)Tj 0 Tc 1.52 0 Td [(/O )-322(str)18(eam )-322(with )-322(the )-322(descriptor)]TJ 0.8218 Tc 14.526 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.685 0 Td (his)Tj -34.27 -1.2 Td [(function )-124(is )-124(often )-124(used )-124(with )-124(descriptors )-124(that )-124(ar)]TJ 0.3742 Tc 21.004 0 Td (er)Tj 0 Tc 1.23 0 Td [(eturned )-124(by )-124(the )-124(functions )-124(that)]TJ -22.235 -1.2 Td [(cr)18(eate )-39(pipes )-39(and )-39(network )-39(communication )-39(channels.)-541(Because )-39(these )-39(special )-39(types)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(of )-15(\336les )-15(cannot )-15(be )-15(opened )-15(with )-15(the )-15(standar)]TJ 0.2646 Tc 18.581 0 Td (dI)Tj 0 Tc 1.213 0 Td (/O)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.657 0 Td (fopen)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.265 0 Td [(function, )-15(we )-15(have )-15(to )-15(call)]TJ -24.715 -1.2 Td [(the )-162(device-speci\336c )-162(function )-162(to )-162(obtain )-162(a )-162(\336le )-162(descriptor)]TJ 0.4119 Tc 24.45 0 Td (,a)Tj 0 Tc 1.162 0 Td [(nd )-162(then )-162(associate )-162(this)]TJ -25.612 -1.2 Td (descriptor with a standar)Tj 0.25 Tc 11.115 0 Td (dI)Tj 0 Tc 1.198 0 Td [(/O str)18(eam using)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 7.587 0 Td (fdopen)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj 7.999 0 0 7.999 183.5785 326.0013 Tm (Both)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 2.396 0 Td (fopen)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.331 0 Td (and)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 2.024 0 Td (freopen)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.531 0 Td (ar)Tj 0.3306 Tc 0.877 0 Td (ep)Tj 0 Tc 1.411 0 Td [(art )-81(of )-81(ISO )-81(C;)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 6.029 0 Td (fdopen)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.931 0 Td [(is )-80(part )-80(of )-80(POSIX.1, )-80(since )-80(ISO )-80(C )-80(doesn\325t)]TJ -24.528 -1.25 Td (deal with \336le descriptors.)Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1330.25 2920.25 cm 0 0 m 3831 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_2 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 166.482 283.9889 Tm (type)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 14.226 0 Td (Description)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 18.405 0 Td (open)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.4 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (2)Tj 0.5 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.583 -0.04 Td (Flags)Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1330.25 2800.25 cm 0 0 m 3831 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1330.25 2780.25 cm 0 0 m 3831 0 l S Q Q BT /TT1 1 Tf 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 137.0391 269.9752 Tm (r)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (or)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.541 0 Td (rb )Tj 29.141 0 Td (O_RDONLY)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -21.3 0 Td [(open for r)18(eading)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf -10.582 -1.25 Td (w)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (or)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.541 0 Td (wb )Tj 29.141 0 Td (O_WRONLY|O_CREAT|O_TRUNC)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -21.3 0 Td [(tr)8(uncate to 0 length or cr)18(eate for writing)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf -10.582 -1.25 Td (a)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (or)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.541 0 Td (ab )Tj 29.141 0 Td (O_WRONLY|O_CREAT|O_APPEND)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -21.3 0 Td (append; open for writing at end of \336le, or)Tj 0 -1.25 TD [(cr)18(eate for writing)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf -10.582 -1.25 Td (r+)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (or)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.541 0 Td (r+b)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.4 0 Td (or)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.541 0 Td (rb+ )Tj 24.6 0 Td (O_RDWR)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -21.3 0 Td [(open for r)18(eading and writing)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf -10.582 -1.25 Td (w+)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (or)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.541 0 Td (w+b)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.4 0 Td (or)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.541 0 Td (wb+ )Tj 24.6 0 Td (O_RDWR|O_CREAT|O_TRUNC)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -21.3 0 Td [(tr)8(uncate to 0 length or cr)18(eate for r)18(eading and)]TJ T* (writing)Tj /TT1 1 Tf -10.582 -1.25 Td (a+)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (or)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.541 0 Td (a+b)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.4 0 Td (or)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.541 0 Td (ab+ )Tj 24.6 0 Td (O_RDWR|O_CREAT|O_APPEND)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -21.3 0 Td [(open or cr)18(eate for r)18(eading and writing at)]TJ T* (end of \336le)Tj ET q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1330.25 1860.25 cm 0 0 m 3831 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3861.25 1860.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1060 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2157.25 1860.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1060 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5161.25 1860.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1060 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1330.25 1860.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1060 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9976 0 0 7.9976 208.7094 167.9896 Tm (Figure 5.2)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.195 0 Td (The)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.924 0 Td (type)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.972 0 Td [(ar)18(gument for opening a standar)]TJ 0.25 Tc 14.037 0 Td (dI)Tj 0 Tc 1.198 0 Td [(/O str)18(eam)]TJ 9.997 0 0 9.997 147.5563 143.9968 Tm [(ISO )-166(C )-166(speci\336es )-166(15 )-166(values )-166(for )-166(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 15.539 0 Td (type)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.138 0 Td [(ar)18(gument, )-166(shown )-166(in )-166(Figur)]TJ 0.416 Tc 12.028 0 Td (e5)Tj 0 Tc 1.395 0 Td [(.3. )-416(Using)-416(the)]TJ -32.9 -1.2 Td (character)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 4.337 0 Td (b)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.872 0 Td [(as )-22(part )-22(of )-22(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 6.101 0 Td (type)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.994 0 Td [(allows )-22(the )-22(standar)]TJ 0.2722 Tc 8.137 0 Td (dI)Tj 0 Tc 1.22 0 Td [(/O )-22(system )-22(to )-22(dif)17(fer)18(entiate )-22(between )-22(a)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47038 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(5.4)]TJ 39.668 0 Td [(Buf)18(fering)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 6.165 0 Td (145)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 11.9993 0 0 11.9993 93.5944 668.9599 Tm [(5.3 )-1332(Standar)]TJ 0.556 Tc 6.703 0 Td (dI)Tj 0 Tc 1.445 0 Td [(nput, )-278(Standar)]TJ 0.556 Tc 6.703 0 Td (dO)Tj 0 Tc 1.945 0 Td [(utput, )-278(and )-278(Standar)]TJ 0.556 Tc 9.37 0 Td (dE)Tj 0 Tc 1.834 0 Td [(rr)20(or)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5924 644.9613 Tm [(Thr)18(ee )-82(str)18(eams )-82(ar)]TJ 0.3324 Tc 7.485 0 Td (ep)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.412 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(de\336ned )-82(and )-82(automatically )-82(available )-82(to )-82(a )-82(pr)16(ocess: )-82(standar)]TJ 0.3323 Tc 25.651 0 Td (di)Tj 0 Tc 1.234 0 Td (nput,)Tj -36.638 -1.2 Td (standar)Tj 0.392 Tc 3.32 0 Td (do)Tj 0 Tc 1.549 0 Td [(utput, )-142(and )-142(standar)]TJ 0.392 Tc 8.506 0 Td (de)Tj 0 Tc 1.482 0 Td [(rr)18(or)]TJ 0.6421 Tc 1.639 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.505 0 Td [(hese )-142(str)18(eams )-142(r)18(efer )-142(to )-142(the )-142(same )-142(\336les )-142(as )-142(the )-142(\336le)]TJ -18.001 -1.2 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[(header)74(.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.9993 0 0 11.9993 93.5945 532.1681 Tm [(5.4 )-1332(Buff)10(ering)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5923 508.1695 Tm [(The )-80(goal )-80(of )-80(the )-80(buf)18(fering )-80(pr)18(ovided )-80(by )-80(the )-80(standar)]TJ 0.3297 Tc 22.475 0 Td (dI)Tj 0 Tc 1.278 0 Td [(/O )-80(library )-80(is )-80(to )-80(use )-80(the )-80(minimum)]TJ -23.752 -1.2 Td [(number )-15(of)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 4.904 0 Td (read)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.665 0 Td (and)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.958 0 Td (write)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.265 0 Td [(calls. )-265(\(Recall)-265(Figur)]TJ 0.2649 Tc 8.369 0 Td (e3)Tj 0 Tc 1.244 0 Td [(.6, )-15(which )-15(showed )-15(the )-15(amount )-15(of )-15(CPU)]TJ -22.405 -1.2 Td [(time )-90(r)18(equir)18(ed )-90(to )-90(perform )-90(I/O )-90(using )-90(various )-90(buf)16(fer )-90(sizes.\))-590(Also, )-90(this )-90(library )-90(tries )-90(to )-90(do)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(its )-3(buf)18(fering )-3(automatically )-3(for )-3(each )-3(I/O )-3(str)18(eam, )-3(obviating )-3(the )-3(need )-3(for 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Tc 1.201 0 Td [(/O )-3(library)]TJ 0.5026 Tc 4.515 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.366 0 Td [(he )-3(buf)18(fer )-3(used )-3(is )-3(usually )-3(obtained )-3(by )-3(one )-3(of )-3(the )-3(standar)22(d)]TJ -10.401 -1.2 Td [(I/O )-68(functions )-68(calling)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 9.769 0 Td (malloc)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.918 0 Td [(\(Section )-68(7.8\) )-68(the )-68(\336rst )-68(time )-68(I/O )-68(is )-68(performed )-68(on )-68(a)]TJ -13.687 -1.2 Td [(str)18(eam.)]TJ 0 -1.8 TD [(The )-100(term)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 4.457 0 Td (\337ush)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.34 0 Td [(describes )-100(the )-100(writing )-100(of )-100(a )-100(standar)]TJ 0.3501 Tc 15.211 0 Td (dI)Tj 0 Tc 1.298 0 Td [(/O )-100(buf)18(fer)]TJ 0.6 Tc 4.346 0 Td (.A)Tj 0 Tc 1.978 0 Td [(buf)18(fer )-100(can )-100(be)]TJ -29.631 -1.2 Td [(\337ushed )-56(automatically )-56(by )-56(the )-56(standar)]TJ 0.3063 Tc 16.405 0 Td (dI)Tj 0 Tc 1.254 0 Td [(/O )-56(r)18(outines, )-56(such )-56(as )-56(when )-56(a )-56(buf)18(fer )-56(\336lls,)]TJ -17.659 -1.2 Td [(or )-196(we 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Td (dI)Tj 0 Tc 1.199 0 Td [(/O )-1(library )-1(fr)17(om )-1(either )-1(\(a\) )-1(an )-1(unbuf)16(fer)18(ed )-1(str)18(eam)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47039 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (140)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Files )-250(and )-250(Dir)18(ectories )]TJ 39.241 0 Td [(Chapter)-500(4)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 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permission to r)18(ead dir)18(ectory)]TJ 1.35 -1.325 Td (entries)Tj /TT1 1 Tf -32.592 -1.59 Td (S_IWUSR)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.7 0 Td [(user)18(-write)-3301(user permission to write \336le)]TJ 25.542 0 Td [(user permission to r)18(emove and cr)18(eate)]TJ 1.35 -1.325 Td [(\336les in dir)18(ectory)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf -32.592 -1.59 Td (S_IXUSR)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.7 0 Td [(user)18(-execute)-2300(user permission to execute \336le)-4310(user permission to sear)18(ch for given)]TJ 26.892 -1.325 Td [(pathname in dir)18(ectory)]TJ ET q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1188.25 4452.25 cm 0 0 m 4019 0 l S Q Q BT /TT1 1 Tf 7.9971 0 0 7.9971 122.7558 436.4828 Tm (S_IRGRP)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.7 0 Td [(gr)18(oup-r)18(ead)-2859(gr)18(oup permission to r)18(ead \336le)-4887(gr)18(oup permission to r)18(ead dir)18(ectory)]TJ 26.892 -1.325 Td (entries)Tj /TT1 1 Tf -32.592 -1.59 Td (S_IWGRP)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.7 0 Td [(gr)18(oup-write)-2501(gr)18(oup permission to write \336le)-4529(gr)18(oup permission to r)18(emove and cr)18(eate)]TJ 26.892 -1.325 Td [(\336les in dir)18(ectory)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf -32.592 -1.59 Td (S_IXGRP)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.7 0 Td [(gr)18(oup-execute)-1500(gr)18(oup permission to execute \336le)-3528(gr)18(oup permission to sear)18(ch for given)]TJ 26.892 -1.325 Td [(pathname in dir)18(ectory)]TJ ET q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1188.25 3754.25 cm 0 0 m 4019 0 l S Q Q BT /TT1 1 Tf 7.9966 0 0 7.9966 122.7484 366.646 Tm (S_IROTH)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.7 0 Td [(other)18(-r)18(ead)-3232(other permission to r)18(ead \336le)]TJ 25.542 0 Td [(other permission to r)18(ead dir)18(ectory)]TJ 1.35 -1.325 Td (entries)Tj /TT1 1 Tf -32.592 -1.59 Td (S_IWOTH)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.7 0 Td [(other)18(-write)-2874(other permission to write \336le)-4884(other permission to r)18(emove and cr)18(eate)]TJ 26.892 -1.325 Td [(\336les in dir)18(ectory)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf -32.592 -1.59 Td (S_IXOTH)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.7 0 Td [(other)18(-execute)-1873(other permission to execute \336le)-3883(other permission to sear)18(ch for given)]TJ 26.892 -1.325 Td [(pathname in dir)18(ectory)]TJ ET q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1188.25 3055.25 cm 0 0 m 4019 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3667.25 3055.25 cm 0 0 m 0 3045 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2251.25 3055.25 cm 0 0 m 0 3045 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1624.25 3055.25 cm 0 0 m 0 3045 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5207.25 3055.25 cm 0 0 m 0 3045 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1188.25 3055.25 cm 0 0 m 0 3045 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9962 0 0 7.9962 222.6171 287.422 Tm (Figure 4.26)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.695 0 Td (Summary of \336le access permission bits)Tj 9.9952 0 0 9.9952 129.538 263.4335 Tm [(The \336nal nine constants can also be gr)18(ouped into thr)18(ees, as follows:)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 8.9957 0 0 8.9957 147.5294 246.7415 Tm (S_IRWXU = S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR | S_IXUSR)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (S_IRWXG = S_IRGRP | S_IWGRP | S_IXGRP)Tj T* (S_IRWXO = S_IROTH | S_IWOTH | S_IXOTH)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 11.9942 0 0 11.9942 93.5553 183.372 Tm [(4.26 )-776(Summar)-10(y)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9952 0 0 9.9952 129.538 159.3835 Tm [(This )-86(chapter )-86(has )-86(center)18(ed )-86(on )-86(the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 15.049 0 Td (stat)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.736 0 Td [(function. )-336(W)92(e\325ve )-86(gone )-86(thr)18(ough )-86(each )-86(member )-86(in)]TJ -17.785 -1.2 Td (the)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.699 0 Td (stat)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.712 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e)-312(in)-312(detail. )-312(This,)-312(in )-62(turn, )-62(led )-62(us )-62(to )-62(examine )-62(all )-62(the )-62(attributes )-62(of )-62(UNIX)]TJ -4.411 -1.2 Td [(\336les )-5(and )-5(dir)18(ectories. )-255(W)92(e\325ve )-5(looked )-5(at )-5(how )-5(\336les )-5(and )-5(dir)19(ectories )-5(might )-5(be )-5(laid )-5(out )-5(in )-5(a )-5(\336le)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47040 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(4.24)]TJ 34.629 0 Td [(Device )-250(Special )-250(Files)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 11.204 0 Td (137)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 6690.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 129.5922 659.4594 Tm (#include "apue.h")Tj 0 -1.783 TD (int)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (main\(void\))Tj T* ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td [(char )-1800(*ptr;)]TJ T* [(size_t )-3000(size;)]TJ 0 -1.783 TD (if \(chdir\("/usr/spool/uucppublic"\) < 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_sys\("chdir failed"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.783 Td [(ptr = path_alloc\(&size\);)-2400(/* our own function */)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD (if \(getcwd\(ptr, size\) == NULL\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_sys\("getcwd failed"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.783 Td (printf\("cwd = %s\\n", ptr\);)Tj T* (exit\(0\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 4942.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 250.5219 478.1406 Tm (Figure 4.24)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.695 0 Td (Example of)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 5.26 0 Td (getcwd)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td (function)Tj 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5847 454.1435 Tm [(Note )-84(that)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.583 0 Td (chdir)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.334 0 Td [(follows )-84(the )-84(symbolic )-84(link)]TJ 0.0833 Tc 11.444 0 Td (\321a)Tj 0 Tc 1.583 0 Td [(s)-334(we)-334(e)1(xpect )-84(it )-84(to, )-84(fr)18(om )-84(Figur)]TJ 0.3336 Tc 12.845 0 Td (e4)Tj 0 Tc 1.313 0 Td [(.17 )167(\321 )167(but)]TJ -35.101 -1.2 Td [(when )-94(it )-94(goes )-94(up )-94(the )-94(dir)20(ectory )-94(tr)18(ee,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 16.031 0 Td (getcwd)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.944 0 Td [(has )-94(no )-94(idea )-94(when )-94(it )-94(hits )-94(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 13.025 0 Td (/var/spool)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -33 -1.2 Td [(dir)18(ectory )-31(that )-31(it )-31(is )-31(pointed )-31(to )-31(by )-31(the )-31(symbolic )-31(link)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 22.411 0 Td (/usr/spool)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.5308 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 7.394 0 Td [(his )-31(is )-31(a )-31(characteristic)]TJ -29.805 -1.2 Td (of symbolic links.)Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5141.25 4182.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 50 50 l 0 50 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9982 0 0 9.9982 147.5734 394.127 Tm (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.959 0 Td (getcwd)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.885 0 Td [(function )-35(is )-35(useful )-35(when )-35(we )-35(have )-35(an )-35(application )-35(that )-35(needs )-35(to )-35(r)18(eturn )-35(to)]TJ -7.643 -1.2 Td [(the )-41(location )-41(in )-41(the )-41(\336le )-41(system )-41(wher)19(e)-291(it)-291(started )-41(out.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 22.952 0 Td [(We )-225(c)]TJ 0 Tc 2.122 0 Td [(an )-41(save )-41(the )-41(starting )-41(location )-41(by)]TJ -25.074 -1.2 Td (calling)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.527 0 Td (getcwd)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.172 0 Td [(befor)18(e)-572(we)-572(c)1(hange )-321(our )-321(working )-321(dir)17(ectory)]TJ 0.8215 Tc 19.299 0 Td (.A)Tj 0 Tc 1.849 0 Td [(fter )-321(we )-321(complete )-321(our)]TJ -28.846 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ocessing, )-25(we )-25(can )-25(pass )-25(the )-25(pathname )-25(obtained )-25(fr)19(om)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 23.828 0 Td (getcwd)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.875 0 Td (to)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.147 0 Td (chdir)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.275 0 Td [(to )-25(r)18(eturn )-25(to )-25(our)]TJ -32.125 -1.2 Td (starting location in the \336le system.)Tj 1.8 -1.2 Td (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.925 0 Td (fchdir)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.851 0 Td [(function )-1(pr)18(ovides )-1(us )-1(with )-1(an )-1(easy )-1(way )-1(to )-1(accomplish )-1(this )-1(task.)-505(Instead)]TJ -7.577 -1.2 Td [(of )-18(calling)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.371 0 Td (getcwd)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(,)-268(we)-268(c)-1(an)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.494 0 Td (open)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.668 0 Td [(the )-18(curr)18(ent )-18(dir)18(ectory )-18(and )-18(save )-18(the )-18(\336le )-18(descriptor )-18(befor)15(e)]TJ -14.533 -1.2 Td [(we )-73(change )-73(to )-73(a )-73(dif)17(fer)18(ent )-73(location )-73(in )-73(the )-73(\336le )-73(system.)-573(When )-73(we )-73(want )-73(to )-73(r)16(eturn )-73(to )-73(wher)18(e)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td (we started, we can simply pass the \336le descriptor to)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 23.104 0 Td (fchdir)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 11.9978 0 0 11.9978 93.5826 264.5504 Tm [(4.24 )-776(De)15(vice )-278(Special )-278(Files)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9982 0 0 9.9982 129.5761 242.9543 Tm [(The )-43(two )-43(\336elds)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.668 0 Td (st_dev)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.893 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.986 0 Td (st_rdev)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.493 0 Td (ar)Tj 0.2926 Tc 0.877 0 Td (eo)Tj 0 Tc 1.318 0 Td [(ften )-43(confused.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 6.827 0 Td (We)Tj 0 Tc 1.387 0 Td [(\325ll )-43(need )-43(to )-43(use )-43(these )-43(\336elds)]TJ -27.448 -1.2 Td [(in )-16(Section )-16(18.9 )-16(when )-16(we )-16(write )-16(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 15.18 0 Td (ttyname)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.466 0 Td [(function. )-266(The)]TJ -0.008 Tc 6.413 0 Td (ru)Tj 0 Tc 0.99 0 Td [(les )-16(for )-16(their )-16(use )-16(ar)]TJ 0.2659 Tc 7.988 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.169 0 Td (imple.)Tj 0.883 Tc -34.405 -2.04 Td (\245E)Tj 0 Tc 2.1 0 Td [(very )-104(\336le )-104(system )-104(is )-104(known )-104(by )-104(its )-104(major )-104(and )-104(minor )-104(device )-104(numbers, )-104(which )-104(ar)22(e)]TJ -0.611 -1.2 Td [(encoded )-47(in )-47(the )-47(primitive )-47(system )-47(data )-47(type)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 19.207 0 Td (dev_t)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.5473 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 4.41 0 Td [(he )-47(major )-47(number )-47(identi\336es)]TJ -23.617 -1.2 Td [(the )-630(device )-630(driver )-630(and )-630(sometimes )-630(encodes )-630(which )-630(peripheral )-630(boar)]TJ 0.88 Tc 33.348 0 Td (dt)Tj 0 Tc 1.817 0 Td (o)Tj -35.165 -1.2 Td [(communicate )-137(with; )-137(the )-137(minor )-137(number )-137(identi\336es )-137(the )-137(speci\336c )-137(subdevice.)-637(Recall)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(fr)18(om )-97(Figur)]TJ 0.3466 Tc 4.869 0 Td (e4)Tj 0 Tc 1.326 0 Td [(.13 )-97(that )-97(a )-97(disk )-97(drive )-97(often )-97(contains )-97(several )-97(\336le )-97(systems.)-593(Each )-97(\336le)]TJ -6.194 -1.2 Td [(system )-52(on )-52(the )-52(same )-52(disk )-52(drive )-52(would )-52(usually )-52(have )-52(the )-52(same )-52(major )-52(number)]TJ 0.3024 Tc 33.677 0 Td (,b)Tj 0 Tc 1.105 0 Td (ut)Tj 0.25 Tc -34.782 -1.2 Td (ad)Tj 0 Tc 1.361 0 Td [(if)18(fer)18(ent minor number)74(.)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47041 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(4.23)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 25.086 0 Td (chdir)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.75 0 Td (fchdir)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.5 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 4.85 0 Td (nd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.693 0 Td (getcwd)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.1 0 Td (Functions)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.354 0 Td (135)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf -0.092 Tc 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5911 668.9599 Tm [(To )-226(i)]TJ 0 Tc 1.649 0 Td [(llustrate )-41(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.605 0 Td (ftw)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.091 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.984 0 Td (nftw)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.691 0 Td [(functions, )-41(we )-41(have )-41(pr)17(ovided )-42(mor)]TJ 0.2916 Tc 14.873 0 Td (eg)Tj 0 Tc 1.327 0 Td [(enerality )-42(in )-42(this)]TJ -32.022 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ogram )-302(than )-302(needed.)-802(For )-302(example, )-302(the )-302(function)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 24.045 0 Td (myfunc)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.152 0 Td [(always )-302(r)18(eturns )-302(0, )-302(even)]TJ -28.197 -1.2 Td [(though the function that calls it is pr)18(epar)18(ed to handle a nonzer)]TJ 0.25 Tc 27.563 0 Td (or)Tj 0 Tc 1.173 0 Td (eturn.)Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5141.25 6450.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 50 50 l 0 50 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 147.5823 618.5258 Tm [(For )-239(additional 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Td (e\()Tj 0 Tc 1.163 0 Td [(the )-100(same )-100(str)7(uctur)]TJ 0.3505 Tc 7.864 0 Td (eu)Tj 0 Tc 1.433 0 Td [(sed )-100(by )-100(the)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf -34.289 -1.2 Td (stat)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td (family of functions; see Section 4.2\).)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5915 586.2648 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -2.021 TD (int futimens\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 10.2 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 2.578 0 Td (onst struct timespec)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 12.6 0 Td (times[2])Tj /TT2 1 Tf (\);)Tj -25.378 -2.021 Td (int utimensat\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 10.8 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 2.578 0 Td (onst char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (path)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 10.177 0 Td (onst struct timespec)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 12.6 0 Td (times[2])Tj /TT2 1 Tf (,)Tj -27.755 -1.189 Td (int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 2.4 0 Td (\337ag)Tj /TT2 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 14.451 -2.021 Td [(Both r)18(eturn: 0 if OK,)]TJ /TT3 1 Tf 9.213 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 5165.25 cm 0 0 m 0 788 l 3900 788 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 147.5823 496.9704 Tm [(In )-85(both )-85(functions, )-85(the )-85(\336rst )-85(element )-85(of )-85(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 18.909 0 Td (times)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.502 0 Td [(array )-85(ar)18(gument )-85(contains )-85(the )-85(access)]TJ -23.211 -1.2 Td [(time, )-83(and )-83(the )-83(second )-83(element )-83(contains )-83(the )-83(modi\336cation )-83(time.)-579(The )-82(two )-82(time )-82(values )-82(ar)16(e)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(calendar )-240(times, )-240(which )-240(count )-240(seconds )-240(since )-240(the )-240(Epoch, )-240(as )-240(described )-240(in )-240(Section )-240(1.10.)]TJ T* (Partial seconds ar)Tj 0.25 Tc 7.794 0 Td (ee)Tj 0 Tc 1.208 0 Td [(xpr)18(essed in nanoseconds.)]TJ -0.055 Tc -7.202 -1.2 Td (Ti)Tj 0 Tc 0.849 0 Td (mestamps can be speci\336ed in one of four ways:)Tj -0.849 -2.04 Td [(1. )-633(The)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 3.585 0 Td (times)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.445 0 Td [(ar)18(gument )-28(is )-28(a )-28(null )-28(pointer)]TJ 0.5277 Tc 11.545 0 Td (.I)Tj 0.2777 Tc 1.115 0 Td (nt)Tj 0 Tc 1.186 0 Td [(his )-28(case, )-28(both )-28(timestamps )-28(ar)]TJ 0.2776 Tc 12.526 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.181 0 Td [(et )-28(to )-28(the)]TJ -31.948 -1.2 Td [(curr)18(ent time.)]TJ -1.633 -1.6 Td [(2. )-633(The)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 3.711 0 Td (times)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.571 0 Td [(ar)18(gument )-154(points )-154(to )-154(an )-154(array )-154(of )-154(two)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 16.79 0 Td (timespec)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.204 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(es. )-404(If)-404(either)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf -26.644 -1.2 Td (tv_nsec)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.515 0 Td [(\336eld )-65(has )-65(the )-65(special )-65(value)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 11.923 0 Td (UTIME_NOW)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.3151 Tc (,t)Tj 0 Tc 6.291 0 Td [(he )-65(corr)18(esponding )-65(timestamp)]TJ -22.729 -1.2 Td [(is set to the curr)18(ent time.)-500(The corr)18(esponding)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 19.996 0 Td (tv_sec)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td [(\336eld is ignor)18(ed.)]TJ -25.479 -1.6 Td [(3. )-633(The)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 3.711 0 Td (times)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.571 0 Td [(ar)18(gument )-154(points )-154(to )-154(an )-154(array )-154(of )-154(two)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 16.79 0 Td (timespec)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.204 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(es. )-404(If)-404(either)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf -26.644 -1.2 Td (tv_nsec)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.753 0 Td [(\336eld )-303(has )-303(the )-303(special )-303(value)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 13.114 0 Td (UTIME_OMIT)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5533 Tc (,t)Tj 0 Tc 7.129 0 Td [(hen )-303(the )-303(corr)17(esponding)]TJ -24.997 -1.2 Td [(timestamp is unchanged.)-500(The corr)18(esponding)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 20.225 0 Td (tv_sec)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td [(\336eld is ignor)18(ed.)]TJ -25.708 -1.6 Td [(4. )-633(The)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 3.765 0 Td (times)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.625 0 Td [(ar)18(gument )-208(points )-208(to )-208(an )-208(array )-208(of )-208(two)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 17.165 0 Td (timespec)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.258 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(es )-208(and )-208(the)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf -27.179 -1.2 Td (tv_nsec)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.477 0 Td [(\336eld )-27(contains )-27(a )-27(value )-27(other )-27(than)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 14.599 0 Td (UTIME_NOW)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.677 0 Td (or)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 1.218 0 Td (UTIME_OMIT)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.527 Tc (.I)Tj 0.277 Tc 7.114 0 Td (nt)Tj 0 Tc 1.185 0 Td (his)Tj -34.27 -1.2 Td [(case, )-465(the )-465(corr)18(esponding )-465(timestamp )-465(is )-465(set )-465(to )-465(the )-465(value )-465(speci\336ed )-465(by )-465(the)]TJ T* [(corr)18(esponding)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 6.684 0 Td (tv_sec)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td (and)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 1.943 0 Td (tv_nsec)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td (\336elds.)Tj -18.56 -2.04 Td [(The )-58(privileges )-58(r)17(equir)18(ed )-58(to )-58(execute )-58(these )-58(functions )-58(depend )-58(on )-58(the )-58(value )-58(of )-58(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 35.033 0 Td (times)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -36.833 -1.2 Td [(ar)18(gument.)]TJ 0.883 Tc 1.8 -2.04 Td (\245I)Tj 0 Tc 1.826 0 Td (f)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 0.69 0 Td (times)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.524 0 Td [(is )-107(a )-107(null )-107(pointer )-107(or )-107(if )-107(either)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 12.816 0 Td (tv_nsec)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.557 0 Td [(\336eld )-107(is )-107(set )-107(to)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 6.229 0 Td (UTIME_NOW)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.3568 Tc (,e)Tj 0 Tc 6.486 0 Td (ither)Tj -33.638 -1.2 Td [(the )-201(ef)18(fective )-201(user )-201(ID )-201(of )-201(the )-201(pr)18(ocess )-201(must )-201(equal )-201(the )-201(owner )-201(ID )-201(of )-201(the )-201(\336le, )-201(the)]TJ T* [(pr)18(ocess )-299(must )-299(have )-299(write )-299(permission )-299(for )-299(the )-299(\336le, )-299(or )-299(the )-299(pr)19(ocess )-299(must )-299(be )-299(a)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(super)8(user pr)18(ocess.)]TJ 0.883 Tc -1.489 -1.6 Td (\245I)Tj 0 Tc 1.826 0 Td (f)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 0.721 0 Td (times)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.555 0 Td [(is )-138(a )-138(non-null )-138(pointer )-138(and )-138(either)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 14.82 0 Td (tv_nsec)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.588 0 Td [(\336eld )-138(has )-138(a )-138(value )-138(other )-138(than)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf -23.022 -1.2 Td (UTIME_NOW)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.683 0 Td (or)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 1.224 0 Td (UTIME_OMIT)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.2827 Tc (,t)Tj 0 Tc 6.859 0 Td [(he )-33(ef)18(fective )-33(user )-33(ID )-33(of )-33(the )-33(pr)18(ocess )-33(must )-33(equal )-33(the)]TJ -13.765 -1.2 Td [(owner )-42(ID )-42(of )-42(the )-42(\336le, )-42(or )-42(the )-42(pr)18(ocess )-42(must )-42(be )-42(a )-42(super)8(user )-42(pr)18(ocess. )-292(Mer)18(ely )-42(having)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td (write permission for the \336le is not adequate.)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47045 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (124)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Files )-250(and )-250(Dir)18(ectories )]TJ 39.241 0 Td [(Chapter)-500(4)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 668.9599 Tm [(These )-192(functions )-192(combine )-192(the )-192(actions )-192(of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 18.52 0 Td (open)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.092 0 Td (read)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.4425 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 3.592 0 Td (nd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.636 0 Td (close)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.6925 Tc (.I)Tj 0.4425 Tc 4.279 0 Td (fs)Tj 0 Tc 1.199 0 Td [(uccessful, )-192(they)]TJ -0.018 Tc -32.32 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(turn )-98(the )-98(number )-98(of )-98(bytes )-98(placed )-98(into)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 17.114 0 Td (buf)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5983 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 2.758 0 Td [(he )-98(contents )-98(of )-98(the )-98(symbolic )-98(link )-98(that )-98(ar)17(e)]TJ -0.018 Tc -20.728 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (turned in)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 4.369 0 Td (buf)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.547 0 Td (ar)Tj 0.25 Tc 0.877 0 Td (en)Tj 0 Tc 1.311 0 Td (ot null terminated.)Tj -7.16 -1.2 Td (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.981 0 Td (readlinkat)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.307 0 Td [(function )-57(behaves )-57(the )-57(same )-57(way )-57(as )-57(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 17.313 0 Td (readlink)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.107 0 Td [(function )-57(when)]TJ -32.509 -1.2 Td (the)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.662 0 Td (pathname)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.219 0 Td [(ar)18(gument )-25(speci\336es )-25(an )-25(absolute )-25(pathname )-25(or )-25(when )-25(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 24.317 0 Td (fd)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.053 0 Td [(ar)18(gument )-25(has )-25(the)]TJ -31.251 -1.2 Td [(special )-11(value)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.99 0 Td (AT_FDCWD)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5112 Tc (.H)Tj 0 Tc 6.393 0 Td (owever)Tj 0.2612 Tc 3.224 0 Td (,w)Tj 0 Tc 1.345 0 Td [(hen )-11(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 3.552 0 Td (fd)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.039 0 Td [(ar)18(gument )-11(is )-11(a )-11(valid )-11(\336le )-11(descriptor )-11(of )-11(an)]TJ -21.544 -1.2 Td [(open )-136(dir)18(ectory )-136(and )-136(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 10.856 0 Td (pathname)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.33 0 Td [(ar)18(gument )-136(is )-136(a )-136(r)18(elative )-136(pathname, )-136(then)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 17.815 0 Td (readlinkat)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -33 -1.2 Td [(evaluates the pathname r)18(elative to the open dir)18(ectory r)18(epr)18(esented by)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 30.63 0 Td (fd)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 11.9993 0 0 11.9993 93.5937 544.1673 Tm [(4.19 )-776(File)-556(Times)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5915 520.1688 Tm [(In )-203(Section )-203(4.2, )-203(we )-203(discussed )-203(how )-203(the )-203(2008 )-203(version )-203(of )-203(the )-203(Single )-203(UNIX )-203(Speci\336cation)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(incr)18(eased )-10(the )-10(r)17(esolution )-10(of )-10(the )-10(time )-10(\336elds )-10(in )-10(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 21.298 0 Td (stat)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.66 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)]TJ 0.2604 Tc 3.49 0 Td (ef)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.072 0 Td (ro)Tj 0.2604 Tc 0.923 0 Td (ms)Tj 0 Tc 1.567 0 Td [(econds )-10(to )-10(seconds)]TJ -31.011 -1.2 Td [(plus )-117(nanoseconds.)-617(The )-117(actual )-117(r)18(esolution )-117(stor)16(ed )-117(with )-117(each )-117(\336le\325s )-117(attributes )-117(depends )-117(on)]TJ T* [(the )-315(\336le )-315(system )-315(implementation.)-815(For )-315(\336le )-315(systems )-315(that )-315(stor)]TJ 0.5651 Tc 27.73 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.37 0 Td [(imestamps )-315(in )-315(second)]TJ -29.1 -1.2 Td (granularity)Tj 0.323 Tc 4.884 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 0.899 0 Td [(he )-73(nanoseconds )-73(\336elds )-73(will )-73(be )-73(\336lled )-73(with )-73(zer)17(os. )-323(For)-323(\336le )-73(systems )-73(that )-73(stor)18(e)]TJ -5.783 -1.2 Td [(timestamps )-284(in )-284(a )-284(r)17(esolution )-284(higher )-284(than )-284(seconds, )-284(the )-284(partial )-284(seconds )-284(value )-284(will )-284(be)]TJ T* [(converted into nanoseconds and r)18(eturned in the nanoseconds \336elds.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(Thr)18(ee )-213(time )-213(\336elds )-213(ar)]TJ 0.4633 Tc 9.186 0 Td (em)Tj 0 Tc 1.825 0 Td [(aintained )-213(for )-213(each )-213(\336le.)-714(Their )-213(purpose )-213(is )-213(summarized )-213(in)]TJ -12.811 -1.2 Td (Figur)Tj 0.25 Tc 2.383 0 Td (e4)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (.19.)Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1763.25 4030.25 cm 0 0 m 2966 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 188.1574 394.9526 Tm (Field )Tj 9.472 0 Td (Description)Tj 13.07 0 Td (Example)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 7.04 0 Td (ls)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.2 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (1)Tj 0.5 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.583 -0.04 Td (option)Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1763.25 3910.25 cm 0 0 m 2966 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1763.25 3890.25 cm 0 0 m 2966 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 180.2595 380.9314 Tm (st_atim)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.7 0 Td (last-access time of \336le data)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 16.169 0 Td (read )Tj 10.854 0 Td (-u)Tj -32.723 -1.25 Td (st_mtim)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.7 0 Td (last-modi\336cation time of \336le data)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 16.169 0 Td (write)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.883 0 Td (default)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -31.751 -1.25 Td (st_ctim)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.7 0 Td (last-change time of i-node status)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 16.169 0 Td [(chmod, chown)-3654(-c)]TJ ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1763.25 3570.25 cm 0 0 m 2966 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4188.25 3570.25 cm 0 0 m 0 460 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3492.25 3570.25 cm 0 0 m 0 460 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2199.25 3570.25 cm 0 0 m 0 460 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4729.25 3570.25 cm 0 0 m 0 460 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1763.25 3570.25 cm 0 0 m 0 460 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 219.9032 338.9186 Tm (Figure 4.19)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.695 0 Td [(The thr)18(ee time values associated with each \336le)]TJ 9.9976 0 0 9.9976 129.5691 312.525 Tm [(Note )-118(the )-118(dif)18(fer)18(ence )-118(between )-118(the )-118(modi\336cation )-118(time )-118(\()]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 23.592 0 Td (st_mtim)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.3682 Tc (\)a)Tj 0 Tc 5.401 0 Td [(nd )-118(the )-118(changed-status)]TJ -28.994 -1.2 Td [(time )-20(\()]TJ /TT0 1 Tf (st_ctim)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(\). )-270(The)-269(modi\336cation )-20(time )-20(indicates )-20(when )-20(the )-20(contents )-20(of )-20(the )-20(\336le )-20(wer)]TJ 0.2697 Tc 36.71 0 Td (el)Tj 0 Tc 1.04 0 Td (ast)Tj -37.75 -1.2 Td [(modi\336ed. )-545(The)-545(changed-status )-295(time )-295(indicates )-295(when )-295(the )-295(i-node )-295(of )-295(the )-295(\336le )-295(was )-295(last)]TJ T* [(modi\336ed. )-540(In)-539(this )-290(chapter)]TJ 0.5396 Tc 11.94 0 Td (,w)Tj 0 Tc 1.624 0 Td [(e\325ve )-290(described )-290(many )-290(operations )-290(that )-290(af)20(fect )-290(the )-290(i-node)]TJ -13.563 -1.2 Td [(without )-132(changing )-132(the )-132(actual )-132(contents )-132(of )-132(the )-132(\336le: )-132(changing )-132(the )-132(\336le )-132(access )-132(permissions,)]TJ T* [(changing )-301(the )-301(user )-301(ID, )-301(changing )-301(the )-301(number )-301(of )-301(links, )-301(and )-301(so )-301(on.)-797(Because )-301(all )-301(the)]TJ T* [(information )-142(in )-142(the )-142(i-node )-142(is )-142(stor)18(ed )-142(separately )-142(fr)18(om )-142(the )-142(actual )-142(contents )-142(of )-142(the )-142(\336le, )-142(we)]TJ T* (need the changed-status time, in addition to the modi\336cation time.)Tj 1.8 -1.2 Td [(Note )-111(that )-111(the )-111(system )-111(does )-111(not )-111(maintain )-111(the 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)-45(it.)-545(Also, )-45(because)]TJ -28.221 -1.2 Td (we\325r)Tj 0.3387 Tc 1.968 0 Td (er)Tj 0 Tc 1.195 0 Td [(emoving )-89(the )-89(dir)18(ectory )-89(entry )-89(for)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 14.62 0 Td (oldname)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.728 0 Td [(and )-89(possibly )-89(cr)19(eating )-89(a )-89(dir)18(ectory )-89(entry)]TJ -21.51 -1.2 Td (for)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.885 0 Td (newname)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(,)-611(we)-611(n)1(eed )-361(write )-361(permission )-361(and )-361(execute )-361(permission )-361(in )-361(the )-361(dir)21(ectory)]TJ -1.885 -1.2 Td (containing)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 4.95 0 Td (oldname)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.639 0 Td [(and in the dir)18(ectory containing)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 13.928 0 Td (newname)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj -20.717 -1.2 Td (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.065 0 Td (renameat)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.191 0 Td [(function )-141(pr)18(ovides )-141(the )-141(same )-141(functionality )-141(as )-141(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 21.995 0 Td (rename)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.991 0 Td (function,)Tj -35.043 -1.2 Td [(except )-315(when )-315(either)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 9.57 0 Td (oldname)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.954 0 Td (or)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.506 0 Td (newname)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 4.399 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(fers )-315(to )-315(a )-315(r)18(elative )-315(pathname.)-816(If)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 15.326 0 Td (oldname)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -35.611 -1.2 Td [(speci\336es )-17(a )-17(r)18(elative )-17(pathname, )-17(it )-17(is )-17(evaluated )-17(r)21(elative )-16(to )-16(the )-16(dir)18(ectory )-16(r)16(efer)18(enced )-16(by)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 36.75 0 Td (oldfd)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj -36.75 -1.2 Td [(Similarly)111(,)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 4.469 0 Td (newname)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.141 0 Td [(is )-58(evaluated )-58(r)18(elative )-58(to )-58(the )-58(dir)18(ectory )-58(r)20(efer)18(enced )-58(by)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 22.871 0 Td (newfd)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.753 0 Td (if)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 0.932 0 Td (newname)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -35.166 -1.2 Td [(speci\336es )-19(a )-19(r)18(elative )-19(pathname.)-519(Either )-19(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 18.192 0 Td (oldfd)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.269 0 Td (or)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.21 0 Td (newfd)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.714 0 Td [(ar)18(guments )-19(\(or )-19(both\) )-19(can )-19(be )-19(set )-19(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -24.384 -1.2 Td (AT_FDCWD)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.05 0 Td [(to evaluate the corr)18(esponding pathname r)18(elative to the curr)18(ent dir)18(ectory)111(.)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 11.9993 0 0 11.9993 93.5935 428.1743 Tm [(4.17 )-776(Symbolic)-556(Links)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 0.3843 Tc 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5913 404.1757 Tm (As)Tj 0 Tc 1.586 0 Td [(ymbolic )-134(link )-134(is )-134(an )-134(indir)18(ect )-134(pointer )-134(to )-134(a )-134(\336le, )-134(unlike )-134(the )-134(har)]TJ 0.3843 Tc 26.574 0 Td (dl)Tj 0 Tc 1.286 0 Td [(inks )-134(described )-134(in )-134(the)]TJ -29.447 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(evious )-103(section, )-103(which )-103(pointed )-103(dir)19(ectly )-103(to )-103(the )-103(i-node )-103(of )-103(the )-103(\336le.)-603(Symbolic )-103(links )-103(wer)22(e)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(intr)18(oduced to get ar)18(ound the limitations of har)]TJ 0.25 Tc 20.548 0 Td (dl)Tj 0 Tc 1.152 0 Td (inks.)Tj 0.883 Tc -19.9 -2.4 Td (\245H)Tj 0 Tc 2.321 0 Td (ar)Tj 0.4399 Tc 0.877 0 Td (dl)Tj 0 Tc 1.342 0 Td [(inks )-190(normally )-190(r)18(equir)]TJ 0.4399 Tc 9.464 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.245 0 Td [(hat )-190(the )-190(link )-190(and )-190(the )-190(\336le )-190(r)19(eside )-190(in )-190(the )-190(same )-190(\336le)]TJ -13.76 -1.2 Td (system.)Tj 0.883 Tc -1.489 -1.6 Td (\245O)Tj 0 Tc 2.275 0 Td [(nly )-36(the )-36(super)8(user )-36(can )-36(cr)18(eate )-36(a )-36(har)]TJ 0.286 Tc 15.017 0 Td (dl)Tj 0 Tc 1.188 0 Td [(ink )-36(to )-36(a )-36(dir)18(ectory )-36(\(when )-36(supported )-36(by )-36(the)]TJ -16.991 -1.2 Td (underlying \336le system\).)Tj -3.289 -2.4 Td (Ther)Tj 0.2531 Tc 2.051 0 Td (ea)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.232 0 Td [(re )-39(n)]TJ 0.2531 Tc 1.691 0 Td (o\336)Tj 0 Tc 1.404 0 Td [(le )-3(system )-3(limitations )-3(on )-3(a )-3(symbolic )-3(link )-3(and )-3(what )-3(it )-3(points )-3(to, )-3(and )-3(anyone)]TJ -6.378 -1.2 Td [(can )-45(cr)18(eate )-45(a )-45(symbolic )-45(link )-45(to )-45(a )-45(dir)15(ectory)]TJ 0.5453 Tc 17.693 0 Td (.S)Tj 0 Tc 1.32 0 Td [(ymbolic )-45(links )-45(ar)]TJ 0.2953 Tc 7.176 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.1 0 Td [(ypically )-45(used )-45(to )-45(\324)36(\324move\325)]TJ 0.2953 Tc 10.638 0 Td (\325a)Tj 0 Tc -37.927 -1.2 Td (\336le or an entir)Tj 0.25 Tc 6.203 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.34 0 Td [(ir)18(ectory hierar)18(chy to another location on a system.)]TJ -5.743 -1.2 Td [(When )-16(using )-16(functions )-16(that )-16(r)18(efer )-16(to )-16(a )-16(\336le )-16(by )-16(name, )-16(we )-16(always )-16(need )-16(to )-16(know )-16(whether)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(the )-361(function )-361(follows )-361(a )-361(symbolic )-361(link.)-863(If )-361(the )-361(function )-361(follows )-361(a )-361(symbolic )-361(link, )-361(a)]TJ T* [(pathname )-135(ar)18(gument )-135(to )-135(the )-135(function )-135(r)18(efers )-135(to )-135(the )-135(\336le )-135(pointed )-135(to )-135(by )-135(the )-135(symbolic )-135(link.)]TJ T* [(Otherwise, )-84(a )-84(pathname )-84(ar)18(gument )-84(r)16(efers )-84(to )-84(the )-84(link )-84(itself, )-84(not )-84(the )-84(\336le )-84(pointed )-84(to )-84(by )-84(the)]TJ T* [(link. )-345(Figur)]TJ 0.345 Tc 4.948 0 Td (e4)Tj 0 Tc 1.324 0 Td [(.17 )-95(summarizes )-95(whether )-95(the )-95(functions )-95(described )-95(in )-95(this )-95(chapter )-95(follow )-95(a)]TJ -6.272 -1.2 Td [(symbolic )-39(link.)-540(The )-39(functions)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 13.17 0 Td (mkdir)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.539 0 Td (mkfifo)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 4.139 0 Td (mknod)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.2893 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 4.039 0 Td (nd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.482 0 Td (rmdir)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.289 0 Td [(do )-39(not )-39(appear )-39(in )-39(this)]TJ -29.66 -1.2 Td [(\336gur)18(e, )-308(as )-308(they )-308(r)18(eturn )-308(an )-308(err)18(or )-308(when )-308(the )-308(pathname )-308(is )-308(a )-308(symbolic )-308(link.)-807(Also, )-308(the)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(functions )-212(that )-212(take )-212(a )-212(\336le )-212(descriptor )-212(ar)18(gument, )-212(such )-212(as)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 25.8 0 Td (fstat)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.462 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.155 0 Td (fchmod)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.4616 Tc (,a)Tj -0.018 Tc 4.812 0 Td [(re )-248(n)]TJ 0 Tc 1.9 0 Td (ot)Tj -38.128 -1.2 Td [(listed, )-327(as )-327(the )-327(function )-327(that )-327(r)18(eturns )-327(the )-327(\336le )-327(descriptor )-327(\(usually)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 30.256 0 Td (open)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5772 Tc (\)h)Tj 0 Tc 3.892 0 Td [(andles )-327(the)]TJ -34.149 -1.2 Td [(symbolic )-144(link.)-644(Historically)]TJ 0.3939 Tc 12.072 0 Td (,i)Tj 0 Tc 0.935 0 Td [(mplementations )-144(have )-144(dif)18(fer)18(ed )-144(in )-144(whether)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 19.334 0 Td (chown)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.394 0 Td (follows)Tj -35.735 -1.2 Td [(symbolic links.)-500(In all modern systems, however)74(,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 21.701 0 Td (chown)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td (does follow symbolic links.)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47048 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(4.16)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 27.923 0 Td (rename)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.1 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.193 0 Td (renameat)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.3 0 Td (Functions)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.037 Tc 6.354 0 Td (11)Tj 0 Tc 0.963 0 Td (9)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5911 668.9599 Tm [(The )-253(super)8(user )-253(can )-253(call)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.132 0 Td (unlink)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.103 0 Td (with)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 2.536 0 Td (pathname)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.447 0 Td [(specifying )-253(a )-253(dir)18(ectory )-253(if )-253(the )-253(\336le)]TJ -24.018 -1.2 Td [(system )-13(supports )-13(it, )-13(but )-13(the )-13(function)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 16.034 0 Td (rmdir)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.263 0 Td [(should )-13(be )-13(used )-13(instead )-13(to )-13(unlink )-13(a )-13(dir)17(ectory)111(.)]TJ -0.092 Tc -19.297 -1.2 Td [(We )-184(d)]TJ 0 Tc 2.248 0 Td (escribe the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 4.952 0 Td (rmdir)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td (function in Section 4.21.)Tj -0.092 Tc -8.65 -1.2 Td [(We )-429(c)]TJ 0 Tc 2.326 0 Td [(an )-245(also )-245(unlink )-245(a )-245(\336le )-245(or )-245(a )-245(dir)18(ectory )-245(with )-245(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 21.463 0 Td (remove)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.095 0 Td [(function. )-495(For)]TJ 0.4954 Tc 6.695 0 Td (a\336)Tj 0 Tc 1.6 0 Td (le,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -37.98 -1.2 Td (remove)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td (is identical to)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 6.152 0 Td (unlink)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.5 Tc (.F)Tj 0 Tc 4.906 0 Td [(or a dir)18(ectory)111(,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.355 0 Td (remove)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td (is identical to)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 6.152 0 Td (rmdir)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5909 601.8639 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.783 TD (int remove\(const char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (pathname)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 26.851 -1.783 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 5653.25 cm 0 0 m 0 456 l 3900 456 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 183.578 544.9346 Tm [(ISO )-3(C )-3(speci\336es )-3(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.502 0 Td (remove)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.853 0 Td [(function )-3(to )-3(delete )-3(a )-3(\336le.)-503(The )-3(name )-3(was )-3(changed )-3(fr)18(om )-3(the )-3(historical)]TJ -12.355 -1.25 Td [(UNIX )-8(name )-8(of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.71 0 Td (unlink)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.858 0 Td [(because )-8(most )-8(non-UNIX )-8(systems )-8(that )-8(implement )-8(the )-8(C )-8(standar)]TJ 0.2583 Tc 27.863 0 Td (dd)Tj 0 Tc 1.48 0 Td (idn\325t)Tj -39.912 -1.25 Td (support the concept of links to a \336le at the time.)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 11.9986 0 0 11.9986 93.5886 488.9413 Tm (4.16)Tj /TT3 1 Tf 3 0 Td (rename)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 4.156 0 Td (and)Tj /TT3 1 Tf 2.334 0 Td (renameat)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 5.356 0 Td (Functions)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.25 Tc 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5838 464.9442 Tm (A\336)Tj 0 Tc 1.633 0 Td [(le or a dir)18(ectory is r)18(enamed with either the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 19.084 0 Td (rename)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td (or)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.191 0 Td (renameat)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.05 0 Td (function.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9989 0 0 8.9989 147.582 445.8465 Tm (#include )Tj T* (int rename\(const char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (oldname)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 18.989 0 Td (onst char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (newname)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -18.989 -1.783 Td (int renameat\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 10.2 0 Td (oldfd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 3.8 0 Td (onst char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (oldname)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 11.789 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (newfd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -19.789 -1.189 Td (const char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (newname)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 17.451 -1.783 Td [(Both r)18(eturn: 0 if OK,)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 9.213 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 3825.25 cm 0 0 m 0 724 l 3900 724 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 183.567 362.1848 Tm (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.213 0 Td (rename)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.139 0 Td [(function )-289(is )-289(de\336ned )-289(by 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(newpath)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -35.556 -1.2 Td [(ar)18(guments. )-466(By)-466(default, )-216(if )-216(either )-216(pathname )-216(is )-216(r)18(elative, )-216(it )-216(is )-216(evaluated )-216(r)20(elative )-216(to )-216(the)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(corr)18(esponding )-243(\336le )-243(descriptor)]TJ 0.7435 Tc 13.234 0 Td (.I)Tj 0.4935 Tc 1.331 0 Td (fe)Tj 0 Tc 1.306 0 Td [(ither )-243(\336le )-243(descriptor )-243(is )-243(set )-243(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 13.737 0 Td (AT_FDCWD)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.4935 Tc (,t)Tj 0 Tc 5.869 0 Td [(hen )-243(the)]TJ -35.477 -1.2 Td [(corr)18(esponding )-23(pathname, )-23(if )-23(it )-23(is )-23(a )-23(r)18(elative )-23(pathname, )-23(is )-23(evaluated )-23(r)14(elative )-23(to )-23(the )-23(curr)17(ent)]TJ T* [(dir)18(ectory)]TJ 0.9047 Tc 3.914 0 Td (.I)Tj 0.6547 Tc 1.492 0 Td (fe)Tj 0 Tc 1.467 0 Td [(ither )-405(pathname )-405(is )-405(absolute, )-405(then )-405(the )-405(corr)18(esponding )-405(\336le )-405(descriptor)]TJ -6.872 -1.2 Td [(ar)18(gument is ignor)18(ed.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(When )-163(the )-163(existing )-163(\336le )-163(is )-163(a )-163(symbolic )-163(link, )-163(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 21.151 0 Td (\337ag)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.902 0 Td [(ar)18(gument )-163(contr)18(ols )-163(whether )-163(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -24.854 -1.2 Td (linkat)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.908 0 Td [(function )-58(cr)18(eates )-58(a )-58(link )-58(to )-58(the )-58(symbolic )-58(link )-58(or )-58(to )-58(the )-58(\336le )-58(to )-58(which )-58(the )-58(symbolic)]TJ -3.908 -1.2 Td [(link )-79(points.)-579(If )-79(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.363 0 Td (AT_SYMLINK_FOLLOW)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 10.529 0 Td [(\337ag )-79(is )-79(set )-79(in )-79(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 7.514 0 Td (\337ag)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.818 0 Td [(ar)18(gument, )-79(then )-79(a )-79(link )-79(is)]TJ -28.224 -1.2 Td [(cr)18(eated )-21(to )-21(the )-21(tar)18(get )-21(of )-21(the )-21(symbolic )-21(link.)-521(If )-21(this )-21(\337ag )-21(is )-21(clear)]TJ 0.2711 Tc 26.473 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 0.847 0 Td [(hen )-21(a )-21(link )-21(is )-21(cr)18(eated )-21(to )-21(the)]TJ -27.32 -1.2 Td (symbolic link itself.)Tj 1.8 -1.2 Td [(The )-29(cr)18(eation )-29(of )-29(the )-29(new )-29(dir)18(ectory )-29(entry )-29(and )-29(the )-29(incr)18(ement )-29(of )-29(the )-29(link )-29(count )-29(must )-29(be)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(an atomic operation.)-500(\(Recall the discussion of atomic operations in Section 3.1)55(1.\))]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47050 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(4.14)]TJ 38.136 0 Td [(File )-250(Systems)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf -0.037 Tc 7.734 0 Td (11)Tj 0 Tc 0.963 0 Td (3)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 11.9993 0 0 11.9993 93.5944 668.9599 Tm [(4.14 )-776(File)-556(Systems)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf -0.092 Tc 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 644.9613 Tm [(To )-262(a)]TJ 0 Tc 1.895 0 Td [(ppr)18(eciate )-78(the )-78(concept )-78(of )-78(links )-78(to )-78(a )-78(\336le, )-78(we )-78(need )-78(a )-78(conceptual )-78(understanding )-78(of )-78(the)]TJ -1.895 -1.2 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e)-278(of)-278(t)-1(he )-28(UNIX )-28(\336le )-28(system.)-528(Understanding )-28(the )-28(dif)15(fer)18(ence )-28(between )-28(an )-28(i-node )-28(and)]TJ 0.25 Tc 0 -1.2 TD (ad)Tj 0 Tc 1.361 0 Td [(ir)18(ectory entry that points to an i-node is also useful.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 0.439 -1.2 Td (Va)Tj 0 Tc 1.13 0 Td [(rious )-235(implementations )-235(of )-235(the )-235(UNIX )-235(\336le )-235(system )-235(ar)]TJ 0.4852 Tc 23.362 0 Td (ei)Tj 0.4851 Tc 1.255 0 Td (nu)Tj 0 Tc 1.67 0 Td [(se )-235(today)]TJ 0.7351 Tc 3.816 0 Td (.S)Tj 0 Tc 1.51 0 Td [(olaris, )-235(for)]TJ -34.544 -1.2 Td [(example, )-52(supports )-52(several )-52(types )-52(of )-52(disk )-52(\336le )-52(systems: )-52(the )-52(traditional )-52(BSD-derived )-52(UNIX)]TJ T* [(\336le )-125(system )-125(\(called)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 8.542 0 Td (UFS)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(\), )-125(a )-125(\336le )-125(system )-125(\(called)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 12.175 0 Td (PCFS)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(\))-375(to)-375(r)18(ead )-125(and )-125(write )-125(DOS-formatted)]TJ -20.717 -1.2 Td [(diskettes, )-323(and )-323(a )-323(\336le )-323(system )-323(\(called)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 17.215 0 Td (HSFS)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(\))-573(to)-573(r)17(ead )-323(CD )-323(\336le )-323(systems.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 15.886 0 Td [(We )-507(s)]TJ 0 Tc 2.384 0 Td [(aw )-323(one)]TJ -35.486 -1.2 Td [(dif)18(fer)18(ence )-108(between )-108(\336le )-108(system )-108(types )-108(in )-108(Figur)]TJ 0.3581 Tc 20.38 0 Td (e2)Tj 0 Tc 1.337 0 Td (.20.)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 2.108 0 Td (UFS)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.158 0 Td [(is )-108(based )-108(on )-108(the )-108(Berkeley )-108(fast)]TJ -25.983 -1.2 Td (\336le system, which we describe in this section.)Tj 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 183.5892 528.9683 Tm [(Each )-116(\336le )-116(system )-116(type )-116(has )-116(its )-116(own )-116(characteristic )-116(featur)19(es )167(\321 )167(and)-366(some )-116(of )-116(these )-116(featur)18(es )-116(can )-116(be)]TJ 0 -1.25 Td [(confusing. )-417(For)-416(example, )-167(most )-167(UNIX )-167(\336le )-167(systems )-167(support )-167(case-sensitive )-167(\336lenames.)-665(Thus, )-167(if)]TJ 0 -1.25 TD [(you )-1(cr)18(eate )-1(one )-1(\336le )-1(named)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 11.604 0 Td (file.txt)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.051 0 Td [(and )-1(another )-1(named)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 8.912 0 Td (file.TXT)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.2515 Tc (,t)Tj 0 Tc 5.628 0 Td [(hen )-1(two )-1(distinct )-1(\336les )-1(ar)16(e)]TJ -31.195 -1.25 Td [(cr)18(eated. )-346(On)-346(Mac )-96(OS )-96(X, )-96(however)]TJ 0.3459 Tc 14.738 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 0.922 0 Td (he)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.407 0 Td (HFS)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.146 0 Td [(\336le )-96(system )-96(is )-96(case-pr)18(eserving )-96(with )-96(case-insensitive)]TJ -19.213 -1.25 Td [(comparisons. )-462(Thus,)-462(if )-212(you )-212(cr)18(eate)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 15.853 0 Td (file.txt)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.4623 Tc (,w)Tj 0 Tc 6.346 0 Td [(hen )-212(you )-212(try )-212(to )-212(cr)17(eate)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 10.414 0 Td (file.TXT)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.4624 Tc (,y)Tj 0 Tc 6.068 0 Td [(ou )-212(will)]TJ -38.682 -1.25 Td (overwrite)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 4.591 0 Td (file.txt)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.5308 Tc (.H)Tj 0 Tc 6.413 0 Td (owever)Tj 0.2808 Tc 3.224 0 Td (,o)Tj 0 Tc 1.077 0 Td [(nly )-31(the )-31(name )-31(used )-31(when )-31(the )-31(\336le )-31(was )-31(cr)18(eated )-31(is )-31(stor)18(ed )-31(in )-31(the)]TJ -15.304 -1.25 Td [(\336le )-73(system )-73(\(the )-73(case-pr)18(eserving )-73(aspect\).)-573(In )-73(fact, )-73(any )-73(permutation )-73(of )-73(upper)14(case )-73(and )-73(lower)17(case)]TJ 0 -1.25 Td [(letters )-116(in )-116(the )-116(sequence)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 10.496 0 Td (f)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.216 0 Td (i)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.216 0 Td (l)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.217 0 Td (e)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.216 0 Td (.)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.216 0 Td (t)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.217 0 Td (x)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.216 0 Td (t)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.966 0 Td [(will )-116(match )-116(when )-116(sear)18(ching )-116(for )-116(the )-116(\336le )-116(\(the )-116(case-)]TJ -19.978 -1.25 Td [(insensitive )-44(comparison )-44(aspect\).)-544(As )-44(a )-44(consequence, )-44(besides)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 26.443 0 Td (file.txt)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.094 0 Td (and)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.987 0 Td (file.TXT)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.2936 Tc (,w)Tj 0.2938 Tc 6.178 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.217 0 Td (an)Tj -40.918 -1.25 Td (access the \336le with the names)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 13.265 0 Td (File.txt)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 5.3 0 Td (fILE.tXt)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 5.8 0 Td (nd)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.443 0 Td (FiLe.TxT)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj -0.092 Tc 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5921 417.9749 Tm [(We )-429(c)]TJ 0 Tc 2.326 0 Td [(an )-245(think )-245(of )-245(a )-245(disk )-245(drive )-245(being )-245(divided )-245(into )-245(one )-245(or )-245(mor)]TJ 0.495 Tc 26.486 0 Td (ep)Tj 0 Tc 1.575 0 Td [(artitions. )-495(Each)]TJ -32.187 -1.2 Td [(partition )-7(can )-7(contain )-7(a )-7(\336le )-7(system, )-7(as )-7(shown )-7(in )-7(Figur)]TJ 0.2568 Tc 23.331 0 Td (e4)Tj 0 Tc 1.236 0 Td [(.13. )-257(The)-257(i-nodes )-7(ar)]TJ 0.2568 Tc 8.337 0 Td (e\336)Tj 0 Tc 1.341 0 Td (xed)Tj 1.606 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td (length)Tj -36.184 -1.2 Td (entries that contain most of the information about a \336le.)Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 1302 3432 936 288 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 161.5486 355.7973 Tm (partition)Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2238 3432 1224 288 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 269.5195 355.776 Tm (partition)Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 3462 3432 1512 288 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 406.2705 355.7546 Tm (partition)Tj -39.244 0 Td (disk drive)Tj ET q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 1518 2856 144 288 re S Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 1662 2856 144 288 re S Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 1806 2856 1080 288 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9976 0 0 7.9976 205.2104 298.1505 Tm [(cylinder gr)18(oup 0)]TJ ET q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2886 2856 1080 288 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9971 0 0 7.9971 313.1592 298.1326 Tm [(cylinder gr)18(oup 1)]TJ ET q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 3966 2856 144 288 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 0.25 Tc 9.9958 0 0 9.9958 397.3831 298.1148 Tm (...)Tj ET q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 4110 2856 1080 288 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 0 Tc 7.9962 0 0 7.9962 435.239 298.0969 Tm [(cylinder gr)18(oup)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 6.832 0 Td (n)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -47.255 0 Td (\336le system)Tj ET q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 1806 2280 288 288 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9957 0 0 7.9957 184.8921 250.5047 Tm (super)Tj 0.056 -1.25 Td (block)Tj 0.122 -1.25 Td (copy)Tj ET q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2094 2280 288 288 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9952 0 0 7.9952 219.6682 245.4927 Tm (cg)Tj -0.376 -1.25 Td (info)Tj ET q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2382 2280 288 288 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9947 0 0 7.9947 241.0728 245.4779 Tm (i-node)Tj 0.429 -1.25 Td (map)Tj ET q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2670 2280 288 288 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9942 0 0 7.9942 271.6443 245.4632 Tm (block)Tj -0.382 -1.25 Td (bitmap)Tj ET q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2958 2280 576 288 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9938 0 0 7.9938 311.2931 240.4524 Tm (i-nodes)Tj ET q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 3534 2280 864 288 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9933 0 0 7.9933 376.2798 240.4379 Tm (data blocks)Tj ET q 0.099916 0 0 0.099916 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2670 1704 360 288 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9928 0 0 7.9928 273.3858 182.8753 Tm (i-node)Tj ET q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 3030 1704 360 288 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9923 0 0 7.9923 309.3349 182.8644 Tm (i-node)Tj ET q 0.099904 0 0 0.099904 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 3390 1704 720 288 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 0.25 Tc 9.9898 0 0 9.9898 368.3741 182.8534 Tm (...)Tj ET q 0.099898 0 0 0.099898 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 4110 1704 360 288 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 0 Tc 7.9914 0 0 7.9914 417.1812 182.8424 Tm (i-node)Tj ET q 0.0998921 0 0 0.0998921 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2202.25 3396.25 cm 0 0 m -34 -12 l S Q Q q 0.0998921 0 0 0.0998921 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2133.25 3373.25 cm 0 0 m -33 -12 l S Q Q q 0.0998921 0 0 0.0998921 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2066.25 3350.25 cm 0 0 m -34 -11 l S Q Q q 0.0998921 0 0 0.0998921 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1997.25 3327.25 cm 0 0 m -34 -11 l S Q Q q 0.0998921 0 0 0.0998921 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1929.25 3305.25 cm 0 0 m -34 -11 l S Q Q q 0.0998921 0 0 0.0998921 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1860.25 3282.25 cm 0 0 m -33 -12 l S Q Q q 0.0998921 0 0 0.0998921 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1793.25 3260.25 cm 0 0 m -34 -12 l S Q Q q 0.0998921 0 0 0.0998921 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1724.25 3237.25 cm 0 0 m -33 -12 l S Q Q q 0.0998921 0 0 0.0998921 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1656.25 3214.25 cm 0 0 m -34 -12 l S Q Q q 0.0998921 0 0 0.0998921 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1588.25 3191.25 cm 0 0 m -34 -11 l S Q Q q 0.0998921 0 0 0.0998921 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3498.25 3396.25 cm 0 0 m 36 -5 l S Q Q q 0.0998921 0 0 0.0998921 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3568.25 3386.25 cm 0 0 m 36 -4 l S Q Q q 0.0998921 0 0 0.0998921 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3639.25 3377.25 cm 0 0 m 36 -4 l S Q Q q 0.0998921 0 0 0.0998921 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3709.25 3368.25 cm 0 0 m 36 -4 l S Q Q q 0.0998921 0 0 0.0998921 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3779.25 3359.25 cm 0 0 m 36 -4 l S Q Q q 0.0998921 0 0 0.0998921 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3850.25 3350.25 cm 0 0 m 36 -5 l S Q Q q 0.0998921 0 0 0.0998921 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3920.25 3340.25 cm 0 0 m 36 -4 l S Q Q q 0.0998921 0 0 0.0998921 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3991.25 3332.25 cm 0 0 m 36 -5 l S Q Q q 0.0998921 0 0 0.0998921 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4062.25 3322.25 cm 0 0 m 36 -4 l S Q Q q 0.0998921 0 0 0.0998921 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4132.25 3313.25 cm 0 0 m 36 -4 l S Q Q q 0.0998921 0 0 0.0998921 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4202.25 3304.25 cm 0 0 m 36 -5 l S Q Q q 0.0998921 0 0 0.0998921 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4272.25 3295.25 cm 0 0 m 36 -4 l S Q Q q 0.0998921 0 0 0.0998921 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4343.25 3286.25 cm 0 0 m 36 -5 l S Q Q q 0.0998921 0 0 0.0998921 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4414.25 3276.25 cm 0 0 m 36 -4 l S Q Q q 0.0998921 0 0 0.0998921 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4484.25 3267.25 cm 0 0 m 36 -4 l S Q Q q 0.0998921 0 0 0.0998921 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4555.25 3258.25 cm 0 0 m 36 -4 l S Q Q q 0.0998921 0 0 0.0998921 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4625.25 3249.25 cm 0 0 m 36 -4 l S Q Q q 0.0998921 0 0 0.0998921 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4695.25 3240.25 cm 0 0 m 36 -5 l S Q Q q 0.0998921 0 0 0.0998921 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4766.25 3230.25 cm 0 0 m 36 -4 l S Q Q q 0.0998921 0 0 0.0998921 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4836.25 3222.25 cm 0 0 m 36 -5 l S Q Q q 0.0998921 0 0 0.0998921 0 0 cm 3.2 w 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cm 0 0 m -35 -7 l S Q Q q 0.0998921 0 0 0.0998921 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2398.25 2723.25 cm 0 0 m -35 -8 l S Q Q q 0.0998921 0 0 0.0998921 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2328.25 2708.25 cm 0 0 m -35 -7 l S Q Q q 0.0998921 0 0 0.0998921 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2259.25 2694.25 cm 0 0 m -36 -7 l S Q Q q 0.0998921 0 0 0.0998921 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2190.25 2681.25 cm 0 0 m -36 -7 l S Q Q q 0.0998921 0 0 0.0998921 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2120.25 2666.25 cm 0 0 m -36 -7 l S Q Q q 0.0998921 0 0 0.0998921 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2050.25 2653.25 cm 0 0 m -35 -7 l S Q Q q 0.0998921 0 0 0.0998921 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1980.25 2638.25 cm 0 0 m -35 -7 l S Q Q q 0.0998921 0 0 0.0998921 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1911.25 2625.25 cm 0 0 m -35 -8 l S Q Q q 0.0998921 0 0 0.0998921 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1841.25 2611.25 cm 0 0 m -35 -7 l S Q Q q 0.0998921 0 0 0.0998921 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4002.25 2820.25 cm 0 0 m 31 -19 l S Q Q q 0.0998921 0 0 0.0998921 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4067.25 2780.25 cm 0 0 m 31 -19 l S Q Q q 0.0998921 0 0 0.0998921 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4134.25 2741.25 cm 0 0 m 30 -19 l S Q Q q 0.0998921 0 0 0.0998921 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4199.25 2701.25 cm 0 0 m 31 -19 l S Q Q q 0.0998921 0 0 0.0998921 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4265.25 2662.25 cm 0 0 m 31 -19 l S Q Q q 0.0998921 0 0 0.0998921 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4331.25 2622.25 cm 0 0 m 31 -18 l S Q Q q 0.0998921 0 0 0.0998921 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2958.25 2244.25 cm 0 0 m -29 -22 l S Q Q q 0.0998921 0 0 0.0998921 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2906.25 2205.25 cm 0 0 m -29 -22 l S Q Q q 0.0998921 0 0 0.0998921 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2854.25 2166.25 cm 0 0 m -29 -22 l S Q Q q 0.0998921 0 0 0.0998921 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2802.25 2127.25 cm 0 0 m -29 -21 l S Q Q q 0.0998921 0 0 0.0998921 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2750.25 2088.25 cm 0 0 m -28 -21 l S Q Q q 0.0998921 0 0 0.0998921 0 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2088.25 cm 0 0 m 35 -8 l S Q Q q 0.0998921 0 0 0.0998921 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4261.25 2071.25 cm 0 0 m 35 -9 l S Q Q q 0.0998921 0 0 0.0998921 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4330.25 2054.25 cm 0 0 m 35 -9 l S Q Q q 0.0998921 0 0 0.0998921 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4398.25 2036.25 cm 0 0 m 36 -8 l S Q Q q 0.0998921 0 0 0.0998921 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1590.25 2928.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -180 l S Q Q q 0.9988606 0 0 0.9988606 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 141 274.8 cm 0 0 m 7.2 1.8 l 7.2 -1.8 l f Q Q q 0.0998861 0 0 0.0998861 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1410 2748 cm 0 0 m 72 18 l 72 -18 l h S Q Q q 0.0998861 0 0 0.0998861 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1590.25 2748.25 cm 0 0 m -108 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9904 0 0 7.9904 93.2802 272.7125 Tm (boot block\(s\))Tj ET q 0.0998801 0 0 0.0998801 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1734.25 2928.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -360 l S Q Q q 0.9987408 0 0 0.9987408 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 155.4 256.8 cm 0 0 m 7.2 1.8 l 7.2 -1.8 l f Q Q q 0.0998741 0 0 0.0998741 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1554 2568 cm 0 0 m 72 18 l 72 -18 l h S Q Q q 0.0998741 0 0 0.0998741 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1734.25 2568.25 cm 0 0 m -108 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9894 0 0 7.9894 112.1159 254.7036 Tm (super block)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 15.031 -14.03 Td (Figure 4.13)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.695 0 Td (Disk drive, partitions, and a \336le system)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47051 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf -0.037 Tc 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (11)Tj 0 Tc 0.963 0 Td (2)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.5 0 Td [(Files )-250(and )-250(Dir)18(ectories )]TJ 39.278 0 Td [(Chapter)-500(4)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5911 664.2601 Tm ($)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (wc -c core)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -0.6 -1.189 Td (8483248 core)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 183.589 631.1621 Tm (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.924 0 Td (wc)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.2 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (1)Tj 0.5 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.583 -0.04 Td (command with the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.619 0 Td (-c)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.45 0 Td (option counts the number of characters \(bytes\) in the \336le.)Tj 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5914 610.1634 Tm [(If )-170(we )-170(make )-170(a )-170(copy )-170(of )-170(this )-170(\336le, )-170(using )-170(a )-170(utility )-170(such )-170(as)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 25.253 0 Td (cat)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.8 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (1)Tj 0.5 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.4201 Tc 0.333 -0.04 Td (,a)Tj 0 Tc 1.17 0 Td [(ll )-170(these )-170(holes )-170(ar)17(e)]TJ -31.189 -1.2 Td (written out as actual data bytes of 0:)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5918 581.4651 Tm ($)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (cat core > core.copy)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -1.2 -1.189 Td ($)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (ls -l core*)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -1.2 -1.189 Td [(-rw-r--r-- )-600(1)-600(sar )-1200(8483248)-600(Nov 18 12:18 core)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(-rw-rw-r-- )-600(1)-600(sar )-1200(8483248)-600(Nov 18 12:27 core.copy)]TJ T* ($)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (du -s core*)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -1.2 -1.189 Td [(272 )-2400(core)]TJ T* [(16592 )-1200(core.copy)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5929 499.27 Tm [(Her)18(e, )-99(the )-99(actual )-99(number )-99(of )-99(bytes )-99(used )-99(by )-99(the )-99(new )-99(\336le )-99(is )-99(8,495,104)]TJ 30.315 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (512)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 1.849 0 Td (#)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.898 0 Td (16,592)Tj 2.75 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.5989 Tc 0.333 -0.04 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.462 0 Td (he)Tj -37.94 -1.2 Td [(dif)18(fer)18(ence )-151(between )-151(this )-151(size )-151(and )-151(the )-151(size )-151(r)18(eported )-151(by)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 24.747 0 Td (ls)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.601 0 Td [(is )-151(caused )-151(by )-151(the )-151(number )-151(of)]TJ -26.348 -1.2 Td (blocks used by the \336le system to hold pointers to the actual data blo\ cks.)Tj 1.8 -1.2 Td [(Inter)18(ested )-68(r)18(eaders )-68(should )-68(r)18(efer )-68(to )-68(Section )-68(4.2 )-68(of )-68(Bach)]TJ 24.003 0.04 Td ([)Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (1986)Tj 2 0.04 Td (])Tj 0.3185 Tc 0.333 -0.04 Td (,S)Tj 0 Tc 1.094 0 Td [(ections )-68(7.2 )-68(and )-68(7.3 )-68(of)]TJ -29.562 -1.2 Td [(McKusick )-155(et )-155(al.)]TJ 7.496 0.04 Td ([)Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (1996)Tj 2 0.04 Td (])Tj 0.738 -0.04 Td [(\(or )-155(Sections )-155(8.2 )-155(and )-155(8.3 )-155(in )-155(McKusick )-155(and )-155(Neville-Neil)]TJ 25.184 0.04 Td ([)Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (2005)Tj 2 0.04 Td (])Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (\),)Tj -38.417 -1.2 Td [(Section )-289(15.2 )-289(of )-289(McDougall )-289(and )-289(Maur)16(o)]TJ 18.674 0.04 Td ([)Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (2007)Tj 2 0.04 Td (])Tj 0.5394 Tc 0.333 -0.04 Td (,a)Tj 0 Tc 1.289 0 Td [(nd )-289(Chapter )-289(12 )-289(in )-289(Singh)]TJ 11.891 0.04 Td ([)Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (2006)Tj 2 0.04 Td (])Tj 0.872 -0.04 Td (for)Tj -37.726 -1.2 Td (additional details on the physical layout of \336les.)Tj /TT3 1 Tf 11.9993 0 0 11.9993 93.5963 393.6764 Tm [(4.13 )-776(File)]TJ -0.08 Tc 5.279 0 Td (Tr)Tj 0 Tc 0.92 0 Td (uncation)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5939 372.0777 Tm [(Sometimes )-87(we )-87(would )-87(like )-87(to )-87(tr)8(uncate )-87(a )-87(\336le )-87(by )-87(chopping )-87(of)]TJ 0.3374 Tc 26.592 0 Td (fd)Tj 0 Tc 1.281 0 Td [(ata )-87(at )-87(the )-87(end )-87(of )-87(the )-87(\336le.)]TJ -27.873 -1.2 Td [(Emptying )-101(a )-101(\336le, )-101(which )-101(we )-101(can )-101(do )-101(with )-101(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 19.837 0 Td (O_TRUNC)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.551 0 Td [(\337ag )-101(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.237 0 Td (open)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(,)-351(is)-351(a)-351(s)1(pecial )-101(case )-101(of)]TJ -27.625 -1.2 Td [(tr)8(uncation.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.593 331.3801 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.902 TD (int truncate\(const char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (pathname)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,o)Tj 0 Tc 20.744 0 Td (ff_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3 0 Td (length)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -23.744 -1.902 Td (int ftruncate\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 10.8 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,o)Tj 0 Tc 2.578 0 Td (ff_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3 0 Td (length)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 8.873 -1.902 Td [(Both r)18(eturn: 0 if OK,)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 9.213 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 2755.25 cm 0 0 m 0 649 l 3900 649 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 262.0086 Tm [(These )-73(two )-73(functions )-73(tr)8(uncate )-73(an )-73(existing )-73(\336le )-73(to)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 21.441 0 Td (length)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.879 0 Td [(bytes. )-323(If)-323(the )-73(pr)18(evious )-73(size )-73(of )-73(the)]TJ -24.32 -1.2 Td [(\336le )-19(was )-19(gr)18(eater )-19(than)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 9.31 0 Td (length)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.2687 Tc (,t)Tj 0 Tc 3.401 0 Td [(he )-19(data )-19(beyond)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 7.131 0 Td (length)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.825 0 Td [(is )-19(no )-19(longer )-19(accessible.)-519(Otherwise, )-19(if)]TJ -22.666 -1.2 Td [(the )-108(pr)18(evious )-108(size )-108(was )-108(less )-108(than)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 14.482 0 Td (length)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.3582 Tc (,t)Tj 0 Tc 3.49 0 Td [(he )-108(\336le )-108(size )-108(will )-108(incr)18(ease 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5.679 0 Td [(in )-29(the )-29(pr)19(ogram )-28(shown )-28(in )-28(Figur)]TJ 0.2785 Tc 13.735 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.258 0 Td [(3.6 )-28(when )-28(we )-28(need )-28(to )-28(empty )-28(a)]TJ -25.921 -1.2 Td (\336le after obtaining a lock on the \336le.)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47052 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(4.12)]TJ 39.995 0 Td [(File )-250(Size)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf -0.037 Tc 5.912 0 Td (111)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 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)-344(The)-344(pr)18(ogram )-94(would )-94(then )-94(load )-94(into)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(memory )-288(mor)]TJ 0.5383 Tc 6.086 0 Td (eq)Tj 0 Tc 1.577 0 Td [(uickly )-288(the )-288(next )-288(time )-288(it )-288(was )-288(executed, )-288(because )-288(the )-288(swap )-288(ar)18(ea )-288(was)]TJ -7.664 -1.2 Td [(handled )-227(as )-227(a )-227(contiguous )-227(\336le, )-227(as )-227(compar)18(ed )-227(to )-227(the )-227(possibly )-227(random )-227(location )-227(of )-227(data)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(blocks )-334(in )-334(a )-334(normal )-334(UNIX )-334(\336le )-334(system.)-838(The )-335(sticky )-335(bit )-335(was )-335(often )-335(set )-335(for )-335(common)]TJ T* [(application )-352(pr)18(ograms, )-352(such )-352(as )-352(the )-352(text )-352(editor )-352(and )-352(the )-352(passes )-352(of )-352(the )-352(C )-352(compiler)77(.)]TJ T* (Naturally)Tj 0.3171 Tc 4.182 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 0.893 0 Td (her)Tj 0.3171 Tc 1.438 0 Td (ew)Tj 0 Tc 1.63 0 Td [(as )-67(a )-67(limit )-67(to )-67(the )-67(number )-67(of )-67(sticky )-67(\336les )-67(that )-67(could )-67(be )-67(contained )-67(in )-67(the)]TJ -8.143 -1.2 Td [(swap )-81(ar)18(ea )-81(befor)]TJ 0.3314 Tc 7.166 0 Td (er)Tj 0 Tc 1.197 0 Td [(unning )-81(out )-81(of )-81(swap )-81(space, )-81(but )-81(it )-81(was )-81(a )-81(useful )-81(technique.)-581(The )-81(name)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf -8.363 -1.2 Td (sticky)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.615 0 Td [(came )-14(about )-14(because )-14(the )-14(text )-14(portion )-14(of )-14(the )-14(\336le )-14(stuck )-14(ar)14(ound )-14(in )-14(the )-14(swap )-14(ar)18(ea )-14(until)]TJ -2.615 -1.2 Td [(the )-173(system )-173(was )-173(r)18(ebooted. )-423(Later)-423(versions )-173(of )-173(the )-173(UNIX )-173(System )-173(r)19(eferr)18(ed )-173(to )-173(this )-173(as )-173(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 0 -1.2 Td (saved-text)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.401 0 Td [(bit; )-41(hence )-41(the )-41(constant)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.268 0 Td (S_ISVTX)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.5413 Tc (.W)Tj 0 Tc 5.936 0 Td [(ith )-41(today\325s )-41(newer )-41(UNIX )-41(systems, )-41(most )-41(of)]TJ -20.606 -1.2 Td [(which )-324(have )-324(a )-324(virtual )-324(memory )-324(system )-324(and )-324(a )-324(faster )-324(\336le )-324(system, )-324(the )-324(need )-324(for )-324(this)]TJ T* [(technique has disappear)18(ed.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(On )-81(contemporary )-81(systems, )-81(the )-81(use )-81(of )-81(the )-81(sticky )-81(bit )-81(has )-81(been )-81(extended.)-585(The )-81(Single)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(UNIX )-108(Speci\336cation )-108(allows )-108(the )-108(sticky )-108(bit )-108(to )-108(be )-108(set )-108(for )-108(a )-108(dir)16(ectory)]TJ 0.6082 Tc 29.048 0 Td (.I)Tj 0.3581 Tc 1.195 0 Td (ft)Tj 0 Tc 1.017 0 Td [(he )-108(bit )-108(is )-108(set )-108(for )-108(a)]TJ -31.26 -1.2 Td [(dir)18(ectory)]TJ 0.3505 Tc 3.914 0 Td (,a\336)Tj 0 Tc 2.056 0 Td [(le )-100(in )-100(the )-100(dir)18(ectory )-100(can )-100(be )-100(r)18(emoved )-100(or )-100(r)18(enamed )-100(only )-100(if )-100(the )-100(user )-100(has )-100(write)]TJ -5.97 -1.2 Td [(permission for the dir)18(ectory and meets one of the following criteria:)]TJ 0.883 Tc 1.8 -1.68 Td (\245O)Tj 0 Tc 2.275 0 Td (wns the \336le)Tj 0.883 Tc -2.275 -1.24 Td (\245O)Tj 0 Tc 2.275 0 Td [(wns the dir)18(ectory)]TJ 0.883 Tc -2.275 -1.24 Td (\245I)Tj 0.25 Tc 1.826 0 Td (st)Tj 0 Tc 1 0 Td [(he super)8(user)]TJ -4.626 -1.68 Td [(The )-62(dir)18(ectories)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.961 0 Td (/tmp)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.712 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.005 0 Td (/var/tmp)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.112 0 Td (ar)Tj 0.312 Tc 0.877 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.117 0 Td [(ypical )-62(candidates )-62(for )-62(the )-62(sticky )-62(bit)]TJ 0.0833 Tc 15.522 0 Td (\321t)Tj 0 Tc 1.409 0 Td [(hey )-62(ar)18(e)]TJ -35.715 -1.2 Td [(dir)18(ectories )-105(in )-105(which )-105(any )-105(user )-105(can )-105(typically )-105(cr)18(eate )-105(\336les.)-610(The )-106(permissions )-106(for )-106(these )-106(two)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(dir)18(ectories )-43(ar)]TJ 0.2933 Tc 5.833 0 Td (eo)Tj 0 Tc 1.318 0 Td [(ften )-43(r)18(ead, )-43(write, )-43(and )-43(execute )-43(for )-43(everyone )-43(\(user)]TJ 0.2932 Tc 21.099 0 Td (,g)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.099 0 Td (ro)Tj 0 Tc 0.923 0 Td [(up, )-43(and )-43(other\).)-544(But)]TJ -30.272 -1.2 Td [(users should not be able to delete or r)18(ename \336les owned by others.)]TJ 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 183.5892 374.5775 Tm [(The )-157(saved-text )-157(bit )-157(is )-157(not )-157(part )-157(of )-157(POSIX.1.)-654(It )-157(is )-157(part )-157(of )-157(the )-157(XSI )-157(option )-157(de\336ned )-157(in )-157(the )-157(Single)]TJ 0 -1.25 TD [(UNIX )-245(Speci\336cation, )-245(and )-245(is )-245(supported )-245(by )-245(Fr)18(eeBSD )-245(8.0, )-245(Linux )-245(3.2.0, )-245(Mac )-245(OS )-245(X )-245(10.6.8, )-245(and)]TJ T* (Solaris 10.)Tj 0 -1.875 TD [(Solaris )-98(10 )-98(places )-98(special )-98(meaning )-98(on )-98(the )-98(sticky )-98(bit )-98(if )-98(it )-98(is )-98(set )-98(on )-98(a )-98(r)18(egular )-98(\336le.)-598(In )-98(this )-98(case, )-98(if)]TJ 0 -1.25 TD (none of the execute bits is set, the operating system will not cache the\ contents of the \336le.)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 11.9993 0 0 11.9993 93.5946 297.5821 Tm (4.11)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 3 0 Td (chown)Tj /TT1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 3.834 0 Td (fchown)Tj /TT1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 4.434 0 Td (fchownat)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 0.556 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 6.19 0 Td (nd)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 1.778 0 Td (lchown)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 4.156 0 Td (Functions)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5919 275.9834 Tm (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.017 0 Td (chown)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.343 0 Td [(functions )-93(allow )-93(us )-93(to )-93(change )-93(a )-93(\336le\325s )-93(user )-93(ID )-93(and )-93(gr)18(oup )-93(ID, )-93(but )-93(if )-93(either )-93(of)]TJ -5.36 -1.2 Td [(the ar)18(guments)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 6.617 0 Td (owner)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.75 0 Td (or)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.191 0 Td [(gr)18(oup)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 2.621 0 Td (is)Tj /TT3 1 Tf 0.965 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1, the corr)18(esponding ID is left unchanged.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.591 247.2852 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.902 TD (int chown\(const char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (pathname)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,u)Tj 0 Tc 18.944 0 Td (id_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3 0 Td (owner)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,g)Tj 0 Tc 4.3 0 Td (id_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3 0 Td [(gr)18(oup)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -29.244 -1.902 Td (int fchown\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 9 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,u)Tj 0 Tc 2.578 0 Td (id_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3 0 Td (owner)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,g)Tj 0 Tc 4.3 0 Td (id_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3 0 Td [(gr)18(oup)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -21.878 -1.902 Td (int fchownat\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 10.2 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 2.578 0 Td (onst char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (pathname)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,u)Tj 0 Tc 12.344 0 Td (id_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3 0 Td (owner)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,g)Tj 0 Tc 4.3 0 Td (id_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3 0 Td [(gr)18(oup)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -27.622 -1.189 Td (int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 2.4 0 Td (\337ag)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -10.2 -1.902 Td (int lchown\(const char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (pathname)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,u)Tj 0 Tc 19.544 0 Td (id_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3 0 Td (owner)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,g)Tj 0 Tc 4.3 0 Td (id_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3 0 Td [(gr)18(oup)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -6.015 -1.902 Td [(All four r)18(eturn: 0 if OK,)]TJ /TT3 1 Tf 10.635 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 1465.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1098 l 3900 1098 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47054 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (108)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Files )-250(and )-250(Dir)18(ectories )]TJ 39.241 0 Td [(Chapter)-500(4)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 183.589 670.9597 Tm [(On )-51(Solaris, )-51(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.881 0 Td (ls)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.501 0 Td [(command )-51(displays )-51(an)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.133 0 Td (l)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.901 0 Td [(instead )-51(of )-51(an)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.078 0 Td (S)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.901 0 Td [(to )-51(indicate )-51(that )-51(mandatory )-51(\336le )-51(and)]TJ -0.018 Tc -26.396 -1.25 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (cor)Tj 0.3633 Tc 1.367 0 Td (dl)Tj 0 Tc 1.265 0 Td [(ocking )-113(has )-113(been )-113(enabled )-113(for )-113(this )-113(\336le.)-613(This )-113(behavior )-113(applies )-113(only )-113(to )-113(r)18(egular )-113(\336les, )-113(but)]TJ -3.488 -1.25 Td [(we\325ll discuss this mor)18(e)-250(in)-250(Section 14.3.)]TJ 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5907 632.962 Tm (Finally)Tj 0.3094 Tc 2.956 0 Td (,n)Tj 0 Tc 1.141 0 Td [(ote )-59(that )-59(the )-59(time )-59(and )-59(date )-59(listed )-59(by )-59(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 17.763 0 Td (ls)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.509 0 Td [(command )-59(did )-59(not )-59(change )-59(after)]TJ -25.17 -1.2 Td [(we )-130(ran )-130(the )-130(pr)18(ogram )-130(in )-130(Figur)]TJ 0.3805 Tc 13.194 0 Td (e4)Tj 0 Tc 1.359 0 Td [(.12. )-380(W)92(e\325ll )-130(see )-130(in )-130(Section )-130(4.19 )-130(that )-130(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 17.36 0 Td (chmod)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.38 0 Td (function)Tj -35.293 -1.2 Td [(updates )-68(only )-68(the )-68(time )-68(that )-68(the )-68(i-node )-68(was )-68(last )-68(changed.)-568(By )-68(default, )-68(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 32.487 0 Td [(ls )267(-l)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 3.052 0 Td [(lists )-68(the)]TJ -35.539 -1.2 Td (time when the contents of the \336le wer)Tj 0.25 Tc 16.633 0 Td (el)Tj 0 Tc 1.02 0 Td (ast modi\336ed.)Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5141.25 5970.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 50 50 l 0 50 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 147.5823 572.9312 Tm (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.191 0 Td (chmod)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.517 0 Td [(functions )-267(automatically )-267(clear )-267(two )-267(of )-267(the )-267(permission )-267(bits )-267(under )-267(the)]TJ -7.508 -1.2 Td (following conditions:)Tj 0.883 Tc 1.8 -1.68 Td (\245O)Tj 0.359 Tc 2.275 0 Td (ns)Tj 0 Tc 1.365 0 Td [(ystems, )-109(such )-109(as )-109(Solaris, )-109(that )-109(place )-109(special )-109(meaning )-109(on )-109(the )-109(sticky )-109(bit )-109(when)]TJ -2.151 -1.2 Td [(used )-48(with )-48(r)18(egular )-48(\336les, )-48(if )-48(we )-48(try )-48(to )-48(set )-48(the )-48(sticky )-48(bit )-48(\()]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 23.78 0 Td (S_ISVTX)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(\))-298(on)-298(a)-298(r)17(egular )-48(\336le)]TJ -23.78 -1.2 Td [(and )-55(do )-55(not )-55(have )-55(super)8(user )-55(privileges, )-55(the )-55(sticky )-55(bit )-55(in )-55(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 26.218 0 Td (mode)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.416 0 Td [(is )-55(automatically)]TJ -28.634 -1.2 Td [(turned )-29(of)18(f. )-279(\(W)]TJ 0.2795 Tc 6.49 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.369 0 Td [(escribe )-29(the )-29(sticky )-29(bit )-29(in )-29(the )-29(next )-29(section.\))]TJ -0.092 Tc 18.543 0 Td [(To )-214(p)]TJ -0.018 Tc 1.948 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(vent )-30(malicious)]TJ -29.206 -1.2 Td [(users )-181(fr)18(om )-181(setting )-181(the )-181(sticky )-181(bit )-181(and )-181(adversely )-181(af)18(fecting )-181(system )-181(performance,)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(only the super)8(user can set the sticky bit of a r)18(egular \336le.)]TJ 7.999 0 0 7.999 183.5781 464.1443 Tm [(In )-220(Fr)18(eeBSD )-220(8.0 )-220(and )-220(Solaris )-220(10, )-220(only )-220(the )-220(super)6(user )-220(can )-220(set )-220(the )-220(sticky )-220(bit )-220(on )-220(a )-220(r)18(egular )-220(\336le.)]TJ 0 -1.25 TD [(Linux 3.2.0)-458(and )-208(Mac )-208(OS )-208(X )-208(10.6.8 )-208(place )-208(no )-208(such )-208(r)18(estriction )-208(on )-208(the )-208(setting )-208(of )-208(the )-208(sticky )-208(bit,)]TJ -0 -1.25 Td [(because )-60(the )-60(bit )-60(has )-60(no )-60(meaning )-60(when )-60(applied )-60(to )-60(r)18(egular )-60(\336les )-60(on )-60(these )-60(systems.)-560(Although )-60(the)]TJ T* [(bit )-275(also )-275(has )-275(no )-275(meaning )-275(when )-275(applied )-275(to )-275(r)19(egular )-275(\336les )-275(on )-275(Fr)18(eeBSD, )-275(everyone )-275(except )-275(the)]TJ T* [(super)8(user is pr)18(evented fr)18(om setting it on a r)18(egular \336le.)]TJ 0.883 Tc 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 147.5823 404.1515 Tm (\245T)Tj 0 Tc 2.102 0 Td [(he )-4(gr)18(oup )-4(ID )-4(of )-4(a )-4(newly )-4(cr)18(eated )-4(\336le )-4(might )-4(potentially )-4(be )-4(a )-4(gr)18(oup )-4(that )-4(the )-4(calling)]TJ -0.613 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ocess )-207(does )-207(not )-207(belong )-207(to.)-707(Recall )-207(fr)18(om )-207(Section )-207(4.6 )-207(that )-207(it\325s )-207(possible )-207(for )-207(the)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(gr)18(oup )-56(ID )-56(of )-56(the )-56(new )-56(\336le )-56(to )-56(be )-56(the )-56(gr)22(oup )-56(ID )-56(of )-56(the )-56(par)18(ent )-56(dir)20(ectory)]TJ 0.5557 Tc 29.739 0 Td (.S)Tj 0 Tc 1.331 0 Td [(peci\336cally)111(,)]TJ -31.07 -1.2 Td [(if )-27(the )-27(gr)17(oup )-27(ID )-27(of )-27(the )-27(new )-27(\336le )-27(does )-27(not )-27(equal )-27(either )-27(the )-27(ef)18(fective )-27(gr)18(oup )-27(ID )-27(of )-27(the)]TJ T* [(pr)18(ocess )-27(or )-27(one )-27(of )-27(the )-27(pr)18(ocess\325s )-27(supplementary )-27(gr)15(oup )-28(IDs )-28(and )-28(if )-28(the )-28(pr)18(ocess )-28(does)]TJ T* [(not )-63(have )-63(super)8(user )-63(privileges, )-63(then )-63(the )-63(set-gr)18(oup-ID )-63(bit )-63(is )-63(automatically )-63(turned)]TJ T* [(of)18(f. )-253(This)-252(pr)18(events )-3(a )-3(user )-3(fr)18(om )-3(cr)18(eating )-3(a )-3(set-gr)20(oup-ID )-3(\336le )-3(owned )-3(by )-3(a )-3(gr)18(oup )-3(that)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td (the user doesn\325t belong to.)Tj 7.999 0 0 7.999 183.5774 300.164 Tm [(Fr)18(eeBSD )-137(8.0 )-137(fails )-137(an )-137(attempt )-137(to )-137(set )-137(the )-137(set-gr)18(oup-ID )-137(in )-137(this )-137(case.)-637(The )-137(other )-137(systems )-137(silently)]TJ 0 -1.25 TD [(turn the bit of)18(f, but don\325t fail the attempt to change the \336le access permissions\ .)]TJ 0 -1.875 TD [(Fr)18(eeBSD )-32(8.0, )-32(Linux )-32(3.2.0, )-32(Mac )-32(OS )-32(X )-32(10.6.8, )-32(and )-32(Solaris )-32(10 )-32(add )-32(another )-32(security )-32(featur)18(e)-282(to)-282(try )-32(to)]TJ -0 -1.25 Td [(pr)18(event )-228(misuse )-228(of )-228(some )-228(of )-228(the )-228(pr)18(otection )-228(bits.)-728(If )-228(a )-228(pr)22(ocess )-227(that )-227(does )-227(not )-227(have )-227(super)6(user)]TJ -0 -1.25 Td [(privileges )-25(writes )-25(to )-25(a )-25(\336le, )-25(the )-25(set-user)18(-ID )-25(and )-25(set-gr)18(oup-ID )-25(bits )-25(ar)]TJ 0.2755 Tc 29.002 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.254 0 Td [(utomatically )-25(turned )-25(of)17(f. )-275(If)]TJ -30.257 -1.25 Td [(malicious )-2(users )-2(\336nd )-2(a )-2(set-gr)18(oup-ID )-2(or )-2(a )-2(set-user)21(-ID )-1(\336le )-1(they )-1(can )-1(write )-1(to, )-1(even )-1(though )-1(they )-1(can)]TJ -0 -1.25 Td (modify the \336le, they lose the special privileges of the \336le.)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 11.9986 0 0 11.9986 93.5876 201.1759 Tm [(4.10 )-776(Stic)20(ky )-278(Bit)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5832 179.5784 Tm (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.156 0 Td (S_ISVTX)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.682 0 Td [(bit )-232(has )-232(an )-232(inter)18(esting )-232(history)]TJ 0.732 Tc 13.408 0 Td (.O)Tj 0.482 Tc 1.768 0 Td (nv)Tj 0 Tc 1.629 0 Td [(ersions )-232(of )-232(the )-232(UNIX )-232(System )-232(that)]TJ -23.643 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(edated )-219(demand )-219(paging, )-219(this )-219(bit )-219(was )-219(known )-219(as )-219(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 25.165 0 Td [(sticky )-219(bit)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 0.7185 Tc (.I)Tj 0 Tc 5.199 0 Td [(f)-468(it)-468(w)-1(as )-218(set )-218(for )-218(an)]TJ -30.364 -1.2 Td [(executable )-154(pr)18(ogram )-154(\336le, )-154(then )-154(the )-154(\336rst )-154(time )-154(the )-154(pr)18(ogram )-154(was )-154(executed, )-154(a )-154(copy )-154(of )-154(the)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(pr)18(ogram\325s )-196(text )-196(was )-196(saved )-196(in )-196(the )-196(swap )-196(ar)19(ea )-196(when )-196(the )-196(pr)18(ocess )-196(terminated.)-696(\(The )-196(text)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47055 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (106)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Files )-250(and )-250(Dir)18(ectories )]TJ 39.241 0 Td [(Chapter)-500(4)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5911 664.2601 Tm ($)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (umask)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 16.4 0 Td [(\336rst print the curr)18(ent \336le mode cr)18(eation mask)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -17.6 -1.189 Td (002)Tj 0 -1.189 TD ($)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (umask -S)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 16.4 0 Td (print the symbolic form)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -17.6 -1.189 Td (u=rwx,g=rwx,o=rx)Tj T* ($)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (umask 027)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 16.4 0 Td [(change the \336le mode cr)18(eation mask)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -17.6 -1.189 Td ($)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (umask -S)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 16.4 0 Td (print the symbolic form)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -17.6 -1.189 Td (u=rwx,g=rx,o=)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 11.9993 0 0 11.9993 93.5944 572.4656 Tm (4.9)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 3 0 Td (chmod)Tj /TT2 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 3.834 0 Td (fchmod)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 0.556 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 4.99 0 Td (nd)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.778 0 Td (fchmodat)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 5.356 0 Td (Functions)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5919 554.4667 Tm (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.226 0 Td (chmod)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.802 0 Td (fchmod)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5517 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 4.902 0 Td (nd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.745 0 Td (fchmodat)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.352 0 Td [(functions )-302(allow )-302(us )-302(to )-302(change )-302(the )-302(\336le )-302(access)]TJ -18.025 -1.2 Td (permissions for an existing \336le.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5913 528.1683 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.783 TD (int chmod\(const char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (pathname)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,m)Tj 0 Tc 18.944 0 Td (ode_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3.6 0 Td (mode)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -22.544 -1.783 Td (int fchmod\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 9 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,m)Tj 0 Tc 2.578 0 Td (ode_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3.6 0 Td (mode)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -15.178 -1.783 Td (int fchmodat\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 10.2 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 2.578 0 Td (onst char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (pathname)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,m)Tj 0 Tc 12.344 0 Td (ode_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3.6 0 Td (mode)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 3.911 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (\337ag)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -10.97 -1.783 Td [(All thr)18(ee r)18(eturn: 0 if OK,)]TJ /TT3 1 Tf 11.001 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 4595.25 cm 0 0 m 0 777 l 3900 777 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 448.3462 Tm (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.258 0 Td (chmod)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.584 0 Td [(function )-334(operates )-334(on )-334(the )-334(speci\336ed )-334(\336le, )-334(wher)18(eas )-334(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 25.266 0 Td (fchmod)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.184 0 Td (function)Tj -35.293 -1.2 Td [(operates )-90(on )-90(a )-90(\336le )-90(that )-90(has )-90(alr)17(eady )-90(been )-90(opened.)-591(The)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 24.273 0 Td (fchmodat)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.14 0 Td [(function )-90(behaves )-90(like)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -29.414 -1.2 Td (chmod)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.302 0 Td [(when )-52(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 4.468 0 Td (pathname)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.246 0 Td [(ar)18(gument )-52(is )-52(absolute )-52(or )-52(when )-52(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 15.361 0 Td (fd)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.08 0 Td [(ar)18(gument )-52(has )-52(the )-52(value)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -28.457 -1.2 Td (AT_FDCWD)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.115 0 Td [(and )-65(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 3.709 0 Td (pathname)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.259 0 Td [(ar)18(gument )-65(is )-65(r)19(elative. )-315(Otherwise,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 14.934 0 Td (fchmodat)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.115 0 Td [(evaluates )-65(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf -33.131 -1.2 Td (pathname)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 4.559 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(lative )-364(to )-364(the )-364(open )-364(dir)18(ectory )-364(r)16(efer)18(enced )-364(by )-364(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 22.995 0 Td (fd)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.392 0 Td [(ar)18(gument. )-614(The)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 7.709 0 Td (\337ag)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -37.511 -1.2 Td [(ar)18(gument )-750(can )-750(be )-750(used )-750(to )-750(change )-750(the )-750(behavior )-750(of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 28.169 0 Td (fchmodat)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.0833 Tc 4.883 0 Td (\321w)Tj 0 Tc 1.917 0 Td [(hen )-750(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -34.97 -1.2 Td (AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 11.65 0 Td (\337ag is set,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 4.608 0 Td (fchmodat)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.05 0 Td (doesn\325t follow symbolic links.)Tj -0.092 Tc -19.508 -1.2 Td [(To )-256(c)]TJ 0 Tc 1.833 0 Td [(hange )-72(the )-72(permission )-72(bits )-72(of )-72(a )-72(\336le, )-72(the )-72(ef)18(fective )-72(user )-72(ID )-72(of )-72(the )-72(pr)19(ocess )-72(must )-72(be)]TJ -3.633 -1.2 Td [(equal to the owner ID of the \336le, or the pr)18(ocess must have super)8(user permissions.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td (The)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.924 0 Td (mode)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.361 0 Td (is speci\336ed as the bitwise OR of the constants shown in Figur)Tj 0.25 Tc 27.006 0 Td (e4)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td [(.1)55(1.)]TJ ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2182.25 3288.25 cm 0 0 m 2127 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_2 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 237.7492 320.7423 Tm (mode)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 12.025 0 Td (Description)Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2182.25 3168.25 cm 0 0 m 2127 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2182.25 3148.25 cm 0 0 m 2127 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 222.1827 306.7264 Tm (S_ISUID)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.5 0 Td [(set-user)18(-ID on execution)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -7.5 -1.25 Td (S_ISGID)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.5 0 Td [(set-gr)18(oup-ID on execution)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -7.5 -1.25 Td (S_ISVTX)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.5 0 Td (saved-text \(sticky bit\))Tj ET q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2182.25 2828.25 cm 0 0 m 2127 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9976 0 0 7.9976 222.1693 274.7176 Tm (S_IRWXU)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 7.5 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (ad, write, and execute by user \(owner\))Tj /TT0 1 Tf -6.556 -1.25 Td (S_IRUSR)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 5.7 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (ad by user \(owner\))Tj /TT0 1 Tf -6.556 -1.25 Td (S_IWUSR)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.7 0 Td (write by user \(owner\))Tj /TT0 1 Tf -5.7 -1.25 Td (S_IXUSR)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.7 0 Td (execute by user \(owner\))Tj ET q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2182.25 2408.25 cm 0 0 m 2127 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9971 0 0 7.9971 222.156 232.7162 Tm (S_IRWXG)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 7.5 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(ad, write, and execute by gr)18(oup)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -6.556 -1.25 Td (S_IRGRP)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 5.7 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(ad by gr)18(oup)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -6.556 -1.25 Td (S_IWGRP)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.7 0 Td [(write by gr)18(oup)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -5.7 -1.25 Td (S_IXGRP)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.7 0 Td [(execute by gr)18(oup)]TJ ET q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2182.25 1988.25 cm 0 0 m 2127 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9966 0 0 7.9966 222.1427 190.7199 Tm (S_IRWXO)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 7.5 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (ad, write, and execute by other \(world\))Tj /TT0 1 Tf -6.556 -1.25 Td (S_IROTH)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 5.7 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (ad by other \(world\))Tj /TT0 1 Tf -6.556 -1.25 Td (S_IWOTH)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.7 0 Td (write by other \(world\))Tj /TT0 1 Tf -5.7 -1.25 Td (S_IXOTH)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.7 0 Td (execute by other \(world\))Tj ET q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2182.25 1568.25 cm 0 0 m 2127 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2762.25 1568.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1720 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4309.25 1568.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1720 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2182.25 1568.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1720 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9962 0 0 7.9962 191.1442 138.7334 Tm [(Figure 4.1)37(1)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 5.658 0 Td (The)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.924 0 Td (mode)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.361 0 Td (constants for)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 5.928 0 Td (chmod)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td [(functions, fr)18(om)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.02 0 Td ()Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47056 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (104)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Files )-250(and )-250(Dir)18(ectories )]TJ 39.241 0 Td [(Chapter)-500(4)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 668.9599 Tm [(In )-302(this )-302(example, )-302(the )-302(set-user)18(-ID )-302(pr)18(ogram )-302(can )-302(determine )-302(that )-302(the )-302(r)18(eal )-302(user )-302(cannot)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(normally r)18(ead the \336le, even though the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 17.46 0 Td (open)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td (function will succeed.)Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5141.25 6570.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 50 50 l 0 50 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 183.578 636.9236 Tm [(In )-10(the )-10(pr)19(eceding )-10(example )-10(and )-10(in )-10(Chapter )-10(8, )-10(we\325ll )-10(sometimes )-10(switch )-10(to )-10(become )-10(the )-10(super)8(user )-10(to)]TJ 0 -1.25 TD [(demonstrate )-335(how )-335(something )-335(works.)-835(If )-335(you\325r)]TJ 0.5854 Tc 21.394 0 Td (eo)Tj 0.5853 Tc 1.61 0 Td (nam)Tj 0 Tc 3.136 0 Td [(ultiuser )-335(system )-335(and )-335(do )-335(not )-335(have)]TJ -26.14 -1.25 Td [(super)8(user permission, you won\325t be able to duplicate these examples comple\ tely)111(.)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 11.9986 0 0 11.9986 93.5886 584.9298 Tm (4.8)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 3 0 Td (umask)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 3.556 0 Td (Function)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5842 563.3324 Tm [(Now )-118(that )-118(we\325ve )-118(described )-118(the )-118(nine )-118(permission )-118(bits )-118(associated )-118(with )-118(every )-118(\336le, )-118(we )-118(can)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(describe the \336le mode cr)18(eation mask that is associated with every pr)18(ocess.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.942 0 Td (umask)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.268 0 Td [(function )-18(sets )-18(the )-18(\336le )-18(mode )-18(cr)18(eation )-18(mask )-18(for )-18(the )-18(pr)18(ocess )-18(and )-18(r)18(eturns )-18(the)]TJ -7.011 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(evious value.)-500(\(This is one of the few functions that doesn\325t have an err)18(or r)18(eturn.\))]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9989 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)-122(\336le )-122(or )-122(a)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(new )-24(dir)18(ectory)]TJ 0.5245 Tc 6.084 0 Td (.\()Tj 0 Tc 1.107 0 Td [(Recall )-24(fr)18(om )-24(Sections )-24(3.3 )-24(and )-24(3.4 )-24(our )-24(description )-24(of )-24(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 24.167 0 Td (open)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.674 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.967 0 Td (creat)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -36 -1.2 Td [(functions. )-343(Both)-344(accept )-93(a)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 11.364 0 Td (mode)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.454 0 Td [(ar)18(gument )-93(that )-93(speci\336es )-93(the )-93(new )-93(\336le\325s )-93(access )-93(permission)]TJ -13.819 -1.2 Td [(bits.\) )-286(W)]TJ 0.286 Tc 3.621 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.376 0 Td [(escribe )-36(how )-36(to )-36(cr)18(eate )-36(a )-36(new )-36(dir)18(ectory )-36(in )-36(Section )-36(4.21.)-536(Any )-36(bits )-36(that )-36(ar)18(e)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 31.844 0 Td (on)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.286 0 Td (in)Tj -38.127 -1.2 Td [(the \336le mode cr)18(eation mask ar)]TJ 0.25 Tc 13.316 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.055 0 Td (urned)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 2.92 0 Td (off)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.25 0 Td (in the \336le\325s)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 5.087 0 Td (mode)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj /TT1 1 Tf -27.228 -2.4 Td (Example)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.6 -2.16 Td [(The )-182(pr)18(ogram )-182(in )-182(Figur)]TJ 0.4322 Tc 10.085 0 Td (e4)Tj 0 Tc 1.411 0 Td [(.9 )-182(cr)18(eates )-182(two )-182(\336les: )-182(one )-182(with )-182(a)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 14.699 0 Td (umask)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.432 0 Td [(of )-182(0 )-182(and )-182(one )-182(with )-182(a)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -29.627 -1.2 Td (umask)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td [(that disables all the gr)18(oup and other permission bits.)]TJ ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 3214.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9978 0 0 8.9978 129.5689 311.8242 Tm (#include "apue.h")Tj 0 -1.189 TD (#include )Tj 0 -1.783 TD (#define RWRWRW \(S_IRUSR|S_IWUSR|S_IRGRP|S_IWGRP|S_IROTH|S_IWOTH\))Tj 0 -1.783 TD (int)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (main\(void\))Tj 0 -1.189 TD ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (umask\(0\);)Tj T* (if \(creat\("foo", RWRWRW\) < 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_sys\("creat error for foo"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (umask\(S_IRGRP | S_IWGRP | S_IROTH | S_IWOTH\);)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (if \(creat\("bar", RWRWRW\) < 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_sys\("creat error for bar"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (exit\(0\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj ET q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 1573.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9976 0 0 7.9976 254.8755 141.2556 Tm (Figure 4.9)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.195 0 Td (Example of)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 5.26 0 Td (umask)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td (function)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47057 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (102)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Files )-250(and )-250(Dir)18(ectories )]TJ 39.241 0 Td [(Chapter)-500(4)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 183.589 670.9597 Tm [(Fr)18(eeBSD )-174(8.0 )-174(and )-174(Mac )-174(OS )-174(X )-174(10.6.8 )-174(always )-174(copy )-174(the )-174(new )-174(\336le\325s )-174(gr)12(oup )-175(ID )-175(fr)18(om )-175(the )-175(dir)20(ectory)111(.)]TJ 0 -1.25 Td [(Several )-157(Linux )-157(\336le )-157(systems )-157(allow )-157(the )-157(choice )-157(between )-157(the )-157(two )-157(options )-157(to )-157(be )-157(selected )-157(using )-157(a)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0 -1.25 TD (mount)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (1)Tj 0.5 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.591 -0.04 Td [(command )-8(option.)-508(The )-8(default )-8(behavior )-8(for )-8(Linux )-8(3.2.0 )-8(and )-8(Solaris )-8(10 )-8(is )-8(to )-8(determine)]TJ -4.424 -1.25 Td [(the )-18(gr)18(oup )-18(ID )-18(of )-18(a )-18(new )-18(\336le )-18(depending )-18(on )-18(whether )-18(the )-18(set-gr)18(oup-ID )-18(bit )-18(is )-18(set )-18(for )-18(the )-18(dir)18(ectory )-18(in)]TJ T* [(which )-54(the )-54(\336le )-54(is )-54(cr)18(eated. )-304(If)-304(this )-54(bit )-54(is )-54(set, )-54(the )-54(new )-54(\336le\325s )-54(gr)18(oup )-54(ID )-54(is )-54(copied )-54(fr)18(om )-54(the )-54(dir)18(ectory;)]TJ 0 -1.25 Td [(otherwise, the new \336le\325s gr)18(oup ID is set to the ef)18(fective gr)18(oup ID of the pr)18(ocess.)]TJ 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5913 602.9638 Tm [(Using )-101(the )-101(second )-101(option)]TJ 0.0833 Tc 11.134 0 Td (\321i)Tj 0 Tc 1.374 0 Td [(nheriting )-101(the )-101(dir)18(ectory\325s )-101(gr)18(oup )-101(ID)]TJ 0.0833 Tc 15.481 0 Td (\321a)Tj 0 Tc 1.583 0 Td [(ssur)18(es )-101(us )-101(that )-101(all)]TJ -31.372 -1.2 Td [(\336les )-277(and )-277(dir)18(ectories )-277(cr)17(eated )-278(in )-278(that )-278(dir)18(ectory )-278(will )-278(have )-278(the )-278(same )-278(gr)18(oup )-278(ID )-278(as )-278(the)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(dir)18(ectory)]TJ 0.592 Tc 3.914 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.455 0 Td [(his )-92(gr)18(oup )-92(ownership )-92(of )-92(\336les )-92(and )-92(dir)18(ectories )-92(will )-92(then )-92(pr)18(opagate )-92(down )-92(the)]TJ -5.369 -1.2 Td [(hierar)18(chy )-21(fr)18(om )-21(that )-21(point.)-521(This )-21(is )-21(used )-21(in )-21(the )-21(Linux )-21(dir)19(ectory)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 27.535 0 Td (/var/mail)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.271 Tc (,f)Tj 0 Tc 6.254 0 Td [(or )-21(example.)]TJ 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 183.5885 549.367 Tm [(As )-99(we )-99(mentioned )-99(earlier)]TJ 0.3488 Tc 11.096 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 0.925 0 Td [(his )-99(option )-99(for )-99(gr)18(oup )-99(ownership )-99(is )-99(the )-99(default )-99(for )-99(Fr)20(eeBSD )-99(8.0 )-99(and)]TJ -12.021 -1.25 Td [(Mac OS X)-313(10.6.8, )-63(but )-63(an )-63(option )-63(for )-63(Linux )-63(and )-63(Solaris.)-563(Under )-63(Solaris )-63(10, )-63(and )-63(by )-63(default )-63(under)]TJ 0 -1.25 TD [(Linux )-19(3.2.0, )-19(we )-19(have )-19(to )-19(enable )-19(the )-19(set-gr)17(oup-ID )-19(bit, )-19(and )-19(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 26.584 0 Td (mkdir)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.269 0 Td [(function )-19(has )-19(to )-19(pr)18(opagate )-19(a)]TJ -29.853 -1.25 Td [(dir)18(ectory\325s set-gr)18(oup-ID bit automatically for this to work.)-500(\(This is described in Section 4.21.\))]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 11.9993 0 0 11.9993 93.5941 487.3708 Tm (4.7)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 3 0 Td (access)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 4.156 0 Td (and)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 2.334 0 Td (faccessat)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 5.956 0 Td (Functions)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5915 464.5721 Tm [(As )-53(we )-53(described )-53(earlier)]TJ 0.3028 Tc 10.466 0 Td (,w)Tj 0 Tc 1.387 0 Td [(hen )-53(we )-53(open )-53(a )-53(\336le, )-53(the )-53(kernel )-53(performs )-53(its )-53(access )-53(tests )-53(based)]TJ -11.853 -1.2 Td [(on )-245(the )-245(ef)18(fective )-245(user )-245(and )-245(gr)18(oup )-245(IDs.)-745(Sometimes, )-245(however)]TJ 0.4948 Tc 27.388 0 Td (,a)Tj 0 Tc [(pr)18(ocess )-245(wants )-245(to )-245(test)]TJ -27.388 -1.2 Td [(accessibility )-170(based )-170(on )-170(the )-170(r)18(eal )-170(user )-170(and )-170(gr)18(oup )-170(IDs.)-670(This )-170(is )-170(useful )-170(when )-170(a )-170(pr)18(ocess )-170(is)]TJ -0.008 Tc 0 -1.2 TD (ru)Tj 0 Tc 0.99 0 Td [(nning )-41(as )-41(someone )-41(else, )-41(using )-41(either )-41(the )-41(set-user)15(-ID )-41(or )-41(the )-41(set-gr)18(oup-ID )-41(featur)17(e. )-291(Even)]TJ -0.99 -1.2 Td [(though )-72(a )-72(pr)18(ocess )-72(might )-72(be )-72(set-user)18(-ID )-72(to )-72(r)18(oot, )-72(it )-72(might )-72(still )-72(want )-72(to )-72(verify )-72(that )-72(the )-72(r)15(eal)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(user )-63(can )-63(access )-63(a )-63(given )-63(\336le.)-561(The)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 14.852 0 Td (access)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.913 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.006 0 Td (faccessat)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.713 0 Td [(functions )-62(base )-62(their )-62(tests )-62(on)]TJ -26.483 -1.2 Td [(the )-100(r)18(eal )-100(user )-100(and )-100(gr)19(oup )-100(IDs.)-600(\(Replace)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 17.59 0 Td (effective)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.591 0 Td (with)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 2.383 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.76 0 Td (al)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.072 0 Td [(in )-100(the )-100(four )-100(steps )-100(at )-100(the )-100(end )-100(of)]TJ -25.396 -1.2 Td (Section 4.5.\))Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5903 359.0785 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.783 TD (int access\(const char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (pathname)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 19.544 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (mode)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -21.344 -1.783 Td (int faccessat\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 10.8 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 2.578 0 Td (onst char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (pathname)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 12.344 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (mode)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 3.911 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (\337ag)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -7.982 -1.783 Td [(Both r)18(eturn: 0 if OK,)]TJ /TT3 1 Tf 9.213 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 3064.25 cm 0 0 m 0 617 l 3900 617 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 288.1154 Tm (The)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.99 0 Td (mode)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.427 0 Td [(is )-66(either )-66(the )-66(value)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.357 0 Td (F_OK)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.716 0 Td [(to )-66(test )-66(if )-66(a )-66(\336le )-66(exists, )-66(or )-66(the )-66(bitwise )-66(OR )-66(of )-66(any )-66(of )-66(the)]TJ -15.49 -1.2 Td (\337ags shown in Figur)Tj 0.25 Tc 9.062 0 Td (e4)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (.7.)Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2577.25 2621.25 cm 0 0 m 1338 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_2 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 262.8247 254.1043 Tm (mode)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.089 0 Td (Description)Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2577.25 2501.25 cm 0 0 m 1338 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2577.25 2481.25 cm 0 0 m 1338 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 261.6532 240.0924 Tm (R_OK)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 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)-229(like)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.343 0 Td (access)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.079 0 Td [(when )-229(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 4.822 0 Td (pathname)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.423 0 Td [(ar)18(gument )-229(is)]TJ -33.5 -1.2 Td [(absolute )-52(or )-52(when )-52(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 9.736 0 Td (fd)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.08 0 Td [(ar)18(gument )-52(has )-52(the )-52(value)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.846 0 Td (AT_FDCWD)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.102 0 Td [(and )-52(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 3.684 0 Td (pathname)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.246 0 Td [(ar)18(gument)]TJ -34.694 -1.2 Td [(is )-17(r)18(elative. )-267(Otherwise,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.169 0 Td (faccessat)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.667 0 Td [(evaluates )-17(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 6.087 0 Td (pathname)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 4.211 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(lative )-17(to )-17(the )-17(open )-17(dir)19(ectory)]TJ -0.018 Tc -26.989 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(fer)18(enced by the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 7.03 0 Td (fd)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.028 0 Td [(ar)18(gument.)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47058 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(4.6)]TJ 24.776 0 Td [(Ownership )-250(of )-250(New )-250(Files )-250(and )-250(Dir)18(ectories)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 21.057 0 Td (101)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5911 668.9599 Tm [(The )-80(\336le )-80(access )-80(tests )-80(that )-80(the )-80(kernel )-80(performs )-80(each )-80(time )-80(a )-80(pr)18(ocess )-80(opens, )-80(cr)18(eates, )-80(or)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(deletes )-71(a )-71(\336le )-71(depend )-71(on )-71(the )-71(owners )-71(of )-71(the )-71(\336le )-71(\()]TJ /TT0 1 Tf (st_uid)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 25.207 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.014 0 Td (st_gid)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(\), )-71(the )-71(ef)18(fective )-71(IDs)]TJ -27.221 -1.2 Td [(of )-67(the )-67(pr)18(ocess )-67(\(ef)18(fective )-67(user )-67(ID )-67(and )-67(ef)19(fective )-67(gr)18(oup )-67(ID\), )-67(and )-67(the 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Tm [(When )-38(we )-38(described )-38(the )-38(cr)17(eation )-38(of )-38(a )-38(new )-38(\336le )-38(in )-38(Chapter )-38(3 )-38(using )-38(either)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 31.832 0 Td (open)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.688 0 Td (or)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.229 0 Td (creat)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (,)Tj -35.75 -1.2 Td [(we )-55(never )-55(said )-55(which )-55(values )-55(wer)]TJ 0.305 Tc 14.449 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.284 0 Td [(ssigned )-55(to )-55(the )-55(user )-55(ID )-55(and )-55(gr)18(oup )-55(ID )-55(of )-55(the )-55(new )-55(\336le.)]TJ -0.092 Tc -15.733 -1.2 Td (We)Tj 0 Tc 1.387 0 Td [(\325ll )-140(see )-140(how )-140(to )-140(cr)20(eate )-139(a )-139(new )-139(dir)18(ectory )-139(in )-139(Section )-139(4.21 )-139(when )-139(we )-139(describe )-139(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 34.613 0 Td (mkdir)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -36 -1.2 Td [(function. )-258(The)]TJ -0.008 Tc 6.397 0 Td (ru)Tj 0 Tc 0.99 0 Td [(les )-8(for )-8(the )-8(ownership )-8(of )-8(a )-8(new )-8(dir)18(ectory )-8(ar)]TJ 0.2582 Tc 18.831 0 Td (ei)Tj 0 Tc 1.028 0 Td [(dentical )-8(to 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3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5911 668.9599 Tm [(When )-76(we )-76(execute )-76(a )-76(pr)17(ogram )-76(\336le, )-76(the )-76(ef)18(fective )-76(user )-76(ID )-76(of )-76(the )-76(pr)18(ocess )-76(is )-76(usually )-76(the)]TJ -0.018 Tc -1.8 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(al )-66(user )-66(ID, )-66(and )-66(the )-66(ef)20(fective )-66(gr)18(oup )-66(ID )-66(is )-66(usually )-66(the )-66(r)18(eal )-66(gr)18(oup )-66(ID.)-562(However)74(,)-316(we)-316(c)1(an)]TJ -0.856 -1.2 Td [(also )-123(set )-123(a )-123(special )-123(\337ag )-123(in )-123(the )-123(\336le\325s )-123(mode )-123(wor)]TJ 0.3727 Tc 20.151 0 Td (d\()Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0 Tc 1.317 0 Td (st_mode)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.3727 Tc (\)t)Tj 0 Tc 5.232 0 Td [(hat )-123(says, )-123(\324)37(\324When )-123(this )-123(\336le )-123(is)]TJ -26.7 -1.2 Td [(executed, )-69(set )-69(the )-69(ef)18(fective )-69(user )-69(ID )-69(of )-69(the )-69(pr)18(ocess )-69(to )-69(be )-69(the )-69(owner )-69(of )-69(the )-69(\336le )-69(\()]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 34.298 0 Td (st_uid)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(\).\325)37(\325)]TJ -34.298 -1.2 Td [(Similarly)111(,)-305(we)-305(can )-55(set )-55(another )-55(bit )-55(in )-55(the )-55(\336le\325s )-55(mode )-55(wor)]TJ 0.3052 Tc 24.474 0 Td (dt)Tj 0 Tc 1.242 0 Td [(hat )-55(causes )-55(the )-55(ef)18(fective )-55(gr)17(oup)]TJ -25.716 -1.2 Td [(ID )-78(to )-78(be )-78(the )-78(gr)18(oup )-78(owner )-78(of )-78(the )-78(\336le )-78(\()]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 16.844 0 Td (st_gid)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(\). )-328(These)-327(two )-78(bits )-78(in )-78(the )-78(\336le\325s )-78(mode )-78(wor)20(d)]TJ -16.844 -1.2 Td (ar)Tj 0.25 Tc 0.877 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.173 0 Td (alled the)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 4.059 0 Td (set-user-ID)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.861 0 Td (bit and the)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 5 0 Td [(set-gr)18(oup-ID)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 5.509 0 Td (bit.)Tj -19.679 -1.2 Td [(For )-55(example, )-55(if )-55(the )-55(owner )-55(of )-55(the )-55(\336le )-55(is )-55(the )-55(super)9(user )-55(and )-55(if )-55(the )-55(\336le\325s )-55(set-user)18(-ID )-55(bit)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(is )-82(set, )-82(then )-82(while )-82(that )-82(pr)18(ogram )-82(\336le )-82(is )-82(r)8(unning )-82(as )-82(a )-82(pr)18(ocess, )-82(it )-82(has )-82(super)8(user )-82(privileges.)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(This )-80(happens )-80(r)17(egar)18(dless )-80(of )-80(the )-80(r)18(eal )-80(user )-80(ID )-80(of )-80(the )-80(pr)15(ocess )-80(that )-80(executes )-80(the )-80(\336le.)-580(As )-80(an)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(example, )-43(the )-43(UNIX )-43(System )-43(pr)18(ogram )-43(that )-43(allows )-43(anyone )-43(to )-43(change )-43(his )-43(or )-43(her )-43(passwor)18(d,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf T* (passwd)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.6 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (1)Tj 0.5 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td [(,)-281(is)-281(a)-281(set-user)18(-ID )-31(pr)18(ogram. )-281(This)-281(is )-31(r)18(equir)18(ed )-31(so )-31(that )-31(the )-31(pr)18(ogram )-31(can )-31(write )-31(the)]TJ -4.766 -1.2 Td [(new )-129(passwor)18(d)-379(to)-379(the )-129(passwor)]TJ 0.3788 Tc 13.692 0 Td (d\336)Tj 0 Tc 1.595 0 Td [(le, )-129(typically )-129(either)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.564 0 Td (/etc/passwd)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.979 0 Td (or)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.32 0 Td (/etc/shadow)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (,)Tj -32.15 -1.2 Td [(\336les )-111(that )-111(should )-111(be )-111(writable )-111(only )-111(by )-111(the )-111(super)10(user)]TJ 0.6107 Tc 22.969 0 Td (.B)Tj 0 Tc 1.472 0 Td [(ecause )-111(a )-111(pr)19(ocess )-111(that )-111(is )-111(r)9(unning)]TJ -24.44 -1.2 Td [(set-user)18(-ID )-146(to )-146(some )-146(other )-146(user )-146(usually )-146(assumes )-146(extra )-146(permissions, )-146(it )-146(must )-146(be )-146(written)]TJ T* [(car)18(efully)]TJ 0.5 Tc 3.763 0 Td (.W)Tj 0 Tc 1.658 0 Td [(e\325ll discuss these types of pr)18(ograms in mor)]TJ 0.25 Tc 18.826 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.34 0 Td (etail in Chapter 8.)Tj -23.787 -1.2 Td [(Returning )-197(to )-197(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.081 0 Td (stat)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.847 0 Td [(function, )-197(the )-197(set-user)19(-ID )-197(bit )-197(and )-197(the )-197(set-gr)18(oup-ID )-197(bit )-197(ar)19(e)]TJ -12.728 -1.2 Td [(contained )-328(in )-328(the )-328(\336le\325s)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.011 0 Td (st_mode)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.778 0 Td [(value. )-578(These)-579(two )-328(bits )-328(can )-328(be )-328(tested )-328(against )-328(the)]TJ -15.79 -1.2 Td (constants)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 4.404 0 Td (S_ISUID)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.943 0 Td (S_ISGID)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (,r)Tj 0 Tc 5.077 0 Td [(espectively)111(.)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 11.9993 0 0 11.9993 93.5943 421.7747 Tm [(4.5 )-1332(File)-556(Access )-278(P)30(ermissions)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.592 403.7758 Tm (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.015 0 Td (st_mode)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.541 0 Td [(value )-91(also )-91(encodes )-91(the )-91(access )-91(permission )-91(bits )-91(for )-91(the )-91(\336le.)-591(When )-91(we )-91(say)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf -6.556 -1.2 Td (\336le)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(,)-816(we)-816(mean )-566(any )-566(of )-566(the )-566(\336le )-566(types )-566(that )-566(we )-566(described )-566(earlier)]TJ 1.0658 Tc 31.931 0 Td (.A)Tj 0 Tc 2.094 0 Td [(ll )-566(the )-566(\336le)]TJ -34.025 -1.2 Td [(types )167(\321 )167(dir)17(ectories, )-71(character )-71(special )-71(\336les, )-71(and )-71(so )-71(on)]TJ 0.0833 Tc 23.407 0 Td (\321h)Tj 0 Tc 1.665 0 Td [(ave )-71(permissions.)-571(Many )-71(people)]TJ -25.073 -1.2 Td [(think of only r)18(egular \336les as having access permissions.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td (Ther)Tj 0.3072 Tc 2.051 0 Td (ea)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.286 0 Td [(re )-93(n)]TJ 0 Tc 1.745 0 Td [(ine )-57(permission )-57(bits )-57(for )-57(each )-57(\336le, )-57(divided )-57(into )-57(thr)16(ee )-57(categories.)-557(They )-57(ar)18(e)]TJ -6.882 -1.2 Td (shown in Figur)Tj 0.25 Tc 6.724 0 Td (e4)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (.6.)Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2620.25 3298.25 cm 0 0 m 1252 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 265.9481 321.7614 Tm (st_mode)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td [(mask )-2453(Meaning)]TJ ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2620.25 3178.25 cm 0 0 m 1252 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2620.25 3158.25 cm 0 0 m 1252 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 276.3822 307.7446 Tm (S_IRUSR)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.006 0 Td [(user)18(-r)18(ead)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -7.006 -1.25 Td (S_IWUSR)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.006 0 Td [(user)18(-write)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -7.006 -1.25 Td (S_IXUSR)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.006 0 Td [(user)18(-execute)]TJ ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2620.25 2838.25 cm 0 0 m 1252 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 276.3657 275.7338 Tm (S_IRGRP)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.006 0 Td [(gr)18(oup-r)18(ead)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -7.006 -1.25 Td (S_IWGRP)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.006 0 Td [(gr)18(oup-write)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -7.006 -1.25 Td (S_IXGRP)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.006 0 Td [(gr)18(oup-execute)]TJ ET q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2620.25 2518.25 cm 0 0 m 1252 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9976 0 0 7.9976 276.3491 243.7269 Tm (S_IROTH)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.006 0 Td [(other)18(-r)18(ead)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -7.006 -1.25 Td (S_IWOTH)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.006 0 Td [(other)18(-write)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -7.006 -1.25 Td (S_IXOTH)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.006 0 Td [(other)18(-execute)]TJ ET q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2620.25 2198.25 cm 0 0 m 1252 0 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3265.25 2198.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1100 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3872.25 2198.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1100 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2620.25 2198.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1100 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9971 0 0 7.9971 201.5594 201.7274 Tm (Figure 4.6)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.195 0 Td [(The nine \336le access permission bits, fr)18(om)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 18.347 0 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9964 0 0 9.9964 129.5536 177.736 Tm [(The )-122(term)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 4.502 0 Td (user)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.095 0 Td [(in )-122(the )-122(\336rst )-122(thr)18(ee )-122(r)18(ows )-122(in )-122(Figur)]TJ 0.3724 Tc 13.924 0 Td (e4)Tj 0 Tc 1.351 0 Td [(.6 )-122(r)18(efers )-122(to )-122(the )-122(owner )-122(of )-122(the )-122(\336le.)-626(The)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.873 -1.2 Td (chmod)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (1)Tj 0.5 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.846 -0.04 Td [(command, )-262(which )-262(is )-262(typically )-262(used )-262(to )-262(modify )-262(these )-262(nine )-262(permission )-262(bits,)]TJ -4.679 -1.2 Td [(allows )-62(us )-62(to )-62(specify)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.163 0 Td (u)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.912 0 Td [(for )-62(user )-62(\(owner\),)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.864 0 Td (g)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.912 0 Td [(for )-62(gr)18(oup, )-62(and)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.837 0 Td (o)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.912 0 Td [(for )-62(other)]TJ 0.5624 Tc 3.84 0 Td (.S)Tj 0 Tc 1.337 0 Td [(ome )-62(books )-62(r)17(efer)]TJ -31.779 -1.2 Td [(to )-135(these )-135(thr)18(ee )-135(as )-135(owner)]TJ 0.3855 Tc 10.633 0 Td (,g)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.191 0 Td (ro)Tj 0 Tc 0.923 0 Td [(up, )-135(and )-135(world; )-135(this )-135(is )-135(confusing, )-135(as )-135(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 18.418 0 Td (chmod)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.386 0 Td (command)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47060 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (98)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3 0 Td [(Files )-250(and )-250(Dir)18(ectories )]TJ 39.741 0 Td [(Chapter)-500(4)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2469.25 6670.25 cm 0 0 m 1554 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 264.9641 658.9605 Tm [(File type)-3500(Count )-1492(Per)18(centage)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2469.25 6550.25 cm 0 0 m 1554 0 l S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2469.25 6530.25 cm 0 0 m 1554 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 7.999 0 0 7.999 250.8859 644.9226 Tm (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(gular \336le)-4019(415,803 )-1993(79.77)-250(%)]TJ -0.856 -1.25 Td [(dir)18(ectory )]TJ 9.345 0 Td (62,197)Tj -0.055 Tc 5.048 0 Td (11)Tj 0 Tc 0.945 0 Td (.93)Tj -15.338 -1.25 Td [(symbolic link)-3387(40,018 )-2493(8.25)]TJ 0 -1.25 TD [(character special)-3250(155 )-2493(0.03)]TJ T* (block special)Tj 11.095 0 Td [(47 )-2493(0.01)]TJ -11.095 -1.25 Td (socket )Tj 11.095 0 Td [(45)-2743(0.01)]TJ -11.095 -1.25 Td (FIFO )Tj 11.595 0 Td [(0)-2743(0.00)]TJ ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2469.25 5810.25 cm 0 0 m 1554 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3537.25 5810.25 cm 0 0 m 0 860 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3157.25 5810.25 cm 0 0 m 0 860 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4023.25 5810.25 cm 0 0 m 0 860 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2469.25 5810.25 cm 0 0 m 0 860 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 223.5278 562.8987 Tm (Figure 4.4)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.195 0 Td [(Counts and per)18(centages of dif)18(fer)18(ent \336le types)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.9978 0 0 11.9978 93.5834 526.9051 Tm [(4.4 )-1332(Set-User)20(-ID )-278(and )-278(Set-Gr)20(oup-ID)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9982 0 0 9.9982 129.5766 505.309 Tm [(Every pr)18(ocess has six or mor)]TJ 0.25 Tc 12.635 0 Td (eI)Tj 0 Tc 1.066 0 Td [(Ds associated with it.)-500(These ar)]TJ 0.25 Tc 13.597 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.153 0 Td (hown in Figur)Tj 0.25 Tc 6.3 0 Td (e4)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (.5.)Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2025.25 4890.25 cm 0 0 m 2441 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 206.4944 480.8846 Tm (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (al user ID)Tj -0.018 Tc -0.856 -1.25 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(al gr)18(oup ID)]TJ 12.082 0.625 Td [(who we r)18(eally ar)18(e)]TJ ET q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2025.25 4670.25 cm 0 0 m 2441 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9976 0 0 7.9976 206.482 458.8623 Tm [(ef)18(fective user ID)]TJ T* [(ef)18(fective gr)18(oup ID)-4933(used for \336le access permission checks)]TJ T* [(supplementary gr)18(oup IDs)]TJ ET q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2025.25 4350.25 cm 0 0 m 2441 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9971 0 0 7.9971 206.4697 426.8463 Tm [(saved set-user)18(-ID)]TJ T* [(saved set-gr)18(oup-ID)]TJ 12.938 0.625 Td (saved by)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 4.188 0 Td (exec)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td (functions)Tj ET q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2025.25 4130.25 cm 0 0 m 2441 0 l 2441 760 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2025.25 4130.25 cm 0 0 m 0 760 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9966 0 0 7.9966 210.1317 394.8341 Tm (Figure 4.5)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.195 0 Td [(User IDs and gr)18(oup IDs associated with each pr)18(ocess)]TJ 0.883 Tc 9.9958 0 0 9.9958 147.5382 370.8442 Tm (\245T)Tj 0 Tc 2.102 0 Td [(he )-47(r)18(eal )-47(user )-47(ID )-47(and )-47(r)18(eal 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93.6 446.3998 Tm [(4.1 )-1332(Intr)20(oduction)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 129.6 424.7998 Tm [(In )-389(the )-389(pr)18(evious )-389(chapter )-389(we )-389(cover)18(ed )-389(the )-389(basic )-389(functions )-389(that )-389(perform )-389(I/O.)-889(The)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(discussion )-113(center)18(ed )-113(on )-113(I/O )-113(for )-113(r)18(egular )-113(\336les)]TJ 0.0833 Tc 19.809 0 Td (\321o)Tj 0 Tc 1.629 0 Td [(pening )-113(a )-113(\336le, )-113(and )-113(r)18(eading )-113(or )-113(writing )-113(a)]TJ -21.439 -1.2 Td [(\336le. )-296(W)92(e\325ll )-46(now )-46(look )-46(at )-46(additional )-46(featur)16(es )-47(of )-47(the )-47(\336le )-47(system )-47(and )-47(the )-47(pr)18(operties )-47(of )-47(a )-47(\336le.)]TJ -0.092 Tc -0 -1.2 Td (We)Tj 0 Tc 1.387 0 Td [(\325ll )-29(start )-29(with )-29(the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 7.366 0 Td (stat)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 2.679 0 Td [(functions )-29(and )-29(go )-29(thr)18(ough )-29(each )-29(member )-29(of )-29(the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 20.671 0 Td (stat)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 2.679 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e,)]TJ -34.781 -1.2 Td [(looking )-181(at )-181(all )-181(the )-181(attributes )-181(of )-181(a )-181(\336le.)-679(In )-181(this )-181(pr)18(ocess, )-181(we\325ll )-181(also )-181(describe )-181(each )-181(of )-181(the)]TJ T* [(functions )-95(that )-95(modify )-95(these )-95(attributes: )-95(change )-95(the )-95(owner)]TJ 0.3452 Tc 25.556 0 Td (,c)Tj 0 Tc 1.039 0 Td [(hange )-95(the )-95(permissions, )-95(and)]TJ -26.596 -1.2 Td [(so )-13(on.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 3.125 0 Td (We)Tj 0 Tc 1.387 0 Td [(\325ll )-13(also )-13(look )-13(in )-13(mor)]TJ 0.2633 Tc 8.292 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.353 0 Td [(etail )-13(at )-13(the )-13(str)7(uctur)18(e)-263(of)-263(a)-263(U)-1(NIX )-13(\336le )-13(system )-13(and )-13(symbolic)]TJ -14.157 -1.2 Td [(links. )-452(W)]TJ 0.4521 Tc 4.004 0 Td (e\336)Tj 0 Tc 1.536 0 Td [(nish )-202(this )-202(chapter )-202(with )-202(the )-202(functions )-202(that )-202(operate )-202(on )-202(dir)17(ectories, )-202(and )-202(we)]TJ -5.54 -1.2 Td [(develop a function that descends thr)18(ough a dir)18(ectory hierar)18(chy)111(.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 93.5998 295.1998 Tm (4.2)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 3 0 Td (stat)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 3.234 0 Td (fstat)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 3.834 0 Td (fstatat)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.556 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 5.59 0 Td (nd)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 1.778 0 Td (lstat)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.556 0 Td (Functions)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 129.5993 273.5998 Tm [(The )-93(discussion )-93(in )-93(this )-93(chapter )-93(centers )-93(on )-93(the )-93(four)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 22.742 0 Td (stat)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 2.743 0 Td [(functions )-93(and )-93(the )-93(information)]TJ -25.485 -1.2 Td [(they r)18(eturn.)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 147.5994 243.6998 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.902 TD (int stat\(const char *restrict)Tj /T1_3 1 Tf 18 0 Td (pathname)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 5.744 0 Td (truct stat *restrict)Tj /T1_3 1 Tf 12.6 0 Td (buf)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.482 0 Td (\);)Tj -37.826 -1.902 Td (int fstat\(int)Tj /T1_3 1 Tf 8.4 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 2.578 0 Td (truct stat *)Tj /T1_3 1 Tf (buf)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 8.682 0 Td (\);)Tj -19.66 -1.902 Td (int lstat\(const char *restrict)Tj /T1_3 1 Tf 18.6 0 Td (pathname)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 5.744 0 Td (truct stat *restrict)Tj /T1_3 1 Tf 12.6 0 Td (buf)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.482 0 Td (\);)Tj -38.426 -1.902 Td (int fstatat\(int)Tj /T1_3 1 Tf 9.6 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 2.578 0 Td (onst char *restrict)Tj /T1_3 1 Tf 12 0 Td (pathname)Tj /TT1 1 Tf (,)Tj -16.978 -1.189 Td (struct stat *restrict)Tj /T1_3 1 Tf 13.2 0 Td (buf)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 3.097 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_3 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (\337ag)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.537 0 Td (\);)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -3.005 -1.902 Td [(All four r)18(eturn: 0 if OK,)]TJ /TT3 1 Tf 10.635 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 1429.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1098 l 3900 1098 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_4 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 510.5694 113.9932 Tm (93)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47063 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (90)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3 0 Td [(File )-250(I/O)]TJ 39.741 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(3)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 11.9993 0 0 11.9993 93.5944 668.9599 Tm [(3.17 )-776(Summar)-10(y)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 647.3612 Tm [(This )-240(chapter )-240(has )-240(described )-240(the )-240(basic )-240(I/O )-240(functions )-240(pr)19(ovided )-240(by )-240(the )-240(UNIX )-240(System.)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(These )-264(ar)]TJ 0.5145 Tc 3.969 0 Td (eo)Tj 0 Tc 1.539 0 Td [(ften )-265(called )-265(the )-265(unbuf)19(fer)18(ed )-265(I/O )-265(functions )-265(because )-265(each)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 26.122 0 Td (read)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.915 0 Td (or)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.456 0 Td (write)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -36 -1.2 Td [(invokes )-118(a )-118(system )-118(call )-118(into )-118(the )-118(kernel.)-618(Using )-118(only)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 22.894 0 Td (read)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.768 0 Td (and)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 2.061 0 Td (write)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(,)-368(we)-368(looked )-118(at )-118(the)]TJ -27.723 -1.2 Td [(ef)18(fect )-20(of )-20(various )-20(I/O )-20(sizes )-20(on )-20(the )-20(amount )-20(of )-20(time )-20(r)16(equir)18(ed )-20(to )-20(r)18(ead )-20(a )-20(\336le.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 32.283 0 Td [(We )-204(a)]TJ 0 Tc 2.157 0 Td [(lso )-20(looked)]TJ -34.44 -1.2 Td [(at )-6(several )-6(ways )-6(to )-6(\337ush )-6(written )-6(data )-6(to )-6(disk )-6(and )-6(their )-6(ef)18(fect )-6(on )-6(application )-6(performance.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(Atomic )-134(operations )-134(wer)]TJ 0.3844 Tc 10.417 0 Td (ei)Tj 0 Tc 1.154 0 Td [(ntr)18(oduced )-134(when )-134(multiple )-134(pr)18(ocesses )-134(append )-134(to )-134(the )-134(same)]TJ -13.371 -1.2 Td [(\336le )-251(and )-251(when )-251(multiple )-251(pr)18(ocesses )-251(cr)18(eate )-251(the )-251(same )-251(\336le.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 26.169 0 Td [(We )-435(a)]TJ 0 Tc 2.388 0 Td [(lso )-251(looked )-251(at )-251(the )-251(data)]TJ -28.557 -1.2 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(es )-195(used )-195(by )-195(the )-195(kernel )-195(to )-195(shar)]TJ 0.4452 Tc 17.214 0 Td (ei)Tj 0 Tc 1.215 0 Td [(nformation )-195(about )-195(open )-195(\336les.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 13.8 0 Td (We)Tj 0 Tc 1.387 0 Td [(\325ll )-195(r)18(eturn )-195(to)]TJ -33.616 -1.2 Td [(these data str)8(uctur)18(es later in the text.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 1.8 -1.2 Td [(We )-385(a)]TJ 0 Tc 2.338 0 Td [(lso )-201(described )-201(the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 8.287 0 Td (ioctl)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.451 0 Td (and)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 2.144 0 Td (fcntl)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.451 0 Td [(functions. )-450(W)]TJ 0.4505 Tc 5.989 0 Td (er)Tj 0 Tc 1.306 0 Td [(eturn )-200(to )-200(both )-200(of )-200(these)]TJ -28.765 -1.2 Td [(functions )-227(later )-227(in )-227(the )-227(book.)-727(In )-227(Chapter )-227(14, )-227(we\325ll )-227(use)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 25.297 0 Td (fcntl)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.478 0 Td [(for )-227(r)18(ecor)]TJ 0.4775 Tc 3.975 0 Td (dl)Tj 0 Tc 1.379 0 Td [(ocking. )-477(In)]TJ -34.129 -1.2 Td (Chapter 18 and Chapter 19, we\325ll use)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 16.556 0 Td (ioctl)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td (when we deal with terminal devices.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 11.9993 0 0 11.9993 129.5925 476.9714 Tm [(Ex)10(er)20(cises)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 129.5925 455.9726 Tm (3.1)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.602 0 Td [(When )-249(r)18(eading )-249(or )-249(writing )-249(a )-249(disk )-249(\336le, )-249(ar)]TJ 0.4993 Tc 18.635 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.304 0 Td [(he )-249(functions )-249(described )-249(in )-249(this )-249(chapter )-249(r)16(eally)]TJ -19.939 -1.222 Td [(unbuf)18(fer)18(ed? )-250(Explain.)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf -2.602 -1.667 Td (3.2)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.074 Tc 2.602 0 Td (Wr)Tj 0 Tc 1.321 0 Td [(ite )-76(your )-76(own)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 6.135 0 Td (dup2)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.726 0 Td [(function )-76(that )-76(behaves )-76(the )-76(same )-76(way )-76(as )-76(the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 19.503 0 Td (dup2)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.726 0 Td [(function )-76(described)]TJ -32.411 -1.222 Td (in Section 3.12, without calling the)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 15.416 0 Td (fcntl)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td [(function. )-250(Be)-250(sur)18(e)-250(to)-250(handle err)18(ors corr)18(ectly)111(.)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf -21.268 -1.667 Td (3.3)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.602 0 Td [(Assume that a pr)18(ocess executes the following thr)18(ee function calls:)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 2 -1.562 Td (fd1 = open\(path, oflags\);)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (fd2 = dup\(fd1\);)Tj T* (fd3 = open\(path, oflags\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -2 -1.596 Td [(Draw )-220(the )-220(r)18(esulting )-220(pictur)17(e, )-220(similar )-220(to )-220(Figur)]TJ 0.4702 Tc 20.342 0 Td (e3)Tj 0 Tc 1.449 0 Td [(.9. )-470(Which)-470(descriptors )-220(ar)]TJ 0.4702 Tc 11.373 0 Td (ea)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.449 0 Td (ff)Tj 0 Tc 0.648 0 Td [(ected )-220(by )-220(an)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf -35.261 -1.222 Td (fcntl)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.298 0 Td (on)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.426 0 Td (fd1)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.098 0 Td [(with )-49(a )-49(command )-49(of)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 9.055 0 Td (F_SETFD)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5486 Tc (?W)Tj 0 Tc 6.193 0 Td [(hich )-49(descriptors )-49(ar)]TJ 0.2986 Tc 8.309 0 Td (ea)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.278 0 Td (ff)Tj 0 Tc 0.648 0 Td [(ected )-49(by )-49(an)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 5.426 0 Td (fcntl)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -37.731 -1.222 Td (on)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.378 0 Td (fd1)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.05 0 Td (with a command of)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 8.861 0 Td (F_SETFL)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (?)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -14.891 -1.667 Td (3.4)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.602 0 Td [(The following sequence of code has been observed in various pr)18(ograms:)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 2 -1.562 Td (dup2\(fd, 0\);)Tj T* (dup2\(fd, 1\);)Tj T* (dup2\(fd, 2\);)Tj T* (if \(fd > 2\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (close\(fd\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.092 Tc -4.4 -1.596 Td [(To )-188(s)]TJ 0 Tc 1.745 0 Td [(ee )-4(why )-4(the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 5.08 0 Td (if)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.454 0 Td [(test )-4(is )-4(needed, )-4(assume )-4(that)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 12.079 0 Td (fd)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.454 0 Td [(is )-4(1 )-4(and )-4(draw )-4(a )-4(pictur)17(e)-254(of)-254(what )-4(happens )-4(to)]TJ -21.812 -1.222 Td [(the )-118(thr)18(ee )-118(descriptor )-118(entries )-118(and )-118(the )-118(corr)19(esponding )-118(\336le )-118(table )-118(entry )-118(with )-118(each )-118(call )-118(to)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 38.081 0 Td (dup2)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj -38.081 -1.222 Td (Then assume that)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 8.053 0 Td (fd)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.45 0 Td [(is 3 and draw the same pictur)18(e.)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf -12.105 -1.667 Td (3.5)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.602 0 Td (The Bourne shell, Bourne-again shell, and Korn shell notation)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 2 -1.562 Td (digit1)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 2.472 0 Td (>&)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.283 0 Td (digit2)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -5.756 -1.596 Td [(says )-52(to )-52(r)19(edir)18(ect )-52(descriptor)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 11.879 0 Td (digit1)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.691 0 Td [(to )-52(the )-52(same )-52(\336le )-52(as )-52(descriptor)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 13.166 0 Td (digit2)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5517 Tc (.W)Tj 0 Tc 4.191 0 Td [(hat )-52(is )-52(the )-52(dif)19(fer)18(ence)]TJ -31.926 -1.222 Td [(between )-84(the )-84(two )-84(commands )-84(shown )-84(below?)-584(\(Hint: )-84(The )-84(shells )-84(pr)18(ocess )-84(their )-84(command )-84(lines)]TJ 0 -1.222 TD [(fr)18(om left to right.\))]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 2 -1.562 Td (./a.out > outfile 2>&1)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (./a.out 2>&1 > outfile)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47064 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (88)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3 0 Td [(File )-250(I/O)]TJ 39.741 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(3)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 183.589 670.9597 Tm (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.048 0 Td (ioctl)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.374 0 Td [(function )-124(was )-124(included )-124(in )-124(the )-124(Single )-124(UNIX )-124(Speci\336cation )-124(only )-124(as )-124(an )-124(extension )-124(for)]TJ -5.423 -1.25 Td [(dealing )-35(with )-35(STREAMS )-35(devices)]TJ 14.441 0.04 Td ([)Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td [(Rago )-35(1993)]TJ 4.555 0.04 Td (])Tj 0.2848 Tc 0.333 -0.04 Td (,b)Tj 0 Tc 1.088 0 Td [(ut )-35(it )-35(was )-35(moved )-35(to )-35(obsolescent )-35(status )-35(in )-35(SUSv4.)]TJ -20.749 -1.25 Td [(UNIX )-118(System )-118(implementations )-118(use)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 16.268 0 Td (ioctl)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.368 0 Td [(for )-118(many )-118(miscellaneous )-118(device )-118(operations.)-618(Some)]TJ -19.636 -1.25 Td [(implementations have even extended it for use with r)18(egular \336les.)]TJ 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5911 618.9629 Tm [(The )-108(pr)18(ototype )-108(that )-108(we )-108(show )-108(corr)18(esponds )-108(to )-108(POSIX.1.)-607(Fr)18(eeBSD )-108(8.0 )-108(and )-108(Mac )-108(OS )-108(X)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(10.6.8 )-91(declar)]TJ 0.3413 Tc 5.543 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.146 0 Td [(he )-91(second )-91(ar)18(gument )-91(as )-91(an)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 12.165 0 Td [(unsigned )259(long)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5912 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 8.995 0 Td [(his )-91(detail )-91(doesn\325t )-91(matter)73(,)]TJ -27.85 -1.2 Td [(since the second ar)18(gument is always a)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 17.069 0 Td (#define)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (dn)Tj 0 Tc 5.643 0 Td [(ame fr)18(om a header)74(.)]TJ -20.912 -1.2 Td [(For )-18(the )-18(ISO )-18(C )-18(pr)19(ototype, )-18(an )-18(ellipsis )-18(is )-18(used )-18(for )-18(the )-18(r)18(emaining )-18(ar)20(guments. )-268(Normally)111(,)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td (however)Tj 0.3235 Tc 3.806 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 0.9 0 Td [(her)18(e)-323(is)-323(o)-1(nly )-73(one )-73(mor)]TJ 0.3235 Tc 9.314 0 Td (ea)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.302 0 Td (rg)Tj 0 Tc 0.933 0 Td [(ument, )-73(and )-73(it\325s )-73(usually )-73(a )-73(pointer )-73(to )-73(a )-73(variable )-73(or )-73(a)]TJ -16.255 -1.2 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(In )-332(this )-332(pr)19(ototype, )-332(we )-332(show )-332(only )-332(the )-332(headers )-332(r)20(equir)18(ed )-332(for )-332(the )-332(function )-332(itself.)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td (Normally)Tj 0.5048 Tc 4.182 0 Td (,a)Tj 0 Tc 1.255 0 Td [(dditional )-255(device-speci\336c )-255(headers )-255(ar)]TJ 0.5048 Tc 16.4 0 Td (er)Tj 0 Tc 1.361 0 Td [(equir)18(ed. )-505(For)-505(example, )-255(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 12.802 0 Td (ioctl)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -36 -1.2 Td [(commands )-247(for )-247(terminal )-247(I/O, )-247(beyond )-247(the )-247(basic )-247(operations )-247(speci\336ed )-247(by )-247(POSIX.1, )-247(all)]TJ -0.018 Tc 0 -1.2 TD (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (quir)Tj 0.25 Tc 1.831 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.055 0 Td (he)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.311 0 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.85 0 Td [(header)74(.)]TJ -10.103 -1.2 Td [(Each )-306(device )-306(driver )-306(can )-306(de\336ne )-306(its )-306(own )-306(set )-306(of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 22.142 0 Td (ioctl)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.556 0 Td [(commands. )-556(The)-557(system,)]TJ -27.499 -1.2 Td (however)Tj 0.2921 Tc 3.806 0 Td (,p)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.143 0 Td (ro)Tj 0 Tc 0.923 0 Td [(vides )-42(generic)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.18 0 Td (ioctl)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.292 0 Td [(commands )-42(for )-42(dif)18(fer)18(ent )-42(classes )-42(of )-42(devices.)-542(Examples)]TJ -15.344 -1.2 Td [(of )-43(some )-43(of )-43(the )-43(categories )-43(for )-43(these )-43(generic)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 19.048 0 Td (ioctl)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.293 0 Td [(commands )-43(supported )-43(in )-43(Fr)18(eeBSD )-43(ar)20(e)]TJ -22.34 -1.2 Td (summarized in Figur)Tj 0.25 Tc 9.325 0 Td (e3)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (.15.)Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2012.25 4442.25 cm 0 0 m 2468 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 266.592 436.1477 Tm (Constant )Tj 17.297 0 Td [(Number)-250(of)]TJ -16.733 -1.25 Td (names)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 17.458 0 Td (ioctl)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (s)Tj -24.695 0.625 Td (Category)Tj 15.722 0 Td (Header)Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2012.25 4222.25 cm 0 0 m 2468 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2012.25 4202.25 cm 0 0 m 2468 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 205.1751 412.1258 Tm (disk labels)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 7.574 0 Td [(DIOxxx )-1500()]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 19.836 0 Td (4)Tj -27.41 -1.25 Td (\336le I/O)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 7.574 0 Td [(FIOxxx )-1500()]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 19.336 0 Td (14)Tj -26.91 -1.25 Td (mag tape I/O)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 7.574 0 Td [(MTIOxxx )-900()]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf -0.055 Tc 19.391 0 Td (11)Tj 0 Tc -26.965 -1.25 Td (socket I/O)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 7.574 0 Td [(SIOxxx )-1500()]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 19.336 0 Td (73)Tj -26.91 -1.25 Td (terminal I/O)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 7.574 0 Td [(TIOxxx )-1500()]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 19.336 0 Td (43)Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2012.25 3682.25 cm 0 0 m 2468 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3990.25 3682.25 cm 0 0 m 0 760 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3054.25 3682.25 cm 0 0 m 0 760 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2598.25 3682.25 cm 0 0 m 0 760 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4480.25 3682.25 cm 0 0 m 0 760 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2012.25 3682.25 cm 0 0 m 0 760 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 236.2033 350.116 Tm (Figure 3.15)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.695 0 Td [(Common Fr)18(eeBSD)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.45 0 Td (ioctl)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td (operations)Tj 9.9976 0 0 9.9976 147.5648 326.1217 Tm [(The )-143(mag )-143(tape )-143(operations )-143(allow )-143(us )-143(to )-143(write )-143(end-of-\336le )-143(marks )-143(on )-143(a )-143(tape, )-143(r)23(ewind )-143(a)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(tape, )-100(space )-100(forwar)]TJ 0.3497 Tc 8.288 0 Td (do)Tj 0 Tc 1.507 0 Td [(ver )-100(a )-100(speci\336ed )-100(number )-100(of )-100(\336les )-100(or )-100(r)20(ecor)18(ds, )-100(and )-100(the )-100(like.)-600(None )-100(of)]TJ -9.795 -1.2 Td [(these )-14(operations )-14(is )-14(easily )-14(expr)18(essed )-14(in )-14(terms )-14(of )-14(the )-14(other )-14(functions )-14(in )-14(the )-14(chapter )-14(\()]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 36.35 0 Td (read)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -36.35 -1.2 Td (write)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.567 0 Td (lseek)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.3168 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 4.067 0 Td [(nd )-67(so )-67(on\), )-67(so )-67(the )-67(easiest )-67(way )-67(to )-67(handle )-67(these )-67(devices )-67(has )-67(always )-67(been)]TJ -7.634 -1.2 Td (to access their operations using)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 14.056 0 Td (ioctl)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj -0.092 Tc -12.256 -1.2 Td [(We )-248(u)]TJ 0 Tc 2.304 0 Td [(se )-64(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 2.919 0 Td (ioctl)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.314 0 Td [(function )-64(in )-64(Section )-64(18.12 )-64(to )-64(fetch )-64(and )-64(set )-64(the )-64(size )-64(of )-64(a )-64(terminal\325s)]TJ -10.337 -1.2 Td (window)Tj 0.259 Tc 3.606 0 Td (,a)Tj 0 Tc 1.009 0 Td [(nd )-9(in )-9(Section )-9(19.7 )-9(when )-9(we )-9(access )-9(the )-9(advanced )-9(featur)18(es )-9(of )-9(pseudo )-9(terminals.)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 11.9971 0 0 11.9971 93.5781 220.5471 Tm (3.16)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 3 0 Td (/dev/fd)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9976 0 0 9.9976 129.5695 198.9522 Tm [(Newer )-16(systems )-16(pr)18(ovide )-16(a )-16(dir)18(ectory )-16(named)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 19.183 0 Td (/dev/fd)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.466 0 Td [(whose )-16(entries )-16(ar)]TJ 0.2666 Tc 7.251 0 Td (e\336)Tj 0 Tc 1.351 0 Td [(les )-17(named)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.782 0 Td (0)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.117 0 Td (1)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -38.15 -1.2 Td (2)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.399 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 1.749 0 Td [(nd )-149(so )-149(on.)-649(Opening )-149(the )-149(\336le)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 12.824 0 Td (/dev/fd/)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (n)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.755 0 Td [(is )-149(equivalent )-149(to )-149(duplicating )-149(descriptor)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 17.866 0 Td (n)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj -38.194 -1.2 Td (assuming that descriptor)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 11.259 0 Td (n)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.806 0 Td (is open.)Tj 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 183.5574 154.9628 Tm (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.107 0 Td (/dev/fd)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.633 0 Td (featur)Tj 0.4328 Tc 2.618 0 Td (ew)Tj 0 Tc 1.746 0 Td [(as )-183(developed )-183(by )-183(T)92(om )-183(Duf)]TJ 0.4328 Tc 12.068 0 Td (fa)Tj 0 Tc 1.266 0 Td [(nd )-183(appear)18(ed )-183(in )-183(the )-183(8th )-183(Edition )-183(of )-183(the)]TJ -24.437 -1.25 Td [(Resear)18(ch )-68(UNIX )-68(System.)-568(It )-68(is )-68(supported )-68(by )-68(all )-68(of )-68(the )-68(systems )-68(described )-68(in )-68(this )-68(book: )-68(Fr)20(eeBSD)]TJ -0 -1.25 Td [(8.0, Linux 3.2.0, Mac OS X 10.6.8, and Solaris 10.)-500(It is not part of POSIX.1.)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47065 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(3.15)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 36.903 0 Td (ioctl)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td (Function)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.93 0 Td (87)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 668.9599 Tm (ro)Tj 0 Tc 0.923 0 Td [(w)-352(in)-352(F)1(igur)]TJ 0.3517 Tc 4.793 0 Td (e3)Tj 0 Tc 1.331 0 Td [(.13, )-102(but )-102(since )-102(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.996 0 Td (O_SYNC)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.952 0 Td [(\337ag )-102(isn\325t )-102(having )-102(the )-102(intended )-102(ef)18(fect, )-102(the )-102(last)]TJ -0.018 Tc -18.995 -1.2 Td (ro)Tj 0.25 Tc 0.923 0 Td (wb)Tj 0 Tc 1.637 0 Td [(ehaves the same way as the \336fth r)18(ow)92(.)]TJ -0.76 -1.2 Td (Figur)Tj 0.3299 Tc 2.383 0 Td (e3)Tj 0 Tc 1.309 0 Td [(.14 )-80(shows )-80(timing )-80(r)18(esults )-80(for )-80(the )-80(same )-80(tests )-80(r)9(un )-80(on )-80(Mac )-80(OS )-80(X )-80(10.6.8, )-80(which)]TJ -5.492 -1.2 Td [(uses )-208(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.234 0 Td (HFS)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.258 0 Td [(\336le )-208(system.)-708(Note )-208(that )-208(the )-208(times )-208(match )-208(our )-208(expectations: )-208(synchr)14(onous)]TJ -6.492 -1.2 Td [(writes )-50(ar)]TJ 0.3002 Tc 3.926 0 Td (ef)Tj 0 Tc 1.112 0 Td [(ar )-50(mor)]TJ 0.3002 Tc 3.001 0 Td (ee)Tj 0 Tc 1.258 0 Td [(xpensive )-50(than )-50(delayed )-50(writes, )-50(and )-50(using)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 18.403 0 Td (fsync)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.3 0 Td [(with )-50(synchr)18(onous)]TJ -31.001 -1.2 Td [(writes )-64(makes )-64(very )-64(little )-64(dif)17(fer)18(ence. )-314(Note)-315(also )-64(that )-64(adding )-64(a )-64(call )-64(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 29.978 0 Td (fsync)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.314 0 Td [(at )-64(the )-64(end )-64(of)]TJ -33.293 -1.2 Td [(the )-188(delayed )-188(writes )-188(makes )-188(little )-188(measurable )-188(dif)19(fer)18(ence. )-438(It)-438(is )-188(likely )-188(that )-188(the )-188(operating)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(system )-53(\337ushed )-53(pr)18(eviously )-53(written )-53(data )-53(to )-53(disk )-53(as )-53(we )-53(wer)]TJ 0.3031 Tc 25.711 0 Td (ew)Tj 0 Tc 1.616 0 Td [(riting )-53(new )-53(data )-53(to )-53(the )-53(\336le,)]TJ -27.327 -1.2 Td (so by the time that we called)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 12.858 0 Td (fsync)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (,v)Tj 0 Tc 4.065 0 Td (ery little work was left to be done.)Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1530.25 5530.25 cm 0 0 m 3431 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 350.278 544.9346 Tm [(User CPU)-1500(System CPU)-1500(Clock time)]TJ 0.121 -1.25 Td [(\(seconds\) )-2049(\(seconds\))-2479(\(seconds\))]TJ -15.201 0.625 Td (Operation)Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1530.25 5310.25 cm 0 0 m 3431 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 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158.391 544.2673 Tm [(ino_t )-600(d_ino;)]TJ 18 0 Td (/* i-node number */)Tj -18 -1.189 Td [(char )-1200(d_name[];)]TJ 18 0 Td (/* null-terminated filename */)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 183.5895 512.3693 Tm (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.006 0 Td (d_ino)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.332 0 Td [(entry )-82(is )-82(not )-82(de\336ned )-82(by )-82(POSIX.1, )-82(because )-82(it )-82(is )-82(an )-82(implementation )-82(featur)21(e, )-82(but )-82(it )-82(is)]TJ -5.338 -1.25 Td [(de\336ned )-94(as )-94(part )-94(of )-94(the )-94(XSI )-94(option )-94(in )-94(POSIX.1.)-599(POSIX.1 )-95(de\336nes )-95(only )-95(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 32.532 0 Td (d_name)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.945 0 Td [(entry )-95(in )-95(this)]TJ -36.477 -1.25 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e.)]TJ 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5916 471.3717 Tm [(Note )-21(that )-21(the )-21(size )-21(of )-21(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.891 0 Td (d_name)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.871 0 Td [(entry )-21(isn\325t )-21(speci\336ed, )-21(but )-21(it )-21(is )-21(guaranteed )-21(to )-21(hold )-21(at)]TJ -16.562 -1.2 Td (least)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.342 0 Td (NAME_MAX)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.122 0 Td [(characters, )-72(not )-72(including )-72(the )-72(terminating )-72(null )-72(byte )-72(\(r)18(ecall )-72(Figur)]TJ 0.3225 Tc 28.401 0 Td (e2)Tj 0 Tc 1.301 0 Td (.15.\))Tj -37.167 -1.2 Td [(Since )-11(the )-11(\336lename )-11(is )-11(null )-11(terminated, )-11(however)72(,)-261(it)-261(d)-1(oesn\325t )-11(matter )-11(how)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 30.795 0 Td (d_name)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.861 0 Td [(is )-11(de\336ned)]TJ -34.657 -1.2 Td (in the header)Tj 0.25 Tc 5.732 0 Td (,b)Tj 0 Tc 1.053 0 Td (ecause the array size doesn\325t indicate the length of the \336lename.)Tj -4.985 -1.2 Td (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.946 0 Td (DIR)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.072 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e)-272(is)-272(an)-272(i)-1(nternal )-22(str)8(uctur)]TJ 0.2725 Tc 13.792 0 Td (eu)Tj 0 Tc 1.354 0 Td [(sed )-22(by )-22(these )-22(seven )-22(functions )-22(to )-22(maintain)]TJ -20.965 -1.2 Td [(information )-35(about )-35(the )-35(dir)18(ectory )-35(being )-35(r)17(ead. )-285(The)-286(purpose )-35(of )-35(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 28.585 0 Td (DIR)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.085 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e)-285(is)-285(s)-1(imilar)]TJ -30.67 -1.2 Td [(to )-15(that )-15(of )-15(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.934 0 Td (FILE)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.665 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)]TJ 0.2654 Tc 3.49 0 Td (em)Tj 0 Tc 1.627 0 Td [(aintained )-15(by )-15(the )-15(standar)]TJ 0.2654 Tc 10.774 0 Td (dI)Tj 0 Tc 1.213 0 Td [(/O )-15(library)]TJ 0.2655 Tc 4.527 0 Td (,w)Tj 0 Tc 1.349 0 Td [(hich )-15(we )-15(describe)]TJ -31.581 -1.2 Td (in Chapter 5.)Tj 1.8 -1.2 Td [(The )-66(pointer )-66(to )-66(a)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.531 0 Td (DIR)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.116 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)]TJ 0.3162 Tc 3.49 0 Td (er)Tj 0 Tc 1.172 0 Td [(eturned )-66(by)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.216 0 Td (opendir)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.516 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.009 0 Td (fdopendir)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.716 0 Td [(is )-66(then )-66(used)]TJ -33.567 -1.2 Td [(with )-98(the )-98(other )-98(\336ve )-98(functions.)-597(The)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 15.789 0 Td (opendir)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.548 0 Td [(function )-98(initializes )-98(things )-98(so )-98(that )-98(the )-98(\336rst)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -20.337 -1.2 Td (readdir)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 4.531 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(turns )-80(the )-80(\336rst )-80(entry )-80(in )-80(the )-80(dir)15(ectory)]TJ 0.5804 Tc 15.962 0 Td (.W)Tj 0 Tc 1.83 0 Td [(hen )-80(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.691 0 Td (DIR)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.13 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e)-330(is)-330(c)]TJ -0.018 Tc 5.789 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(ated )-80(by)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -35.645 -1.2 Td (fdopendir)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.339 Tc (,t)Tj 0 Tc 6.315 0 Td [(he )-89(\336rst )-89(entry )-89(r)18(eturned )-89(by)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.806 0 Td (readdir)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.539 0 Td [(depends )-89(on )-89(the )-89(\336le )-89(of)18(fset )-89(associated)]TJ -22.66 -1.2 Td [(with )-56(the )-56(\336le )-56(descriptor )-56(passed )-56(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 15.056 0 Td (fdopendir)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.5562 Tc (.N)Tj 0 Tc 7.037 0 Td [(ote )-56(that )-56(the )-56(or)18(dering )-56(of )-56(entries )-56(within)]TJ -22.093 -1.2 Td [(the dir)18(ectory is implementation dependent and is usually not alphabetical.)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf -3.6 -2.4 Td (Example)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.092 Tc 3.6 -2.04 Td (We)Tj 0 Tc 1.387 0 Td [(\325ll )-27(use )-27(these )-27(dir)18(ectory )-27(r)18(outines )-27(to )-27(write )-27(a )-27(pr)15(ogram )-27(that )-27(traverses )-27(a )-27(\336le )-27(hierar)16(chy)]TJ 0.5275 Tc 35.162 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.391 0 Td (he)Tj -37.939 -1.2 Td [(goal )-255(is )-255(to )-255(pr)18(oduce )-255(a )-255(count )-255(of )-255(the )-255(various )-255(types )-255(of )-255(\336les )-255(shown )-255(in )-255(Figur)]TJ 0.5048 Tc 34.088 0 Td (e4)Tj 0 Tc 1.484 0 Td [(.4. )-505(The)]TJ -35.571 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ogram )-121(shown )-121(in )-121(Figur)]TJ 0.3709 Tc 11.194 0 Td (e4)Tj 0 Tc 1.35 0 Td [(.22 )-121(takes )-121(a )-121(single )-121(ar)18(gument )167(\321 )167(the)-371(starting )-121(pathname)]TJ 0.0833 Tc 23.679 0 Td (\321a)Tj 0 Tc 1.583 0 Td (nd)Tj -0.018 Tc -37.807 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(cursively )-40(descends )-40(the )-40(hierar)18(chy )-40(fr)18(om )-40(that )-40(point.)-540(Solaris )-40(pr)18(ovides )-40(a )-40(function,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 34.928 0 Td (ftw)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.8 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (3)Tj 0.5 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (,)Tj -38.75 -1.2 Td [(that )-138(performs )-138(the )-138(actual )-138(traversal )-138(of )-138(the )-138(hierar)19(chy)]TJ 0.3878 Tc 22.792 0 Td (,c)Tj 0 Tc 1.082 0 Td [(alling )-138(a )-138(user)18(-de\336ned )-138(function )-138(for)]TJ -23.873 -1.2 Td [(each )-59(\336le.)-559(The )-59(pr)18(oblem )-59(with )-59(this )-59(function )-59(is )-59(that )-59(it )-59(calls )-59(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 26.754 0 Td (stat)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.709 0 Td [(function )-59(for )-59(each )-59(\336le,)]TJ -29.463 -1.2 Td [(which )-43(causes )-43(the )-43(pr)18(ogram )-43(to )-43(follow )-43(symbolic )-43(links.)-541(For )-43(example, )-43(if )-43(we )-43(start )-43(at )-43(the )-43(r)19(oot)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(and )-188(have )-188(a )-188(symbolic )-188(link )-188(named)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 15.708 0 Td (/lib)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.838 0 Td [(that )-188(points )-188(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.689 0 Td (/usr/lib)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.4376 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 5.988 0 Td [(ll )-188(the )-188(\336les )-188(in )-188(the)]TJ -31.222 -1.2 Td [(dir)18(ectory)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.454 0 Td (/usr/lib)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.229 0 Td (ar)Tj 0.4295 Tc 0.877 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.352 0 Td [(ounted )-179(twice.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 6.88 0 Td [(To )-364(c)]TJ 0 Tc 1.941 0 Td [(orr)18(ect )-180(this )-180(pr)18(oblem, )-180(Solaris )-180(pr)18(ovides )-180(an)]TJ -20.734 -1.2 Td [(additional )-17(function,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.041 0 Td (nftw)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.4 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (3)Tj 0.5 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.2674 Tc 0.333 -0.04 Td (,w)Tj 0 Tc 1.351 0 Td [(ith )-17(an )-17(option )-17(that )-17(stops )-17(it )-17(fr)18(om )-17(following )-17(symbolic )-17(links.)]TJ -13.958 -1.2 Td [(Although )-21(we )-21(could )-21(use)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.663 0 Td (nftw)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.2712 Tc (,w)Tj 0 Tc 3.755 0 Td [(e\325ll )-21(write )-21(our )-21(own )-21(simple )-21(\336le )-21(walker )-21(to )-21(show )-21(the )-21(use )-21(of)]TJ -14.418 -1.2 Td [(the dir)18(ectory r)18(outines.)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47068 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(4.9)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 23.886 0 Td (chmod)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.75 0 Td (fchmod)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.5 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 4.85 0 Td (nd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.693 0 Td (fchmodat)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.3 0 Td (Functions)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.354 0 Td (107)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 668.9599 Tm [(Note )-66(that )-66(nine )-66(of )-66(the )-66(entries )-66(in )-66(Figur)]TJ 0.3164 Tc 16.563 0 Td (e4)Tj 0 Tc 1.295 0 Td (.1)Tj 0.3164 Tc 0.695 0 Td (1a)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.316 0 Td [(re )-102(t)]TJ 0 Tc 1.498 0 Td [(he )-66(nine )-66(\336le )-66(access )-66(permission )-66(bits )-66(fr)16(om)]TJ -21.368 -1.2 Td (Figur)Tj 0.5955 Tc 2.383 0 Td (e4)Tj 0 Tc 1.574 0 Td [(.6. )-595(W)92(e\325ve )-345(added )-345(the )-345(two )-345(set-ID )-345(constants )-345(\()]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 21.193 0 Td (S_ISUID)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.796 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.289 0 Td (S_ISGID)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(\), )-346(the)]TJ -32.234 -1.2 Td [(saved-text )-27(constant )-27(\()]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.177 0 Td (S_ISVTX)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(\), )-27(and )-27(the )-27(thr)18(ee )-27(combined )-27(constants )-27(\()]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 20.646 0 Td (S_IRWXU)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 4.727 0 Td (S_IRWXG)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (,)Tj -34.55 -1.2 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.943 0 Td (S_IRWXO)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (\).)Tj 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 183.5891 615.3631 Tm [(The )-162(saved-text )-162(bit )-162(\()]TJ /TT0 1 Tf (S_ISVTX)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(\))-412(is)-412(not )-162(part )-162(of )-162(POSIX.1.)-662(It )-162(is )-162(de\336ned )-162(in )-162(the )-162(XSI )-162(option )-162(in )-162(the)]TJ -0 -1.25 Td (Single UNIX Speci\336cation.)Tj -0.092 Tc 12.221 0 Td [(We )-184(d)]TJ 0 Tc 2.248 0 Td (escribe its purpose in the next section.)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 93.5944 585.3649 Tm (Example)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.6 -2.16 Td [(Recall )-38(the )-38(\336nal )-38(state )-38(of )-38(the )-38(\336les)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 14.173 0 Td (foo)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.088 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.981 0 Td (bar)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.088 0 Td [(when )-38(we )-38(ran )-38(the )-38(pr)19(ogram )-38(in )-38(Figur)]TJ 0.2877 Tc 15.495 0 Td (e4)Tj 0 Tc 1.267 0 Td [(.9 )-38(to)]TJ -37.09 -1.2 Td (demonstrate the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 7.438 0 Td (umask)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td (function:)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5904 537.208 Tm ($)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (ls -l foo bar)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -1.2 -1.189 Td [(-rw------- )-600(1)-600(sar )]TJ 18 0 Td [(0)-600(Dec )-600(7)-600(21:20 bar)]TJ -18 -1.189 Td [(-rw-rw-rw- )-600(1)-600(sar )]TJ 18 0 Td [(0)-600(Dec )-600(7)-600(21:20 foo)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5915 499.95 Tm [(The pr)18(ogram shown in Figur)]TJ 0.25 Tc 12.756 0 Td (e4)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (.12 modi\336es the mode of these two \336les.)Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 4904.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9989 0 0 8.9989 129.5844 480.8213 Tm (#include "apue.h")Tj 0 -1.783 TD (int)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (main\(void\))Tj T* ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td [(struct stat)-3000(statbuf;)]TJ 0 -1.783 TD (/* turn on set-group-ID and turn off group-execute */)Tj 0 -1.783 TD (if \(stat\("foo", &statbuf\) < 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_sys\("stat error for foo"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(chmod\("foo", \(statbuf.st_mode & \367S_IXGRP\) | S_ISGID\) < 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_sys\("chmod error for foo"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.783 Td (/* set absolute mode to "rw-r--r--" */)Tj 0 -1.783 TD (if \(chmod\("bar", S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR | S_IRGRP | S_IROTH\) < 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_sys\("chmod error for bar"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.783 Td (exit\(0\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 2942.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 252.9065 278.1279 Tm (Figure 4.12)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.695 0 Td (Example of)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 5.26 0 Td (chmod)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td (function)Tj 9.9982 0 0 9.9982 129.577 256.5318 Tm [(After r)8(unning the pr)18(ogram in Figur)]TJ 0.25 Tc 15.645 0 Td (e4)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (.12, we see that the \336nal state of the two \336les is)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9984 0 0 8.9984 147.5735 241.9742 Tm ($)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (ls -l foo bar)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -1.2 -1.189 Td [(-rw-r--r-- )-600(1)-600(sar )]TJ 18 0 Td [(0)-600(Dec )-600(7)-600(21:20 bar)]TJ -18 -1.189 Td [(-rw-rwSrw- )-600(1)-600(sar )]TJ 18 0 Td [(0)-600(Dec )-600(7)-600(21:20 foo)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9982 0 0 9.9982 129.5768 204.7211 Tm [(In )-234(this )-234(example, )-234(we )-234(have )-234(set )-234(the )-234(permissions )-234(of )-234(the )-234(\336le)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 26.9 0 Td (bar)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.284 0 Td [(to )-234(an )-234(absolute )-234(value,)]TJ -0.018 Tc -29.184 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(gar)18(dless )-244(of )-244(the )-244(curr)18(ent )-244(permission )-244(bits.)-744(For )-244(the )-244(\336le)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 24.849 0 Td (foo)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(,)-494(we)-494(set )-244(the )-244(permissions)]TJ -0.018 Tc -25.705 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(lative )-259(to )-259(their )-259(curr)18(ent )-259(state.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 13.704 0 Td [(To )-443(d)]TJ 0.5091 Tc 2.187 0 Td (ot)Tj 0 Tc 1.381 0 Td [(his, )-259(we )-259(\336rst )-259(call)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.173 0 Td (stat)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.909 0 Td [(to )-259(obtain )-259(the )-259(curr)17(ent)]TJ -29.209 -1.2 Td [(permissions )-87(and )-87(then )-87(modify )-87(them.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 16.675 0 Td [(We )-271(h)]TJ 0 Tc 2.306 0 Td [(ave )-87(explicitly )-87(turned )-87(on )-87(the )-87(set-gr)20(oup-ID )-86(bit)]TJ -18.981 -1.2 Td [(and )-2(turned )-2(of)]TJ 0.2524 Tc 6.055 0 Td (ft)Tj 0 Tc 0.911 0 Td [(he )-2(gr)18(oup-execute )-2(bit.)-502(Note )-2(that )-2(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 15.89 0 Td (ls)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.452 0 Td [(command )-2(lists )-2(the )-2(gr)17(oup-execute)]TJ -24.309 -1.2 Td [(permission )-59(as)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.458 0 Td (S)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.909 0 Td [(to )-59(signify )-59(that )-59(the )-59(set-gr)18(oup-ID )-59(bit )-59(is )-59(set )-59(without )-59(the )-59(gr)18(oup-execute )-59(bit)]TJ -7.367 -1.2 Td (being set.)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47069 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (94)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3 0 Td [(Files )-250(and )-250(Dir)18(ectories )]TJ 39.741 0 Td [(Chapter)-500(4)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 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2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5911 668.9599 Tm [(For each option, we have thr)18(ee possibilities for a platform\325s support status.)]TJ 0 -1.92 TD [(1. )-633(If)-255(the )-5(symbolic )-5(constant )-5(is )-5(either )-5(unde\336ned )-5(or )-5(de\336ned )-5(to )-5(have )-5(the )-5(value)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 33.677 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1, )-5(then)]TJ -32.044 -1.2 Td [(the )-65(corr)18(esponding )-65(option )-65(is )-65(unsupported )-65(by )-65(the )-65(platform )-65(at )-65(compile )-65(time.)-564(It )-65(is)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(possible )-275(to )-275(r)8(un )-275(an )-275(old )-275(application )-275(on )-275(a )-275(newer )-275(system )-275(wher)]TJ 0.525 Tc 28.567 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.33 0 Td [(he )-275(option)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 5.003 0 Td (is)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -34.9 -1.2 Td [(supported, )-237(so )-237(a )-237(r)8(untime )-237(check )-237(might )-237(indicate )-237(the )-237(option )-237(is )-237(supported )-237(even)]TJ T* (though the option wasn\325t supported at the time the application was co\ mpiled.)Tj -1.633 -1.6 Td [(2. )-633(If)-766(the )-516(symbolic )-516(constant )-516(is )-516(de\336ned )-516(to )-516(be )-516(gr)18(eater )-516(than )-516(zer)18(o, )-516(then )-516(the)]TJ 1.633 -1.2 Td [(corr)18(esponding option is supported.)]TJ -1.633 -1.6 Td [(3. )-633(If)-522(the )-272(symbolic )-272(constant )-272(is )-272(de\336ned )-272(to )-272(be )-272(equal )-272(to )-272(zer)18(o, )-272(then )-272(we )-272(must )-272(call)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 1.633 -1.2 Td (sysconf)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 5.079 0 Td (pathconf)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.6287 Tc (,o)Tj 0 Tc 6.225 0 Td (r)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.024 0 Td (fpathconf)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.029 0 Td [(to )-379(determine )-379(whether )-379(the )-379(option )-379(is)]TJ -18.356 -1.2 Td (supported.)Tj -1.633 -1.92 Td [(The )-104(symbolic )-104(constants )-104(used )-104(with)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 15.738 0 Td (pathconf)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.154 0 Td (and)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 2.047 0 Td (fpathconf)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.754 0 Td (ar)Tj 0.3543 Tc 0.877 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.257 0 Td [(ummarized )-104(in)]TJ -32.628 -1.2 Td (Figur)Tj 0.6083 Tc 2.383 0 Td (e2)Tj 0 Tc 1.587 0 Td [(.18. )-608(Figur)]TJ 0.6083 Tc 4.741 0 Td (e2)Tj 0 Tc 1.587 0 Td [(.19 )-358(summarizes )-358(the )-358(nonobsolete )-358(options )-358(and )-358(their )-358(symbolic)]TJ -10.299 -1.2 Td [(constants )-17(that )-17(can )-17(be )-17(used )-17(with)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 14.198 0 Td (sysconf)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(,)-267(in)-267(addition )-17(to )-17(those )-17(listed )-17(in )-17(Figur)]TJ 0.267 Tc 19.857 0 Td (e2)Tj 0 Tc 1.246 0 Td [(.5. )-267(Note)]TJ -35.301 -1.2 Td (that we omit options associated with utility commands.)Tj 1.8 -1.2 Td [(As )-120(with )-120(the )-120(system )-120(limits, )-120(ther)]TJ 0.3705 Tc 14.086 0 Td (ea)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.349 0 Td [(re )-157(s)]TJ 0 Tc 1.651 0 Td [(everal )-120(points )-120(to )-120(note )-120(r)16(egar)18(ding )-120(how )-120(options)]TJ -18.887 -1.2 Td (ar)Tj 0.25 Tc 0.877 0 Td (et)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.055 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (ated by)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 3.525 0 Td (sysconf)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 4.7 0 Td (pathconf)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 5.8 0 Td (nd)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.443 0 Td (fpathconf)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj -16.456 -1.92 Td [(1. )-1133(The)-667(value )-417(r)18(eturned )-417(for)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 14.039 0 Td (_SC_VERSION)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.267 0 Td [(indicates )-417(the )-417(four)18(-digit )-417(year )-417(and)]TJ -19.173 -1.2 Td [(two-digit )-9(month )-9(of )-9(the )-9(standar)18(d. )-259(This)-259(value )-9(can )-9(be )-9(198808L, )-9(199009L, )-9(199506L,)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(or )-106(some )-106(other )-106(value )-106(for )-106(a )-106(later )-106(version )-106(of )-106(the )-106(standar)19(d. )-356(The)-356(value )-106(associated)]TJ T* [(with )-56(V)111(ersion )-56(3 )-56(of )-56(the )-56(Single )-56(UNIX )-56(Speci\336cation )-56(is )-56(2001)55(12L )-56(\(the )-56(2001 )-56(edition )-56(of)]TJ T* [(POSIX.1\). )-255(The)-256(value )-5(associated )-5(with )-5(V)110(ersion )-5(4 )-5(of )-5(the )-5(Single )-5(UNIX )-5(Speci\336cation)]TJ T* (\(the 2008 edition of POSIX.1\) is 200809L.)Tj -2.133 -1.6 Td [(2. )-1133(The)-322(value )-72(r)18(eturned )-72(for)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 12.658 0 Td (_SC_XOPEN_VERSION)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 10.522 0 Td [(indicates )-72(the )-72(version )-72(of )-72(the )-72(XSI)]TJ -21.046 -1.2 Td [(that )-160(the )-160(system )-160(supports.)-660(The )-160(value )-160(associated )-160(with )-160(V)111(ersion )-160(3 )-160(of )-160(the )-160(Single)]TJ T* [(UNIX )-133(Speci\336cation )-133(is )-133(600.)-633(The )-133(value )-133(associated )-133(with )-133(V)111(ersion )-133(4 )-133(of )-133(the )-133(Single)]TJ T* (UNIX Speci\336cation \(the 2008 edition of POSIX.1\) is 700.)Tj -2.133 -1.6 Td [(3. )-1133(The)-535(values)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 7.739 0 Td (_SC_JOB_CONTROL)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 9.785 0 Td (_SC_SAVED_IDS)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.535 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 9.085 0 Td (nd)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.728 0 Td (_PC_VDISABLE)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.735 0 Td (no)Tj -33.939 -1.2 Td [(longer )-120(r)18(epr)18(esent )-120(optional )-120(featur)18(es. )-370(Although)-370(XPG4 )-120(and )-120(prior )-120(versions )-120(of )-120(the)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(Single )-58(UNIX )-58(Speci\336cation )-58(r)19(equir)18(ed )-58(that )-58(these )-58(featur)18(es )-58(be )-58(supported, )-58(V)111(ersion )-58(3)]TJ T* [(of )-29(the )-29(Single )-29(UNIX )-29(Speci\336cation )-29(is )-29(the )-29(earliest )-29(version )-29(wher)]TJ 0.2786 Tc 26.585 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.084 0 Td [(hese )-28(featur)18(es )-28(ar)17(e)]TJ -27.669 -1.2 Td [(no )-296(longer )-296(optional )-296(in )-296(POSIX.1.)-796(These )-296(symbols )-296(ar)]TJ 0.5461 Tc 23.656 0 Td (er)Tj 0 Tc 1.402 0 Td [(etained )-296(for )-296(backwar)18(d)]TJ -25.058 -1.2 Td [(compatibility)111(.)]TJ -2.133 -1.6 Td [(4. )-1133(Platforms)-676(conforming )-426(to )-426(POSIX.1)]TJ 18.162 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(2008 )-426(ar)]TJ 0.676 Tc 3.553 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.655 0 Td [(lso )-426(r)18(equir)18(ed )-426(to )-426(support )-426(the)]TJ -21.57 -1.2 Td (following options:)Tj 0 -1.92 TD (\245)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.489 0 Td (_POSIX_ASYNCHRONOUS_IO)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -1.489 -1.6 Td (\245)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.489 0 Td (_POSIX_BARRIERS)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -1.489 -1.6 Td (\245)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.489 0 Td (_POSIX_CLOCK_SELECTION)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -1.489 -1.6 Td (\245)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.489 0 Td (_POSIX_MAPPED_FILES)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -1.489 -1.6 Td (\245)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.489 0 Td (_POSIX_MEMORY_PROTECTION)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47071 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(2.2)]TJ 34.152 0 Td [(UNIX )-250(Standar)18(dization)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 12.181 0 Td (31)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1080.25 6670.25 cm 0 0 m 4087 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 148.7791 658.9605 Tm (SUS)Tj -1.536 -1.25 Td (mandatory)Tj -2.954 0.625 Td (Code)Tj 14.218 0 Td (Symbolic constant)Tj 22.519 0 Td (Description)Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1080.25 6450.25 cm 0 0 m 4087 0 l S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1080.25 6430.25 cm 0 0 m 4087 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 111.9866 634.9238 Tm (ADV)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.462 0 Td (_POSIX_ADVISORY_INFO)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 20.3 0 Td [(advisory information \(r)18(eal-time\))]TJ -28.762 -1.25 Td (CPT)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.462 0 Td (_POSIX_CPUTIME)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 20.3 0 Td [(pr)18(ocess CPU time clocks \(r)18(eal-time\))]TJ -28.762 -1.25 Td [(FSC )-3169(\245)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.462 0 Td (_POSIX_FSYNC)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 20.3 0 Td [(\336le synchr)18(onization)]TJ -28.762 -1.25 Td (IP6)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.462 0 Td (_POSIX_IPV6)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 20.3 0 Td (IPv6 interfaces)Tj -28.762 -1.25 Td (ML)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.462 0 Td (_POSIX_MEMLOCK)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 20.3 0 Td [(pr)18(ocess memory locking \(r)18(eal-time\))]TJ -28.762 -1.25 Td (MLR)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.462 0 Td (_POSIX_MEMLOCK_RANGE)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 20.3 0 Td [(memory range locking \(r)18(eal-time\))]TJ -28.762 -1.25 Td (MON)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.462 0 Td (_POSIX_MONOTONIC_CLOCK)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 20.3 0 Td [(monotonic clock \(r)18(eal-time\))]TJ -28.762 -1.25 Td (MSG)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.462 0 Td (_POSIX_MESSAGE_PASSING)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 20.3 0 Td [(message passing \(r)18(eal-time\))]TJ -28.762 -1.25 Td (MX)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.1666 Tc 8.462 0 Td (__)Tj 0 Tc 1.367 0 Td [(STDC_IEC_559_ )433(_)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 18.933 0 Td (IEC 60559 \337oating-point option)Tj -28.762 -1.25 Td (PIO)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.462 0 Td (_POSIX_PRIORITIZED_IO)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 20.3 0 Td (prioritized input and output)Tj -28.762 -1.25 Td (PS)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.462 0 Td (_POSIX_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 20.3 0 Td [(pr)18(ocess scheduling \(r)18(eal-time\))]TJ -28.762 -1.25 Td (RPI)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.462 0 Td (_POSIX_THREAD_ROBUST_PRIO_INHERIT)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 20.3 0 Td (ro)Tj 0 Tc 0.923 0 Td [(bust mutex priority inheritance \(r)18(eal-time\))]TJ -29.685 -1.25 Td (RPP)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.462 0 Td (_POSIX_THREAD_ROBUST_PRIO_PROTECT)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 20.3 0 Td (ro)Tj 0 Tc 0.923 0 Td [(bust mutex priority pr)18(otection \(r)18(eal-time\))]TJ -29.685 -1.25 Td (RS)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.462 0 Td (_POSIX_RAW_SOCKETS)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 20.3 0 Td (raw sockets)Tj -28.762 -1.25 Td (SHM)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.462 0 Td (_POSIX_SHARED_MEMORY_OBJECTS)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 20.3 0 Td [(shar)18(ed memory objects \(r)18(eal-time\))]TJ -28.762 -1.25 Td (SIO)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.462 0 Td (_POSIX_SYNCHRONIZED_IO)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 20.3 0 Td [(synchr)18(onized input and output \(r)18(eal-time\))]TJ -28.762 -1.25 Td (SPN)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.462 0 Td (_POSIX_SPAWN)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 20.3 0 Td [(spawn \(r)18(eal-time\))]TJ -28.762 -1.25 Td (SS)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.462 0 Td (_POSIX_SPORADIC_SERVER)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 20.3 0 Td [(pr)18(ocess sporadic server \(r)18(eal-time\))]TJ -28.762 -1.25 Td (TCT)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.462 0 Td (_POSIX_THREAD_CPUTIME)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 20.3 0 Td [(thr)18(ead CPU time clocks \(r)18(eal-time\))]TJ -28.762 -1.25 Td (TPI)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.462 0 Td (_POSIX_THREAD_PRIO_INHERIT)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 20.3 0 Td [(nonr)18(obust mutex priority inheritance \(r)18(eal-time\))]TJ -28.762 -1.25 Td (TPP)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.462 0 Td (_POSIX_THREAD_PRIO_PROTECT)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 20.3 0 Td [(nonr)18(obust mutex priority pr)18(otection \(r)18(eal-time\))]TJ -28.762 -1.25 Td (TPS)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.462 0 Td (_POSIX_THREAD_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 20.3 0 Td [(thr)18(ead execution scheduling \(r)18(eal-time\))]TJ -28.762 -1.25 Td [(TSA )-3043(\245)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.462 0 Td (_POSIX_THREAD_ATTR_STACKADDR)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 20.3 0 Td [(thr)18(ead stack addr)18(ess attribute)]TJ -28.762 -1.25 Td [(TSH )-2989(\245)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.462 0 Td (_POSIX_THREAD_PROCESS_SHARED)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 20.3 0 Td [(thr)18(ead pr)18(ocess-shar)18(ed synchr)18(onization)]TJ -28.762 -1.25 Td (TSP)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.462 0 Td (_POSIX_THREAD_SPORADIC_SERVER)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 20.3 0 Td [(thr)18(ead sporadic server \(r)18(eal-time\))]TJ -28.762 -1.25 Td [(TSS )-3296(\245)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.462 0 Td (_POSIX_THREAD_ATTR_STACKSIZE)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 20.3 0 Td [(thr)18(ead stack size addr)18(ess)]TJ -28.762 -1.25 Td (TYM)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.462 0 Td (_POSIX_TYPED_MEMORY_OBJECTS)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 20.3 0 Td [(typed memory objects \(r)18(eal-time\))]TJ -28.762 -1.25 Td [(XSI )-3430(\245)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.462 0 Td (_XOPEN_UNIX)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 20.3 0 Td (X/Open interfaces)Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1080.25 3610.25 cm 0 0 m 4087 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3401.25 3610.25 cm 0 0 m 0 3060 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1777.25 3610.25 cm 0 0 m 0 3060 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1345.25 3610.25 cm 0 0 m 0 3060 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5167.25 3610.25 cm 0 0 m 0 3060 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1080.25 3610.25 cm 0 0 m 0 3060 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 203.2434 342.9383 Tm (Figure 2.5)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.195 0 Td [(POSIX.1 optional interface gr)18(oups and codes)]TJ 9.9982 0 0 9.9982 147.5734 314.1434 Tm [(Several )-118(of )-118(the )-118(interfaces )-118(that )-118(ar)]TJ 0.3681 Tc 14.205 0 Td (eo)Tj 0 Tc 1.393 0 Td [(ptional )-118(for )-118(XSI-conforming )-118(systems )-118(ar)]TJ 0.368 Tc 17.296 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.458 0 Td (ivided)Tj -36.152 -1.2 Td (into)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.995 0 Td [(option gr)18(oups)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 5.815 0 Td [(based on common functionality)111(,)-250(as)-250(follows:)]TJ 0.883 Tc -6.01 -2.16 Td (\245E)Tj 0 Tc 2.1 0 Td (ncryption: denoted by the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 11.703 0 Td (_XOPEN_CRYPT)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.45 0 Td (symbolic constant)Tj 0.883 Tc -21.253 -1.48 Td (\245R)Tj 0 Tc 2.157 0 Td (eal-time: denoted by the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 10.962 0 Td (_XOPEN_REALTIME)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.25 0 Td (symbolic constant)Tj 0.883 Tc -22.369 -1.48 Td (\245A)Tj 0 Tc 2.267 0 Td [(dvanced r)18(eal-time)]TJ 0.883 Tc -2.267 -1.48 Td (\245R)Tj 0 Tc 2.157 0 Td [(eal-time thr)18(eads: denoted by)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 12.874 0 Td (_XOPEN_REALTIME_THREADS)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.883 Tc -15.031 -1.48 Td (\245A)Tj 0 Tc 2.267 0 Td [(dvanced r)18(eal-time thr)18(eads)]TJ -2.267 -2.4 Td [(The )-223(Single )-223(UNIX )-223(Speci\336cation )-223(is )-223(a )-223(publication )-223(of )-223(The )-223(Open )-223(Gr)15(oup, )-223(which )-223(was)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(formed )-58(in )-58(1996 )-58(as )-58(a )-58(mer)18(ger )-58(of )-58(X/Open )-58(and )-58(the )-58(Open )-58(Softwar)]TJ 0.3075 Tc 27.666 0 Td (eF)Tj 0 Tc 1.342 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1490.25 1650.25 cm 0 0 m 0 5020 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 214.3383 146.9824 Tm (Figure 12.15)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.195 0 Td (Optional cancellation points de\336ned by POSIX.1)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47075 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(B.1)]TJ 36.136 0 Td [(Our )-250(Header )-250(File)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 9.697 0 Td (897)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 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Figure 17.9 */)Tj -26.4 -1.189 Td [(int )-3000(cli_conn\(const)-600(char *\);)]TJ 26.4 0 Td (/* Figure 17.10 */)Tj -26.4 -1.189 Td [(int )-3000(buf_args\(char)-600(*, int \(*func\)\(int,)]TJ 10.8 -1.189 Td (char **\)\);)Tj 15.6 0 Td (/* Figure 17.23 */)Tj -26.4 -2.259 Td [(int )-3000(tty_cbreak\(int\);)]TJ 26.4 0 Td (/* Figure 18.20 */)Tj -26.4 -1.189 Td [(int )-3000(tty_raw\(int\);)]TJ 26.4 0 Td (/* Figure 18.20 */)Tj -26.4 -1.189 Td [(int )-3000(tty_reset\(int\);)]TJ 26.4 0 Td (/* Figure 18.20 */)Tj -26.4 -1.189 Td [(void )-2400(tty_atexit\(void\);)]TJ 26.4 0 Td (/* Figure 18.20 */)Tj -26.4 -1.189 Td [(struct termios)-1200(*tty_termios\(void\); )-4800(/*)-600(Figure 18.20 */)]TJ 0 -2.259 TD [(int )-3000(ptym_open\(char)-600(*, int\);)]TJ 26.4 0 Td (/* Figure 19.9 */)Tj -26.4 -1.189 Td [(int )-3000(ptys_open\(char)-600(*\); )]TJ 26.4 0 Td [(/*)-600(Figure 19.9 */)]TJ -26.4 -1.189 Td [(#ifdef )-600(TIOCGWINSZ)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(pid_t )-1800(pty_fork\(int)-600(*, char *, int, const struct termios *,)]TJ 10.8 -1.189 Td [(const struct winsize *\);)-1200(/* Figure 19.10 */)]TJ -10.8 -1.189 Td (#endif)Tj 0 -2.259 TD [(int )-2400(lock_reg\(int,)-600(int, int, off_t, int, off_t\); /* Figure 14.5 */)]TJ 0 -2.259 TD (#define read_lock\(fd, offset, whence, len\) \\)Tj 7.2 -1.189 Td (lock_reg\(\(fd\), F_SETLK, F_RDLCK, \(offset\), \(whence\), \(len\)\))Tj -7.2 -1.189 Td (#define readw_lock\(fd, offset, whence, len\) \\)Tj 7.2 -1.189 Td (lock_reg\(\(fd\), F_SETLKW, F_RDLCK, \(offset\), \(whence\), \(len\)\))Tj -7.2 -1.189 Td (#define write_lock\(fd, offset, whence, len\) \\)Tj 7.2 -1.189 Td (lock_reg\(\(fd\), F_SETLK, F_WRLCK, \(offset\), \(whence\), \(len\)\))Tj -7.2 -1.189 Td (#define writew_lock\(fd, offset, whence, len\) \\)Tj 7.2 -1.189 Td (lock_reg\(\(fd\), F_SETLKW, F_WRLCK, \(offset\), \(whence\), \(len\)\))Tj -7.2 -1.189 Td (#define un_lock\(fd, offset, whence, len\) \\)Tj 7.2 -1.189 Td (lock_reg\(\(fd\), F_SETLK, F_UNLCK, \(offset\), \(whence\), \(len\)\))Tj -7.2 -2.259 Td [(pid_t )-1200(lock_test\(int,)-600(int, off_t, int, off_t\);)-3000(/* Figure 14.6 */)]TJ T* (#define is_read_lockable\(fd, offset, whence, len\) \\)Tj 7.2 -1.189 Td (\(lock_test\(\(fd\), F_RDLCK, \(offset\), \(whence\), \(len\)\) == 0\))Tj -7.2 -1.189 Td (#define is_write_lockable\(fd, offset, whence, len\) \\)Tj 7.2 -1.189 Td (\(lock_test\(\(fd\), F_WRLCK, \(offset\), \(whence\), \(len\)\) == 0\))Tj -7.2 -2.259 Td [(void )-1800(err_msg\(const)-600(char *, ...\);)]TJ 26.4 0 Td (/* Appendix B */)Tj -26.4 -1.189 Td [(void )-1800(err_dump\(const)-600(char *, ...\) __attribute__\(\(noreturn\)\);)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(void )-1800(err_quit\(const)-600(char *, ...\) __attribute__\(\(noreturn\)\);)]TJ T* [(void )-1800(err_cont\(int,)-600(const char *, ...\);)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(void )-1800(err_exit\(int,)-600(const char *, ...\) __attribute__\(\(noreturn\)\);)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(void )-1800(err_ret\(const)-600(char *, ...\);)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(void )-1800(err_sys\(const)-600(char *, ...\) __attribute__\(\(noreturn\)\);)]TJ 0 -2.259 TD [(void )-1800(log_msg\(const)-600(char *, ...\);)]TJ 26.4 0 Td (/* Appendix B */)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47076 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Chapter )-250(20)]TJ 39.788 0 Td [(Exer)18(cises)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 6.045 0 Td (787)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 668.9599 Tm [(29% )-47(and )-47(59% )-47(to )-47(the )-47(clock )-47(time )-47(over )-47(no )-47(locking )-47(and )-47(that )-47(mandatory )-47(locking )-47(adds )-47(about)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD (another 15% over advisory locking.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 11.9993 0 0 11.9993 129.5922 623.3626 Tm [(Ex)10(er)20(cises)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 129.5922 604.5637 Tm (20.1)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.065 0 Td [(The )-123(locking )-123(in)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 6.932 0 Td (_db_dodelete)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.573 0 Td [(is )-123(somewhat )-123(conservative.)-623(For )-123(example, )-123(we )-123(could )-123(allow)]TJ -14.505 -1.222 Td (mor)Tj 0.3062 Tc 1.806 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td [(oncurr)18(ency )-56(by )-56(not )-56(write )-56(locking )-56(the )-56(fr)18(ee )-56(list )-56(until )-56(we )-56(r)16(eally )-56(need )-56(to; )-56(that )-56(is, )-56(the )-56(call)]TJ -3.035 -1.222 Td (to)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.807 0 Td (writew_lock)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.535 0 Td [(could )-685(be )-685(moved )-685(between )-685(the )-685(calls )-685(to)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 21.098 0 Td (_db_writedat)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.135 0 Td (and)Tj /TT1 1 Tf -38.575 -1.222 Td (_db_readptr)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.5 Tc (.W)Tj 0 Tc 8.35 0 Td (hat happens if we do this?)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -11.415 -1.667 Td (20.2)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.065 0 Td (If)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 0.977 0 Td (db_nextrec)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.307 0 Td [(did )-57(not )-57(r)19(ead )-56(lock )-56(the )-56(fr)18(ee )-56(list )-56(and )-56(a )-56(r)15(ecor)]TJ 0.3064 Tc 18.332 0 Td (dt)Tj 0 Tc 1.243 0 Td [(hat )-56(it )-56(was )-56(r)18(eading )-56(was )-56(also )-56(in)]TJ -26.859 -1.222 Td [(the )-85(pr)18(ocess )-85(of )-85(being )-85(deleted, )-85(describe )-85(how)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 19.53 0 Td (db_nextrec)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.335 0 Td [(could )-85(r)18(eturn )-85(the )-85(corr)18(ect )-85(key )-85(but)]TJ -25.865 -1.222 Td [(an all-blank \(hence incorr)18(ect\) data r)18(ecor)18(d. )-250(\(Hint:)-250(Look at)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 25.315 0 Td (_db_dodelete)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.\))Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -28.38 -1.667 Td (20.3)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.065 0 Td [(At )-139(the )-139(end )-139(of )-139(Section )-139(20.8, )-139(we )-139(described )-139(the )-139(locking )-139(performed )-139(by)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 30.987 0 Td (_db_writeidx)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.589 0 Td (and)Tj /TT1 1 Tf -38.576 -1.222 Td (_db_writedat)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.5691 Tc (.W)Tj 0.3191 Tc 8.927 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.222 0 Td [(aid )-69(that )-69(this )-69(locking )-69(didn\325t )-69(interfer)]TJ 0.3191 Tc 15.582 0 Td (ew)Tj 0 Tc 1.632 0 Td [(ith )-69(other )-69(r)18(eaders )-69(and )-69(writers)]TJ -27.363 -1.222 Td (except those making calls to)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 12.642 0 Td (db_store)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.5 Tc (.I)Tj 0.25 Tc 5.887 0 Td (st)Tj 0 Tc 1 0 Td [(his tr)8(ue if mandatory locking is being used?)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf -22.594 -1.667 Td (20.4)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.065 0 Td (How would you integrate the)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 13.373 0 Td (fsync)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td (function into this database library?)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -19.688 -1.667 Td (20.5)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.065 0 Td (In)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.185 0 Td (db_store)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(,)-266(we)-266(write )-16(the )-16(data )-16(r)18(ecor)]TJ 0.266 Tc 15.565 0 Td (db)Tj 0 Tc 1.43 0 Td (efor)Tj 0.266 Tc 1.735 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.071 0 Td [(he )-16(index )-16(r)18(ecor)18(d. )-266(What)-266(happens )-16(if )-16(you )-16(do )-16(it)]TJ -20.986 -1.222 Td [(in the opposite or)18(der?)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf -3.065 -1.667 Td (20.6)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.065 0 Td [(Cr)18(eate )-290(a )-290(new )-290(database )-290(and )-290(write )-290(some )-290(number )-290(of 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[(_db_writedat\(db,)-600(data, db->datoff, SEEK_SET\);)]TJ -9.6 -1.189 Td (659 )Tj 9.6 0 Td (db->cnt_stor4++;)Tj -9.6 -1.189 Td [(660 )-4800(})]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(661 )-2400(})]TJ T* [(662 )-2400(rc)]TJ 0.6 Tc 6.6 0 Td (=0)Tj 3 Tc 1.8 0 Td (;/)Tj 0 Tc 4.2 0 Td [(*)-600(OK)-600(*/)]TJ -12.6 -2.021 Td [(663 )-1200(doreturn:)-600(/* unlock hash chain locked by _db_find_and_lock */)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(664 )-2400(if)-600(\(un_lock\(db->idxfd, db->chainoff, SEEK_SET, 1\) < 0\))]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(665 )-4800(err_dump\("db_store:)-600(un_lock error"\);)]TJ T* [(666 )-2400(return\(rc\);)]TJ T* [(667 )-1200(})]TJ 0 -2.021 TD [(668 )-1200(/*)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(669 )-1800(*)-600(Try to find a free index record and accompanying data record)]TJ T* [(670 )-1800(*)-600(of the correct sizes.)-1200(We\325re only called by db_store.)]TJ T* [(671 )-1800(*/)]TJ T* [(672 )-1200(static)-600(int)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(673 )-1200(_db_findfree\(DB)-600(*db, int keylen, int datlen\))]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(674 )-1200({)]TJ T* [(675 )-2400(int )-2400(rc;)]TJ T* [(676 )-2400(off_t)-1800(offset, nextoffset, saveoffset;)]TJ 0 -2.021 TD [(677 )-2400(/*)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(678 )-3000(*)-600(Lock the free list.)]TJ T* [(679 )-3000(*/)]TJ T* [(680 )-2400(if)-600(\(writew_lock\(db->idxfd, FREE_OFF, SEEK_SET, 1\) < 0\))]TJ T* [(681 )-4800(err_dump\("_db_findfree:)-600(writew_lock error"\);)]TJ 0 -2.021 TD [(682 )-2400(/*)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(683 )-3000(*)-600(Read the free list pointer.)]TJ T* [(684 )-3000(*/)]TJ T* [(685 )-2400(saveoffset)]TJ 0.6 Tc 11.4 0 Td (=F)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (REE_OFF;)Tj -13.2 -1.189 Td [(686 )-2400(offset)]TJ 0.6 Tc 9 0 Td (=_)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (db_readptr\(db, saveoffset\);)Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 2930.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 269.0057 Tm [([655 )167(\320 )167(661])-668(Case )-55(4: )-55(An )-55(existing )-55(r)16(ecor)18(d)-305(is)-305(b)-1(eing )-55(r)18(eplaced, )-55(and )-55(the )-55(length )-55(of )-55(the )-55(new )-55(data)]TJ -0.018 Tc 5 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (cor)Tj 0.3133 Tc 1.367 0 Td (de)Tj 0 Tc 1.403 0 Td [(quals )-63(the )-63(length )-63(of )-63(the )-63(existing )-63(data )-63(r)17(ecor)18(d. )-313(This)-313(is )-63(the )-63(easiest )-63(case;)]TJ -3.626 -1.2 Td [(we )-84(simply )-84(r)18(ewrite )-84(the )-84(data )-84(r)19(ecor)]TJ 0.3338 Tc 14.756 0 Td (da)Tj 0 Tc 1.445 0 Td [(nd )-84(incr)18(ement )-84(the )-84(counter )-84(\()]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 12.066 0 Td (cnt_stor4)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (\))Tj -28.267 -1.2 Td (for this case.)Tj -5 -1.6 Td [([662 )167(\320 )167(667])-668(In )-279(the )-279(normal )-279(case, )-279(we )-279(set )-279(the )-279(r)15(eturn )-279(code )-279(to )-279(indicate )-279(success )-279(and )-279(fall)]TJ 5 -1.2 Td [(thr)18(ough )-177(to )-177(the )-177(common )-177(r)20(eturn )-177(logic.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 17.665 0 Td [(We )-361(u)]TJ 0 Tc 2.417 0 Td [(nlock )-177(the )-177(hash )-177(chain )-177(that )-177(was)]TJ -20.081 -1.2 Td [(locked as a r)18(esult of calling)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 12.185 0 Td (_db_find_and_lock)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 10.45 0 Td [(and r)18(eturn to the caller)74(.)]TJ -27.635 -1.6 Td [([668 )167(\320 )167(686])-668(The)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.957 0 Td (_db_findfree)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.483 0 Td [(function )-33(tries )-33(to )-33(\336nd )-33(a )-33(fr)18(ee )-33(index )-33(r)17(ecor)]TJ 0.2831 Tc 17.144 0 Td (da)Tj 0 Tc 1.394 0 Td [(nd )-33(associated)]TJ -27.979 -1.2 Td [(data )-21(r)18(ecor)18(d)-271(of)-271(the )-21(speci\336ed )-21(sizes.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 15.216 0 Td [(We )-205(n)]TJ 0 Tc 2.24 0 Td [(eed )-21(to )-21(write )-21(lock )-21(the )-21(fr)18(ee )-21(list )-21(to )-21(avoid)]TJ -17.456 -1.2 Td [(interfering )-10(with )-10(any )-10(other )-10(pr)18(ocesses )-10(using )-10(the )-10(fr)18(ee )-10(list.)-510(After )-10(locking )-10(the )-10(fr)19(ee)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(list, we get the pointer addr)18(ess at the head of the list.)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47078 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (772)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5 Tc 3.5 0 Td (AD)Tj 0 Tc 2.052 0 Td [(atabase )-250(Library)]TJ 36.689 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(20)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 6690.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 129.5922 659.4594 Tm [(502 )-1200(/*)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(503 )-1800(*)-600(Write an index record.)-1200(_db_writedat is called before)]TJ T* [(504 )-1800(*)-600(this function to set the datoff and datlen fields in the)]TJ T* [(505 )-1800(*)-600(DB structure, which we need to write the index record.)]TJ T* [(506 )-1800(*/)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(507 )-1200(static)-600(void)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(508 )-1200(_db_writeidx\(DB)-600(*db, const char *key,)]TJ T* (509 )Tj 11.4 0 Td [(off_t)-600(offset, int whence, off_t ptrval\))]TJ -11.4 -1.189 Td [(510 )-1200({)]TJ T* [(511 )-2400(struct)-600(iovec )-1800(iov[2];)]TJ T* [(512 )-2400(char)]TJ 14.4 0 Td (asciiptrlen[PTR_SZ + IDXLEN_SZ + 1];)Tj -14.4 -1.189 Td [(513 )-2400(int)]TJ 14.4 0 Td (len;)Tj -14.4 -2.021 Td [(514 )-2400(if)-600(\(\(db->ptrval = ptrval\) < 0 || ptrval > PTR_MAX\))]TJ T* [(515 )-4800(err_quit\("_db_writeidx:)-600(invalid ptr: %d", ptrval\);)]TJ T* [(516 )-2400(sprintf\(db->idxbuf,)-600("%s%c%lld%c%ld\\n", key, SEP,)]TJ T* [(517 )-3600(\(long)-600(long\)db->datoff, SEP, \(long\)db->datlen\);)]TJ T* [(518 )-2400(len)]TJ 0.6 Tc 7.2 0 Td (=s)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (trlen\(db->idxbuf\);)Tj -9 -1.189 Td [(519 )-2400(if)-600(\(len < IDXLEN_MIN || len > IDXLEN_MAX\))]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(520 )-4800(err_dump\("_db_writeidx:)-600(invalid length"\);)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(521 )-2400(sprintf\(asciiptrlen,)-600("%*lld%*d", PTR_SZ, \(long long\)ptrval,)]TJ T* [(522 )-3600(IDXLEN_SZ,)-600(len\);)]TJ 0 -2.021 TD [(523 )-2400(/*)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(524 )-3000(*)-600(If we\325re appending, we have to lock before doing the lseek)]TJ T* [(525 )-3000(*)-600(and write to make the two an atomic operation.)-1200(If we\325re)]TJ T* [(526 )-3000(*)-600(overwriting an existing record, we don\325t have to lock.)]TJ T* [(527 )-3000(*/)]TJ T* [(528 )-2400(if)-600(\(whence == SEEK_END\))-3000(/* we\325re appending */)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(529 )-4800(if)-600(\(writew_lock\(db->idxfd, \(\(db->nhash+1\)*PTR_SZ\)+1,)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD (530 )Tj 8.4 0 Td [(SEEK_SET,)-600(0\) < 0\))]TJ -8.4 -1.189 Td (531 )Tj 9.6 0 Td [(err_dump\("_db_writeidx:)-600(writew_lock error"\);)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 3294.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 305.3814 Tm [([502 )167(\320 )167(522])-668(The)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.242 0 Td (_db_writeidx)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.769 0 Td [(function )-318(is )-318(called )-318(to )-318(write )-318(an )-318(index )-318(r)15(ecor)18(d. )-568(After)]TJ -10.011 -1.2 Td [(validating )-27(the )-27(next )-27(pointer )-27(in )-27(the )-27(chain, )-27(we )-27(cr)18(eate )-27(the )-27(index )-27(r)15(ecor)]TJ 0.2773 Tc 28.989 0 Td (da)Tj 0 Tc 1.388 0 Td [(nd )-27(stor)18(e)]TJ -30.378 -1.2 Td [(the )-12(second )-12(half )-12(of )-12(it )-12(in)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.122 0 Td (idxbuf)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5124 Tc (.W)Tj 0.2624 Tc 5.27 0 Td (en)Tj 0 Tc 1.323 0 Td [(eed )-12(the )-12(size )-12(of )-12(this )-12(portion )-12(of )-12(the )-12(index)]TJ -0.018 Tc -16.716 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(cor)18(d)-299(to)-299(c)]TJ -0.018 Tc (re)Tj 0 Tc 4.748 0 Td [(ate )-49(the )-49(\336rst )-49(half )-49(of )-49(the )-49(index )-49(r)17(ecor)18(d, )-49(which )-49(we )-49(stor)18(e)-299(in)-299(the )-49(local)]TJ -5.604 -1.2 Td (variable)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.824 0 Td (asciiptrlen)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj -3.824 -1.8 Td [(Note )-147(that )-147(we )-147(use )-147(casts )-147(to )-147(for)18(ce )-147(the )-147(size )-147(of )-147(the )-147(ar)18(guments )-147(in )-147(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 29.8 0 Td (sprintf)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -29.8 -1.2 Td [(statements )-30(to )-30(match )-30(the )-30(format )-30(speci\336cations.)-532(This )-30(is )-30(because )-30(the )-30(size )-30(of )-30(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0 -1.2 TD (off_t)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.431 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.124 0 Td (size_t)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.031 0 Td [(data )-180(types )-180(can )-180(vary )-180(among )-180(platforms.)-683(Even )-181(a )-181(32)]TJ 22.912 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td (bit)Tj -32.83 -1.2 Td [(system )-192(can )-192(pr)18(ovide )-192(64)]TJ 10.415 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(bit )-192(\336le )-192(of)18(fsets, )-192(so )-192(we )-192(can\325t )-192(make )-192(any )-192(assumptions)]TJ -10.748 -1.2 Td (about the size of the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 9.125 0 Td (off_t)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td (data type.)Tj -17.375 -1.84 Td [([523 )167(\320 )167(531])-668(As )-71(with)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.877 0 Td (_db_writedat)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.3212 Tc (,t)Tj 0 Tc 8.097 0 Td [(his )-71(function )-71(deals )-71(with )-71(locking )-71(only )-71(when )-71(a )-71(new)]TJ -11.975 -1.2 Td [(index )-209(r)18(ecor)18(d)-459(is)-459(being )-209(appended )-209(to )-209(the )-209(index )-209(\336le.)-710(When)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 26.8 0 Td (_db_dodelete)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -26.8 -1.2 Td [(calls )-42(this )-42(function, )-42(we\325r)]TJ 0.2921 Tc 10.374 0 Td (er)Tj 0 Tc 1.148 0 Td [(ewriting )-42(an )-42(existing )-42(index )-42(r)17(ecor)18(d. )-292(In)-292(this )-42(case, )-42(the)]TJ -11.522 -1.2 Td [(caller has write locked the hash chain, so no additional locking is r)18(equir)18(ed.)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47079 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(20.8)]TJ 38.014 0 Td [(Sour)18(ce )-250(Code)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 7.819 0 Td (771)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 6690.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 129.5922 659.4594 Tm [(472 )-1200(/*)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(473 )-1800(*)-600(Write a data record.)-1200(Called by _db_dodelete \(to write)]TJ T* [(474 )-1800(*)-600(the record with blanks\) and db_store.)]TJ T* [(475 )-1800(*/)]TJ T* [(476 )-1200(static)-600(void)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(477 )-1200(_db_writedat\(DB)-600(*db, const char *data, off_t offset, int whence\))]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(478 )-1200({)]TJ T* [(479 )-2400(struct)-600(iovec )-1800(iov[2];)]TJ T* [(480 )-2400(static)-600(char )-2400(newline)]TJ 0.6 Tc 19.2 0 Td (=N)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (EWLINE;)Tj -21 -2.021 Td [(481 )-2400(/*)]TJ T* [(482 )-3000(*)-600(If we\325re appending, we have to lock before doing the lseek)]TJ T* [(483 )-3000(*)-600(and write to make the two an atomic operation.)-1200(If we\325re)]TJ T* [(484 )-3000(*)-600(overwriting an existing record, we don\325t have to lock.)]TJ T* [(485 )-3000(*/)]TJ T* [(486 )-2400(if)-600(\(whence == SEEK_END\) /* we\325re appending, lock entire file */)]TJ T* [(487 )-4800(if)-600(\(writew_lock\(db->datfd, 0, SEEK_SET, 0\) < 0\))]TJ T* (488 )Tj 9.6 0 Td [(err_dump\("_db_writedat:)-600(writew_lock error"\);)]TJ -9.6 -2.021 Td [(489 )-2400(if)-600(\(\(db->datoff = lseek\(db->datfd, offset, whence\)\) == -1\))]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(490 )-4800(err_dump\("_db_writedat:)-600(lseek error"\);)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(491 )-2400(db->datlen)]TJ 0.6 Tc 11.4 0 Td (=s)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td [(trlen\(data\) + 1;)-1200(/* datlen includes newline */)]TJ -13.2 -2.021 Td [(492 )-2400(iov[0].iov_base)]TJ 0.6 Tc 14.4 0 Td (=\()Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (char *\) data;)Tj -16.2 -1.189 Td [(493 )-2400(iov[0].iov_len)]TJ 0.6 Tc 14.4 0 Td (=d)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (b->datlen - 1;)Tj -16.2 -1.189 Td [(494 )-2400(iov[1].iov_base)]TJ 0.6 Tc 14.4 0 Td (=&)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (newline;)Tj -16.2 -1.189 Td [(495 )-2400(iov[1].iov_len)]TJ 0.6 Tc 14.4 0 Td (=1)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (;)Tj -16.2 -1.189 Td [(496 )-2400(if)-600(\(writev\(db->datfd, &iov[0], 2\) != db->datlen\))]TJ T* [(497 )-4800(err_dump\("_db_writedat:)-600(writev error of data record"\);)]TJ 0 -2.021 TD [(498 )-2400(if)-600(\(whence == SEEK_END\))]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(499 )-4800(if)-600(\(un_lock\(db->datfd, 0, SEEK_SET, 0\) < 0\))]TJ T* (500 )Tj 9.6 0 Td [(err_dump\("_db_writedat:)-600(un_lock error"\);)]TJ -9.6 -1.189 Td [(501 )-1200(})]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 3144.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 290.4031 Tm [([472 )167(\320 )167(491])]TJ -0.092 Tc 5 0 Td [(We )-196(c)]TJ 0 Tc 2.093 0 Td (all)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.344 0 Td (_db_writedat)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.462 0 Td [(to )-12(write )-12(a )-12(data )-12(r)20(ecor)18(d. )-262(When)-261(we )-12(delete )-12(a )-12(r)19(ecor)18(d, )-12(we)]TJ -10.898 -1.2 Td (use)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.944 0 Td (_db_writedat)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.638 0 Td [(to )-188(overwrite )-188(the )-188(r)19(ecor)]TJ 0.4377 Tc 10.105 0 Td (dw)Tj 0 Tc 1.883 0 Td [(ith )-188(blanks;)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.23 0 Td (_db_writedat)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -26.8 -1.2 Td [(doesn\325t )-76(need )-76(to )-76(lock )-76(the )-76(data )-76(\336le, )-76(because)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 19.149 0 Td (db_delete)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.726 0 Td [(has )-76(write )-76(locked )-76(the)]TJ -24.875 -1.2 Td [(hash )-266(chain )-266(for )-266(this )-266(r)17(ecor)18(d. )-516(Thus,)-517(no )-266(other )-266(pr)18(ocess )-266(could )-266(be )-266(r)18(eading )-266(or)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(writing )-97(this )-97(particular )-97(data )-97(r)20(ecor)18(d. )-347(When)-346(we )-97(cover)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 23.673 0 Td (db_store)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.147 0 Td [(later )-97(in )-97(this)]TJ -28.82 -1.2 Td [(section, )-112(we\325ll )-112(encounter )-112(the )-112(case )-112(in )-112(which)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 19.324 0 Td (_db_writedat)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.562 0 Td [(is )-112(appending )-112(to)]TJ -26.886 -1.2 Td (the data \336le and has to lock it.)Tj -0.092 Tc 0 -1.8 TD [(We )-192(s)]TJ 0 Tc 2.069 0 Td [(eek )-8(to )-8(the )-8(location )-8(wher)17(e)-258(we)-258(want )-8(to )-8(write )-8(the )-8(data )-8(r)17(ecor)18(d. )-258(The)-259(amount)]TJ -2.069 -1.2 Td [(to write is the r)18(ecor)]TJ 0.25 Tc 8.522 0 Td (ds)Tj 0 Tc 1.285 0 Td (ize plus 1 byte for the terminating newline we add.)Tj -14.807 -1.6 Td [([492 )167(\320 )167(501])]TJ -0.092 Tc 5 0 Td [(We )-333(s)]TJ 0 Tc 2.21 0 Td [(et )-149(up )-149(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.592 0 Td (iovec)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.399 0 Td [(array )-149(and )-149(call)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.761 0 Td (writev)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.999 0 Td [(to )-148(write )-148(the )-148(data )-148(r)16(ecor)]TJ 0.3985 Tc 10.338 0 Td (da)Tj 0 Tc 1.509 0 Td (nd)Tj -32.807 -1.2 Td [(newline. )-294(W)]TJ 0.2937 Tc 5.24 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.217 0 Td [(an\325t )-44(assume )-44(that )-44(the )-44(caller)-74(\325s )-44(buf)18(fer )-44(has )-44(r)18(oom )-44(at )-44(the )-44(end )-44(for )-44(us)]TJ -6.456 -1.2 Td [(to )-8(append )-8(the )-8(newline, )-8(so )-8(we )-8(write )-8(the )-8(newline )-8(fr)18(om )-8(a )-8(separate )-8(buf)14(fer)]TJ 0.5082 Tc 31.001 0 Td (.I)Tj 0.2582 Tc 1.095 0 Td (fw)Tj 0 Tc 1.425 0 Td (e)Tj -33.521 -1.2 Td (ar)Tj 0.25 Tc 0.877 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td [(ppending a r)18(ecor)18(d)-250(to)-250(the \336le, we r)18(elease the lock we acquir)18(ed earlier)74(.)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47080 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(20.8)]TJ 38.014 0 Td [(Sour)18(ce )-250(Code)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 7.819 0 Td (769)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 6690.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 129.5922 659.4594 Tm [(412 )-1200(/*)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(413 )-1800(*)-600(Delete the current record specified by the DB structure.)]TJ T* [(414 )-1800(*)-600(This function is called by db_delete and db_store, after)]TJ T* [(415 )-1800(*)-600(the record has been located by _db_find_and_lock.)]TJ T* [(416 )-1800(*/)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(417 )-1200(static)-600(void)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(418 )-1200(_db_dodelete\(DB)-600(*db\))]TJ T* [(419 )-1200({)]TJ T* [(420 )-2400(int )-2400(i;)]TJ T* [(421 )-2400(char)-2400(*ptr;)]TJ T* [(422 )-2400(off_t)-1800(freeptr, saveptr;)]TJ 0 -2.021 TD [(423 )-2400(/*)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(424 )-3000(*)-600(Set data buffer and key to all blanks.)]TJ T* [(425 )-3000(*/)]TJ T* [(426 )-2400(for)-600(\(ptr = db->datbuf, i = 0; i < db->datlen - 1; i++\))]TJ T* [(427 )-4800(*ptr++)]TJ 0.6 Tc 11.4 0 Td (=S)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (PACE;)Tj -13.2 -1.189 Td [(428 )-2400(*ptr)]TJ 0.6 Tc 7.8 0 Td (=0)Tj 1.8 Tc 1.8 0 Td (;/)Tj 0.6 Tc 3 0 Td (*n)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (ull terminate for _db_writedat */)Tj -14.4 -1.189 Td [(429 )-2400(ptr)]TJ 0.6 Tc 7.2 0 Td (=d)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (b->idxbuf;)Tj -9 -1.189 Td [(430 )-2400(while)-600(\(*ptr\))]TJ T* [(431 )-4800(*ptr++)]TJ 0.6 Tc 11.4 0 Td (=S)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (PACE;)Tj -13.2 -2.021 Td [(432 )-2400(/*)]TJ T* [(433 )-3000(*)-600(We have to lock the free list.)]TJ T* [(434 )-3000(*/)]TJ T* [(435 )-2400(if)-600(\(writew_lock\(db->idxfd, FREE_OFF, SEEK_SET, 1\) < 0\))]TJ T* [(436 )-4800(err_dump\("_db_dodelete:)-600(writew_lock error"\);)]TJ 0 -2.021 TD [(437 )-2400(/*)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(438 )-3000(*)-600(Write the data record with all blanks.)]TJ T* [(439 )-3000(*/)]TJ T* [(440 )-2400(_db_writedat\(db,)-600(db->datbuf, db->datoff, SEEK_SET\);)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 3326.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 308.591 Tm [([412 )167(\320 )167(431])-668(The)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.984 0 Td (_db_dodelete)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.509 0 Td [(function )-60(does )-60(all )-60(the )-60(work )-60(necessary )-60(to )-60(delete )-60(a )-60(r)22(ecor)18(d)]TJ -9.493 -1.2 Td [(fr)18(om )-66(the )-66(database.)-566(\(This )-66(function )-66(is )-66(also )-66(called )-66(by)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 22.912 0 Td (db_store)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(.\) )-316(Most)-315(of )-66(the)]TJ -22.912 -1.2 Td [(function )-21(just )-21(updates )-21(two )-21(linked )-21(lists: )-21(the )-21(fr)21(ee )-21(list )-21(and )-21(the )-21(hash )-21(chain )-21(for )-21(this)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD (key)Tj 0.5151 Tc 1.48 0 Td (.W)Tj 0 Tc 1.765 0 Td [(hen )-15(a )-15(r)18(ecor)18(d)-265(is)-265(deleted, )-15(we )-15(set )-15(its )-15(key )-15(and )-15(data )-15(r)17(ecor)18(d)-265(to)-265(blanks. )-265(This)]TJ -3.245 -1.2 Td (fact is used by)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 6.544 0 Td (db_nextrec)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (,w)Tj 0 Tc 7.334 0 Td (hich we\325ll examine later in this section.)Tj -18.878 -1.6 Td [([432 )167(\320 )167(440])]TJ -0.092 Tc 5 0 Td [(We )-375(c)]TJ 0 Tc 2.271 0 Td (all)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.522 0 Td (writew_lock)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.041 0 Td [(to )-191(write )-191(lock )-191(the )-191(fr)18(ee )-191(list.)-691(This )-191(step )-191(pr)18(events )-191(two)]TJ -10.835 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ocesses )-116(that )-116(ar)]TJ 0.3664 Tc 7.542 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.456 0 Td [(eleting )-116(r)18(ecor)18(ds )-116(at )-116(the )-116(same )-116(time, )-116(on )-116(two )-116(dif)16(fer)18(ent )-116(hash)]TJ -8.998 -1.2 Td [(chains, )-75(fr)18(om )-75(interfering )-75(with )-75(each )-75(other)]TJ 0.5749 Tc 17.837 0 Td (.S)Tj 0 Tc 1.35 0 Td [(ince )-75(we\325ll )-75(add )-75(the )-75(deleted )-75(r)19(ecor)18(d)]TJ -19.187 -1.2 Td [(to )-28(the )-28(fr)18(ee )-28(list, )-28(which )-28(changes )-28(the )-28(fr)18(ee-list )-28(pointer)]TJ 0.2781 Tc 21.9 0 Td (,o)Tj 0 Tc 1.074 0 Td [(nly )-28(one )-28(pr)18(ocess )-28(at )-28(a )-28(time)]TJ -22.974 -1.2 Td (can be doing this.)Tj -0.092 Tc 0 -1.8 TD [(We )-389(w)]TJ 0 Tc 2.676 0 Td [(rite )-205(the )-205(all-blank )-205(data )-205(r)17(ecor)18(d)-455(by)-455(c)-1(alling)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 18.797 0 Td (_db_writedat)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.7053 Tc (.N)Tj 0 Tc 8.986 0 Td [(ote )-205(that)]TJ -30.46 -1.2 Td [(ther)18(e)-337(is)-337(no)-337(need )-87(for)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.196 0 Td (_db_writedat)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.537 0 Td [(to )-87(lock )-87(the )-87(data )-87(\336le )-87(in )-87(this )-87(case.)-586(Since)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -16.733 -1.2 Td (db_delete)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.653 0 Td [(has )-3(write )-3(locked )-3(the )-3(hash )-3(chain )-3(for )-3(this )-3(r)15(ecor)18(d, )-3(we )-3(know )-3(that )-3(no)]TJ -5.653 -1.2 Td [(other pr)18(ocess is r)18(eading or writing this particular data r)18(ecor)18(d.)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47081 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(20.8)]TJ 38.014 0 Td [(Sour)18(ce )-250(Code)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 7.819 0 Td (763)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 6690.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 129.5922 659.4594 Tm [(230 )-1200(/*)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(231 )-1800(*)-600(Find the specified record.)-1200(Called by db_delete, db_fetch,)]TJ T* [(232 )-1800(*)-600(and db_store.)-1200(Returns with the hash chain locked.)]TJ T* [(233 )-1800(*/)]TJ T* [(234 )-1200(static)-600(int)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(235 )-1200(_db_find_and_lock\(DB)-600(*db, const char *key, int writelock\))]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(236 )-1200({)]TJ T* [(237 )-2400(off_t)-1800(offset, nextoffset;)]TJ 0 -1.664 TD [(238 )-2400(/*)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(239 )-3000(*)-600(Calculate the hash value for this key, then calculate the)]TJ T* [(240 )-3000(*)-600(byte offset of corresponding chain ptr in hash table.)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(241 )-3000(*)-600(This is where our search starts.)-1200(First we calculate the)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(242 )-3000(*)-600(offset in the hash table for this key.)]TJ T* [(243 )-3000(*/)]TJ T* [(244 )-2400(db->chainoff)]TJ 0.6 Tc 12.6 0 Td (=\()Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (_db_hash\(db, key\) * PTR_SZ\) + db->hashoff;)Tj -14.4 -1.189 Td [(245 )-2400(db->ptroff)]TJ 0.6 Tc 11.4 0 Td (=d)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (b->chainoff;)Tj -13.2 -1.664 Td [(246 )-2400(/*)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(247 )-3000(*)-600(We lock the hash chain here.)-1200(The caller must unlock it)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(248 )-3000(*)-600(when done.)-1200(Note we lock and unlock only the first byte.)]TJ T* [(249 )-3000(*/)]TJ T* [(250 )-2400(if)-600(\(writelock\) {)]TJ T* [(251 )-4800(if)-600(\(writew_lock\(db->idxfd, db->chainoff, SEEK_SET, 1\) < 0\))]TJ T* (252 )Tj 9.6 0 Td [(err_dump\("_db_find_and_lock:)-600(writew_lock error"\);)]TJ -9.6 -1.189 Td [(253 )-2400(})-600(else {)]TJ T* [(254 )-4800(if)-600(\(readw_lock\(db->idxfd, db->chainoff, SEEK_SET, 1\) < 0\))]TJ T* (255 )Tj 9.6 0 Td [(err_dump\("_db_find_and_lock:)-600(readw_lock error"\);)]TJ -9.6 -1.189 Td [(256 )-2400(})]TJ 0 -1.664 TD [(257 )-2400(/*)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(258 )-3000(*)-600(Get the offset in the index file of first record)]TJ T* [(259 )-3000(*)-600(on the hash chain \(can be 0\).)]TJ T* [(260 )-3000(*/)]TJ T* [(261 )-2400(offset)]TJ 0.6 Tc 9 0 Td (=_)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (db_readptr\(db, db->ptroff\);)Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 3101.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 286.1237 Tm [([230 )167(\320 )167(237])-668(The)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.989 0 Td (_db_find_and_lock)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 10.515 0 Td [(function )-65(is )-65(used )-65(internally )-65(by )-65(the )-65(library )-65(to )-65(\336nd)]TJ 0.2914 Tc -12.503 -1.2 Td (ar)Tj 0 Tc 1.168 0 Td (ecor)Tj 0.2914 Tc 1.846 0 Td (dg)Tj 0 Tc 1.458 0 Td [(iven )-41(its )-41(key)]TJ 0.5414 Tc 5.021 0 Td (.W)Tj 0.2915 Tc 1.699 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.194 0 Td [(et )-41(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 2.775 0 Td (writelock)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.691 0 Td [(parameter )-41(to )-41(a )-41(nonzer)]TJ 0.2915 Tc 9.871 0 Td (ov)Tj 0 Tc 1.403 0 Td (alue)Tj -32.127 -1.2 Td [(if )-88(we )-88(want )-88(to )-88(acquir)]TJ 0.338 Tc 9.178 0 Td (eaw)Tj 0 Tc 2.489 0 Td [(rite )-88(lock )-88(on )-88(the )-88(index )-88(\336le )-88(while )-88(we )-88(sear)18(ch )-88(for )-88(the)]TJ -0.018 Tc -11.667 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(cor)18(d. )-349(If)-348(we )-99(set)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.085 0 Td (writelock)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.749 0 Td [(to )-99(zer)18(o, )-99(we )-99(r)18(ead )-99(lock )-99(the )-99(index )-99(\336le )-99(while )-99(we)]TJ -13.689 -1.2 Td [(sear)18(ch it.)]TJ -5 -1.6 Td [([238 )167(\320 )167(256])]TJ -0.092 Tc 5 0 Td [(We )-282(p)]TJ -0.018 Tc 2.336 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(par)18(e)-348(to)-348(traverse )-98(a )-98(hash )-98(chain )-98(in)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 14.688 0 Td (_db_find_and_lock)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.598 Tc (.W)Tj 0.348 Tc 11.956 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.271 0 Td (onvert)Tj -31.107 -1.2 Td [(the )-79(key )-79(into )-79(a )-79(hash )-79(value, )-79(which )-79(we )-79(use )-79(to )-79(calculate )-79(the )-79(starting )-79(addr)18(ess )-79(of)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(the )-131(hash )-131(chain )-131(in )-131(the )-131(\336le )-131(\()]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 12.129 0 Td (chainoff)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(\). )-381(W)]TJ 0.3811 Tc 6.922 0 Td (ew)Tj 0 Tc 1.694 0 Td [(ait )-131(for )-131(the )-131(lock )-131(to )-131(be )-131(granted)]TJ -20.745 -1.2 Td (befor)Tj 0.2707 Tc 2.288 0 Td (eg)Tj 0 Tc 1.306 0 Td [(oing )-21(thr)18(ough )-21(the )-21(hash )-21(chain.)-521(Note )-21(that )-21(we )-21(lock )-21(only )-21(the )-21(\336rst )-21(byte )-21(in)]TJ -3.594 -1.2 Td [(the )-47(start )-47(of )-47(the )-47(hash )-47(chain.)-544(This )-46(incr)18(eases )-46(concurr)18(ency )-46(by )-46(allowing )-46(multiple)]TJ T* [(pr)18(ocesses to sear)18(ch dif)18(fer)18(ent hash chains at the same time.)]TJ -5 -1.6 Td [([257 )167(\320 )167(261])]TJ -0.092 Tc 5 0 Td [(We )-376(c)]TJ 0 Tc 2.273 0 Td (all)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.524 0 Td (_db_readptr)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.042 0 Td [(to )-192(r)18(ead )-192(the )-192(\336rst )-192(pointer )-192(in )-192(the )-192(hash )-192(chain.)-692(If )-192(this)]TJ -0.018 Tc -10.84 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(turns zer)18(o, the hash chain is empty)111(.)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47082 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(20.8)]TJ 38.014 0 Td [(Sour)18(ce )-250(Code)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 7.819 0 Td (759)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 6690.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 129.5922 659.4594 Tm [(121 )-2400(if)-600(\(\(oflag & \(O_CREAT | O_TRUNC\)\) == \(O_CREAT | O_TRUNC\)\) {)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(122 )-4800(/*)]TJ T* (123 )Tj 7.8 0 Td [(*)-600(If the database was created, we have to initialize)]TJ -7.8 -1.189 Td (124 )Tj 7.8 0 Td [(*)-600(it. )-600(Write)-600(lock the entire file so that we can stat)]TJ -7.8 -1.189 Td (125 )Tj 7.8 0 Td [(*)-600(it, check its size, and initialize it, atomically.)]TJ -7.8 -1.189 Td (126 )Tj 7.8 0 Td (*/)Tj -7.8 -1.189 Td [(127 )-4800(if)-600(\(writew_lock\(db->idxfd, 0, SEEK_SET, 0\) < 0\))]TJ T* (128 )Tj 9.6 0 Td [(err_dump\("db_open:)-600(writew_lock error"\);)]TJ -9.6 -2.259 Td [(129 )-4800(if)-600(\(fstat\(db->idxfd, &statbuff\) < 0\))]TJ T* (130 )Tj 9.6 0 Td [(err_sys\("db_open:)-600(fstat error"\);)]TJ -9.6 -2.259 Td [(131 )-4800(if)-600(\(statbuff.st_size == 0\) {)]TJ T* (132 )Tj 9.6 0 Td (/*)Tj -9.6 -1.189 Td (133 )Tj 10.2 0 Td [(*)-600(We have to build a list of \(NHASH_DEF + 1\) chain)]TJ -10.2 -1.189 Td (134 )Tj 10.2 0 Td [(*)-600(ptrs with a value of 0.)-1200(The +1 is for the free)]TJ -10.2 -1.189 Td (135 )Tj 10.2 0 Td [(*)-600(list pointer that precedes the hash table.)]TJ -10.2 -1.189 Td (136 )Tj 10.2 0 Td (*/)Tj -10.2 -1.189 Td (137 )Tj 9.6 0 Td [(sprintf\(asciiptr,)-600("%*d", PTR_SZ, 0\);)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 4642.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 440.1852 Tm [([121 )167(\320 )167(130])]TJ -0.092 Tc 5 0 Td [(We )-571(e)]TJ 0 Tc 2.503 0 Td [(ncounter )-387(locking )-387(if )-387(the )-387(database )-387(is )-387(being )-387(cr)17(eated. )-637(Consider)-637(two)]TJ -2.503 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ocesses )-368(trying )-368(to )-368(cr)18(eate )-368(the )-368(same )-368(database )-368(at )-368(about )-368(the )-368(same )-368(time.)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(Assume )-65(that )-65(the )-65(\336rst )-65(pr)18(ocess )-65(calls)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 15.596 0 Td (fstat)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.315 0 Td [(and )-65(is )-65(blocked )-65(by )-65(the )-65(kernel )-65(after)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -18.911 -1.2 Td (fstat)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 3.347 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(turns. )-347(The)-348(second )-97(pr)18(ocess )-97(calls)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 14.572 0 Td (db_open)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.3474 Tc (,\336)Tj 0 Tc 5.402 0 Td [(nds )-97(that )-97(the )-97(length )-97(of)]TJ -24.178 -1.2 Td [(the )-143(index )-143(\336le )-143(is )-143(0, )-143(and )-143(initializes )-143(the )-143(fr)18(ee )-143(list )-143(and )-143(hash )-143(chain.)-648(The )-143(second)]TJ T* [(pr)18(ocess )-175(then )-175(writes )-175(one )-175(r)18(ecor)18(d)-425(to)-425(the )-175(database.)-675(At )-175(this )-175(point, )-175(the )-175(second)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ocess )-115(is )-115(blocked, )-115(and )-115(the )-115(\336rst )-115(pr)20(ocess )-115(continues )-115(executing )-115(right )-115(after )-115(the)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(call )-63(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.023 0 Td (fstat)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.5627 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 4.426 0 Td [(he )-63(\336rst )-63(pr)18(ocess )-63(\336nds )-63(the )-63(size )-63(of )-63(the )-63(index )-63(\336le )-63(to )-63(be )-63(0 )-63(\(since)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -7.449 -1.2 Td (fstat)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.288 0 Td [(was )-38(called )-38(befor)]TJ 0.2881 Tc 7.238 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.093 0 Td [(he )-38(second )-38(pr)18(ocess )-38(initialized )-38(the )-38(index )-38(\336le\), )-38(so )-38(the)]TJ -11.619 -1.2 Td [(\336rst )-3(pr)18(ocess )-3(initializes )-3(the )-3(fr)18(ee )-3(list )-3(and )-3(hash )-3(chain, )-3(wiping )-3(out )-3(the )-3(r)20(ecor)]TJ 0.2528 Tc 31.402 0 Td (dt)Tj 0 Tc 1.19 0 Td (hat)Tj -32.592 -1.2 Td [(the )-54(second )-54(pr)18(ocess )-54(stor)18(ed )-54(in )-54(the )-54(database.)-554(The )-54(way )-54(to )-54(pr)19(event )-54(this )-54(is )-54(to )-54(use)]TJ T* [(locking. )-473(W)]TJ 0.4734 Tc 5.147 0 Td (eu)Tj 0 Tc 1.555 0 Td [(se )-223(the )-223(macr)17(os)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.884 0 Td (readw_lock)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 6.723 0 Td (writew_lock)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.4733 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 7.823 0 Td (nd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.666 0 Td (un_lock)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -29.8 -1.2 Td [(fr)18(om Section 14.3.)]TJ -5 -1.6 Td [([131 )167(\320 )167(137])-668(If )-235(the )-235(size )-235(of )-235(the )-235(index )-235(\336le )-235(is )-235(0, )-235(we )-235(have )-235(just )-235(cr)16(eated )-235(it, )-235(so )-235(we )-235(need )-235(to)]TJ 5 -1.2 Td [(initialize )-88(the )-88(fr)18(ee )-88(list )-88(and )-88(hash )-88(chain )-88(pointers )-88(it )-88(contains.)-593(Note )-88(that )-88(we )-88(use)]TJ T* [(the )-146(format )-146(string)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.133 0 Td (%*d)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.196 0 Td [(to )-146(convert )-146(a )-146(database )-146(pointer )-146(fr)17(om )-146(an )-146(integer )-146(to )-146(an)]TJ -10.329 -1.2 Td [(ASCII )-160(string.)-660(\(W)92(e\325ll )-160(use )-160(this )-160(type )-160(of )-160(format )-160(again )-160(in)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 24.697 0 Td (_db_writeidx)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.61 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -32.307 -1.2 Td (_db_writeptr)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(.\) )-337(This)-338(format )-87(tells)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 16.087 0 Td (sprintf)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.537 0 Td [(to )-87(take )-87(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.133 0 Td (PTR_SZ)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.938 0 Td [(ar)18(gument)]TJ -29.694 -1.2 Td [(and )-76(use )-76(it )-76(as )-76(the )-76(minimum )-76(\336eld )-76(width )-76(for )-76(the )-76(next )-76(ar)18(gument, )-76(which )-76(is )-76(0 )-76(in)]TJ T* [(this )-53(instance )-53(\(her)18(e)-303(we)-303(a)]TJ -0.018 Tc [(re )-89(i)]TJ 0 Tc 11.977 0 Td [(nitializing )-53(the )-53(pointers )-53(to )-53(0, )-53(since )-53(we )-53(ar)]TJ 0.3032 Tc 17.686 0 Td (ec)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.226 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (ating)Tj 0.251 Tc -31.745 -1.2 Td (an)Tj 0 Tc 1.333 0 Td [(ew )-1(database\).)-501(This )-1(has )-1(the )-1(ef)18(fect )-1(of )-1(for)18(cing )-1(the )-1(string )-1(cr)18(eated )-1(to )-1(be )-1(at )-1(least)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.333 -1.2 Td (PTR_SZ)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.867 0 Td [(characters )-17(\(padded )-17(on )-17(the )-17(left )-17(with )-17(spaces\).)-518(In)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 20.973 0 Td (_db_writeidx)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.467 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -32.307 -1.2 Td (_db_writeptr)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(,)-390(we)-390(will )-140(pass )-140(a )-140(pointer )-140(value )-140(instead )-140(of )-140(zer)19(o, )-140(but )-140(we )-140(will)]TJ T* [(\336rst )-123(verify )-123(that )-123(the )-123(pointer )-123(value )-123(isn\325t )-123(gr)16(eater )-123(than)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 23.511 0 Td (PTR_MAX)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(,)-373(to)-373(g)-1(uarantee)]TJ -23.511 -1.2 Td [(that )-83(every )-83(pointer )-83(string )-83(we )-83(write )-83(to )-83(the )-83(database )-83(occupies )-83(exactly)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 30.4 0 Td (PTR_SZ)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -30.4 -1.16 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (7)Tj 0.5 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.583 -0.04 Td (characters.)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47083 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(14.3)]TJ 36.622 0 Td (Recor)Tj 0.5 Tc 2.514 0 Td (dL)Tj 0 Tc 1.722 0 Td (ocking)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.975 0 Td (491)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 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-2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 3006.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 247.2623 284.5948 Tm (Figure 14.7)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.695 0 Td (Example of deadlock detection)Tj 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5846 258.198 Tm [(Running the pr)18(ogram in Figur)]TJ 0.25 Tc 13.365 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (4.7 gives us)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9989 0 0 8.9989 147.5823 241.5 Tm ($)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (./a.out)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -1.2 -1.189 Td (parent: got the lock, byte 1)Tj T* (child: got the lock, byte 0)Tj T* (parent: writew_lock error: Resource deadlock avoided)Tj T* (child: got the lock, byte 1)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 147.5823 180.7073 Tm [(When )-140(a )-140(deadlock )-140(is )-140(detected, )-140(the )-140(kernel )-140(has )-140(to )-140(choose )-140(one )-140(pr)18(ocess )-140(to )-140(r)22(eceive )-140(the)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(err)18(or )-190(r)18(eturn. )-440(In)-441(this )-190(example, )-190(the )-190(par)16(ent )-190(was )-190(chosen, )-190(but )-190(this )-190(is )-190(an )-190(implementation)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(detail. )-418(On)-418(some )-168(systems, )-168(the )-168(child )-168(always )-168(r)18(eceives )-168(the )-168(err)19(or)]TJ 0.6679 Tc 27.979 0 Td (.O)Tj 0.418 Tc 1.704 0 Td (no)Tj 0 Tc 1.546 0 Td [(ther )-168(systems, )-168(the)]TJ -31.229 -1.2 Td [(par)18(ent )-179(always )-179(gets )-179(the )-179(err)17(or)]TJ 0.6792 Tc 12.977 0 Td (.O)Tj 0.4292 Tc 1.715 0 Td (ns)Tj 0 Tc 1.435 0 Td [(ome )-179(systems, )-179(you )-179(might )-179(even )-179(see )-179(the )-179(err)18(ors )-179(split)]TJ -16.127 -1.2 Td [(between the child and the par)18(ent as multiple lock attempts ar)]TJ 0.25 Tc 27.051 0 Td (em)Tj 0 Tc 1.612 0 Td (ade.)Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5141.25 1327.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 50 50 l 0 50 l 0 0 l S Q Q EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47084 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(14.3)]TJ 36.622 0 Td (Recor)Tj 0.5 Tc 2.514 0 Td (dL)Tj 0 Tc 1.722 0 Td (ocking)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.975 0 Td (489)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 93.5944 668.9599 Tm [(Example )195(\321 )195(Requesting)-279(and Releasing a Loc)20(k)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf -0.092 Tc 3.6 -2.4 Td [(To )-206(s)]TJ 0 Tc 1.763 0 Td [(ave )-22(ourselves )-22(fr)18(om )-22(having )-22(to )-22(allocate )-22(an)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 18.199 0 Td (flock)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.272 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)]TJ 0.2719 Tc 3.49 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.251 0 Td [(nd )-22(\336ll )-22(in )-22(all )-22(the )-22(elements)]TJ -27.975 -1.2 Td (each time, the function)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 10.328 0 Td (lock_reg)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.05 0 Td (in Figur)Tj 0.25 Tc 3.506 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (4.5 handles all these details.)Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 6258.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /TT1 1 Tf 8.9989 0 0 8.9989 129.5844 616.225 Tm (#include "apue.h")Tj 0 -1.189 TD (#include )Tj 0 -1.902 TD (int)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (lock_reg\(int fd, int cmd, int type, off_t offset, int whence, off_t len\ \))Tj T* ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td [(struct flock)-2400(lock;)]TJ 0 -1.902 TD [(lock.l_type = type;)-3000(/* F_RDLCK, F_WRLCK, F_UNLCK */)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(lock.l_start = offset;)-1200(/* byte offset, relative to l_whence */)]TJ T* (lock.l_whence = whence; /* SEEK_SET, SEEK_CUR, SEEK_END */)Tj T* [(lock.l_len = len;)-4200(/* #bytes \(0 means to EOF\) */)]TJ 0 -1.902 TD (return\(fcntl\(fd, cmd, &lock\)\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 4745.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 226.0313 458.4555 Tm (Figure 14.5)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.695 0 Td [(Function to lock or unlock a r)18(egion of a \336le)]TJ 9.9982 0 0 9.9982 129.5769 434.4598 Tm [(Since )-33(most )-33(locking )-33(calls )-33(ar)18(e)-283(to)-283(lock )-33(or )-33(unlock )-33(a )-33(r)18(egion )-33(\(the )-33(command)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 30.921 0 Td (F_GETLK)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.483 0 Td [(is )-33(rar)18(ely)]TJ -35.404 -1.2 Td [(used\), )-57(we )-57(normally )-57(use )-57(one )-57(of )-57(the )-57(following )-57(\336ve )-57(macr)18(os, )-57(which )-57(ar)]TJ 0.3066 Tc 29.762 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.397 0 Td [(e\336ned )-57(in)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 4.242 0 Td (apue.h)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -35.4 -1.2 Td (\(Appendix B\).)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 8.9984 0 0 8.9984 129.5769 388.4181 Tm (#define read_lock\(fd, offset, whence, len\) \\)Tj 7.2 -1.189 Td (lock_reg\(\(fd\), F_SETLK, F_RDLCK, \(offset\), \(whence\), \(len\)\))Tj -7.2 -1.189 Td (#define readw_lock\(fd, offset, whence, len\) \\)Tj 7.2 -1.189 Td (lock_reg\(\(fd\), F_SETLKW, F_RDLCK, \(offset\), \(whence\), \(len\)\))Tj -7.2 -1.189 Td (#define write_lock\(fd, offset, whence, len\) \\)Tj 7.2 -1.189 Td (lock_reg\(\(fd\), F_SETLK, F_WRLCK, \(offset\), \(whence\), \(len\)\))Tj -7.2 -1.189 Td (#define writew_lock\(fd, offset, whence, len\) \\)Tj 7.2 -1.189 Td (lock_reg\(\(fd\), F_SETLKW, F_WRLCK, \(offset\), \(whence\), \(len\)\))Tj -7.2 -1.189 Td (#define un_lock\(fd, offset, whence, len\) \\)Tj 7.2 -1.189 Td (lock_reg\(\(fd\), F_SETLK, F_UNLCK, \(offset\), \(whence\), \(len\)\))Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.092 Tc 9.9982 0 0 9.9982 129.5769 268.7896 Tm [(We )-236(h)]TJ 0 Tc 2.271 0 Td [(ave )-52(purposely )-52(de\336ned )-52(the )-52(\336rst )-52(thr)18(ee )-52(ar)18(guments )-52(to )-52(these )-52(macr)18(os )-52(in )-52(the )-52(same )-52(or)22(der)]TJ -2.271 -1.2 Td (as the)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 2.811 0 Td (lseek)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td (function.)Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5141.25 2568.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 50 50 l 0 50 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 9.9976 0 0 9.9976 93.5775 224.3841 Tm [(Example )195(\321 )195(T)59(esting f)20(or a Loc)20(k)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 3.6 -2.4 Td (Figur)Tj 0.25 Tc 2.383 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (4.6 de\336nes the function)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 10.524 0 Td (lock_test)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.65 0 Td (that we\325ll use to test for a lock.)Tj ET q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 1932.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /TT1 1 Tf 8.9973 0 0 8.9973 129.5611 183.6819 Tm (#include "apue.h")Tj 0 -1.189 TD (#include )Tj 0 -1.902 TD (pid_t)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (lock_test\(int fd, int type, off_t offset, int whence, off_t len\))Tj T* ({)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47085 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q BT /Span <>BDC /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 233.7152 451.4845 Tm [(For my par)18(ents, Len & Grace)]TJ EMC ET q 1 0 0 1 47.58 40.02 cm /GS1 gs /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47086 0 obj <> endobj 47087 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q BT /Span <>BDC /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 24 0 0 24 160.4586 542.5719 Tm [(Ad)15(v)20(anced Pr)20(ogramming )]TJ EMC /Span <>BDC ( )Tj EMC /Span <>BDC -0.24 -1.083 Td (in the UNIX)Tj EMC /Span <>BDC /T1_1 1 Tf 9.6 0 0 9.6 282.7029 527.5219 Tm (\256)Tj EMC /Span <>BDC /T1_0 1 Tf 24 0 0 24 290.3828 516.5719 Tm [( En)40(vir)20(onment)]TJ EMC /Span <>BDC /T1_2 1 Tf -2.468 -1.375 Td (Third Edition)Tj EMC ET q 1 0 0 1 47.58 40.02 cm /GS1 gs /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47088 0 obj <> endobj 47089 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q BT /Span <>BDC /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 14 0 0 14 105 609.192 Tm [(Praise f)20(or the Fir)15(st Edition)]TJ EMC /Span <>BDC /T1_1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 105 568.892 Tm (\223)Tj EMC ET /Span <>BDC BT /T1_2 1 Tf 0.205 Tw 10 0 0 10 110 568.892 Tm [(Advanced Pr)18(ogramming in the UNIX)]TJ ET BT /Span <>BDC /T1_2 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 271.5401 568.892 Tm ( )Tj EMC ET EMC BT /Span <>BDC /T1_2 1 Tf 0 Tw 4 0 0 4 271.9589 573.4919 Tm (\256)Tj EMC /Span <>BDC 0.205 Tw 10 0 0 10 274.9469 568.892 Tm [( Envir)18(onment )]TJ EMC /Span <>BDC /T1_1 1 Tf (is a must-have for any serious C )Tj EMC ET /Span <>BDC BT /Span <>BDC /T1_1 1 Tf 0.063 Tw 10 0 0 10 105 555.892 Tm ( )Tj EMC ET BT /T1_1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 105 555.892 Tm [(pr)18(ogrammer who works under UNIX. Its depth, thor)18(oughness, and clarity of explana)]TJ ET EMC BT /Span <>BDC /T1_1 1 Tf 0 Tw 10 0 0 10 488.67 555.892 Tm (-)Tj EMC /Span <>BDC -38.367 -1.3 Td [(tion ar)18(e unmatched.\224)]TJ EMC /Span <>BDC 0 -2 TD (\227)Tj EMC /Span <>BDC /T1_2 1 Tf (UniForum Monthly)Tj EMC /Span <>BDC /T1_1 1 Tf 0.046 Tw 0 -3.9 TD [(\223Numer)18(ous )1(r)18(eaders )1(r)18(ecommended )]TJ EMC ET /Span <>BDC BT /T1_2 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 262.7166 483.892 Tm [(Advanced )1(Pr)18(ogramming )1(in )1(the )1(UNIX)]TJ ET BT /Span <>BDC /T1_2 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 417.8568 483.892 Tm ( )Tj EMC ET EMC BT /Span <>BDC /T1_2 1 Tf 0 Tw 4 0 0 4 418.2917 488.492 Tm (\256)Tj EMC /Span <>BDC 0.046 Tw 10 0 0 10 421.2797 483.892 Tm [( )1(Envir)18(onment )]TJ EMC /Span <>BDC /T1_1 1 Tf 0 Tw (by )Tj EMC /Span <>BDC -0.019 Tw -31.628 -1.2 Td [(W)92(. Richar)18(d Stevens \(Addison-W)92(esley\), and I\222m glad they did; I hadn\222t even hear)18(d of this )]TJ EMC /Span <>BDC 0 Tw 38.7 0 Td ( )Tj EMC /Span <>BDC 0.157 Tw -38.7 -1.2 Td [(book, and it\222s been out since 1992. I just got my hands on a copy)111(, and the \037rst few )]TJ EMC ET /Span <>BDC BT /T1_1 1 Tf 0 Tw 10 0 0 10 105 447.892 Tm (chapters)Tj ET BT /Span <>BDC /T1_1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 142.51 447.892 Tm ( )Tj EMC ET BT /T1_1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 145.01 447.892 Tm (have been fascinating.\224)Tj ET EMC BT /Span <>BDC /T1_1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 105 427.892 Tm (\227)Tj EMC /Span <>BDC /T1_2 1 Tf [(Open Systems T)111(oday)]TJ EMC /Span <>BDC /T1_1 1 Tf 0.15 Tw T* [(\223A)55( much mor)18(e r)18(eadable and detailed tr)18(eatment of [UNIX internals] can be found in )]TJ EMC ET /Span <>BDC BT /T1_2 1 Tf 0.252 Tw 10 0 0 10 105 376.892 Tm [(Advanced Pr)18(ogramming in the UNIX)]TJ ET BT /Span <>BDC /T1_2 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 268.42 376.892 Tm ( )Tj EMC ET EMC BT /Span <>BDC /T1_2 1 Tf 0 Tw 4 0 0 4 268.8539 381.492 Tm (\256)Tj EMC /Span <>BDC 0.252 Tw 10 0 0 10 271.8418 376.892 Tm [( Envir)18(onment )]TJ EMC /Span <>BDC /T1_1 1 Tf 6.377 0 Td [(by W)92(. Richar)18(d Stevens \(Addison-)]TJ EMC /Span <>BDC 0.026 Tw -23.061 -1.2 Td [(W)92(esley\). This book )1(includes lots of r)18(ealistic )1(examples, and I \037nd it quite helpful )1(when I )]TJ EMC /Span <>BDC 0 Tw 0 -1.2 TD [(have systems pr)18(ogramming tasks to do.\224)]TJ EMC /Span <>BDC 0 -2 TD (\227)Tj EMC /Span <>BDC /T1_2 1 Tf (RS/Magazine)Tj EMC ET q 1 0 0 1 47.58 40.02 cm /GS1 gs /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47090 0 obj <> endobj 47091 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q q /GS0 gs /Fm1 Do Q BT /Span <>BDC /GS1 gs /T1_0 1 Tf -0.026 Tc 14 0 0 14 105 609.192 Tm [(Praise f)20(or )]TJ EMC ET /Span <>BDC BT /T1_1 1 Tf 14 0 0 14 169.1926 609.192 Tm [(Ad)15(v)20(anced Pr)20(ogramming in the UNIX)]TJ ET BT /Span <>BDC /T1_1 1 Tf 14 0 0 14 397.1542 609.192 Tm [( )153( )]TJ EMC ET EMC BT /Span <>BDC /T1_2 1 Tf 0 Tc 5.6 0 0 5.6 399.2553 615.4919 Tm (\256)Tj EMC /Span <>BDC /T1_1 1 Tf -0.026 Tc 14 0 0 14 403.5897 609.192 Tm [( En)40(vir)20(onment,)]TJ EMC /Span <>BDC /T1_0 1 Tf 0 Tc 6.296 0 Td ( )Tj EMC /Span <>BDC /T1_1 1 Tf -27.624 -1.143 Td (Second Edition)Tj EMC /Span <>BDC /T1_3 1 Tf 0.133 Tw 10 0 0 10 105 552.892 Tm [(\223Stephen )1(Rago\222s update )1(is a )1(long )1(over)18(due )1(bene\037t )1(to the )1(community )1(of )1(pr)18(ofessionals )]TJ EMC /Span <>BDC 0.063 Tw 0 -1.3 TD [(using the versatile family of UNIX and UNIX-like operating envir)18(onments. It r)18(emoves )]TJ EMC /Span <>BDC 0.027 Tw T* [(obsolescence and includes newer developments. It also thor)18(oughly updates the context )]TJ EMC /Span <>BDC 0.062 Tw T* [(of all topics, examples, and applications to r)18(ecent r)18(eleases of popular implementations )]TJ EMC /Span <>BDC 0.017 Tw T* [(of UNIX and UNIX-like envir)18(onments. )37(And yet, it does all this while r)18(etaining the style )]TJ EMC /Span <>BDC 0 Tw T* (and taste of the original classic.\224)Tj EMC /Span <>BDC 0 -2 TD [(\227Mukesh Kacker)74(, cofounder and former CT)18(O of Pr)18(onto Networks, Inc.)]TJ EMC /Span <>BDC 0 -3.9 TD [(\223One of the essential classics of UNIX pr)18(ogramming.\224)]TJ EMC /Span <>BDC 0 -2 TD (\227Eric S. Raymond, author of )Tj EMC /Span <>BDC /T1_4 1 Tf [(The Art of UNIX Pr)18(ogramming)]TJ EMC /Span <>BDC /T1_3 1 Tf 0.183 Tw 0 -3.9 TD [(\223This is the de\037nitive )1(r)18(efer)18(ence )1(book for )1(any serious )1(or pr)18(ofessional )1(UNIX systems )]TJ EMC /Span <>BDC 0.148 Tw 0 -1.2 TD [(pr)18(ogrammer)74(. Rago has updated )1(and extended )1(the )1(classic )1(Stevens )1(text while )1(keeping )]TJ EMC ET /Span <>BDC BT /T1_3 1 Tf 0.116 Tw 10 0 0 10 105 345.892 Tm [(tr)8(ue)]TJ ET BT /Span <>BDC /T1_3 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 122.95 345.892 Tm ( )Tj EMC ET BT /T1_3 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 126.61 345.892 Tm [(to the original. The )37(APIs ar)18(e illuminated by clear examples of their use. He also )]TJ ET EMC BT /Span <>BDC /T1_3 1 Tf 0.013 Tw 10 0 0 10 105 333.892 Tm [(mentions many of the pitfalls to look out for when pr)18(ogramming acr)18(oss dif)18(fer)18(ent UNIX )]TJ EMC /Span <>BDC 0.244 Tw T* [(system implementations and points out how to avoid these pitfalls using \ r)18(elevant )]TJ EMC /Span <>BDC 0.275 Tw T* [(standar)18(ds such as POSIX 1003.1, 2004 edition, and the Single UNIX Speci\037cati\ on, )]TJ EMC ET /Span <>BDC BT /T1_3 1 Tf 0 Tw 10 0 0 10 105 297.892 Tm [(V)111(ersion)]TJ ET BT /Span <>BDC /T1_3 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 138.28 297.892 Tm ( )Tj EMC ET BT /T1_3 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 140.78 297.892 Tm (3.\224)Tj ET EMC BT /Span <>BDC /T1_3 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 105 277.892 Tm [(\227Andr)18(ew Josey)111(, Dir)18(ector)74(, Certi\037cation, The Open Gr)18(oup, and )]TJ EMC /Span <>BDC ( )Tj EMC /Span <>BDC T* [(Chair of the POSIX 1003.1 W)92(orking Gr)18(oup)]TJ EMC /Span <>BDC 0 -3.9 TD (\223)Tj EMC ET /Span <>BDC BT /T1_4 1 Tf 0.371 Tw 10 0 0 10 110 226.892 Tm [(Advanced Pr)18(ogramming in the UNIX)]TJ ET BT /Span <>BDC /T1_4 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 278.1801 226.892 Tm ( )Tj EMC ET EMC BT /Span <>BDC /T1_4 1 Tf 0 Tw 4 0 0 4 278.5912 231.492 Tm (\256)Tj EMC /Span <>BDC 0.371 Tw 10 0 0 10 281.5792 226.892 Tm [( Envir)18(onment, Second Edition, )]TJ EMC /Span <>BDC /T1_3 1 Tf 14.207 0 Td (is an essential )Tj EMC /Span <>BDC 0 Tw 6.835 0 Td ( )Tj EMC /Span <>BDC 0.087 Tw -38.7 -1.2 Td [(r)18(efer)18(ence )1(for )1(anyone )1(writing )1(pr)18(ograms )1(for )1(a )1(UNIX )1(system. )1(It\222s )1(the )1(\037rst )1(book )1(I )1(turn )1(to )]TJ EMC /Span <>BDC 0.126 Tw 0 -1.2 TD [(when I want to understand or r)18(e-learn any of the various system interfaces. Stephen )]TJ EMC /Span <>BDC 0.004 Tw T* [(Rago has successfully )1(r)18(evised this )1(book to incorporate )1(newer operating systems )1(such as )]TJ EMC /Span <>BDC 0.071 Tw T* [(GNU/Linux and )37(Apple\222s OS X while keeping tr)8(ue to the \037rst edition in terms of both )]TJ EMC /Span <>BDC 0 Tw T* [(r)18(eadability and usefulness. It will always have a place right next to my \ computer)75(.\224)]TJ EMC /Span <>BDC 0 -2 TD [(\227Dr)74(. Benjamin Kuperman, Swarthmor)18(e College)]TJ EMC ET q 1 0 0 1 47.58 40.02 cm /GS2 gs /Fm2 Do Q endstream endobj 47092 0 obj <> endobj 47093 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 465.375 708 Tm (Index)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.525 0 Td (993)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 129.5922 670.9597 Tm (VSTATUS)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(678)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.617 -1.25 Td (VSTOP)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(678)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -3.417 -1.25 Td (VSUSP)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(678)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -3.417 -1.25 Td (vsyslog)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(function, )-250(472)]TJ -3.267 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(472)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (VT0)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.217 0 Td [(constant, )-250(691)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -2.217 -1.25 Td (VT1)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.217 0 Td [(constant, )-250(691)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -2.217 -1.25 Td (VTDLY)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(676,)-250(684, 689, 691)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -3.417 -1.25 Td (VTIME)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(703)]TJ 6.063 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (705, 707)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -10.063 -1.25 Td (VWERASE)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(678)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.617 -1.25 Td (vwprintf)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(function, )-250(452)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -5.217 -1.25 Td (vwrite)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(function, )-250(525)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.017 -4.125 Td (wait)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.817 0 Td [(function, )-250(231)]TJ 6.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (232, 237)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (246, 249, 255, 264,)Tj -10.907 -1.25 Td (267, 280, 282)Tj 5.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (283, 301, 317, 328)Tj 7.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (329, 331,)Tj -14.333 -1.25 Td (333)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (335, 351, 368, 371)Tj 7.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (372, 451, 471, 499,)Tj -10.333 -1.25 Td (546, 588, 936)Tj -1.35 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(238)]TJ -0.092 Tc -1.35 -1.25 Td (Wa)Tj 0 Tc 1.408 0 Td [(it, J. 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)-153(datagram.)-651(The)]TJ -8.955 -1.2 Td [(next )-61(two )-61(elements )-61(allow )-61(us )-61(to )-61(specify )-61(an )-61(array )-61(of )-61(buf)15(fers )-61(\(scatter )-61(r)18(ead )-61(or )-61(gather )-61(write\),)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(as )-101(we )-101(described )-101(for )-101(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.938 0 Td (readv)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.351 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.044 0 Td (writev)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.951 0 Td [(functions )-101(\(Section )-101(14.6\).)-600(The)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 13.317 0 Td (msg_flags)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -33.6 -1.2 Td [(\336eld contains \337ags describing the message r)18(eceived, as summarized in Figur)]TJ 0.25 Tc 33.751 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (6.15.)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47101 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(16.5)]TJ 37.639 0 Td [(Data )-250(T)90(ransfer)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 8.231 0 Td [(61)37(1)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 668.9599 Tm [(the )-46(destination )-46(addr)18(ess )-46(is )-46(\336rst )-46(set )-46(by )-46(calling)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 19.9 0 Td (connect)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.2963 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 5.17 0 Td (o)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.842 0 Td (sendto)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.896 0 Td [(gives )-46(us )-46(an )-46(alternate)]TJ -29.809 -1.2 Td (way to send a message.)Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1188.25 6382.25 cm 0 0 m 3995 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 364.7682 630.1244 Tm [(Fr)18(eeBSD )-1416(Linux)-1382(Mac OS X)-1198(Solaris)]TJ 1.276 -1.25 Td [(8.0 )-2993(3.2.0)-2618(10.6.8 )-2868(10)]TJ -28.579 0.625 Td (Flag)Tj 11.425 0 Td (Description)Tj 11.076 0 Td (POSIX.1)Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1188.25 6162.25 cm 0 0 m 3995 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1188.25 6142.25 cm 0 0 m 3995 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 122.7779 606.0909 Tm (MSG_CONFIRM)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 36.717 0 Td (\245)Tj -27.417 0 Td [(Pr)18(ovide feedback to the link layer)]TJ 1.35 -1.25 Td [(to keep addr)18(ess mapping valid.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -10.65 -1.25 Td (MSG_DONTROUTE)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.262 Tc 31.849 0 Td (\245\245\245\245)Tj 0 Tc -22.549 0 Td [(Don\325t r)18(oute packet outside of local)]TJ 1.35 -1.25 Td (network.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -10.65 -1.25 Td (MSG_DONTWAIT)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.262 Tc 31.849 0 Td (\245\245\245\245)Tj 0 Tc -22.549 0 Td (Enable nonblocking operation)Tj 1.35 -1.25 Td (\(equivalent to using)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0 -1.25 TD (O_NONBLOCK)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (\).)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -10.65 -1.25 Td (MSG_EOF)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.13 Tc 31.849 0 Td (\245\245)Tj 0 Tc -22.549 0 Td (Shut the sender side of the socket)Tj 1.35 -1.25 Td (down after sending data.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -10.65 -1.25 Td (MSG_EOR)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.262 Tc 26.981 0 Td (\245\245\245\245\245)Tj 0 Tc -17.681 0 Td [(Mark the end of the r)18(ecor)]TJ 0.25 Tc 11.195 0 Td (di)Tj 0 Tc 1.152 0 Td (f)Tj -10.997 -1.25 Td [(supported by pr)18(otocol.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -10.65 -1.25 Td (MSG_MORE)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 36.717 0 Td (\245)Tj -27.417 0 Td (Delay sending the packet to allow)Tj 1.35 -1.25 Td (mor)Tj 0.25 Tc 1.806 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.34 0 Td (ata to be written.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -13.796 -1.25 Td (MSG_NOSIGNAL)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.262 Tc 26.981 0 Td (\245\245\245)Tj 0 Tc -17.681 0 Td (Don\325t generate)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 6.802 0 Td (SIGPIPE)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td (when)Tj -9.902 -1.25 Td (writing to an unconnected)Tj T* (socket.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -10.65 -1.25 Td (MSG_OOB)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.262 Tc 26.981 0 Td (\245\245\245\245\245)Tj 0 Tc -17.681 0 Td (Send out-of-band data if)Tj 1.35 -1.25 Td [(supported by pr)18(otocol \(see)]TJ T* (Section 16.7\).)Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1188.25 4222.25 cm 0 0 m 3995 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4774.25 4222.25 cm 0 0 m 0 2160 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4384.25 4222.25 cm 0 0 m 0 2160 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3995.25 4222.25 cm 0 0 m 0 2160 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3595.25 4222.25 cm 0 0 m 0 2160 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3615.25 4222.25 cm 0 0 m 0 2160 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3216.25 4222.25 cm 0 0 m 0 2160 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1912.25 4222.25 cm 0 0 m 0 2160 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5183.25 4222.25 cm 0 0 m 0 2160 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1188.25 4222.25 cm 0 0 m 0 2160 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 229.5569 404.103 Tm (Figure 16.13)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.195 0 Td (Flags used with)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 7.227 0 Td (send)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td (socket calls)Tj -0.092 Tc 9.9976 0 0 9.9976 147.5648 378.909 Tm [(We )-466(h)]TJ 0 Tc 2.501 0 Td [(ave )-282(one )-282(mor)]TJ 0.5318 Tc 6.021 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.455 0 Td [(hoice )-282(when )-282(transmitting )-282(data )-282(over )-282(a )-282(socket.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 21.721 0 Td [(We )-466(c)]TJ 0 Tc 2.363 0 Td [(an )-282(call)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -35.86 -1.2 Td (sendmsg)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.563 0 Td [(with )-113(a)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.26 0 Td (msghdr)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.963 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e)-363(to)-363(s)-1(pecify )-113(multiple )-113(buf)18(fers )-113(fr)18(om )-113(which )-113(to )-113(transmit)]TJ -11.787 -1.2 Td (data, similar to the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.521 0 Td (writev)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td (function \(Section 14.6\).)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9978 0 0 8.9978 147.5642 338.2188 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.902 TD (ssize_t sendmsg\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 12 0 Td (sockfd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 4.262 0 Td (onst struct msghdr *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (msg)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 15.467 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (\337ags)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -15.451 -1.902 Td (Returns: number of bytes sent if OK,)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 16.386 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 2995.25 cm 0 0 m 0 478 l 3900 478 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.997 0 0 9.997 147.5557 285.9742 Tm (POSIX.1 de\336nes the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.986 0 Td (msghdr)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e)-250(to)-250(have at least the following members:)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9973 0 0 8.9973 147.556 268.2092 Tm (struct msghdr {)Tj 1.2 -1.189 Td (void )Tj 8.4 0 Td [(*msg_name;)-4800(/* optional address */)]TJ -8.4 -1.189 Td [(socklen_t )-3000(msg_namelen;)-3000(/* address size in bytes */)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(struct iovec)-1200(*msg_iov; )-4800(/*)-600(array of I/O buffers */)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD (int )Tj 9 0 Td [(msg_iovlen;)-3600(/* number of elements in array */)]TJ -9 -1.189 Td (void )Tj 8.4 0 Td [(*msg_control;)-3000(/* ancillary data */)]TJ -8.4 -1.189 Td [(socklen_t )-3000(msg_controllen;)-1200(/* number of ancillary bytes */)]TJ T* (int )Tj 9 0 Td [(msg_flags;)-4200(/* flags for received message */)]TJ -9 -1.189 Td (.)Tj 0 -0.476 TD (.)Tj 0 -0.476 TD (.)Tj -1.2 -1.189 Td (};)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.092 Tc 9.997 0 0 9.997 129.5614 144.3171 Tm [(We )-409(s)]TJ 0 Tc 2.286 0 Td [(aw )-225(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.671 0 Td (iovec)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.475 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e)-475(in)-475(Section )-225(14.6.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 12.184 0 Td (We)Tj 0 Tc 1.387 0 Td [(\325ll )-225(see )-225(the )-225(use )-225(of )-225(ancillary )-225(data )-225(in)]TJ -23.002 -1.2 Td (Section 17.4.)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47102 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (592)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Network )-250(IPC: )-250(Sockets)]TJ 38.741 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(16)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 668.9599 Tm [(to )-234(cr)18(eate )-234(a )-234(raw )-234(socket )-234(to )-234(pr)18(event )-234(malicious )-234(applications )-234(fr)16(om )-234(cr)18(eating )-234(packets )-234(that)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD (might bypass established security mechanisms.)Tj 1.8 -1.2 Td (Calling)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.574 0 Td (socket)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.954 0 Td [(is )-104(similar )-104(to )-104(calling)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.035 0 Td (open)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.6045 Tc (.I)Tj 0.3545 Tc 3.591 0 Td (nb)Tj 0 Tc 1.489 0 Td [(oth )-104(cases, )-104(you )-104(get )-104(a )-104(\336le )-104(descriptor)]TJ -23.445 -1.2 Td [(that )-64(can )-64(be )-64(used )-64(for )-64(I/O.)-564(When )-64(you )-64(ar)]TJ 0.3143 Tc 17.651 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.404 0 Td [(one )-64(using )-64(the )-64(\336le )-64(descriptor)]TJ 0.3143 Tc 12.52 0 Td (,y)Tj 0 Tc 1.12 0 Td [(ou )-64(call)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.304 0 Td (close)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -36 -1.2 Td [(to r)18(elinquish access to the \336le or socket and fr)18(ee up the \336le descriptor for r)18(euse.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(Although )-192(a )-192(socket )-192(descriptor )-192(is )-192(actually )-192(a )-192(\336le )-192(descriptor)]TJ 0.4419 Tc 26.124 0 Td (,y)Tj 0 Tc 1.248 0 Td [(ou )-192(can\325t )-192(use )-192(a )-192(socket)]TJ -29.172 -1.2 Td [(descriptor )-252(with )-252(every )-252(function )-252(that )-252(accepts )-252(a )-252(\336le )-252(descriptor )-252(ar)22(gument. )-501(Figur)]TJ 0.5015 Tc 36.27 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.481 0 Td (6.4)Tj -37.75 -1.2 Td [(summarizes )-312(most )-312(of )-312(the )-312(functions )-312(we\325ve )-312(described )-312(so )-312(far )-312(that )-312(ar)]TJ 0.5621 Tc 31.31 0 Td (eu)Tj 0 Tc 1.644 0 Td [(sed )-312(with )-312(\336le)]TJ -32.954 -1.2 Td [(descriptors )-412(and )-412(describes )-412(how )-412(they )-412(behave )-412(when )-412(used )-412(with )-412(socket )-412(descriptors.)]TJ T* [(Unspeci\336ed )-297(and )-297(implementation-de\336ned )-297(behavior )-297(usually )-297(means )-297(that )-297(the )-297(function)]TJ T* [(doesn\325t )-79(work )-79(with )-79(socket )-79(descriptors.)-579(For )-79(example,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 23.623 0 Td (lseek)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.329 0 Td [(doesn\325t )-79(work )-79(with )-79(sockets,)]TJ -26.953 -1.2 Td [(since sockets don\325t support the concept of a \336le of)18(fset.)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1357.25 5158.25 cm 0 0 m 3777 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 184.0579 507.7391 Tm (Function )Tj 21.181 0 Td [(Behavior)-250(with socket)]TJ ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1357.25 5038.25 cm 0 0 m 3777 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1357.25 5018.25 cm 0 0 m 3777 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 139.7388 493.7111 Tm (close)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td (\(Section 3.3\))Tj 13.259 0 Td (deallocates the socket)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -16.509 -1.25 Td (dup)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.3 0 Td (dup2)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td (\(Section 3.12\))Tj 11.559 0 Td (duplicates the \336le descriptor as normal)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -16.509 -1.25 Td (fchdir)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td (\(Section 4.23\))Tj 12.659 0 Td (fails with)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 4.372 0 Td (errno)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td (set to)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.601 0 Td (ENOTDIR)Tj -26.732 -1.25 Td (fchmod)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td (\(Section 4.9\))Tj 12.659 0 Td (unspeci\336ed)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -16.509 -1.25 Td (fchown)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td [(\(Section 4.1)55(1\))]TJ 12.659 0 Td (implementation de\336ned)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -16.509 -1.25 Td (fcntl)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td (\(Section 3.14\))Tj 13.259 0 Td (some commands supported, including)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 17.292 0 Td (F_DUPFD)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -15.942 -1.25 Td (F_DUPFD_CLOEXEC)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 9.5 0 Td (F_GETFD)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 4.7 0 Td (F_GETFL)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 4.7 0 Td (F_GETOWN)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -18.9 -1.25 Td (F_SETFD)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 4.7 0 Td (F_SETFL)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 5.2 0 Td (nd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.443 0 Td (F_SETOWN)Tj -29.202 -1.25 Td (fdatasync)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 5.9 0 Td (fsync)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td [(\(Section 3.13\))-1500(implementation de\336ned)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -9.15 -1.25 Td (fstat)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td (\(Section 4.2\))Tj 13.259 0 Td (some)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.582 0 Td (stat)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)]TJ 0.25 Tc 3.49 0 Td (em)Tj 0 Tc 1.612 0 Td (embers supported, but how left up to the)Tj -8.984 -1.25 Td (implementation)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -17.859 -1.25 Td (ftruncate)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.65 0 Td [(\(Section 4.13\))-5000(unspeci\336ed)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -5.65 -1.25 Td (ioctl)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td (\(Section 3.15\))Tj 13.259 0 Td (some commands work, depending on underlying device driver)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -16.509 -1.25 Td (lseek)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td (\(Section 3.6\))Tj 13.259 0 Td (implementation de\336ned \(usually fails with)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 19.15 0 Td (errno)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td (set to)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.601 0 Td (ESPIPE)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (\))Tj /TT0 1 Tf -41.51 -1.25 Td (mmap)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td (\(Section 14.8\))Tj 13.859 0 Td (unspeci\336ed)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -16.509 -1.25 Td (poll)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td (\(Section 14.4.2\))Tj 13.859 0 Td (works as expected)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -16.509 -1.25 Td (pread)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.943 0 Td (pwrite)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td [(\(Section 3.1)55(1\))-1662(fails with)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.838 0 Td (errno)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td (set to)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.601 0 Td (ESPIPE)Tj -26.732 -1.25 Td (read)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td (\(Section 3.7\) and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 7.552 0 Td (readv)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -8.852 -1.25 Td (\(Section 14.6\))Tj 15.159 1.25 Td (equivalent to)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 6.048 0 Td (recv)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td (\(Section 16.5\) without any \337ags)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -25.207 -2.5 Td (select)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td (\(Section 14.4.1\))Tj 12.659 0 Td (works as expected)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -16.509 -1.25 Td (write)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td (\(Section 3.8\) and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 7.552 0 Td (writev)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -9.452 -1.25 Td (\(Section 14.6\))Tj 15.159 1.25 Td (equivalent to)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 6.048 0 Td (send)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td (\(Section 16.5\) without any \337ags)Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1357.25 2798.25 cm 0 0 m 3777 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2658.25 2798.25 cm 0 0 m 0 2360 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5134.25 2798.25 cm 0 0 m 0 2360 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1357.25 2798.25 cm 0 0 m 0 2360 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 220.839 261.7372 Tm (Figure 16.4)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.695 0 Td (How \336le descriptor functions act with sockets)Tj 9.9976 0 0 9.9976 147.5648 235.3435 Tm [(Communication )-103(on )-103(a )-103(socket )-103(is )-103(bidir)19(ectional. )-353(W)]TJ 0.3528 Tc 21.411 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.276 0 Td [(an )-103(disable )-103(I/O )-103(on )-103(a )-103(socket )-103(with)]TJ -24.487 -1.2 Td (the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.637 0 Td (shutdown)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.05 0 Td (function.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9978 0 0 8.9978 147.5654 207.8501 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.783 TD (int shutdown\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 10.2 0 Td (sockfd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 4.262 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (how)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 10.589 -1.783 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 1713.25 cm 0 0 m 0 456 l 3900 456 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.997 0 0 9.997 129.5611 158.9523 Tm (If)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 0.925 0 Td (how)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.921 0 Td (is)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.97 0 Td (SHUT_RD)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.2547 Tc (,t)Tj 0 Tc 5.031 0 Td [(hen )-5(r)18(eading )-5(fr)18(om )-5(the )-5(socket )-5(is )-5(disabled.)-503(If)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 19.023 0 Td (how)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.921 0 Td (is)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.97 0 Td (SHUT_WR)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.2547 Tc (,t)Tj 0 Tc 5.031 0 Td [(hen )-5(we)]TJ -35.789 -1.2 Td [(can\325t )-52(use )-52(the )-52(socket )-52(for )-52(transmitting )-52(data.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 19.104 0 Td [(We )-236(c)]TJ 0 Tc 2.133 0 Td [(an )-52(use)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.192 0 Td (SHUT_RDWR)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.702 0 Td [(to )-52(disable )-52(both )-52(data)]TJ -30.13 -1.2 Td [(transmission and r)18(eception.)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47103 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (532)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Advanced )-250(I/O)]TJ 38.741 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(14)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 11.9993 0 0 11.9993 129.5922 668.9599 Tm [(Ex)10(er)20(cises)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 129.5922 647.9611 Tm (14.1)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.074 Tc 3.065 0 Td (Wr)Tj 0 Tc 1.321 0 Td [(ite )-179(a )-179(test )-179(pr)18(ogram )-179(that )-179(illustrates )-179(your )-179(system\325s )-179(behavior )-179(when )-179(a )-179(pr)13(ocess )-179(is )-179(blocked)]TJ -1.321 -1.222 Td [(while )-72(trying )-72(to )-72(write )-72(lock )-72(a )-72(range )-72(of )-72(a )-72(\336le )-72(and )-72(additional )-72(r)23(ead)]TJ 28.051 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(lock )-72(r)18(equests )-72(ar)]TJ 0.3216 Tc 7.029 0 Td (em)Tj 0 Tc 1.684 0 Td [(ade. )-322(Is)]TJ -37.096 -1.222 Td [(the pr)18(ocess r)18(equesting a write lock starved by the pr)18(ocesses r)18(ead locking the \336le?)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf -3.065 -1.667 Td (14.2)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.092 Tc 3.065 0 Td (Ta)Tj 0 Tc 1.021 0 Td [(ke )-47(a )-47(look )-47(at )-47(your )-47(system\325s )-47(headers )-47(and )-47(examine )-47(the )-47(implementation )-47(of)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 31.974 0 Td (select)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.897 0 Td [(and )-47(the)]TJ -36.892 -1.222 Td (four)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 2.127 0 Td (FD_)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.05 0 Td [(macr)18(os.)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf -7.242 -1.667 Td (14.3)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.065 0 Td [(The )-89(system )-89(headers )-89(usually )-89(have )-89(a )-89(built-in )-89(limit )-89(on )-89(the )-89(maximum )-89(number )-89(of )-89(descriptors)]TJ 0 -1.222 TD [(that )-201(the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 4.023 0 Td (fd_set)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.051 0 Td [(data )-201(type )-201(can )-201(handle.)-701(Assume )-201(that )-201(we )-201(need )-201(to )-201(incr)18(ease )-201(this )-201(limit )-201(to)]TJ -8.074 -1.222 Td [(handle up to 2,048 descriptors.)-500(How can we do this?)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf -3.065 -1.667 Td (14.4)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.065 0 Td (Compar)Tj 0.3131 Tc 3.616 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.118 0 Td [(he )-63(functions )-63(pr)18(ovided )-63(for )-63(signal )-63(sets )-63(\(Section )-63(10.1)55(1\) )-63(and )-63(the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 27.109 0 Td (fd_set)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.913 0 Td (descriptor)Tj -35.756 -1.222 Td [(sets. )-250(Also)-250(compar)]TJ 0.25 Tc 8.043 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.055 0 Td (he implementation of the two on your system.)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -12.163 -1.667 Td (14.5)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.065 0 Td [(Implement )-139(the )-139(function)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 11.121 0 Td (sleep_us)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.3888 Tc (,w)Tj 0 Tc 6.273 0 Td [(hich )-139(is )-139(similar )-139(to)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 8.116 0 Td (sleep)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.3887 Tc (,b)Tj 0 Tc 4.192 0 Td [(ut )-139(waits )-139(for )-139(a )-139(speci\336ed)]TJ -29.702 -1.222 Td [(number )-63(of )-63(micr)17(oseconds. )-313(Use)-314(either)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 16.725 0 Td (select)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.913 0 Td (or)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.254 0 Td (poll)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5634 Tc (.C)Tj 0 Tc 3.922 0 Td (ompar)Tj 0.3136 Tc 2.907 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.119 0 Td [(his )-64(function )-64(to )-64(the )-64(BSD)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf -29.841 -1.222 Td (usleep)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td (function.)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -6.915 -1.667 Td (14.6)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.065 0 Td [(Can )-849(you )-849(implement )-849(the )-849(functions)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 19.322 0 Td (TELL_WAIT)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6.748 0 Td (TELL_PARENT)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 7.948 0 Td (TELL_CHILD)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT1 1 Tf -34.019 -1.222 Td (WAIT_PARENT)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.2817 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 7.632 0 Td (nd)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.475 0 Td (WAIT_CHILD)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.282 0 Td [(fr)18(om )-32(Figur)]TJ 0.2818 Tc 4.804 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.261 0 Td [(0.24 )-32(using )-32(advisory )-32(r)19(ecor)]TJ 0.2818 Tc 11.162 0 Td (dl)Tj 0 Tc 1.184 0 Td [(ocking )-32(instead)]TJ -33.799 -1.222 Td [(of signals?)-500(If so, code and test your implementation.)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf -3.065 -1.667 Td (14.7)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.065 0 Td [(Determine )-86(the )-86(capacity )-86(of )-86(a )-86(pipe )-86(using )-86(nonblocking )-86(writes.)-588(Compar)]TJ 0.3361 Tc 30.964 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.141 0 Td [(his )-86(value )-86(with )-86(the)]TJ -32.105 -1.222 Td (value of)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 3.817 0 Td (PIPE_BUF)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.05 0 Td [(fr)18(om Chapter 2.)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf -11.932 -1.667 Td (14.8)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.065 0 Td [(Rewrite )-81(the )-81(pr)18(ogram )-81(in )-81(Figur)]TJ 0.3308 Tc 13.296 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.31 0 Td [(4.21 )-81(to )-81(make )-81(it )-81(a )-81(\336lter: )-81(r)19(ead )-81(fr)18(om )-81(the )-81(standar)]TJ 0.3309 Tc 20.293 0 Td (di)Tj 0 Tc 1.233 0 Td [(nput )-81(and)]TJ -36.132 -1.222 Td [(write )-144(to )-144(the )-144(standar)]TJ 0.3943 Tc 9.087 0 Td (do)Tj 0 Tc 1.551 0 Td [(utput, )-144(but )-144(use )-144(the )-144(asynchr)18(onous )-144(I/O )-144(interfaces.)-644(What )-144(must )-144(you)]TJ -10.638 -1.222 Td [(change )-175(to )-175(make )-175(it )-175(work )-175(pr)20(operly? )-425(Keep)-424(in )-175(mind )-175(that )-175(you )-175(should )-175(get )-175(the )-175(same )-175(r)22(esults)]TJ -0 -1.222 Td (whether the standar)Tj 0.25 Tc 8.884 0 Td (do)Tj 0 Tc 1.407 0 Td [(utput is attached to a terminal, a pipe, or a r)18(egular \336le.)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf -13.356 -1.667 Td (14.9)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.065 0 Td [(Recall )-44(Figur)]TJ 0.2944 Tc 5.35 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.273 0 Td [(4.23. )-294(Determine)-295(the )-44(br)18(eak-even )-44(point )-44(on )-44(your )-44(system )-44(wher)]TJ 0.2943 Tc 26.521 0 Td (eu)Tj 0 Tc 1.376 0 Td (sing)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 2.147 0 Td (writev)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -36.668 -1.222 Td (is faster than copying the data yourself and using a single)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 25.711 0 Td (write)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -28.776 -1.667 Td (14.10)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.065 0 Td [(Run )-46(the )-46(pr)18(ogram )-46(in )-46(Figur)]TJ 0.2961 Tc 11.538 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.275 0 Td [(4.27 )-46(to )-46(copy )-46(a )-46(\336le )-46(and )-46(determine )-46(whether )-46(the )-46(last-access )-46(time)]TJ -12.813 -1.222 Td (for the input \336le is updated.)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -3.065 -1.667 Td [(14.1)37(1)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 3.065 0 Td [(In )-138(the )-138(pr)18(ogram )-138(fr)17(om )-138(Figur)]TJ 0.3883 Tc 12.24 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.367 0 Td (4.27,)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 2.388 0 Td (close)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.388 0 Td [(the )-138(input )-138(\336le )-138(after )-138(calling)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 12.095 0 Td (mmap)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.788 0 Td [(to )-138(verify )-138(that)]TJ -34.267 -1.222 Td (closing the descriptor does not invalidate the memory-mapped I/O.)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47104 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(2.5)]TJ 41.507 0 Td (Limits)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.826 0 Td (43)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1366.25 6670.25 cm 0 0 m 3760 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 154.3747 658.9605 Tm (Name of limit)Tj 17.5 0 Td (Description)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 17.416 0 Td (name)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.417 0 Td [(ar)18(gument)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1366.25 6550.25 cm 0 0 m 3760 0 l S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1366.25 6530.25 cm 0 0 m 3760 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 140.5831 644.9226 Tm (ARG_MAX )Tj 34 0 Td (_SC_ARG_MAX)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -23.9 0 Td [(maximum length, in bytes, of ar)18(guments to the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 20.954 0 Td (exec)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -18.704 -1.25 Td (functions)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -12.35 -1.25 Td (ATEXIT_MAX )Tj 34 0 Td (_SC_ATEXIT_MAX)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -23.9 0 Td (maximum number of functions that can be)Tj -0.018 Tc 2.25 -1.25 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(gister)18(ed with the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.713 0 Td (atexit)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td (function)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -24.769 -1.25 Td (CHILD_MAX )Tj 34 0 Td (_SC_CHILD_MAX)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -23.9 0 Td [(maximum number of pr)18(ocesses per r)18(eal user ID)]TJ -10.1 -1.25 Td (clock ticks/second)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 34 0 Td (_SC_CLK_TCK)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -23.9 0 Td (number of clock ticks per second)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -10.1 -1.25 Td (COLL_WEIGHTS_MAX )Tj 34 0 Td (_SC_COLL_WEIGHTS_MAX)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -23.9 0 Td (maximum number of weights that can be assigned)Tj 2.25 -1.25 Td (to an entry of the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 7.808 0 Td (LC_COLLATE)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.25 0 Td [(or)18(der keywor)18(d)]TJ -14.058 -1.25 Td (in the locale de\336nition \336le)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -12.35 -1.25 Td (DELAYTIMER_MAX )Tj 34 0 Td (_SC_DELAYTIMER_MAX)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -23.9 0 Td [(maximum number of timer expiration overr)8(uns)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -10.1 -1.25 Td (HOST_NAME_MAX )Tj 34 0 Td (_SC_HOST_NAME_MAX)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -23.9 0 Td [(maximum length of a host name as r)18(eturned by)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 2.25 -1.25 Td (gethostname)Tj -12.35 -1.25 Td (IOV_MAX )Tj 34 0 Td (_SC_IOV_MAX)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -23.9 0 Td (maximum number of)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 9.683 0 Td (iovec)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(es that can be)]TJ -10.683 -1.25 Td (used with)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 4.65 0 Td (readv)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td (or)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.191 0 Td (writev)Tj -21.441 -1.25 Td (LINE_MAX )Tj 34 0 Td (_SC_LINE_MAX)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -23.9 0 Td (maximum length of a utility\325s input line)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -10.1 -1.25 Td (LOGIN_NAME_MAX )Tj 34 0 Td (_SC_LOGIN_NAME_MAX)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -23.9 0 Td (maximum length of a login name)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -10.1 -1.25 Td (NGROUPS_MAX )Tj 34 0 Td (_SC_NGROUPS_MAX)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -23.9 0 Td (maximum number of simultaneous supplementary)Tj 2.25 -1.25 Td [(pr)18(ocess gr)18(oup IDs per pr)18(ocess)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -12.35 -1.25 Td (OPEN_MAX )Tj 34 0 Td (_SC_OPEN_MAX)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -23.9 0 Td (one mor)Tj 0.25 Tc 3.663 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.055 0 Td (han the maximum value assigned to a)Tj -2.468 -1.25 Td [(newly cr)18(eated \336le descriptor)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -12.35 -1.25 Td (PAGESIZE )Tj 34 0 Td (_SC_PAGESIZE)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -23.9 0 Td (system memory page size, in bytes)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -10.1 -1.25 Td (PAGE_SIZE )Tj 34 0 Td (_SC_PAGE_SIZE)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -23.9 0 Td (system memory page size, in bytes)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -10.1 -1.25 Td (RE_DUP_MAX )Tj 34 0 Td (_SC_RE_DUP_MAX)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -23.9 0 Td [(number of r)18(epeated occurr)18(ences of a basic r)18(egular)]TJ 2.25 -1.25 Td [(expr)18(ession permitted by the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 12.606 0 Td (regexec)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -17.056 -1.25 Td (regcomp)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td (functions when using the interval)Tj -4.45 -1.25 Td (notation)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.949 0 Td (\\{m,n\\})Tj -16.299 -1.25 Td (RTSIG_MAX )Tj 34 0 Td (_SC_RTSIG_MAX)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -23.9 0 Td [(maximum number of r)18(eal-time signals r)18(eserved for)]TJ 2.25 -1.25 Td (application use)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -12.35 -1.25 Td (SEM_NSEMS_MAX )Tj 34 0 Td (_SC_SEM_NSEMS_MAX)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -23.9 0 Td [(maximum number of semaphor)18(es a pr)18(ocess can use)]TJ 2.25 -1.25 Td (at one time)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -12.35 -1.25 Td 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6.102 0 Td (sysconf)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9982 0 0 9.9982 147.5734 188.966 Tm [(4. )-633(The)]TJ -0.018 Tc 3.603 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(fer)18(enced )-46(\336le )-46(for)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.322 0 Td (_PC_PATH_MAX)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.496 0 Td [(must )-46(be )-46(a )-46(dir)17(ectory)]TJ 0.5462 Tc 8.571 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.409 0 Td [(he )-46(value )-46(r)18(eturned)]TJ -27.624 -1.2 Td [(is )-118(the )-118(maximum )-118(length )-118(of )-118(a )-118(r)20(elative )-118(pathname )-118(when )-118(the )-118(speci\336ed )-118(dir)18(ectory )-118(is)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(the )-54(working )-54(dir)18(ectory)]TJ 0.5539 Tc 9.669 0 Td (.\()Tj 0 Tc 1.137 0 Td (Unfortunately)Tj 0.3039 Tc 6.186 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 0.88 0 Td [(his )-54(isn\325t )-54(the )-54(r)18(eal )-54(maximum )-54(length )-54(of )-54(an)]TJ -17.872 -1.2 Td [(absolute )-300(pathname, )-300(which )-300(is )-300(what )-300(we )-300(want )-300(to )-300(know)]TJ 0.7996 Tc 25.365 0 Td (.W)Tj 0 Tc 1.958 0 Td [(e\325ll )-300(r)18(eturn )-300(to )-300(this)]TJ -27.322 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(oblem in Section 2.5.5.\))]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47105 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (524)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Advanced )-250(I/O)]TJ 38.741 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(14)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 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2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(nleft == n\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (return\(-1\); /* error, return -1 */)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (else)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td [(break; )-3000(/*)-600(error, return amount read so far */)]TJ 0.6 Tc -4.8 -1.189 Td (}e)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (lse if \(nread == 0\) {)Tj 0.6 -1.189 Td (break; )Tj 9.6 0 Td [(/*)-600(EOF */)]TJ -12 -1.189 Td (})Tj T* (nleft -= nread;)Tj T* [(ptr )-1200(+=)-600(nread;)]TJ -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj T* [(return\(n - nleft\);)-3600(/* return >= 0 */)]TJ -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj 0 -2.616 TD (ssize_t )Tj 12 0 Td [(/*)-600(Write "n" bytes to a descriptor)-1200(*/)]TJ -12 -1.189 Td (writen\(int fd, const void *ptr, size_t n\))Tj 0 -1.189 TD ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td [(size_t )-3000(nleft;)]TJ T* [(ssize_t )-2400(nwritten;)]TJ 0 -2.14 TD (nleft = n;)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (while \(nleft > 0\) {)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(\(nwritten = write\(fd, ptr, nleft\)\) < 0\) {)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(nleft == n\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (return\(-1\); /* error, return -1 */)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (else)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td [(break; )-3000(/*)-600(error, return amount written so far */)]TJ 0.6 Tc -4.8 -1.189 Td (}e)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (lse if \(nwritten == 0\) {)Tj 0.6 -1.189 Td (break;)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj T* (nleft -= nwritten;)Tj 0 -1.189 TD [(ptr )-1200(+=)-600(nwritten;)]TJ -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj T* [(return\(n - nleft\);)-3600(/* return >= 0 */)]TJ -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 1642.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 239.3849 148.1513 Tm (Figure 14.24)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.195 0 Td (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.924 0 Td (readn)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.943 0 Td (writen)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td (functions)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47106 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (896)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Miscellaneous )-250(Sour)18(ce )-250(Code)]TJ 38.263 0 Td [(Appendix )-250(B)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 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0.982 0 Td [(akes )-80(a )-80(single )-80(ar)18(gument: )-80(our)]TJ -21.499 -1.2 Td [(thr)18(ead )-17(ID.)-517(Then )-17(we )-17(call)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.918 0 Td (add_worker)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.267 0 Td [(to )-17(cr)18(eate )-17(a)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.779 0 Td (worker_thread)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 8.067 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e)]TJ -30.031 -1.2 Td [(and add it to the list of active client thr)18(eads.)]TJ -5 -1.6 Td [([371 )167(\320 )167(384])-668(At )-93(this )-93(point, )-93(we )-93(ar)]TJ 0.3427 Tc 13.884 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.433 0 Td [(one )-93(with )-93(the )-93(thr)18(ead\325s )-93(initialization )-93(tasks, )-93(so )-93(we )-93(r)20(ead)]TJ -10.317 -1.2 Td [(the )-214(r)18(equest )-214(header )-214(fr)18(om )-214(the )-214(client.)-714(If )-214(the )-214(client )-214(sends )-214(less )-214(data )-214(than )-214(we)]TJ T* [(expect )-79(or )-79(we )-79(encounter )-79(an )-79(err)20(or)74(,)-329(we)-329(r)19(espond )-79(with )-79(a )-79(message )-79(indicating )-79(the)]TJ -0.018 Tc 0 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(ason for the err)18(or and call)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.624 0 Td (pthread_exit)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.45 0 Td [(to terminate the thr)18(ead.)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47109 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(21.5)]TJ 38.051 0 Td [(Sour)18(ce )-250(Code)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 7.819 0 Td [(81)37(1)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 6690.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 129.5922 659.4594 Tm [(107 )-2400(/*)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(108 )-3000(*)-600(Now send the file.)]TJ T* [(109 )-3000(*/)]TJ T* [(110 )-2400(while)-600(\(\(nr = read\(fd, buf, IOBUFSZ\)\) != 0\) {)]TJ T* [(111 )-4800(nw)]TJ 0.6 Tc 9 0 Td (=w)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (riten\(sockfd, buf, nr\);)Tj -10.8 -1.189 Td [(112 )-4800(if)-600(\(nw != nr\) {)]TJ T* (113 )Tj 9.6 0 Td [(if)-600(\(nw < 0\))]TJ -9.6 -1.189 Td (114 )Tj 12 0 Td [(err_sys\("can\325t)-600(write to print server"\);)]TJ -12 -1.189 Td (115 )Tj 9.6 0 Td (else)Tj -9.6 -1.189 Td (116 )Tj 12 0 Td [(err_quit\("short)-600(write \(%d/%d\) to print server",)]TJ -12 -1.189 Td (117 )Tj 13.2 0 Td [(nw,)-600(nr\);)]TJ -13.2 -1.189 Td [(118 )-4800(})]TJ T* [(119 )-2400(})]TJ 0 -2.021 TD [(120 )-2400(/*)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(121 )-3000(*)-600(Read the response.)]TJ T* [(122 )-3000(*/)]TJ T* [(123 )-2400(if)-600(\(\(nr = readn\(sockfd, &res, sizeof\(struct printresp\)\)\) !=)]TJ T* [(124 )-3600(sizeof\(struct)-600(printresp\)\))]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(125 )-4800(err_sys\("can\325t)-600(read response from server"\);)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(126 )-2400(if)-600(\(res.retcode != 0\) {)]TJ T* [(127 )-4800(printf\("rejected:)-600(%s\\n", res.msg\);)]TJ T* [(128 )-4800(exit\(1\);)]TJ T* [(129 )-2400(})-600(else {)]TJ T* [(130 )-4800(printf\("job)-600(ID %ld\\n", \(long\)ntohl\(res.jobid\)\);)]TJ T* [(131 )-2400(})]TJ T* [(132 )-1200(})]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 3797.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 355.6653 Tm [([107 )167(\320 )167(1)54(19] )-472(After)-313(sending )-62(the )-62(header )-62(to )-62(the )-62(daemon, )-62(we )-62(send )-62(the )-62(\336le )-62(to )-62(be )-62(printed.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 37.613 0 Td (We)Tj -0.018 Tc -32.613 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(ad )-5(the )-5(\336le)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.638 0 Td (IOBUFSZ)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.455 0 Td [(bytes )-5(at )-5(a )-5(time )-5(and )-5(use)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.371 0 Td (writen)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.855 0 Td [(to )-5(send )-5(the )-5(data )-5(to )-5(the)]TJ -24.175 -1.2 Td [(daemon. )-456(As)-455(with )-206(the )-206(header)75(,)-456(if)-456(t)1(he )-206(write )-206(fails )-206(or )-206(we )-206(write )-206(less )-206(than )-206(we)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(expect, we print an err)18(or message and exit.)]TJ -5 -1.6 Td [([120 )167(\320 )167(132])-668(Once )-111(we )-111(have )-111(sent )-111(the )-111(\336le )-111(to )-111(be )-111(printed )-111(to )-111(the )-111(print )-111(spooling )-111(daemon, )-111(we)]TJ -0.018 Tc 5 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(ad )-245(the )-245(daemon\325s )-245(r)18(esponse. )-495(If)-495(the )-245(print )-245(r)18(equest )-245(failed, )-245(the )-245(r)18(eturn )-245(code)]TJ -0.856 -1.2 Td (\()Tj /TT0 1 Tf (retcode)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.3435 Tc (\)w)Tj 0 Tc 6.044 0 Td [(ill )-93(be )-93(nonzer)18(o, )-93(so )-93(we )-93(print )-93(the )-93(textual )-93(err)14(or )-93(message )-93(included)]TJ -6.043 -1.2 Td [(in )-8(the )-8(r)18(esponse. )-258(If)-258(the )-8(r)18(equest )-8(succeeded, )-8(we )-8(print )-8(the )-8(job )-8(ID )-8(so )-8(that )-8(the )-8(user)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(knows )-185(how )-185(to )-185(r)18(efer )-185(to )-185(the )-185(r)18(equest )-185(in )-185(the )-185(futur)20(e. )-435(\(W)74(riting )-185(a )-185(command )-185(to)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(cancel )-22(a )-22(pending )-22(print )-22(r)20(equest )-22(is )-22(left )-22(as )-22(an )-22(exer)18(cise; )-22(the )-22(job )-22(ID )-22(can )-22(be )-22(used )-22(in)]TJ T* [(the )-205(cancellation )-205(r)18(equest )-205(to )-205(identify )-205(the )-205(job )-205(to )-205(be )-205(r)15(emoved )-205(fr)18(om )-205(the )-205(print)]TJ T* [(queue. )-444(See )-444(Exer)18(cise )-444(21.5.\))-946(When)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 16.777 0 Td (submit_file)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 7.295 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(turns )-445(to )-445(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.673 0 Td (main)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -31.6 -1.2 Td (function, we exit, indicating success.)Tj 0 -1.8 TD [(Note )-166(that )-166(a )-166(successful )-166(r)16(esponse )-166(fr)18(om )-166(the )-166(daemon )-166(does )-166(not )-166(mean )-166(that )-166(the)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(printer )-417(was )-417(able )-417(to )-417(print )-417(the )-417(\336le; )-417(it )-417(mer)18(ely )-417(means )-417(that )-417(the )-417(daemon)]TJ T* (successfully added the print job to the queue.)Tj -5 -1.8 Td [(This )-138(completes )-138(our )-138(look )-138(at )-138(the )-138(print )-138(command.)-638(The )-138(last )-138(\336le )-138(we )-138(will )-138(look )-138(at )-138(is )-138(the )-138(C)]TJ T* [(sour)18(ce \336le for the printer spooling daemon.)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47110 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (810)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Communicating )-250(with )-250(a )-250(Network )-250(Printer)]TJ 38.741 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(21)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 6690.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 134.9919 659.4594 Tm [(81 )-2400(req.size)]TJ 0.6 Tc 9.6 0 Td (=h)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (tonl\(nbytes\);)Tj -11.4 -2.021 Td [(82 )-2400(if)-600(\(text\))]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(83 )-4800(req.flags)]TJ 0.6 Tc 12.6 0 Td (=h)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (tonl\(PR_TEXT\);)Tj -14.4 -1.189 Td [(84 )-2400(else)]TJ T* [(85 )-4800(req.flags)]TJ 0.6 Tc 12.6 0 Td (=0)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (;)Tj -14.4 -2.021 Td [(86 )-2400(if)-600(\(\(len = strlen\(fname\)\) >= JOBNM_MAX\) {)]TJ T* [(87 )-4800(/*)]TJ T* (88 )Tj 7.2 0 Td [(*)-600(Truncate the filename \(+-5 accounts for the leading)]TJ -7.2 -1.189 Td (89 )Tj 7.2 0 Td [(*)-600(four characters and the terminating null\).)]TJ -7.2 -1.189 Td (90 )Tj 7.2 0 Td (*/)Tj -7.2 -1.189 Td [(91 )-4800(strcpy\(req.jobnm,)-600("... "\);)]TJ T* [(92 )-4800(strncat\(req.jobnm,)-600(&fname[len-JOBNM_MAX+5], JOBNM_MAX-5\);)]TJ T* [(93 )-2400(})-600(else {)]TJ T* [(94 )-4800(strcpy\(req.jobnm,)-600(fname\);)]TJ T* [(95 )-2400(})]TJ 0 -2.021 TD [(96 )-2400(/*)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(97 )-3000(*)-600(Send the header to the server.)]TJ T* [(98 )-3000(*/)]TJ T* [(99 )-2400(nw)]TJ 0.6 Tc 6 0 Td (=w)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (riten\(sockfd, &req, sizeof\(struct printreq\)\);)Tj -8.4 -1.189 Td [(100 )-2400(if)-600(\(nw != sizeof\(struct printreq\)\) {)]TJ T* [(101 )-4800(if)-600(\(nw < 0\))]TJ T* (102 )Tj 9.6 0 Td [(err_sys\("can\325t)-600(write to print server"\);)]TJ -9.6 -1.189 Td [(103 )-4800(else)]TJ T* (104 )Tj 9.6 0 Td [(err_quit\("short)-600(write \(%d/%d\) to print server",)]TJ -9.6 -1.189 Td (105 )Tj 10.8 0 Td [(nw,)-600(sizeof\(struct printreq\)\);)]TJ -10.8 -1.189 Td [(106 )-2400(})]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 3647.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 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0\ \))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_sys\("open error"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(write\(fd, "abcdef", 6\) != 6\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_sys\("write error"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.783 Td (/* turn on set-group-ID and turn off group-execute */)Tj T* (if \(fstat\(fd, &statbuf\) < 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_sys\("fstat error"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(fchmod\(fd, \(statbuf.st_mode & \367S_IXGRP\) | S_ISGID\) < 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_sys\("fchmod error"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.783 Td (TELL_WAIT\(\);)Tj 0 -1.783 TD (if \(\(pid = fork\(\)\) < 0\) {)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_sys\("fork error"\);)Tj 0.6 Tc -2.4 -1.189 Td (}e)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td [(lse if \(pid > 0\) {)-1800(/* parent */)]TJ 0.6 -1.189 Td (/* write lock entire file */)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (if \(write_lock\(fd, 0, SEEK_SET, 0\) < 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_sys\("write_lock error"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.783 Td (TELL_CHILD\(pid\);)Tj 0 -1.783 TD (if \(waitpid\(pid, NULL, 0\) < 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_sys\("waitpid error"\);)Tj 0.6 Tc -4.8 -1.189 Td (}e)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (lse {)Tj 12.6 0 Td (/* child */)Tj -12 -1.189 Td [(WAIT_PARENT\(\); )-3000(/*)-600(wait for parent to set lock */)]TJ T* (set_fl\(fd, O_NONBLOCK\);)Tj T* (/* first let\325s see what error we get if region is locked */)Tj 0 -1.189 TD [(if \(read_lock\(fd, 0, SEEK_SET, 0\) != -1\))-2400(/* no wait */)]TJ 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_sys\("child: read_lock succeeded"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (printf\("read_lock of already-locked region returns %d\\n",)Tj 1.2 -1.189 Td (errno\);)Tj -1.2 -1.783 Td (/* now try to read the mandatory locked file */)Tj T* (if \(lseek\(fd, 0, SEEK_SET\) == -1\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_sys\("lseek error"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(read\(fd, buf, 2\) < 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_ret\("read failed \(mandatory locking works\)"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (else)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (printf\("read OK \(no mandatory locking\), buf = %2.2s\\n",)Tj 1.2 -1.189 Td (buf\);)Tj -6 -1.189 Td (})Tj T* (exit\(0\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 1465.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 207.4711 134.1329 Tm (Figure 14.12)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.195 0 Td (Determine whether mandatory locking is supported)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47115 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(14.3)]TJ 36.622 0 Td (Recor)Tj 0.5 Tc 2.514 0 Td (dL)Tj 0 Tc 1.722 0 Td (ocking)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.975 0 Td (493)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 668.9599 Tm (Figur)Tj 0.301 Tc 2.383 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.28 0 Td [(4.8 )-51(shows )-51(the )-51(r)18(esulting )-51(data )-51(str)8(uctur)18(es )-51(after )-51(both )-51(the )-51(par)18(ent )-51(and )-51(the )-51(child )-51(have)]TJ -3.663 -1.2 Td (paused.)Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 1341.24 5318 1008 1008 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 138.9193 635.7637 Tm [(par)18(ent pr)18(ocess table entry)]TJ ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 1629.24 5750 576 72 re S Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 1629.24 5678 576 72 re S Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 1629.24 5606 576 72 re S Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 1629.24 5462 576 144 re S Q BT 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0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4962.8398 5678 cm 0 0 m 38.16 -64.08 l 3.6 -74.16 l h S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4869.2402 4796 cm 0 0 m 180 0 l 300 0 315.96 145.8 227.88 437.4 c 95.76 874.8 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9923 0 0 7.9923 425.3035 570.492 Tm (v-node table entry)Tj 2.63 -6.75 Td (i-node)Tj ET q 0.099904 0 0 0.099904 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 3285.24 4130 720 324 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9918 0 0 7.9918 343.6413 437.7932 Tm (lock header)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 6.9929 0 0 6.9929 335.5445 416.2156 Tm (lockf_entry)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.85 0 Td (list)Tj ET q 0.099898 0 0 0.099898 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3285.25 4238.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099898 0 0 0.099898 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3361.25 4238.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099898 0 0 0.099898 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3437.25 4238.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099898 0 0 0.099898 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3513.25 4238.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099898 0 0 0.099898 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3589.25 4238.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099898 0 0 0.099898 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3665.25 4238.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099898 0 0 0.099898 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3741.25 4238.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099898 0 0 0.099898 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3817.25 4238.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099898 0 0 0.099898 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3893.25 4238.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099898 0 0 0.099898 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3969.25 4238.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099898 0 0 0.099898 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2709.24 3770 864 108 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9914 0 0 7.9914 306.9123 380.2291 Tm (link)Tj ET q 0.0998921 0 0 0.0998921 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2709.24 3662 864 108 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9909 0 0 7.9909 305.4236 369.4186 Tm (\337ags)Tj ET q 0.0998861 0 0 0.0998861 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2709.24 3554 864 108 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9904 0 0 7.9904 289.4844 358.6094 Tm [(starting of)18(fset)]TJ ET q 0.0998801 0 0 0.0998801 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 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0.0998261 0 0 0.0998261 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4533.25 2834.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998261 0 0 0.0998261 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4609.25 2834.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998261 0 0 0.0998261 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4685.25 2834.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998261 0 0 0.0998261 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4761.25 2834.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9856 0 0 7.9856 335.1202 447.8332 Tm (struct lockf)Tj -8.1 -7.2 Td (struct lockf_entry)Tj 16.2 0 Td (struct lockf_entry)Tj -15.9 -10.35 Td (struct lock_owner)Tj 16.2 0 Td (struct lock_owner)Tj ET q 0.9982016 0 0 0.9982016 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 396.924 382.4 cm 0 0 m -7.2 -1.8 l -7.2 1.8 l f Q Q q 0.0998202 0 0 0.0998202 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3969.24 3824 cm 0 0 m -72 -18 l -72 18 l h S Q Q q 0.0998202 0 0 0.0998202 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3501.25 3824.25 cm 0 0 m 396 0 l S Q Q q 0.9981417 0 0 0.9981417 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 404.124 449 cm 0 0 m 3.816 6.336 l 6.336 3.816 l f Q Q q 0.0998142 0 0 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-1.2 Td (db_nextrec)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -3.065 -1.84 Td (20.2)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.065 0 Td [(Assume )-208(that)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.24 0 Td (db_nextrec)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.458 0 Td (calls)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.408 0 Td (_db_readidx)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.4576 Tc (,w)Tj 0 Tc 8.142 0 Td [(hich )-208(r)18(eads )-208(the )-208(key )-208(into )-208(the)]TJ -23.247 -1.2 Td [(index )-183(buf)18(fer )-183(for )-183(the )-183(pr)20(ocess. )-433(This)-432(pr)18(ocess )-183(is )-183(then )-183(stopped )-183(by )-183(the )-183(kernel, )-183(and)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(another )-43(pr)18(ocess )-43(r)7(uns. )-293(This)-294(other )-43(pr)18(ocess )-43(calls)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 20.737 0 Td (db_delete)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.2933 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 6.443 0 Td [(nd )-43(the )-43(r)18(ecor)]TJ 0.2932 Tc 5.389 0 Td (db)Tj 0 Tc 1.457 0 Td (eing)Tj -0.018 Tc -34.027 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(ad )-18(by )-18(the )-18(other )-18(pr)18(ocess )-18(is )-18(deleted.)-518(Both )-18(its )-18(key )-18(and )-18(its )-18(data )-18(ar)]TJ 0.2678 Tc 27.447 0 Td (er)Tj 0 Tc 1.124 0 Td [(ewritten )-18(in )-18(the)]TJ -29.427 -1.2 Td [(two )-76(\336les )-76(as )-76(all )-76(blanks.)-576(The )-76(\336rst )-76(pr)16(ocess )-76(r)18(esumes )-76(and )-76(calls)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 26.537 0 Td (_db_readdat)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.926 0 Td [(\(fr)18(om)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -33.463 -1.2 Td (db_nextrec)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.8376 Tc (\)a)Tj 0 Tc 7.671 0 Td [(nd )-588(r)18(eads )-588(the )-588(all-blank )-588(data )-588(r)20(ecor)18(d. )-838(The)]TJ -0.018 Tc 21.676 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(ad )-588(lock )-588(by)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -30.203 -1.2 Td (db_nextrec)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.263 0 Td [(allows )-13(it )-13(to )-13(do )-13(the )-13(r)17(ead )-13(of )-13(the )-13(index )-13(r)18(ecor)18(d, )-13(followed )-13(by )-13(the )-13(r)18(ead )-13(of)]TJ -6.263 -1.2 Td [(the )-344(data )-344(r)18(ecor)18(d, )-344(as )-344(an )-344(atomic )-344(operation )-344(\(with )-344(r)19(egar)18(d)-594(to)-594(other )-344(cooperating)]TJ T* [(pr)18(ocesses using the same database\).)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf -3.065 -1.84 Td (20.3)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.055 Tc 3.065 0 Td (Wi)Tj 0 Tc 1.236 0 Td [(th )-18(mandatory )-18(locking, )-18(other )-18(r)18(eaders )-18(and )-18(writers )-18(ar)]TJ 0.2683 Tc 22.508 0 Td (ea)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.247 0 Td (ff)Tj 0 Tc 0.648 0 Td [(ected. )-268(Other)]TJ -0.018 Tc 5.943 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(ads )-18(and)]TJ -32.439 -1.2 Td [(writes )-117(ar)]TJ 0.3669 Tc 3.993 0 Td (eb)Tj 0 Tc 1.399 0 Td [(locked )-117(by )-117(the )-117(kernel )-117(until )-117(the )-117(locks )-117(placed )-117(by)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 21.283 0 Td (_db_writeidx)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.567 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -34.242 -1.2 Td (_db_writedat)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.45 0 Td (ar)Tj 0.25 Tc 0.877 0 Td (er)Tj 0 Tc 1.106 0 Td (emoved.)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -12.498 -1.84 Td (20.5)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.065 0 Td [(By )-155(writing )-155(the )-155(data )-155(r)18(ecor)]TJ 0.4051 Tc 11.609 0 Td (db)Tj 0 Tc 1.569 0 Td (efor)Tj 0.4051 Tc 1.735 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.21 0 Td [(he )-155(index )-155(r)18(ecor)18(d, )-155(we )-155(pr)18(otect )-155(ourselves )-155(fr)18(om)]TJ -16.124 -1.2 Td [(generating )-130(a )-130(corr)8(upt )-130(r)18(ecor)18(d)-380(if)-380(the )-130(pr)18(ocess )-130(should )-130(be )-130(killed )-130(in )-130(between )-130(the )-130(two)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(writes. )-391(If)-390(the )-141(pr)18(ocess )-141(wer)19(e)-391(to)-391(w)1(rite )-141(the )-141(index )-141(r)19(ecor)]TJ 0.3906 Tc 23.571 0 Td (d\336)Tj 0 Tc 1.607 0 Td [(rst, )-140(but )-140(be )-140(killed )-140(befor)16(e)]TJ -25.178 -1.2 Td [(writing )-199(the )-199(data )-199(r)17(ecor)18(d, )-199(then )-199(we\325d )-199(have )-199(a )-199(valid )-199(index )-199(r)15(ecor)]TJ 0.4494 Tc 27.934 0 Td (dt)Tj 0 Tc 1.386 0 Td [(hat )-199(pointed )-199(to)]TJ -29.32 -1.2 Td (invalid data.)Tj /TT1 1 Tf -6.665 -3.12 Td [(Chapter )-278(21)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 3.6 -2.56 Td (21.5)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.065 0 Td (Her)Tj 0.3283 Tc 1.688 0 Td (ea)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.307 0 Td [(re )-114(s)]TJ 0 Tc 1.608 0 Td [(ome )-78(hints.)-578(Ther)]TJ 0.3282 Tc 7.32 0 Td (ea)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.307 0 Td [(re )-114(t)]TJ 0 Tc 1.51 0 Td [(wo )-78(places )-78(to )-78(check )-78(for )-78(queued )-78(jobs: )-78(the )-78(printer)]TJ -14.741 -1.2 Td [(spooling )-25(daemon\325s )-25(queue )-25(and )-25(the )-25(network )-25(printer)-76(\325s )-25(internal )-25(queue.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 30.656 0 Td (Ta)Tj 0 Tc 1.021 0 Td [(ke )-25(car)]TJ 0.2755 Tc 2.631 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.081 0 Td (o)Tj -35.389 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(event )-87(one )-87(user )-87(fr)18(om )-87(being )-87(able )-87(to )-87(cancel )-87(someone )-87(else\325s )-87(print )-87(job.)-587(Of )-87(course,)]TJ T* [(the super)8(user should be able to cancel any job.)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf -3.065 -1.84 Td (21.7)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.092 Tc 3.065 0 Td [(We )-506(d)]TJ 0 Tc 2.57 0 Td [(on\325t )-322(need )-322(to )-322(pr)18(od )-322(the )-322(daemon, )-322(because )-322(we )-322(don\325t )-322(need )-322(to )-322(r)16(er)18(ead )-322(the)]TJ -2.57 -1.2 Td [(con\336guration )-96(\336le )-96(until )-96(we )-96(need )-96(to )-96(print )-96(a )-96(\336le.)-594(The)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 23.482 0 Td (printer_thread)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.746 0 Td (function)Tj -32.228 -1.2 Td [(checks )-135(whether )-135(it )-135(needs )-135(to )-135(r)19(er)18(ead )-135(the )-135(con\336guration )-135(\336le )-135(befor)]TJ 0.3849 Tc 27.983 0 Td (ee)Tj 0 Tc 1.343 0 Td [(ach )-135(attempt )-135(to)]TJ -29.326 -1.2 Td [(send a job to the printer)74(.)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf -3.065 -1.84 Td (21.9)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.092 Tc 3.065 0 Td [(We )-259(n)]TJ 0 Tc 2.294 0 Td [(eed )-75(to )-75(null-terminate )-75(the )-75(string )-75(we )-75(write )-75(to )-75(the )-75(job )-75(\336le )-75(\(r)18(ecall )-75(that)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 30.041 0 Td (strlen)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -32.335 -1.2 Td [(doesn\325t )-261(include )-261(the )-261(terminating )-261(null )-261(byte )-261(when )-261(it )-261(calculates )-261(the )-261(length )-261(of )-261(a)]TJ T* [(string\). )-315(Ther)]TJ 0.3155 Tc 5.774 0 Td (ea)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.294 0 Td [(re )-102(t)]TJ 0 Tc 1.498 0 Td [(wo )-65(simple )-65(appr)18(oaches: )-65(either )-65(we )-65(can )-65(add )-65(1 )-65(to )-65(the )-65(number )-65(of)]TJ -8.566 -1.2 Td [(bytes )-49(we )-49(write, )-49(or )-49(we )-49(can )-49(use )-49(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 15.288 0 Td (dprintf)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.499 0 Td [(function )-49(instead )-49(of )-49(calling)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.948 0 Td (sprintf)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -31.735 -1.2 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.943 0 Td (write)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47117 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Appendix )-250(C)]TJ 33.857 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(15)-750(Solutions)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 11.976 0 Td (937)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 160.2404 668.9599 Tm [(signal )-80(handler)74(,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.921 0 Td (write)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.33 0 Td [(fails )-80(with)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.533 0 Td (errno)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.33 0 Td [(set )-80(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 2.762 0 Td (EPIPE)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.5804 Tc (.W)Tj 0 Tc 4.775 0 Td (ith)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.529 0 Td (poll)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.3304 Tc (,h)Tj 0 Tc 3.562 0 Td (owever)Tj 0.3304 Tc 3.224 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 0.906 0 Td (he)Tj -34.874 -1.2 Td (behavior varies by platform.)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -3.065 -1.84 Td (15.8)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.065 0 Td [(Anything )-122(written )-122(by )-122(the )-122(child )-122(to )-122(standar)]TJ 0.3723 Tc 18.626 0 Td (de)Tj 0 Tc 1.462 0 Td [(rr)18(or )-122(appears )-122(wher)18(ever )-122(the )-122(par)17(ent\325s)]TJ -20.088 -1.2 Td (standar)Tj 0.2843 Tc 3.32 0 Td (de)Tj 0 Tc 1.374 0 Td [(rr)18(or )-34(would )-34(appear)]TJ 0.5343 Tc 8.169 0 Td (.T)Tj 0.2843 Tc 1.305 0 Td (os)Tj 0 Tc 1.254 0 Td [(end )-34(standar)]TJ 0.2842 Tc 5.276 0 Td (de)Tj 0 Tc 1.374 0 Td [(rr)18(or )-34(back )-34(to )-34(the )-34(par)18(ent, )-34(include)]TJ -22.073 -1.2 Td [(the shell r)18(edir)18(ection)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.007 0 Td (2>&1)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td (in the)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 2.76 0 Td (cmdstring)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -17.482 -1.84 Td (15.9)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.065 0 Td (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.97 0 Td (popen)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.296 0 Td (function)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 4.003 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.296 Tc (sac)Tj 0 Tc 4.36 0 Td [(hild, )-46(and )-46(the )-46(child )-46(executes )-46(the )-46(shell.)-546(The )-46(shell )-46(in)]TJ -13.629 -1.2 Td [(turn )-96(calls)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.547 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.3457 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 3.496 0 Td [(nd )-96(the )-96(child )-96(of )-96(the )-96(shell )-96(executes )-96(the )-96(command )-96(string.)-593(When)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf -8.043 -1.2 Td (cmdstring)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.415 0 Td [(terminates, )-35(the )-35(shell )-35(is )-35(waiting )-35(for )-35(this )-35(to )-35(happen.)-539(The )-35(shell )-35(then )-35(exits,)]TJ -4.415 -1.2 Td (which is what the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.077 0 Td (waitpid)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td (in)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.123 0 Td (pclose)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td [(is waiting for)74(.)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf -20.565 -1.84 Td (15.10)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.065 0 Td [(The )-91(trick )-91(is )-91(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.637 0 Td (open)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.741 0 Td [(the )-91(FIFO )-91(twice: )-91(once )-91(for )-91(r)18(eading )-91(and )-91(once )-91(for )-91(writing.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 25.17 0 Td (We)Tj 0 Tc -34.548 -1.2 Td [(never )-124(use )-124(the )-124(descriptor )-124(that )-124(is )-124(opened )-124(for )-124(writing, )-124(but )-124(leaving )-124(that )-124(descriptor)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(open )-120(pr)18(events )-120(an )-120(end )-120(of )-120(\336le )-120(fr)20(om )-119(being )-119(generated )-119(when )-119(the )-119(number )-119(of )-119(clients)]TJ T* [(goes )-80(fr)18(om )-80(1 )-80(to )-80(0.)-580(Opening )-80(the )-80(FIFO )-80(twice )-80(r)18(equir)18(es )-80(some )-80(car)18(e, )-80(as )-80(a )-80(nonblocking)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -0 -1.2 Td (open)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.743 0 Td [(is )-93(r)18(equir)18(ed. )-343(W)]TJ 0.343 Tc 6.586 0 Td (eh)Tj 0 Tc 1.404 0 Td [(ave )-93(to )-93(do )-93(a )-93(nonblocking, )-93(r)18(ead-only)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 16.185 0 Td (open)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.743 0 Td [(\336rst, )-93(followed)]TJ -29.661 -1.2 Td [(by )-137(a )-137(blocking)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.589 0 Td (open)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.787 0 Td [(for )-137(write-only)]TJ 0.6371 Tc 6.183 0 Td (.\()Tj 0 Tc 1.22 0 Td [(If )-137(we )-137(tried )-137(a )-137(nonblocking)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 12.05 0 Td (open)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.787 0 Td [(for )-137(write-)]TJ -31.616 -1.2 Td [(only )-111(\336rst, )-111(it )-111(would )-111(r)19(eturn )-111(an )-111(err)19(or)74(.\) )-361(W)]TJ 0.3607 Tc 17.705 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.166 0 Td [(hen )-111(turn )-111(of)]TJ 0.3607 Tc 5.131 0 Td (fn)Tj 0 Tc 1.276 0 Td [(onblocking )-111(for )-111(the )-111(r)19(ead)]TJ -25.278 -1.2 Td (descriptor)Tj 0.5 Tc 4.438 0 Td (.F)Tj 0 Tc 1.306 0 Td (igur)Tj 0.25 Tc 1.827 0 Td (eC)Tj 0 Tc 1.438 0 Td (.20 shows the code for this.)Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1602.25 4506.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1646.25 4506.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9989 0 0 8.9989 160.2308 441.0461 Tm (#include "apue.h")Tj 0 -1.189 TD (#include )Tj 0 -1.783 TD [(#define FIFO)-2400("temp.fifo")]TJ T* (int)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (main\(void\))Tj 0 -1.189 TD ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td [(int )-2400(fdread,)-600(fdwrite;)]TJ 0 -1.783 TD (unlink\(FIFO\);)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (if \(mkfifo\(FIFO, FILE_MODE\) < 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_sys\("mkfifo error"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(\(fdread = open\(FIFO, O_RDONLY | O_NONBLOCK\)\) < 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_sys\("open error for reading"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(\(fdwrite = open\(FIFO, O_WRONLY\)\) < 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_sys\("open error for writing"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (clr_fl\(fdread, O_NONBLOCK\);)Tj T* (exit\(0\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1602.25 2490.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1646.25 2490.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 212.9107 233.0061 Tm (Figure C.20)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.917 0 Td [(Opening a FIFO for r)18(eading and writing, without blocking)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9982 0 0 9.9982 129.5766 205.0111 Tm [(15.1)37(1)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 3.065 0 Td [(Randomly )-210(r)18(eading )-210(a )-210(message )-210(fr)18(om )-210(an )-210(active )-210(queue )-210(would )-210(interfer)]TJ 0.4601 Tc 31.116 0 Td (ew)Tj 0 Tc 1.773 0 Td [(ith )-210(the)]TJ -32.889 -1.2 Td [(client\320server )-78(pr)18(otocol, )-78(as )-78(either )-78(a )-78(client )-78(r)18(equest )-78(or )-78(a )-78(server)-76(\325s )-78(r)18(esponse )-78(would )-78(be)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(lost. )-261(T)]TJ 0.2608 Tc 2.869 0 Td (or)Tj 0 Tc 1.184 0 Td [(ead )-11(the )-11(queue, )-11(all )-11(that )-11(is )-11(needed )-11(is )-11(for )-11(the )-11(pr)18(ocess )-11(to )-11(know )-11(the )-11(identi\336er)]TJ -4.053 -1.2 Td [(for the queue and for the queue to allow world-r)18(ead access.)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf -3.065 -1.84 Td (15.13)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.092 Tc 3.065 0 Td [(We )-241(n)]TJ 0 Tc 2.276 0 Td [(ever )-57(stor)]TJ 0.3074 Tc 3.898 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.286 0 Td [(ctual )-57(addr)18(esses )-57(in )-57(a )-57(shar)18(ed )-57(memory )-57(segment, )-57(since )-57(it\325s )-57(possible)]TJ -7.461 -1.2 Td [(for )-186(the )-186(server )-186(and )-186(all )-186(the )-186(clients )-186(to )-186(attach )-186(the )-186(segment )-186(at )-186(dif)12(fer)18(ent )-186(addr)18(esses.)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47118 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (936)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Solutions )-250(to )-250(Selected )-250(Exer)18(cises )]TJ 38.165 0 Td [(Appendix)-500(C)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 160.2404 668.9599 Tm [(Then )-87(use)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.435 0 Td (fdopen)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.937 0 Td [(to )-87(associate )-87(the )-87(pipe )-87(descriptors )-87(with )-87(a )-87(standar)]TJ 0.3366 Tc 21.311 0 Td (dI)Tj 0 Tc 1.285 0 Td [(/O )-87(str)18(eam,)]TJ -30.968 -1.2 Td [(and )-31(set )-31(the )-31(str)18(eams )-31(to )-31(be )-31(line )-31(buf)21(fer)18(ed. )-281(Do)-280(this )-31(befor)]TJ 0.2807 Tc 23.556 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.086 0 Td (he)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.342 0 Td (while)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.281 0 Td [(loop )-31(that )-31(r)19(eads)]TJ -29.264 -1.2 Td [(fr)18(om standar)]TJ 0.25 Tc 5.709 0 Td (di)Tj 0 Tc 1.152 0 Td (nput:)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 178.2387 629.3321 Tm (if \(\(fpin = fdopen\(fd2[0], "r"\)\) == NULL\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_sys\("fdopen error"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(\(fpout = fdopen\(fd1[1], "w"\)\) == NULL\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_sys\("fdopen error"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(setvbuf\(fpin, NULL, _IOLBF, 0\) < 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_sys\("setvbuf error"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(setvbuf\(fpout, NULL, _IOLBF, 0\) < 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_sys\("setvbuf error"\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 160.2398 537.5075 Tm (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.924 0 Td (write)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.943 0 Td (read)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td (in the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.76 0 Td (while)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td (loop ar)Tj 0.25 Tc 3.111 0 Td (er)Tj 0 Tc 1.106 0 Td (eplaced with)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 178.239 521.8788 Tm (if \(fputs\(line, fpout\) == EOF\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_sys\("fputs error to pipe"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(fgets\(line, MAXLINE, fpin\) == NULL\) {)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_msg\("child closed pipe"\);)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (break;)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5919 446.3833 Tm (15.6)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.065 0 Td (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.124 0 Td (system)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.05 0 Td [(function )-200(calls)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.557 0 Td (wait)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.4501 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 3.6 0 Td [(nd )-200(the )-200(\336rst )-200(child )-200(to )-200(terminate )-200(is )-200(the )-200(child)]TJ -16.331 -1.2 Td [(generated )-6(by)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.029 0 Td (popen)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5065 Tc (.S)Tj 0 Tc 4.281 0 Td [(ince )-6(that\325s )-6(not )-6(the )-6(child )-6(that)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 12.565 0 Td (system)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.857 0 Td [(cr)18(eated, )-7(it )-7(calls)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.803 0 Td (wait)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -33.535 -1.2 Td [(again )-25(and )-25(blocks )-25(until )-25(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.791 0 Td (sleep)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.275 0 Td [(is )-25(done.)-525(Then)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.514 0 Td (system)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 3.875 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(turns. )-275(When)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.023 0 Td (pclose)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -32.335 -1.2 Td (calls)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.352 0 Td (wait)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(,)-402(an)-402(e)-1(rr)18(or )-152(is )-152(r)18(eturned, )-152(since )-152(ther)]TJ 0.4024 Tc 17.139 0 Td (ea)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.381 0 Td [(re )-188(n)]TJ 0.4024 Tc 1.84 0 Td (om)Tj 0 Tc 1.831 0 Td (or)Tj 0.4024 Tc 0.923 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.325 0 Td [(hildr)18(en )-152(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.89 0 Td (wait)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.802 0 Td [(for)74(.)]TJ -34.485 -1.2 Td (Then)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.506 0 Td (pclose)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 3.85 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(turns an err)18(or)74(.)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf -10.277 -1.84 Td (15.7)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.065 0 Td [(Although )-110(the )-110(details )-110(vary )-110(by )-110(platform )-110(\(see )-110(Figur)]TJ 0.3601 Tc 22.192 0 Td (eC)Tj 0 Tc 1.548 0 Td (.19\),)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.193 0 Td (select)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.96 0 Td [(indicates )-110(that)]TJ -29.893 -1.2 Td [(the )-146(descriptor )-146(is )-146(r)19(eadable. )-396(After)-395(all )-146(the )-146(data )-146(has )-146(been )-146(r)20(ead,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 27.79 0 Td (read)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 2.796 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(turns )-146(0 )-146(to)]TJ -31.441 -1.2 Td [(indicate )-52(the )-52(end )-52(of )-52(\336le.)-551(But )-52(with)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 15.022 0 Td (poll)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.3017 Tc (,t)Tj 0 Tc 3.278 0 Td (he)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.363 0 Td (POLLHUP)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.502 0 Td [(event )-52(is )-52(r)18(eturned, )-52(and )-52(this)]TJ -24.164 -1.2 Td [(can )-84(happen )-84(while )-84(ther)18(e)-334(is)-334(still )-84(data )-84(to )-84(be )-84(r)18(ead. )-334(Once)-334(we )-84(have )-84(r)18(ead )-84(all )-84(the )-84(data,)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(however)74(,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.407 0 Td (read)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 2.751 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(turns )-101(0 )-101(to )-101(indicate )-101(the )-101(end )-101(of )-101(\336le.)-601(After )-101(all )-101(the )-101(data )-101(has )-101(been)]TJ -0.018 Tc -8.014 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(ad, )-43(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.335 0 Td (POLLIN)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.893 0 Td [(event )-43(is )-43(not )-43(r)18(eturned, )-43(even )-43(though )-43(we )-43(need )-43(to )-43(issue )-43(a)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 24.285 0 Td (read)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.693 0 Td (to)Tj -0.018 Tc -35.063 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(ceive the end-of-\336le noti\336cation \(the r)18(eturn value of 0\).)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1499.25 2892.25 cm 0 0 m 3656 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 353.7905 281.1763 Tm [(Fr)18(eeBSD )-1725(Linux )-1725(Mac)-250(OS X)-1759(Solaris)]TJ 1.276 -1.25 Td [(8.0 )-3302(3.2.0)-3210(10.6.8 )-3429(10)]TJ -16.773 0.625 Td (Operation)Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1499.25 2672.25 cm 0 0 m 3656 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1499.25 2652.25 cm 0 0 m 3656 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 355.0091 257.1637 Tm [(R/W/E )-2847(R)-3990(R/W )-2297(R/W/E)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -25.145 0 Td (select)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td (on)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.378 0 Td (read)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td (end of pipe with)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 7.556 0 Td (write)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td (end closed)Tj 6.463 -1.25 Td [(R/HUP )-2076(HUP)-3408(INV )-3127(HUP)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -25.146 0 Td (poll)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td (on)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.378 0 Td (read)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td (end of pipe with)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 7.556 0 Td (write)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td (end closed)Tj 7.661 -1.25 Td [(R/W/E )-2045(R/W)-3186(R/W )-2905(R/W)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -25.145 0 Td (select)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td (on)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.378 0 Td (write)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td (end of pipe with)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 7.556 0 Td (read)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td (end closed)Tj 6.463 -1.25 Td [(R/HUP )-1406(W/ERR)-2739(INV )-3127(HUP)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -25.146 0 Td (poll)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td (on)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.378 0 Td (write)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td (end of pipe with)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 7.556 0 Td (read)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td (end closed)Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1499.25 2232.25 cm 0 0 m 3656 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4776.25 2232.25 cm 0 0 m 0 660 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4306.25 2232.25 cm 0 0 m 0 660 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3902.25 2232.25 cm 0 0 m 0 660 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3478.25 2232.25 cm 0 0 m 0 660 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5155.25 2232.25 cm 0 0 m 0 660 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1499.25 2232.25 cm 0 0 m 0 660 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 241.551 205.1608 Tm (Figure C.19)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.917 0 Td (Pipe behavior with)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.669 0 Td (select)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.943 0 Td (poll)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9976 0 0 9.9976 160.2115 181.1665 Tm [(The )-303(conditions )-303(shown )-303(in )-303(Figur)]TJ 0.5532 Tc 14.754 0 Td (eC)Tj 0 Tc 1.741 0 Td [(.19 )-303(include )-303(R )-303(\(r)17(eadable\), )-303(W )-303(\(writable\), )-303(E)]TJ -16.495 -1.2 Td [(\(exception\), )-73(HUP )-73(\(hangup\), )-73(ERR )-73(\(err)18(or\), )-73(and )-73(INV )-73(\(invalid )-73(\336le )-73(descriptor\).)]TJ -0.055 Tc 33.791 0 Td (Wi)Tj 0 Tc 1.236 0 Td (th)Tj -35.027 -1.2 Td [(an )-188(output )-188(descriptor )-188(that )-188(r)18(efers )-188(to )-188(a )-188(pipe )-188(that )-188(has )-188(been )-188(closed )-188(by )-188(the )-188(r)20(eader)74(,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf T* (select)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.965 0 Td [(indicates )-115(that )-115(the )-115(descriptor )-115(is )-115(writable.)-613(But )-115(when )-115(we )-115(call)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 26.968 0 Td (write)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.3648 Tc (,t)Tj 0 Tc 3.941 0 Td (he)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -34.874 -1.2 Td (SIGPIPE)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.581 0 Td [(signal )-131(is )-131(generated.)-631(If )-131(we )-131(either )-131(ignor)]TJ 0.381 Tc 17.439 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.186 0 Td [(his )-131(signal )-131(or )-131(r)18(eturn )-131(fr)18(om )-131(its)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47119 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (934)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Solutions )-250(to )-250(Selected )-250(Exer)18(cises )]TJ 38.165 0 Td [(Appendix)-500(C)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 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1.452 0 Td (olution is shown in Figur)Tj 0.25 Tc 11.124 0 Td (eC)Tj 0 Tc 1.438 0 Td (.18.)Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1602.25 3917.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1646.25 3917.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9984 0 0 8.9984 160.2212 382.1282 Tm (#include "apue.h")Tj 0 -1.189 TD (#include )Tj 0 -1.783 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[(ith )-274(an )-274(occasional)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -28.038 -1.2 Td (sleep\(59\))Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.85 0 Td [(to )-200(r)18(esynchr)18(onize )-200(with )-200(the )-200(next )-200(minute.)-701(But )-200(if )-200(at )-200(some )-200(point )-200(the)]TJ -5.85 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ocess )-222(takes )-222(a )-222(long )-222(time )-222(executing )-222(commands )-222(or )-222(if )-222(the )-222(system )-222(gets )-222(heavily)]TJ T* [(loaded )-69(and )-69(scheduling )-69(delays )-69(hold )-69(up )-69(the )-69(pr)19(ocess, )-69(the )-69(sleep )-69(value )-69(can )-69(be )-69(much)]TJ T* (less than 60.)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -3.065 -1.84 Td [(10.1)37(1)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 3.065 0 Td [(Under )-285(Linux )-285(3.2.0, )-285(Mac )-285(OS )-285(X )-285(10.6.8, )-285(and )-285(Solaris )-285(10, )-285(the )-285(signal )-285(handler )-285(for)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf T* (SIGXFSZ)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.559 0 Td [(is )-109(never )-109(called.)-610(But)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.308 0 Td (write)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 3.359 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(turns 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0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4829.25 6098.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4905.25 6098.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4221.25 5666.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4297.25 5666.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4373.25 5666.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4449.25 5666.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4525.25 5666.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4601.25 5666.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4677.25 5666.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4753.25 5666.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4829.25 5666.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4905.25 5666.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4221.25 5558.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4297.25 5558.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4373.25 5558.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4449.25 5558.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4525.25 5558.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4601.25 5558.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4677.25 5558.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4753.25 5558.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4829.25 5558.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4905.25 5558.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.9994002 0 0 0.9994002 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 422.124 586.76 cm 0 0 m -5.328 5.184 l -2.232 7.056 l f Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4221.2402 5867.6001 cm 0 0 m -53.28 51.84 l -22.32 70.56 l h S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4293.2402 6044 cm 0 0 m -90 0 l -150 0 -162.6 -28.32 -127.8 -84.96 c -75.6 -169.92 l S Q Q q 0.9993402 0 0 0.9993402 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 496.284 627.8 cm 0 0 m 4.032 -6.192 l 0.648 -7.344 l f Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4962.8398 6278 cm 0 0 m 40.32 -61.92 l 6.48 -73.44 l h S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4869.2402 5504 cm 0 0 m 180 0 l 300 0 315.96 127.92 227.88 383.76 c 95.76 767.52 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9942 0 0 7.9942 435.7501 630.5858 Tm (v-node table)Tj ET q 0.9992802 0 0 0.9992802 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 288.924 663.8 cm 0 0 m -2.808 -6.84 l -5.688 -4.68 l f Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2889.24 6638 cm 0 0 m -28.08 -68.4 l -56.88 -46.8 l h S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2133.24 6098 cm 0 0 m 180 0 l 300 0 425.28 89.04 555.84 267.12 c 751.68 534.24 l S Q Q q 0.9992203 0 0 0.9992203 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 288.924 660.2 cm 0 0 m -2.592 -6.984 l -5.544 -4.968 l f Q Q q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2889.24 6602 cm 0 0 m -25.92 -69.84 l -55.44 -49.68 l h S Q Q q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2133.24 6026 cm 0 0 m 180 0 l 300 0 425.28 95.04 555.84 285.12 c 751.68 570.24 l S Q Q q 0.9991603 0 0 0.9991603 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 288.924 584.6 cm 0 0 m -7.416 0.144 l -6.48 3.6 l f Q Q q 0.099916 0 0 0.099916 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2889.24 5846 cm 0 0 m -74.16 1.44 l -64.8 36 l h S Q Q q 0.099916 0 0 0.099916 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2133.24 5954 cm 0 0 m 180 0 l 300 0 424.8 -17.64 554.4 -52.92 c 748.8 -105.84 l S Q Q q 0.9991004 0 0 0.9991004 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 418.524 627.8 cm 0 0 m -7.2 -1.8 l -7.2 1.8 l f Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4185.2402 6278 cm 0 0 m -72 -18 l -72 18 l h S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3573.24 6278 cm 0 0 m 180 0 l 300 0 400.8 0 482.4 0 c 604.8 0 l S Q Q q 0.9990404 0 0 0.9990404 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 418.524 624.2 cm 0 0 m -0.576 -7.416 l -3.96 -6.264 l f Q Q q 0.099904 0 0 0.099904 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4185.2402 6242 cm 0 0 m -5.76 -74.16 l -39.6 -62.64 l h S Q Q q 0.099904 0 0 0.099904 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3573.24 5486 cm 0 0 m 180 0 l 300 0 401.64 124.92 484.92 374.76 c 609.84 749.52 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9918 0 0 7.9918 273.411 515.6737 Tm (Figure C.2)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.417 0 Td (Result of)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 4.17 0 Td (dup)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.05 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.943 0 Td (open)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9898 0 0 9.9898 155.4615 484.5055 Tm (If)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.007 0 Td (fd)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.537 0 Td [(is )-87(3, )-87(however)]TJ 0.337 Tc 5.945 0 Td (,a)Tj 0 Tc 1.087 0 Td [(fter )-87(the )-87(thr)18(ee )-87(calls )-87(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.671 0 Td (dup2)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.3371 Tc (,f)Tj 0 Tc 3.32 0 Td [(our )-87(descriptors )-87(ar)]TJ 0.3371 Tc 8.031 0 Td (ep)Tj 0 Tc 1.417 0 Td [(ointing )-87(to)]TJ -32.015 -1.2 Td (the same \336le table entry)Tj 0.5 Tc 10.424 0 Td (.I)Tj 0.25 Tc 1.087 0 Td (nt)Tj 0 Tc 1.158 0 Td (his case, we need to close descriptor 3.)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -15.271 -1.84 Td (3.5)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.602 0 Td [(Since the shells pr)18(ocess their command line fr)18(om left to right, the command)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9908 0 0 8.9908 173.4433 438.5224 Tm (./a.out > outfile 2>&1)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9898 0 0 9.9898 155.4616 421.6099 Tm [(\336rst )-310(sets )-310(standar)]TJ 0.5605 Tc 7.844 0 Td (do)Tj 0 Tc 1.717 0 Td [(utput )-310(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.452 0 Td (outfile)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.761 0 Td [(and )-310(then)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.783 0 Td (dup)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5604 Tc (ss)Tj 0 Tc 3.208 0 Td (tandar)Tj 0.5604 Tc 2.896 0 Td (do)Tj 0 Tc 1.717 0 Td [(utput )-310(onto)]TJ -31.379 -1.2 Td [(descriptor )-197(2 )-197(\(standar)]TJ 0.4467 Tc 9.558 0 Td (de)Tj 0 Tc 1.537 0 Td [(rr)18(or\). )-447(The)]TJ -0.018 Tc 5.113 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(sult )-197(is )-197(that )-197(standar)]TJ 0.4468 Tc 8.753 0 Td (do)Tj 0 Tc 1.604 0 Td [(utput )-197(and )-197(standar)18(d)]TJ -27.421 -1.2 Td [(err)18(or )-43(ar)]TJ 0.2934 Tc 3.362 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.196 0 Td [(et )-43(to )-43(the )-43(same )-43(\336le.)-545(Descriptors )-43(1 )-43(and )-43(2 )-43(both )-43(point )-43(to )-43(the )-43(same )-43(\336le )-43(table)]TJ -4.559 -1.2 Td (entry)Tj 0.5 Tc 2.227 0 Td (.W)Tj 0 Tc 1.695 0 Td (ith)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9908 0 0 8.9908 173.4435 370.0329 Tm (./a.out 2>&1 > outfile)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9898 0 0 9.9898 155.4618 353.12 Tm (however)Tj 0.5877 Tc 3.806 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 1.164 0 Td (he)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.649 0 Td (dup)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.388 0 Td [(is )-338(executed )-338(\336rst, )-338(causing )-338(descriptor )-338(2 )-338(to )-338(be )-338(the )-338(terminal)]TJ -9.006 -1.2 Td [(\(assuming )-318(that )-318(the )-318(command )-318(is )-318(r)8(un )-318(interactively\).)-818(Then )-318(standar)]TJ 0.568 Tc 30.931 0 Td (do)Tj 0 Tc 1.725 0 Td [(utput )-318(is)]TJ -0.018 Tc -32.656 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(dir)18(ected )-146(to )-146(the )-146(\336le)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.838 0 Td (outfile)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.6465 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 5.709 0 Td [(he )-146(r)18(esult )-146(is )-146(that )-146(descriptor )-146(1 )-146(points )-146(to )-146(the )-146(\336le)]TJ -15.403 -1.2 Td [(table )-174(entry )-174(for)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.032 0 Td (outfile)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.4236 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 5.374 0 Td [(nd )-174(descriptor )-174(2 )-174(points )-174(to )-174(the )-174(\336le )-174(table )-174(entry )-174(for )-174(the)]TJ -12.405 -1.2 Td (terminal.)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -2.602 -1.84 Td (3.6)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.092 Tc 2.602 0 Td (Yo)Tj 0.3937 Tc 1.121 0 Td (uc)Tj 0 Tc 1.441 0 Td [(an )-144(still)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.492 0 Td (lseek)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.394 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.087 0 Td (read)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.794 0 Td [(anywher)18(e)-394(in)-394(the )-144(\336le, )-144(but )-144(a)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 12.619 0 Td (write)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.394 0 Td (automatically)Tj -0.018 Tc -30.341 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(sets )-163(the )-163(\336le )-163(of)18(fset )-163(to )-163(the )-163(end )-163(of )-163(\336le )-163(befor)]TJ 0.4132 Tc 19.03 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.218 0 Td [(he )-163(data )-163(is )-163(written.)-664(This )-163(makes )-163(it)]TJ -21.104 -1.2 Td (impossible to)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 6.155 0 Td (write)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td (anywher)Tj 0.25 Tc 3.91 0 Td (eo)Tj 0 Tc 1.275 0 Td (ther than at the end of \336le.)Tj /TT1 1 Tf -20.792 -3.12 Td [(Chapter )-278(4)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 3.6 -2.44 Td (4.1)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.602 0 Td (If)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.09 0 Td (stat)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.82 0 Td [(is )-170(called, )-170(it )-170(always )-170(tries )-170(to )-170(follow )-170(a )-170(symbolic )-170(link )-170(\(Figur)]TJ 0.4203 Tc 26.058 0 Td (e4)Tj 0 Tc 1.399 0 Td [(.17\), )-170(so )-170(the)]TJ -31.368 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ogram )-14(will )-14(never )-14(print )-14(a )-14(\336le )-14(type )-14(of )-14(\324)33(\324symbolic )-14(link.\325)]TJ 0.5144 Tc 24.074 0 Td (\325F)Tj 0 Tc 1.348 0 Td [(or )-14(the )-14(example )-14(shown )-14(in)]TJ -25.423 -1.2 Td [(the )-103(text, )-103(wher)18(e)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.094 0 Td (/dev/cdrom)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.353 0 Td [(is )-103(a )-103(symbolic )-103(link )-103(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.56 0 Td (/dev/sr0)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 5.403 0 Td (stat)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 2.753 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(ports )-103(that)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -32.019 -1.2 Td (/dev/cdrom)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.478 0 Td [(is )-228(a )-228(block )-228(special )-228(\336le, )-228(not )-228(a )-228(symbolic )-228(link.)-726(If )-228(the )-228(symbolic )-228(link)]TJ -6.478 -1.2 Td (points to a nonexistent \336le,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 12.15 0 Td (stat)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 2.65 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(turns an err)18(or)74(.)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf -18.258 -1.84 Td (4.2)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.602 0 Td (All permissions ar)Tj 0.25 Tc 8.077 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.055 0 Td [(urned of)18(f:)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47123 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Appendix )-250(C)]TJ 34.357 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(3)-750(Solutions)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 11.476 0 Td (907)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1556.25 6690.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1596.25 6690.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 155.6107 659.4594 Tm (#include "apue.h")Tj 0 -1.189 TD (#include )Tj T* (#include )Tj 0 -2.259 TD [(#define OPEN_MAX_GUESS)-1200(256)]TJ T* (long)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (open_max\(void\))Tj T* ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (long openmax;)Tj T* (struct rlimit rl;)Tj 0 -2.259 TD (if \(\(openmax = sysconf\(_SC_OPEN_MAX\)\) < 0 ||)Tj 1.2 -1.189 Td (openmax == LONG_MAX\) {)Tj 1.2 -1.189 Td (if \(getrlimit\(RLIMIT_NOFILE, &rl\) < 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_sys\("can\325t get file limit"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(rl.rlim_max == RLIM_INFINITY\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (openmax = OPEN_MAX_GUESS;)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (else)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (openmax = rl.rlim_max;)Tj -4.8 -1.189 Td (})Tj 0 -1.189 TD (return\(openmax\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1556.25 4225.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1596.25 4225.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 194.1307 406.4592 Tm (Figure C.1)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.417 0 Td [(Alternative method for identifying the lar)18(gest possible \336le descriptor)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 93.5887 358.465 Tm [(Chapter )-278(3)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 3.6 -2.8 Td (3.1)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.602 0 Td [(All )-242(disk )-242(I/O )-242(goes )-242(thr)18(ough )-242(the )-242(kernel\325s )-242(block )-242(buf)18(fers )-242(\(also )-242(called )-242(the )-242(kernel\325s)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(buf)18(fer )-58(cache\).)-558(The )-58(exception )-58(to )-58(this )-58(is )-58(I/O )-58(on )-58(a )-58(raw )-58(disk )-58(device, )-58(which )-58(we )-58(ar)23(en\325t)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(considering. )-307(\(Some)-307(systems )-57(also )-57(pr)18(ovide )-57(a)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 19.555 0 Td [(dir)18(ect )-57(I/O)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 4.299 0 Td [(option )-57(to )-57(allow )-57(applications)]TJ -23.854 -1.2 Td [(to )-371(bypass )-371(the )-371(kernel )-371(buf)18(fers, )-371(but )-371(we )-371(ar)18(en\325t )-371(considering )-371(this )-371(option )-371(either)72(.\))]TJ T* [(Chapter )-137(3 )-137(of )-137(Bach)]TJ 8.657 0.04 Td ([)Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (1986)Tj 2 0.04 Td (])Tj 0.72 -0.04 Td [(describes )-137(the )-137(operation )-137(of )-137(this )-137(buf)17(fer )-137(cache.)-637(Since )-137(the)]TJ -11.71 -1.2 Td [(data )-169(that )-169(we)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.241 0 Td (read)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.819 0 Td (or)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.36 0 Td (write)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.419 0 Td [(is )-169(buf)18(fer)18(ed )-169(by )-169(the )-169(kernel, )-169(the )-169(term)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 16.397 0 Td [(unbuffer)18(ed )-169(I/O)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf -0.018 Tc -30.236 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(fers )-286(to )-286(the )-286(lack )-286(of )-286(automatic )-286(buf)18(fering )-286(in )-286(the )-286(user )-286(pr)16(ocess )-286(with )-286(these )-286(two)]TJ -0.856 -1.2 Td [(functions. )-250(Each)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.268 0 Td (read)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td (or)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.191 0 Td (write)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td (invokes a single system call.)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -16.961 -1.84 Td (3.3)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.602 0 Td [(Each )-187(call )-187(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.846 0 Td (open)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.837 0 Td [(gives )-187(us )-187(a )-187(new )-187(\336le )-187(table )-187(entry)]TJ 0.687 Tc 14.11 0 Td (.H)Tj 0 Tc 1.769 0 Td (owever)Tj 0.437 Tc 3.224 0 Td (,s)Tj 0 Tc 1.111 0 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)-33(if )-33(the )-33(shell)]TJ -0.018 Tc 0 -1.2 TD (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(dir)18(ects )-57(standar)]TJ 0.3069 Tc 6.579 0 Td (di)Tj 0 Tc 1.209 0 Td [(nput )-57(to )-57(the )-57(terminal )-57(and )-57(we )-57(use)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 14.778 0 Td (read)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.707 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2 0 Td (write)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.307 0 Td [(to )-57(copy )-57(standar)18(d)]TJ -31.436 -1.2 Td [(input )-90(to )-90(standar)]TJ 0.3399 Tc 7.275 0 Td (do)Tj 0 Tc 1.497 0 Td [(utput, )-90(the )-90(terminal )-90(is )-90(in )-90(canonical )-90(mode, )-90(and )-90(each)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 23.137 0 Td (read)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 2.74 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(turns )-90(at)]TJ -35.505 -1.2 Td [(most )-117(one )-117(line.)-618(Pr)18(ograms )-118(that )-118(manipulate )-118(the )-118(entir)]TJ 0.3676 Tc 23.019 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.271 0 Td [(cr)18(een, )-118(such )-118(as )-118(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.445 0 Td (vi)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.568 0 Td (editor)Tj 0.3676 Tc 2.574 0 Td (,u)Tj 0 Tc 1.221 0 Td (se)Tj -38.097 -1.2 Td [(noncanonical )-411(mode, )-411(since )-411(the )-411(commands )-411(may )-411(be )-411(single )-411(characters )-411(and )-411(ar)]TJ 0.6613 Tc 36.406 0 Td (en)Tj 0 Tc 1.722 0 Td (ot)Tj -38.128 -1.2 Td [(terminated )-52(by )-52(newlines.)-553(Also, )-52(this )-52(editor )-52(doesn\325t )-52(want )-52(pr)18(ocessing )-52(by )-52(the )-52(system )-52(of )-52(the)]TJ T* [(special )-36(characters, )-36(since )-36(they )-36(may )-36(overlap )-36(with )-36(the )-36(editor )-36(commands.)-533(For )-36(example, )-36(the)]TJ T* [(Contr)18(ol)]TJ 3.377 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.3218 Tc 0.333 -0.09 Td (Dc)Tj 0 Tc 1.54 0 Td [(haracter )-72(is )-72(often )-72(the )-72(end-of-\336le )-72(character )-72(for )-72(the )-72(terminal, )-72(but )-72(it\325s )-72(also )-72(a)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 32.551 0 Td (vi)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -37.801 -1.2 Td [(command to scr)18(oll down one-half scr)18(een.)]TJ 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 183.5892 552.9668 Tm [(The )-43(V)111(ersion )-43(7 )-43(and )-43(older )-43(BSD-style )-43(terminal )-43(drivers )-43(supported )-43(thr)18(ee )-43(modes )-43(for )-43(terminal )-43(input:)]TJ 0 -1.25 TD [(\(a\) )-29(cooked )-29(mode )-29(\(the )-29(input )-29(is )-29(collected )-29(into )-29(lines, )-29(and )-29(the )-29(special )-29(characters )-29(ar)]TJ 0.2788 Tc 34.776 0 Td (ep)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.359 0 Td (ro)Tj 0 Tc 0.923 0 Td [(cessed\), )-29(\(b\))]TJ -37.058 -1.25 Td [(raw )-306(mode )-306(\(the )-306(input )-306(is )-306(not )-306(assembled )-306(into )-306(lines, )-306(and )-306(ther)17(e)-556(is)-556(no)-556(p)]TJ -0.018 Tc (ro)Tj 0 Tc 33.779 0 Td [(cessing )-306(of )-306(special)]TJ -33.779 -1.25 Td [(characters\), )-37(and )-37(\(c\) )-37(cbr)19(eak )-37(mode )-37(\(the )-37(input )-37(is )-37(not )-37(assembled )-37(into )-37(lines, )-37(but )-37(some )-37(of )-37(the )-37(special)]TJ T* [(characters )-177(ar)]TJ 0.4266 Tc 5.793 0 Td (ep)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.507 0 Td (ro)Tj 0 Tc 0.923 0 Td [(cessed\). )-427(Figur)]TJ 0.4266 Tc 6.504 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.406 0 Td [(8.20 )-177(shows )-177(a )-177(POSIX.1 )-177(function )-177(that )-177(places )-177(a )-177(terminal )-177(in)]TJ -16.131 -1.25 Td [(cbr)18(eak or raw mode.)]TJ 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.591 481.9711 Tm [(POSIX.1 )-45(de\336nes )-45(1)]TJ 0.2952 Tc 7.884 0 Td (1s)Tj 0 Tc 1.219 0 Td [(pecial )-45(input )-45(characters, )-45(9 )-45(of )-45(which )-45(we )-45(can )-45(change.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 22.999 0 Td (We)Tj 0 Tc 1.387 0 Td [(\325ve )-45(been)]TJ -35.289 -1.2 Td [(using )-83(some )-83(of )-83(these )-83(thr)16(oughout )-83(the )-83(text)]TJ 0.0833 Tc 18.121 0 Td (\321t)Tj 0 Tc 1.409 0 Td [(he )-83(end-of-\336le )-83(character )-83(\(usually )-83(Contr)17(ol)]TJ 18.029 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td (D\))Tj -37.893 -1.2 Td [(and )-23(the )-23(suspend )-23(character )-23(\(usually )-23(Contr)20(ol)]TJ 19.21 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(Z\), )-23(for )-23(example.)-522(Section )-23(18.3 )-23(describes )-23(each)]TJ -19.543 -1.2 Td (of these characters.)Tj -0.092 Tc 1.8 -1.2 Td [(We )-258(c)]TJ 0 Tc 2.155 0 Td [(an )-74(think )-74(of )-74(a )-74(terminal )-74(device )-74(as )-74(being )-74(contr)15(olled )-74(by )-74(a )-74(terminal )-74(driver)]TJ 0.3243 Tc 31.202 0 Td (,u)Tj 0 Tc 1.177 0 Td (sually)Tj -36.335 -1.2 Td [(within )-227(the )-227(kernel.)-727(Each )-227(terminal )-227(device )-227(has )-227(an )-227(input )-227(queue )-227(and )-227(an )-227(output )-227(queue,)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD (shown in Figur)Tj 0.25 Tc 6.724 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (8.1.)Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 1707 3136 1080 216 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 200.7599 322.6013 Tm (output queue)Tj ET q 0.99988 0 0 0.99988 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 285.9 324.4 cm 0 0 m 7.2 1.8 l 7.2 -1.8 l f Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2859 3244 cm 0 0 m 72 18 l 72 -18 l h S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2931.25 3244.25 cm 0 0 m 792 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 302.3656 327.581 Tm (if echo enabled)Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 3795 3136 864 216 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 401.0957 322.5626 Tm (input queue)Tj ET q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4659.25 3352.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4724.25 3352.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4788.25 3352.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4853.25 3352.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4918.25 3352.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4983.25 3352.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l 36 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5019.25 3292.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5019.25 3232.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5019.25 3172.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l -36 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4954.25 3136.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4889.25 3136.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4824.25 3136.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4760.25 3136.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4695.25 3136.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.9997 0 0 0.9997 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 174.3 281.2 cm 0 0 m -1.8 7.2 l 1.8 7.2 l f Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1743 2812 cm 0 0 m -18 72 l 18 72 l h S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1743.25 3100.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -216 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9971 0 0 7.9971 144.8878 273.5415 Tm (next character to)Tj -0.314 -1.25 Td (transmit to device)Tj ET q 0.9996401 0 0 0.9996401 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 275.1 338.8 cm 0 0 m -1.8 7.2 l 1.8 7.2 l f Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2751 3388 cm 0 0 m -18 72 l 18 72 l h S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2751.25 3460.25 cm 0 0 m 0 216 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9966 0 0 7.9966 250.1229 381.4797 Tm (next character)Tj -0.96 -1.25 Td [(written by pr)18(ocess)]TJ ET q 0.9995801 0 0 0.9995801 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 383.1 310 cm 0 0 m 1.8 -7.2 l -1.8 -7.2 l f Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3831 3100 cm 0 0 m 18 -72 l -18 -72 l h S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3831.25 3028.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -216 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9962 0 0 7.9962 358.0561 273.5087 Tm (next character)Tj -0.018 Tc -0.629 -1.25 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(ad fr)18(om device)]TJ ET q 0.9995201 0 0 0.9995201 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 462.3 367.6 cm 0 0 m 1.8 -7.2 l -1.8 -7.2 l f Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4623 3676 cm 0 0 m 18 -72 l -18 -72 l h S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4623.25 3388.25 cm 0 0 m 0 216 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9957 0 0 7.9957 437.1918 381.434 Tm (next character)Tj -0.018 Tc -0.327 -1.25 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(ad by pr)18(ocess)]TJ ET q 0.9994601 0 0 0.9994601 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 379.5 292 cm 0 0 m 7.2 1.8 l 7.2 -1.8 l f Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3795 2920 cm 0 0 m 72 18 l 72 -18 l h S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3867.25 2920.25 cm 0 0 m 288 0 l S Q Q q 0.9994002 0 0 0.9994002 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 501.9 292 cm 0 0 m -7.2 -1.8 l -7.2 1.8 l f Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5019 2920 cm 0 0 m -72 -18 l -72 18 l h S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4947.25 2920.25 cm 0 0 m -288 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9947 0 0 7.9947 418.8235 290.0485 Tm (MAX_INPUT)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -28.849 -6.98 Td (Figure 18.1)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.695 0 Td [(Logical pictur)18(e)-250(of)-250(input and output queues for a terminal device)]TJ 9.9934 0 0 9.9934 129.5149 206.6638 Tm (Ther)Tj 0.25 Tc 2.051 0 Td (ea)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.229 0 Td [(re )-36(s)]TJ 0 Tc 1.53 0 Td [(everal points to consider fr)18(om this pictur)18(e.)]TJ 0.883 Tc -3.01 -2.04 Td (\245I)Tj 0.3263 Tc 1.826 0 Td (fe)Tj 0 Tc 1.138 0 Td [(choing )-76(is )-76(enabled, )-76(ther)17(e)-326(is)-326(an)-326(i)-1(mplied )-76(link )-76(between )-76(the )-76(input )-76(queue )-76(and )-76(the)]TJ -1.475 -1.2 Td (output queue.)Tj 0.883 Tc -1.489 -1.6 Td (\245T)Tj 0 Tc 2.102 0 Td [(he )-124(size )-124(of )-124(the )-124(input )-124(queue,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 12.642 0 Td (MAX_INPUT)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.774 0 Td [(\(see )-124(Figur)]TJ 0.374 Tc 4.472 0 Td (e2)Tj 0 Tc 1.353 0 Td [(.12\), )-124(is )-124(\336nite.)-624(When )-124(the)]TJ -24.854 -1.2 Td [(input )-74(queue )-74(for )-74(a )-74(particular )-74(device )-74(\336lls, )-74(the )-74(system )-74(behavior )-74(is )-74(implementation)]TJ T* [(dependent. )-250(Most)-250(UNIX systems echo the bell character when this happens.)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47128 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (654)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Advanced )-250(IPC)]TJ 38.741 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(17)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5911 668.9599 Tm (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.081 0 Td (main)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.807 0 Td [(function )-157(\(Figur)]TJ 0.4072 Tc 6.83 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.386 0 Td [(7.18\) )-157(is )-157(a )-157(loop )-157(that )-157(r)17(eads )-157(a )-157(pathname )-157(fr)18(om )-157(standar)17(d)]TJ -14.905 -1.2 Td [(input )-85(and )-85(copies )-85(the )-85(\336le )-85(to )-85(standar)]TJ 0.3351 Tc 15.846 0 Td (do)Tj 0 Tc 1.492 0 Td [(utput. )-335(The)-335(function )-85(calls)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.63 0 Td (csopen)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.935 0 Td [(to )-85(contact )-85(the)]TJ -32.903 -1.2 Td [(open server and r)18(eturn an open descriptor)74(.)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 6378.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9989 0 0 8.9989 129.5844 628.2236 Tm [(#include )-1800("open.h")]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(#include )-1800()]TJ 0 -1.902 TD [(#define BUFFSIZE)-2400(8192)]TJ 0 -1.902 TD (int)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (main\(int argc, char *argv[]\))Tj T* ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td [(int )-2400(n,)-600(fd;)]TJ T* [(char )-1800(buf[BUFFSIZE];)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(char )-1800(line[MAXLINE];)]TJ 0 -1.902 TD (/* read filename to cat from stdin */)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (while \(fgets\(line, MAXLINE, stdin\) != NULL\) {)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(line[strlen\(line\) - 1] == \325\\n\325\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (line[strlen\(line\) - 1] = 0; /* replace newline with null */)Tj -2.4 -1.902 Td (/* open the file */)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (if \(\(fd = csopen\(line, O_RDONLY\)\) < 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td [(continue; )-1200(/*)-600(csopen\(\) prints error from server */)]TJ -2.4 -1.902 Td (/* and cat to stdout */)Tj T* (while \(\(n = read\(fd, buf, BUFFSIZE\)\) > 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(write\(STDOUT_FILENO, buf, n\) != n\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_sys\("write error"\);)Tj -4.8 -1.189 Td (if \(n < 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_sys\("read error"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (close\(fd\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj 0 -1.902 TD (exit\(0\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 3175.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 237.8732 301.4237 Tm (Figure 17.18)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.195 0 Td (The client)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 4.587 0 Td (main)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td (function, version 1)Tj 9.9982 0 0 9.9982 147.5737 277.4281 Tm [(The )-157(function)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.195 0 Td (csopen)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.007 0 Td (\(Figur)Tj 0.4068 Tc 2.716 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.386 0 Td [(7.19\) )-157(does )-157(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.75 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.807 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.1 0 Td (exec)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.807 0 Td [(of )-157(the )-157(server)]TJ 0.4069 Tc 5.743 0 Td (,a)Tj 0 Tc 1.157 0 Td (fter)Tj -37.467 -1.2 Td [(cr)18(eating the fd-pipe.)]TJ ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 2583.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9978 0 0 8.9978 129.5689 248.7173 Tm [(#include )-1800("open.h")]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(#include )-1800()-3000(/* struct iovec */)]TJ 0 -1.902 TD (/*)Tj 0.6 Tc 0.6 -1.189 Td (*O)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (pen the file by sending the "name" and "oflag" to the)Tj 0.6 Tc -1.8 -1.189 Td (*c)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (onnection server and reading a file descriptor back.)Tj -1.8 -1.189 Td (*/)Tj -0.6 -1.189 Td (int)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (csopen\(char *name, int oflag\))Tj 0 -1.189 TD ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (pid_t )Tj 9.6 0 Td (pid;)Tj -9.6 -1.189 Td (int )Tj 9.6 0 Td (len;)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47129 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(17.4)]TJ 32.736 0 Td [(Passing )-250(File )-250(Descriptors)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 13.097 0 Td (643)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 1413.24 5486 1008 1152 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 158.5865 667 Tm [(pr)18(ocess table entry)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 1701.24 6134 576 72 re S Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 1701.24 6062 576 72 re S Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 1701.24 5990 576 72 re S Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 1701.24 5918 576 72 re S Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 1701.24 5630 576 288 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 0.25 Tc 13.9983 0 0 13.9983 190.1512 575.5709 Tm (...)Tj 0 Tc 6.9992 0 0 6.9992 154.7476 615.1662 Tm (fd 0:)Tj 0 -1.029 TD (fd 1:)Tj T* (fd 2:)Tj T* (fd 3:)Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1917.25 6206.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -288 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 6.9987 0 0 6.9987 177.588 629.4867 Tm (fd)Tj -0.572 -0.714 Td (\337ags)Tj 4.471 0.714 Td (\336le)Tj -0.923 -0.714 Td (pointer)Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 1413.24 3974 1008 1152 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 158.5579 515.7162 Tm [(pr)18(ocess table entry)]TJ ET q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 1701.24 4694 576 72 re S Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 1701.24 4622 576 72 re S Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 1701.24 4550 576 72 re S Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 1701.24 4478 576 72 re S Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 1701.24 4406 576 72 re S Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 1701.24 4118 576 288 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 0.25 Tc 13.9958 0 0 13.9958 190.117 424.3127 Tm (...)Tj 0 Tc 6.9979 0 0 6.9979 154.7198 471.0986 Tm (fd 0:)Tj 0 -1.029 TD (fd 1:)Tj 0 -1.029 TD (fd 2:)Tj 0 -1.029 TD (fd 3:)Tj 0 -1.029 TD (fd 4:)Tj ET q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1917.25 4766.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -360 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 6.9975 0 0 6.9975 177.5561 485.4252 Tm (fd)Tj -0.572 -0.714 Td (\337ags)Tj 4.471 0.714 Td (\336le)Tj -0.923 -0.714 Td (pointer)Tj ET q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2925.24 5918 720 144 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9966 0 0 7.9966 302.1331 596.9892 Tm (\336le status \337ags)Tj ET q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2925.24 5774 720 144 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9962 0 0 7.9962 298.3647 582.5603 Tm [(curr)18(ent \336le of)18(fset)]TJ ET q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2925.24 5630 720 144 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9957 0 0 7.9957 302.0169 568.1331 Tm (v-node pointer)Tj 1.406 5.125 Td (\336le table)Tj 6.9962 0 0 6.9962 420.4539 566.3341 Tm (v-node information)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.52 -2.057 Td (v_data)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -2.383 -4.114 Td (i-node information)Tj 0.796 -2.057 Td [(curr)18(ent \336le size)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 1.287 -1.543 Td (i_vnode)Tj ET q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4149.25 5774.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -288 l 720 -288 l 720 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4149.25 5342.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -396 l 720 -396 l 720 0 l 0 0 l 720 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4149.25 5594.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4225.25 5594.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4301.25 5594.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4377.25 5594.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4453.25 5594.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4529.25 5594.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4605.25 5594.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4681.25 5594.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4757.25 5594.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4833.25 5594.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4149.25 5162.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4225.25 5162.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4301.25 5162.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4377.25 5162.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4453.25 5162.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4529.25 5162.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4605.25 5162.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4681.25 5162.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4757.25 5162.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4833.25 5162.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4149.25 5054.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4225.25 5054.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4301.25 5054.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4377.25 5054.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4453.25 5054.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4529.25 5054.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4605.25 5054.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4681.25 5054.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4757.25 5054.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4833.25 5054.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.9994002 0 0 0.9994002 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 414.924 536.36 cm 0 0 m -5.328 5.184 l -2.232 7.056 l f Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4149.2402 5363.6001 cm 0 0 m -53.28 51.84 l -22.32 70.56 l h S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4221.2402 5540 cm 0 0 m -90 0 l -150 0 -162.6 -28.32 -127.8 -84.96 c -75.6 -169.92 l S Q Q q 0.9993402 0 0 0.9993402 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 489.084 577.4 cm 0 0 m 4.032 -6.192 l 0.648 -7.344 l f Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4890.8398 5774 cm 0 0 m 40.32 -61.92 l 6.48 -73.44 l h S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4797.2402 5000 cm 0 0 m 180 0 l 300 0 315.96 127.92 227.88 383.76 c 95.76 767.52 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9942 0 0 7.9942 428.5553 580.2221 Tm (v-node table)Tj ET q 0.9992802 0 0 0.9992802 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 288.924 606.2 cm 0 0 m -6.264 -3.96 l -7.416 -0.576 l f Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2889.24 6062 cm 0 0 m -62.64 -39.6 l -74.16 -5.76 l h S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2205.24 5954 cm 0 0 m 180 0 l 300 0 412.92 17.64 518.76 52.92 c 677.52 105.84 l S Q Q q 0.9992203 0 0 0.9992203 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 288.924 602.6 cm 0 0 m 0.288 -7.416 l -3.24 -6.696 l f Q Q q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2889.24 6026 cm 0 0 m 2.88 -74.16 l -32.4 -66.96 l h S Q Q q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2205.24 4442 cm 0 0 m 180 0 l 300 0 413.76 262.8 521.28 788.4 c 682.56 1576.8 l S Q Q q 0.9991603 0 0 0.9991603 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 411.324 577.4 cm 0 0 m -6.048 -4.32 l -7.416 -1.008 l f Q Q q 0.099916 0 0 0.099916 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4113.2402 5774 cm 0 0 m -60.48 -43.2 l -74.16 -10.08 l h S Q Q q 0.099916 0 0 0.099916 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3573.24 5702 cm 0 0 m 180 0 l 300 0 388.92 11.52 446.76 34.56 c 533.52 69.12 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9928 0 0 7.9928 188.5023 371.8652 Tm [(Figure 17.1)37(1)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 6.158 0 Td [(Passing an open \336le fr)18(om the top pr)18(ocess to the bottom pr)18(ocess)]TJ 0.413 Tc 9.991 0 0 9.991 147.4674 344.29 Tm (Ap)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.792 0 Td (ro)Tj 0 Tc 0.923 0 Td [(cess )-163(\(normally )-163(a )-163(server\) )-163(that )-163(wants )-163(to )-163(pass )-163(a )-163(descriptor )-163(to )-163(another )-163(pr)17(ocess)]TJ -4.515 -1.2 Td [(calls )-92(either)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.186 0 Td (send_fd)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.542 0 Td (or)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.283 0 Td (send_err)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.5919 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 6.255 0 Td [(he )-92(pr)18(ocess )-92(waiting )-92(to )-92(r)18(eceive )-92(the )-92(descriptor )-92(\(the)]TJ -17.266 -1.2 Td (client\) calls)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 5.196 0 Td (recv_fd)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj -3.396 -1.2 Td (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.238 0 Td (send_fd)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.764 0 Td [(function )-314(sends )-314(the )-314(descriptor)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 14.382 0 Td (fd_to_send)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.953 0 Td [(acr)18(oss )-314(using )-314(the )-314(UNIX)]TJ -28.137 -1.2 Td [(domain )-150(socket )-150(r)17(epr)18(esented )-150(by)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 14.113 0 Td (fd)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.6504 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 2.291 0 Td (he)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.461 0 Td (send_err)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.2 0 Td [(function )-150(sends )-150(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 8.815 0 Td (errmsg)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.234 0 Td (using)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 2.856 0 Td (fd)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (,)Tj -37.972 -1.2 Td (followed by the)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 7.177 0 Td (status)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.694 0 Td [(byte. )-250(The)-250(value of)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 8.405 0 Td (status)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.694 0 Td (must be in the range)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 9.29 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (1t)Tj 0 Tc 1.625 0 Td [(hr)18(ough)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 3.496 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (255.)Tj -33.581 -1.2 Td [(Clients )-339(call)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.807 0 Td (recv_fd)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.789 0 Td [(to )-339(r)18(eceive )-339(a )-339(descriptor)]TJ 0.8395 Tc 10.692 0 Td (.I)Tj 0.5895 Tc 1.426 0 Td (fa)Tj 0 Tc 1.423 0 Td [(ll )-339(is )-339(OK )-339(\(the )-339(sender )-339(called)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -25.937 -1.2 Td (send_fd)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(\), )-383(the )-383(non-negative )-383(descriptor )-383(is )-383(r)20(eturned )-382(as )-382(the )-382(value )-382(of )-382(the )-382(function.)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(Otherwise, )-12(the )-12(value )-12(r)18(eturned )-12(is )-12(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 16.198 0 Td (status)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.706 0 Td [(that )-12(was )-12(sent )-12(by)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.461 0 Td (send_err)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.062 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.2622 Tc 0.333 -0.04 Td (an)Tj 0 Tc 1.344 0 Td [(egative )-12(value)]TJ -33.104 -1.2 Td [(in )-36(the )-36(range)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 5.63 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.2861 Tc (1t)Tj 0 Tc 1.661 0 Td [(hr)18(ough)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 3.532 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (255)Tj 2.049 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.5361 Tc 0.333 -0.04 Td (.A)Tj 0 Tc 1.564 0 Td [(dditionally)111(,)-286(if)-286(an)-286(err)18(or )-36(message )-36(was )-36(sent )-36(by )-36(the )-36(server)74(,)]TJ -14.77 -1.2 Td [(the )-108(client\325s)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 5.218 0 Td (userfunc)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.878 0 Td [(is )-108(called )-108(to )-108(pr)18(ocess )-108(the )-108(message.)-608(The )-108(\336rst )-108(ar)19(gument )-108(to)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 25.311 0 Td (userfunc)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.878 0 Td (is)Tj -38.285 -1.2 Td [(the )-262(constant)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.141 0 Td (STDERR_FILENO)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.5119 Tc (,f)Tj 0 Tc 8.895 0 Td [(ollowed )-262(by )-262(a )-262(pointer )-262(to )-262(the )-262(err)18(or )-262(message )-262(and )-262(its)]TJ -15.036 -1.2 Td [(length. )-420(The)]TJ -0.018 Tc 5.831 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(turn )-170(value )-170(fr)17(om)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 7.744 0 Td (userfunc)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.94 0 Td [(is )-170(the )-170(number )-170(of )-170(bytes )-170(written )-170(or )-170(a )-170(negative)]TJ -18.371 -1.2 Td [(number on err)18(or)]TJ 0.5 Tc 7.241 0 Td (.O)Tj 0 Tc 1.536 0 Td (ften, the client speci\336es the normal)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 15.601 0 Td (write)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td (function as the)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 6.768 0 Td (userfunc)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj -0.092 Tc -32.596 -1.2 Td [(We )-314(i)]TJ 0 Tc 2.058 0 Td [(mplement )-129(our )-129(own )-129(pr)18(otocol )-129(that )-129(is )-129(used )-129(by )-129(these )-129(thr)18(ee )-129(functions.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 30.721 0 Td [(To )-314(s)]TJ 0 Tc 1.871 0 Td [(end )-129(a)]TJ -36.449 -1.2 Td [(descriptor)74(,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.948 0 Td (send_fd)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.46 0 Td [(sends )-10(two )-10(bytes )-10(of )-10(0, )-10(followed )-10(by )-10(the )-10(actual )-10(descriptor)]TJ 0.5104 Tc 24.066 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dif)18(fer)18(ent pr)18(ocesses)]TJ 9.9952 0 0 9.9952 129.5379 535.1431 Tm [(FIFO )-186(that )-186(the )-186(server )-186(cr)19(eates. )-436(\(By)]TJ -0.037 Tc 15.737 0 Td (\324\324)Tj 0 Tc 0.519 0 Td [(well-known,\325)37(\325)-436(we)-436(mean )-186(that )-186(the )-186(pathname )-186(of )-186(the)]TJ -16.256 -1.2 Td [(FIFO )-26(is )-26(known )-26(to )-26(all )-26(the )-26(clients )-26(that )-26(need )-26(to )-26(contact )-26(the )-26(server)72(.\) )-276(Figur)]TJ 0.2762 Tc 31.01 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.255 0 Td [(5.22 )-26(shows )-26(this)]TJ -32.265 -1.2 Td (arrangement.)Tj ET q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2310 3286 432 288 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9957 0 0 7.9957 242.8168 341.0558 Tm (client)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.25 Tc 9.9946 0 0 9.9946 318.1781 341.0558 Tm (...)Tj ET q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 3750 3286 432 288 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 0 Tc 7.9952 0 0 7.9952 386.7159 341.0353 Tm (client)Tj ET q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2994 4078 504 216 re S Q BT 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)-260(ar)]TJ 0.5096 Tc 11.168 0 Td (ef)Tj 0 Tc 1.322 0 Td [(etched )-260(fr)18(om )-260(the )-260(input )-260(buf)18(fer )-260(\()]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 14.409 0 Td (src)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(\), )-260(the )-260(input )-260(\336le )-260(is)]TJ -28.699 -1.2 Td [(automatically )-128(r)18(ead )-128(by )-128(the )-128(kernel; )-128(as )-128(the )-128(data )-128(is )-128(stor)18(ed )-128(in )-128(the )-128(output )-128(buf)18(fer )-128(\()]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 34.852 0 Td (dst)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(\), )-128(the)]TJ -34.852 -1.2 Td (data is automatically written to the output \336le.)Tj 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 183.5884 504.9697 Tm [(Exactly )-276(when )-276(the )-276(data )-276(is )-276(written )-276(to )-276(the )-276(\336le )-276(depends )-276(on )-276(the )-276(system\325s )-276(page )-276(management)]TJ 0 -1.25 TD [(algorithms. )-356(Some)-355(systems )-106(have )-106(daemons )-106(that )-106(write )-106(dirty )-106(pages )-106(to )-106(disk )-106(slowly )-106(over )-106(time.)-601(If)]TJ -0 -1.25 Td [(we )-112(want )-112(to )-112(ensur)]TJ 0.3618 Tc 7.977 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.167 0 Td [(hat )-112(the )-112(data )-112(is )-112(safely )-112(written )-112(to )-112(the )-112(\336le, )-112(we )-112(need )-112(to )-112(call)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 25.712 0 Td (msync)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.362 0 Td [(with )-112(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -38.218 -1.25 Td (MS_SYNC)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td (\337ag befor)Tj 0.25 Tc 4.202 0 Td (ee)Tj 0 Tc 1.208 0 Td (xiting.)Tj 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5903 452.9728 Tm [(Let\325s )-15(compar)]TJ 0.2648 Tc 5.734 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.07 0 Td [(his )-15(memory-mapped )-15(\336le )-15(copy )-15(to )-15(a )-15(copy )-15(that )-15(is )-15(done )-15(by )-15(calling)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 27.996 0 Td (read)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -36.6 -1.2 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.022 0 Td (write)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.329 0 Td [(\(with )-79(a )-79(buf)18(fer )-79(size )-79(of )-79(8,192\).)-581(Figur)]TJ 0.3294 Tc 15.559 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.308 0 Td [(4.28 )-79(shows )-79(the )-79(r)17(esults. )-329(The)-330(times )-79(ar)18(e)]TJ -22.22 -1.2 Td [(given )-61(in )-61(seconds )-61(and )-61(the )-61(size )-61(of )-61(the )-61(\336le )-61(copied )-61(was )-61(300 )-61(MB.)-561(Note )-61(that )-61(we )-61(don\325t )-61(synch)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD (the data to disk befor)Tj 0.25 Tc 9.366 0 Td (ee)Tj 0 Tc 1.208 0 Td (xiting.)Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1815.25 3934.25 cm 0 0 m 2861 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 262.4525 385.3538 Tm (Linux 3.2.0)Tj 5.103 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (Intel x86)Tj 3.781 0.04 Td (\))Tj 5.472 -0.04 Td (Solaris 10)Tj 4.472 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td [(SP)92(ARC)]TJ 3.192 0.04 Td (\))Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2443.25 3814.25 cm 0 0 m 2233 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 254.7901 373.3328 Tm [(User )-1808(System)-1824(Clock )-2132(User)-2058(System )-1573(Clock)]TJ -7.612 0.75 Td (Operation)Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1815.25 3694.25 cm 0 0 m 2861 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1815.25 3674.25 cm 0 0 m 2861 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 185.5235 359.3138 Tm (read/write)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 8.821 0 Td [(0.01 )-2693(0.54)-3193(5.67 )-2443(0.29 )-2443(10.60)-2443(43.67)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -8.822 -1.25 Td (mmap/memcpy)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 8.821 0 Td [(0.08 )-2693(0.65)-2693(22.54 )-2443(1.89)-3193(8.56 )-2193(38.42)]TJ ET q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1815.25 3454.25 cm 0 0 m 2861 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4321.25 3454.25 cm 0 0 m 0 360 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3945.25 3454.25 cm 0 0 m 0 360 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3570.25 3454.25 cm 0 0 m 0 480 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3194.25 3454.25 cm 0 0 m 0 360 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2819.25 3454.25 cm 0 0 m 0 360 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2443.25 3454.25 cm 0 0 m 0 480 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4676.25 3454.25 cm 0 0 m 0 480 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1815.25 3454.25 cm 0 0 m 0 480 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9976 0 0 7.9976 189.2712 327.3018 Tm (Figure 14.28)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.055 Tc 6.195 0 Td (Ti)Tj 0 Tc 0.849 0 Td [(ming r)18(esults comparing)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.784 0 Td (read/write)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.25 0 Td (versus)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.14 0 Td (mmap/memcpy)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.997 0 0 9.997 147.5553 298.5104 Tm [(For )-44(both )-44(Linux )-44(3.2.0 )-44(and )-44(Solaris )-44(10, )-44(the )-44(total )-44(CPU )-44(time )-44(\(user)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 27.105 0 Td (+)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.716 0 Td [(system\) )-44(is )-44(almost )-44(the)]TJ -29.62 -1.2 Td [(same )-166(for )-166(both )-166(appr)17(oaches. )-416(On)-416(Solaris, )-166(copying )-166(using)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 25.073 0 Td (mmap)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.816 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.109 0 Td (memcpy)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.016 0 Td [(takes )-166(mor)18(e)]TJ -34.014 -1.2 Td [(user )-159(time )-159(but )-159(less )-159(system )-159(time )-159(than )-159(copying )-159(using)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 23.754 0 Td (read)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.809 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.102 0 Td (write)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.659 Tc (.O)Tj 0.409 Tc 4.695 0 Td (nL)Tj 0 Tc 1.602 0 Td [(inux, )-159(the)]TJ -0.018 Tc -34.962 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(sults )-86(ar)]TJ 0.336 Tc 3.281 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.239 0 Td [(imilar )-86(for )-86(the )-86(user )-86(time, )-86(but )-86(the )-86(system )-86(time )-86(for )-86(using)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 24.808 0 Td (read)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.736 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.029 0 Td (write)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.336 0 Td (is)Tj -38.285 -1.2 Td [(slightly )-72(better )-72(than )-72(using)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.609 0 Td (mmap)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.722 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.015 0 Td (memcpy)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5719 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 5.035 0 Td [(he )-72(two )-72(versions )-72(do )-72(the )-72(same )-72(work, )-72(but)]TJ -21.38 -1.2 Td [(they go about it dif)18(fer)18(ently)111(.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(The 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)-132(application\325s )-132(buf)18(fer )-132(to )-132(the )-132(kernel\325s )-132(buf)14(fer )-133(\()]TJ /TT0 1 Tf (write)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(\). )-383(W)55(ith)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 34.524 0 Td (mmap)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.783 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -37.307 -1.2 Td (memcpy)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(,)-415(we)-415(copy )-165(the )-165(data )-165(dir)18(ectly )-165(fr)18(om )-165(one )-165(kernel )-165(buf)18(fer )-165(mapped )-165(into )-165(our )-165(addr)18(ess)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(space )-6(into )-6(another )-6(kernel )-6(buf)17(fer )-6(mapped )-6(into )-6(our )-6(addr)18(ess )-6(space.)-506(This )-6(copying )-6(occurs )-6(as)]TJ 0.3816 Tc T* (ar)Tj 0 Tc 1.259 0 Td [(esult )-132(of )-132(page )-132(fault )-132(handling )-132(when )-132(we )-132(r)21(efer)18(ence )-131(memory )-131(pages )-131(that )-131(don\325t )-131(yet )-131(exist)]TJ -1.259 -1.2 Td [(\(ther)18(e)-270(is)-270(o)1(ne )-20(fault )-20(per )-20(page )-20(r)18(ead )-20(and )-20(one )-20(fault )-20(per )-20(page )-20(written\).)-516(If )-20(the 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2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 93.5944 668.9599 Tm (Example)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.6 -2.16 Td [(In )-417(Section )-417(20.8, )-417(in )-417(the )-417(function)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 16.08 0 Td (_db_writeidx)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(,)-667(we)-667(need )-417(to )-417(write )-417(two )-417(buf)18(fers)]TJ -16.08 -1.2 Td [(consecutively )-30(to )-30(a )-30(\336le.)-530(The )-30(second )-30(buf)18(fer )-30(to )-30(output )-30(is )-30(an )-30(ar)18(gument )-30(passed )-30(by )-30(the )-30(caller)80(,)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(and )-15(the )-15(\336rst )-15(buf)18(fer )-15(is )-15(one )-15(we )-15(cr)20(eate, )-15(containing )-15(the )-15(length )-15(of )-15(the )-15(second )-15(buf)18(fer )-15(and )-15(a )-15(\336le)]TJ T* [(of)18(fset of other information in the \336le.)-500(Ther)]TJ 0.25 Tc 18.841 0 Td (ea)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.229 0 Td [(re )-36(t)]TJ 0 Tc 1.432 0 Td [(hr)18(ee ways we can do this.)]TJ -19.702 -1.8 Td [(1. )-633(Call)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 3.674 0 Td (write)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td [(twice, once for each buf)18(fer)74(.)]TJ -6.924 -1.6 Td [(2. )-633(Allocate)]TJ 0.3682 Tc 5.656 0 Td (ab)Tj 0 Tc 1.421 0 Td [(uf)18(fer )-118(of )-118(our )-118(own )-118(that )-118(is )-118(lar)17(ge )-118(enough )-118(to )-118(contain )-118(both )-118(buf)18(fers, )-118(and)]TJ -5.444 -1.2 Td [(copy both into the new buf)18(fer)]TJ 0.5 Tc 13.035 0 Td (.W)Tj 0.25 Tc 1.658 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.055 0 Td (hen call)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 3.669 0 Td (write)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td [(once for this new buf)18(fer)74(.)]TJ -24.3 -1.6 Td [(3. )-633(Call)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 3.674 0 Td (writev)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td [(to output both buf)18(fers.)]TJ 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)-1573(Clock)]TJ -10.582 0.75 Td (Operation)Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1578.25 4622.25 cm 0 0 m 3336 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1578.25 4602.25 cm 0 0 m 3336 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 161.7692 452.0915 Tm (two)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.956 0 Td (write)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.3815 Tc (s0)Tj 0 Tc 13.306 0 Td [(.06 )-2693(2.04 )-2693(2.13 )-2693(0.85 )-2693(8.33)-2693(13.83)]TJ -15.262 -1.25 Td [(buf)18(fer copy)]TJ 0.25 Tc 4.964 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 0.826 0 Td (hen one)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 3.75 0 Td (write)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.221 0 Td [(0.03 )-2693(1.13 )-2693(1.16 )-2693(0.70 )-2693(4.87)-3193(9.25)]TJ -14.762 -1.25 Td (one)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.857 0 Td (writev)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 12.905 0 Td [(0.04 )-2693(1.21 )-2693(1.26 )-2693(0.43 )-2693(5.34)-3193(9.24)]TJ ET q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1578.25 4282.25 cm 0 0 m 3336 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4558.25 4282.25 cm 0 0 m 0 460 l S 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l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9984 0 0 8.9984 129.5767 363.0126 Tm (#include "apue.h")Tj T* (#include )Tj T* (#include )Tj T* (#include )Tj T* (#include )Tj 0 -2.14 TD (#define BSZ 4096)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (#define NBUF 8)Tj 0 -2.14 TD (enum rwop {)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (UNUSED = 0,)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (READ_PENDING = 1,)Tj 0 -1.189 TD 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1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5911 658.2605 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.902 TD (int aio_fsync\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 10.8 0 Td (op)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 2.744 0 Td (truct aiocb *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (aiocb)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 13.307 -1.902 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 6195.25 cm 0 0 m 0 478 l 3900 478 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 605.9873 Tm (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.002 0 Td (aio_fildes)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.328 0 Td [(\336eld )-78(in )-78(the )-78(AIO )-78(contr)18(ol )-78(block )-78(indicates )-78(the )-78(\336le )-78(whose )-78(asynchr)18(onous)]TJ -8.33 -1.2 Td [(writes )-103(ar)]TJ 0.3528 Tc 3.979 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.256 0 Td [(ynched. )-353(If)-353(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 6.869 0 Td (op)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.297 0 Td [(ar)18(gument )-103(is )-103(set )-103(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.534 0 Td (O_DSYNC)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.3529 Tc (,t)Tj 0 Tc 5.129 0 Td [(hen )-103(the )-103(operation )-103(behaves)]TJ -27.063 -1.2 Td [(like )-10(a )-10(call )-10(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.553 0 Td (fdatasync)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.5096 Tc (.O)Tj 0 Tc 6.946 0 Td [(therwise, )-10(if)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 5.203 0 Td (op)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.204 0 Td [(is )-10(set )-10(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.595 0 Td (O_SYNC)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.2595 Tc (,t)Tj 0 Tc 4.436 0 Td [(he )-9(operation )-9(behaves )-9(like )-9(a)]TJ -26.936 -1.2 Td (call to)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.898 0 Td (fsync)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj -1.098 -1.2 Td [(Like )-124(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.071 0 Td (aio_read)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.174 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.067 0 Td (aio_write)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.774 0 Td [(functions, )-124(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.515 0 Td (aio_fsync)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.774 0 Td [(operation )-124(r)18(eturns)]TJ -31.174 -1.2 Td [(when )-219(the )-219(synch )-219(is )-219(scheduled.)-719(The )-219(data )-219(won\325t )-219(be )-219(persistent )-219(until )-219(the )-219(asynchr)19(onous)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(synch )-77(completes.)-577(The )-77(AIO )-77(contr)18(ol )-77(block )-77(contr)18(ols )-77(how )-77(we )-77(ar)]TJ 0.3267 Tc 27.266 0 Td (en)Tj 0 Tc 1.388 0 Td [(oti\336ed, )-77(just )-77(as )-77(with )-77(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -28.654 -1.2 Td (aio_read)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.05 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.943 0 Td (aio_write)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.65 0 Td (functions.)Tj -0.092 Tc -10.843 -1.2 Td [(To )-496(d)]TJ 0 Tc 2.24 0 Td [(etermine )-312(the )-312(completion )-312(status )-312(of )-312(an )-312(asynchr)18(onous )-312(r)18(ead, )-312(write, )-312(or )-312(synch)]TJ -4.04 -1.2 Td (operation, we need to call the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 13.265 0 Td (aio_error)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.65 0 Td (function.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9989 0 0 8.9989 147.5815 481.3022 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.902 TD (int aio_error\(const struct aiocb *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (aiocb)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.788 -1.902 Td (Returns: \(see following\))Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 4426.25 cm 0 0 m 0 477 l 3900 477 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9982 0 0 9.9982 129.5767 429.0428 Tm [(The r)18(eturn value tells us one of four things.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 1.8 -1.8 Td (0)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.483 0 Td [(The )-155(asynchr)18(onous )-155(operation )-155(completed )-155(successfully)]TJ 0.6552 Tc 23.591 0 Td (.W)Tj 0.4052 Tc 1.813 0 Td (en)Tj 0 Tc 1.466 0 Td [(eed )-155(to)]TJ -26.871 -1.2 Td [(call )-81(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.576 0 Td (aio_return)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.331 0 Td [(function )-81(to )-81(obtain )-81(the )-81(r)18(eturn )-81(value )-81(fr)18(om )-81(the)]TJ -9.907 -1.2 Td (operation.)Tj /TT1 1 Tf -7.483 -1.6 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.434 Tc (1T)Tj 0 Tc 8.096 0 Td (he call to)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 4.209 0 Td (aio_error)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.65 0 Td [(failed. )-250(In)-250(this case,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.644 0 Td (errno)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td [(tells us why)111(.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -29.849 -1.6 Td (EINPROGRESS)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.483 0 Td [(The asynchr)18(onous r)18(ead, write, or synch is still pending.)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf -7.483 -1.6 Td [(anything )-133(else)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 7.616 0 Td [(Any )-133(other )-133(r)18(eturn )-133(value )-133(gives )-133(us )-133(the )-133(err)18(or )-133(code )-133(corr)18(esponding )-133(to)]TJ -0.133 -1.2 Td [(the failed asynchr)18(onous operation.)]TJ -7.483 -1.8 Td [(If )-73(the )-73(asynchr)18(onous )-73(operation )-73(succeeded, )-73(we )-73(can )-73(call )-73(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 25.975 0 Td (aio_return)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.323 0 Td [(function )-73(to)]TJ -34.098 -1.2 Td [(get the asynchr)18(onous operation\325s r)18(eturn value.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9984 0 0 8.9984 147.5737 280.3695 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.902 TD (ssize_t aio_return\(const struct aiocb *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (aiocb)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.788 -1.902 Td (Returns: \(see following\))Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 2417.25 cm 0 0 m 0 477 l 3900 477 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9976 0 0 9.9976 129.5689 228.1252 Tm [(Until )-63(the )-63(asynchr)18(onous )-63(operation )-63(completes, )-63(we )-63(need )-63(to )-63(be )-63(car)19(eful )-63(to )-63(avoid )-63(calling )-63(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0 -1.2 TD (aio_return)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.418 0 Td [(function. )-418(The)]TJ -0.018 Tc 6.717 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(sults )-168(ar)]TJ 0.4181 Tc 3.363 0 Td (eu)Tj 0 Tc 1.5 0 Td [(nde\336ned )-168(until )-168(the )-168(operation )-168(completes.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 18.759 0 Td (We)Tj 0 Tc -37.613 -1.2 Td [(also )-275(need )-275(to )-275(be )-275(car)18(eful )-275(to )-275(call)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 14.917 0 Td (aio_return)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.525 0 Td [(only )-275(one )-275(time )-275(per )-275(asynchr)18(onous )-275(I/O)]TJ -21.443 -1.2 Td [(operation. )-435(Once)-436(we )-185(call )-185(this )-185(function, )-185(the )-185(operating )-185(system )-185(is )-185(fr)15(ee )-185(to )-185(deallocate )-185(the)]TJ -0.018 Tc 0 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (cor)Tj 0.25 Tc 1.367 0 Td (dc)Tj 0 Tc 1.305 0 Td [(ontaining the I/O operation\325s r)18(eturn value.)]TJ -1.728 -1.2 Td (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.967 0 Td (aio_return)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.294 0 Td [(function )-43(will )-43(r)17(eturn)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 9.057 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.2935 Tc (1a)Tj 0 Tc 1.843 0 Td [(nd )-43(set)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.009 0 Td (errno)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.294 0 Td (if)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.918 0 Td (aio_return)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.294 0 Td [(itself )-43(fails.)]TJ -34.474 -1.2 Td [(Otherwise, )-78(it )-78(will )-78(r)18(eturn )-78(the )-78(r)18(esults )-78(of )-78(the )-78(asynchr)18(onous )-78(operation.)-578(In )-78(this )-78(case, )-78(it )-78(will)]TJ -0.018 Tc T* (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(turn )-3(whatever)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.571 0 Td (read)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.903 0 Td (write)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.2526 Tc (,o)Tj 0 Tc 4.049 0 Td (r)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.648 0 Td (fsync)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.253 0 Td [(would )-3(have )-3(r)19(eturned )-3(on )-3(success )-3(if )-3(one )-3(of )-3(those)]TJ -18.279 -1.2 Td (functions had been called.)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47142 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(14.4)]TJ 35.831 0 Td [(I/O )-250(Multiplexing)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 10.002 0 Td (505)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5911 668.9599 Tm [(The )-27(r)18(eason )-27(we )-27(have )-27(to )-27(add )-27(1 )-27(to )-27(the )-27(maximum )-27(descriptor )-27(number )-27(is )-27(that )-27(descriptors)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(start )-53(at )-53(0, )-53(and )-53(the )-53(\336rst )-53(ar)18(gument )-53(is )-53(r)18(eally )-53(a )-53(count )-53(of )-53(the )-53(number )-53(of )-53(descriptors )-53(to )-53(check)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD (\(starting with descriptor 0\).)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 193.7884 603.2036 Tm (readset:)Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2418 5942 216 216 re S Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 250.17 603.1676 Tm (1)Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2634 5942 216 216 re S Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 271.7511 603.1314 Tm (0)Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2850 5942 216 216 re S Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 293.3296 603.0952 Tm (0)Tj ET q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 3066 5942 216 216 re S Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9976 0 0 7.9976 314.9055 603.059 Tm (1)Tj ET q 0.9997 0 0 0.9997 0 0 cm 0.699 g 328.2 594.2 129.6 21.6 re f Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 3282 5942 1296 216 re S Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9971 0 0 7.9971 191.3311 559.8384 Tm (writeset:)Tj ET q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2418 5510 216 216 re S Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9966 0 0 7.9966 250.0949 559.8048 Tm (0)Tj ET q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2634 5510 216 216 re S Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9962 0 0 7.9962 271.6696 559.7712 Tm (1)Tj ET q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2850 5510 216 216 re S Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9957 0 0 7.9957 293.2416 559.7377 Tm (1)Tj ET q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 3066 5510 216 216 re S Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9952 0 0 7.9952 314.8111 559.7041 Tm (0)Tj ET q 0.9994002 0 0 0.9994002 0 0 cm 0.699 g 328.2 551 129.6 21.6 re f Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 3282 5510 1296 216 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9947 0 0 7.9947 245.6618 618.6316 Tm [(fd 0)-1006(fd 1)-1006(fd 2)-1006(fd 3)]TJ ET q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3282.25 5870.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -72 l S Q Q q 0.9992802 0 0 0.9992802 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 349.8 583.4 cm 0 0 m -7.2 -1.8 l -7.2 1.8 l f Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3498 5834 cm 0 0 m -72 -18 l -72 18 l h S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3282.25 5834.25 cm 0 0 m 144 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9938 0 0 7.9938 349.875 581.1865 Tm (none of these bits ar)Tj 0.25 Tc 8.829 0 Td (el)Tj 0 Tc 1.02 0 Td (ooked at)Tj ET q 0.9992203 0 0 0.9992203 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 328.2 547.4 cm 0 0 m 1.8 -7.2 l -1.8 -7.2 l f Q Q q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3282 5474 cm 0 0 m 18 -72 l -18 -72 l h S Q Q q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3282.25 5258.25 cm 0 0 m 0 144 l S Q Q BT /T1_2 1 Tf 7.9933 0 0 7.9933 307.5176 518.6042 Tm (maxfdp1)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.25 Tc 3.75 0 Td (=4)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0 Tc -12.705 -2.605 Td (Figure 14.16)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.195 -0 Td (Example descriptor sets for)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 12.32 0 Td (select)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9916 0 0 9.9916 147.4765 466.6077 Tm (Ther)Tj 0.25 Tc 2.051 0 Td (ea)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.229 0 Td [(re )-36(t)]TJ 0 Tc 1.432 0 Td [(hr)18(ee possible r)18(eturn values fr)18(om)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 14.539 0 Td (select)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj -19.251 -1.92 Td [(1. )-633(A)]TJ -0.018 Tc 2.956 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(turn )-295(value )-295(of)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 6.857 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.5447 Tc (1m)Tj 0 Tc 2.477 0 Td [(eans )-295(that )-295(an )-295(err)18(or )-295(occurr)19(ed. )-545(This)-544(can )-295(happen, )-295(for)]TJ -11.512 -1.2 Td [(example, )-97(if )-97(a )-97(signal )-97(is )-97(caught )-97(befor)]TJ 0.3473 Tc 15.865 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.326 0 Td [(ny )-97(of )-97(the )-97(speci\336ed )-97(descriptors )-97(ar)]TJ 0.3473 Tc 14.887 0 Td (er)Tj 0 Tc 1.203 0 Td [(eady)111(.)]TJ -33.282 -1.2 Td (In this case, none of the descriptor sets will be modi\336ed.)Tj -1.633 -1.6 Td [(2. )-633(A)]TJ -0.018 Tc 2.81 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(turn )-149(value )-149(of )-149(0 )-149(means )-149(that )-149(no )-149(descriptors )-149(ar)]TJ 0.399 Tc 20.458 0 Td (er)Tj 0 Tc 1.255 0 Td (eady)Tj 0.649 Tc 2.035 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.512 0 Td [(his )-149(happens )-149(if )-149(the)]TJ -27.293 -1.2 Td [(time )-98(limit )-98(expir)18(es )-98(befor)]TJ 0.3483 Tc 10.561 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.327 0 Td [(ny )-98(of )-98(the )-98(descriptors )-98(ar)]TJ 0.3482 Tc 10.61 0 Td (er)Tj 0 Tc 1.204 0 Td (eady)Tj 0.5982 Tc 2.035 0 Td (.W)Tj 0 Tc 1.848 0 Td [(hen )-98(this )-98(happens,)]TJ -27.586 -1.2 Td [(all the descriptor sets will be zer)18(oed out.)]TJ -1.633 -1.6 Td [(3. )-633(A)-309(positive )-59(r)18(eturn )-59(value )-59(speci\336es )-59(the )-59(number )-59(of )-59(descriptors )-59(that )-59(ar)]TJ 0.3092 Tc 31.281 0 Td (er)Tj 0 Tc 1.165 0 Td (eady)Tj 0.5592 Tc 2.035 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.422 0 Td (his)Tj -34.27 -1.2 Td [(value )-285(is )-285(the )-285(sum )-285(of )-285(the )-285(descriptors )-285(r)18(eady )-285(in )-285(all )-285(thr)18(ee )-285(sets, )-285(so )-285(if )-285(the )-285(same)]TJ T* [(descriptor )-58(is )-58(r)18(eady )-58(to )-58(be )-58(r)18(ead)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 13.469 0 Td (and)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.808 0 Td [(written, )-58(it )-58(will )-58(be )-58(counted )-58(twice )-58(in )-58(the )-58(r)18(eturn)]TJ -15.277 -1.2 Td [(value. )-756(The)-755(only )-506(bits )-506(left )-506(on )-506(in )-506(the )-506(thr)18(ee )-506(descriptor )-506(sets )-506(ar)]TJ 0.7557 Tc 30.596 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.561 0 Td [(he )-506(bits)]TJ -32.156 -1.2 Td [(corr)18(esponding to the descriptors that ar)]TJ 0.25 Tc 17.49 0 Td (er)Tj 0 Tc 1.106 0 Td [(eady)111(.)]TJ -0.092 Tc -20.229 -2.16 Td [(We )-184(n)]TJ 0 Tc 2.219 0 Td (ow need to be mor)Tj 0.25 Tc 8.241 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.153 0 Td [(peci\336c about what \324)37(\324r)18(eady\325)]TJ 0.25 Tc 11.667 0 Td (\325m)Tj 0 Tc 1.411 0 Td (eans.)Tj 0.883 Tc -24.691 -2.16 Td (\245A)Tj 0 Tc 2.692 0 Td [(descriptor )-175(in )-175(the )-175(r)18(ead )-175(set )-175(\()]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 12.426 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.76 0 Td (adfds)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(\))-425(is)-425(consider)18(ed )-175(r)18(eady )-175(if )-175(a)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 14.2 0 Td (read)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.825 0 Td [(fr)18(om )-175(that)]TJ -31.413 -1.2 Td (descriptor won\325t block.)Tj 0.883 Tc -1.489 -1.6 Td (\245A)Tj 0 Tc 2.685 0 Td [(descriptor )-168(in )-168(the )-168(write )-168(set )-168(\()]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf (writefds)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(\))-418(is)-418(consider)18(ed )-168(r)18(eady )-168(if )-168(a)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 28.073 0 Td (write)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.418 0 Td [(to )-168(that)]TJ -32.687 -1.2 Td (descriptor won\325t block.)Tj 0.883 Tc -1.489 -1.6 Td (\245A)Tj 0 Tc 2.622 0 Td [(descriptor )-105(in )-105(the )-105(exception )-105(set )-105(\()]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 14.375 0 Td (exceptfds)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(\))-355(is)-355(c)-1(onsider)18(ed )-105(r)18(eady )-105(if )-105(an )-105(exception)]TJ -15.508 -1.2 Td [(condition )-334(is )-334(pending )-334(on )-334(that )-334(descriptor)]TJ 0.8337 Tc 18.855 0 Td (.C)Tj 0 Tc 1.793 0 Td [(urr)18(ently)111(,)-584(an)-584(e)1(xception )-334(condition)]TJ -20.647 -1.2 Td [(corr)18(esponds )-29(to )-29(either )-29(the )-29(arrival )-29(of )-29(out-of-band )-29(data )-29(on )-29(a )-29(network )-29(connection )-29(or)]TJ T* [(certain )-218(conditions )-218(occurring )-218(on )-218(a )-218(pseudo )-218(terminal )-218(that )-218(has )-218(been )-218(placed )-218(into)]TJ T* [(packet mode.)-500(\(Section 15.10 of Stevens)]TJ 17.46 0.04 Td ([)Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (1990)Tj 2 0.04 Td (])Tj 0.583 -0.04 Td (describes this latter condition.\))Tj 0.883 Tc -21.865 -1.6 Td (\245F)Tj 0 Tc 2.045 0 Td [(ile )-146(descriptors )-146(for )-146(r)18(egular )-146(\336les )-146(always )-146(r)18(eturn )-146(r)18(eady )-146(for )-146(r)18(eading, )-146(writing, )-146(and)]TJ -0.556 -1.2 Td (exception conditions.)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47143 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(14.3)]TJ 36.622 0 Td (Recor)Tj 0.5 Tc 2.514 0 Td (dL)Tj 0 Tc 1.722 0 Td (ocking)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.975 0 Td (495)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 668.9599 Tm [(Assuming )-124(that )-124(we )-124(ar)19(e)-374(at)-374(end )-124(of )-124(\336le )-124(when )-124(we )-124(perform )-124(the )-124(\336rst)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 29.114 0 Td (write)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.3737 Tc (,t)Tj 0 Tc 3.95 0 Td [(his )-124(operation)]TJ -33.063 -1.2 Td [(will )-28(extend )-28(the )-28(\336le )-28(by )-28(one )-28(byte, )-28(and )-28(that )-28(byte )-28(will )-28(be )-28(locked.)-533(The )-28(unlock )-28(operation )-28(that)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(follows )-124(has )-124(the )-124(ef)18(fect )-124(of )-124(r)17(emoving )-124(the )-124(locks )-124(for )-124(futur)]TJ 0.3741 Tc 24.223 0 Td (ew)Tj 0 Tc 1.687 0 Td [(rites )-124(that )-124(append )-124(data )-124(to )-124(the)]TJ -25.91 -1.2 Td [(\336le, )-92(but )-92(it )-92(leaves )-92(a )-92(lock )-92(on )-92(the )-92(last )-92(byte )-92(in )-92(the )-92(\336le.)-596(When )-92(the )-92(second )-92(write )-92(occurs, )-92(the)]TJ T* [(end )-21(of )-21(\336le )-21(is )-21(extended )-21(by )-21(one )-21(byte, )-21(but )-21(this )-21(byte )-21(is )-21(not )-21(locked.)-522(The )-21(state )-21(of )-21(the )-21(\336le )-21(locks)]TJ T* (for this sequence of steps is shown in Figur)Tj 0.25 Tc 19.019 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (4.10.)Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 3606 5342 504 360 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 378.7545 560.3727 Tm (\336rst)Tj -0.082 -1.25 Td (byte)Tj -0.66 -1.25 Td (written)Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3606.25 5702.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3535.25 5702.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3465.25 5702.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3394.25 5702.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3324.25 5702.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3253.25 5702.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3182.25 5702.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3113.25 5702.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3042.25 5702.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2971.25 5702.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2901.25 5702.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2830.25 5702.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2760.25 5702.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2689.25 5702.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2619.25 5702.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2548.25 5702.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2478.25 5702.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2407.25 5702.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2336.25 5702.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2267.25 5702.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2196.25 5702.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2125.25 5702.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2055.25 5702.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1984.25 5702.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1914.25 5702.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l -36 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1878.25 5637.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1878.25 5572.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1878.25 5507.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1878.25 5443.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1878.25 5378.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l 36 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1948.25 5342.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2019.25 5342.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2089.25 5342.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2160.25 5342.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2231.25 5342.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2301.25 5342.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2371.25 5342.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2442.25 5342.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2512.25 5342.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2583.25 5342.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2653.25 5342.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2724.25 5342.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2794.25 5342.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2865.25 5342.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2935.25 5342.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3006.25 5342.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3077.25 5342.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3146.25 5342.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3217.25 5342.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3288.25 5342.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3358.25 5342.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3429.25 5342.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3499.25 5342.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3570.25 5342.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3606.25 5774.25 cm 0 0 m 0 144 l S Q Q q 0.99982 0 0 0.99982 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 360.6 584.6 cm 0 0 m 7.2 1.8 l 7.2 -1.8 l f Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3606 5846 cm 0 0 m 72 18 l 72 -18 l h S Q Q q 0.99976 0 0 0.99976 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 425.4 584.6 cm 0 0 m -7.2 -1.8 l -7.2 1.8 l f Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4254 5846 cm 0 0 m -72 -18 l -72 18 l h S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3678.25 5846.25 cm 0 0 m 504 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9976 0 0 7.9976 381.1776 587.6637 Tm (locked)Tj -19.557 -4.675 Td (state of \336le after \336rst)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 9.342 0 Td (write)Tj ET q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 3606 4550 504 360 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9971 0 0 7.9971 378.6637 481.0668 Tm (\336rst)Tj -0.082 -1.25 Td (byte)Tj -0.66 -1.25 Td (written)Tj ET q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 4110 4550 504 360 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9966 0 0 7.9966 423.678 481.0379 Tm (second)Tj 0.586 -1.25 Td (byte)Tj -0.66 -1.25 Td (written)Tj ET q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3606.25 4910.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3535.25 4910.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3465.25 4910.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3394.25 4910.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3324.25 4910.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3253.25 4910.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3182.25 4910.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3113.25 4910.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3042.25 4910.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2971.25 4910.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2901.25 4910.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2830.25 4910.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2760.25 4910.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2689.25 4910.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2619.25 4910.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2548.25 4910.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2478.25 4910.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2407.25 4910.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2336.25 4910.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2267.25 4910.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2196.25 4910.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2125.25 4910.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2055.25 4910.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1984.25 4910.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1914.25 4910.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l -36 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1878.25 4845.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1878.25 4780.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1878.25 4715.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1878.25 4651.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1878.25 4586.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l 36 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1948.25 4550.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2019.25 4550.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2089.25 4550.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2160.25 4550.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 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144 l S Q Q q 0.9995201 0 0 0.9995201 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 360.6 505.4 cm 0 0 m 7.2 1.8 l 7.2 -1.8 l f Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3606 5054 cm 0 0 m 72 18 l 72 -18 l h S Q Q q 0.9994601 0 0 0.9994601 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 411 505.4 cm 0 0 m -7.2 -1.8 l -7.2 1.8 l f Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4110 5054 cm 0 0 m -72 -18 l -72 18 l h S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3678.25 5054.25 cm 0 0 m 360 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9952 0 0 7.9952 373.8676 508.3349 Tm (locked)Tj -19.326 -4.675 Td (state of \336le after second)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 10.678 0 Td (write)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -5.862 -5.18 Td (Figure 14.10)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.195 0 Td (File range lock diagram)Tj 9.994 0 0 9.994 147.5119 401.9585 Tm [(When )-125(a )-125(portion )-125(of )-125(a )-125(\336le )-125(is )-125(locked, )-125(the )-125(kernel )-125(converts )-125(the )-125(of)18(fset )-125(speci\336ed )-125(into )-125(an)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(absolute )-46(\336le )-46(of)17(fset. )-296(In)-297(addition )-46(to )-46(specifying )-46(an )-46(absolute )-46(\336le )-46(of)18(fset )-46(\()]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 30.321 0 Td (SEEK_SET)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (\),)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 5.679 0 Td (fcntl)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -36 -1.2 Td [(allows )-53(us )-53(to )-53(specify )-53(this )-53(of)18(fset )-53(r)18(elative )-53(to )-53(a )-53(point )-53(in )-53(the )-53(\336le: )-53(curr)18(ent )-53(\()]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 30.648 0 Td (SEEK_CUR)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(\))-303(or)-303(end)]TJ -30.648 -1.2 Td [(of )-27(\336le )-27(\()]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.142 0 Td (SEEK_END)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(\). )-277(The)-278(kernel )-27(needs )-27(to )-27(r)18(emember )-27(the )-27(locks )-27(independent )-27(of )-27(the )-27(curr)14(ent)]TJ -3.142 -1.2 Td [(\336le )-210(of)18(fset )-210(or )-210(end )-210(of )-210(\336le, )-210(because )-210(the )-210(curr)20(ent )-210(of)18(fset )-210(and )-210(end )-210(of )-210(\336le )-210(can )-210(change, )-210(and)]TJ T* [(changes to these attributes shouldn\325t af)18(fect the state of existing locks.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(If )-56(we )-56(intended )-56(to )-56(r)18(emove )-56(the )-56(lock )-56(covering )-56(the )-56(byte )-56(we )-56(wr)18(ote )-56(in )-56(the )-56(\336rst )-56(write, )-56(we)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(could )-15(have )-15(speci\336ed )-15(the )-15(length )-15(as)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 15.273 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1. )-265(Negative)-265(length )-15(values )-15(r)18(epr)18(esent )-15(the )-15(bytes )-15(befor)17(e)]TJ -15.273 -1.2 Td [(the speci\336ed of)18(fset.)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf -3.6 -2.88 Td [(Ad)15(visor )268(y)-278(ver)15(sus Mandator)]TJ 0.278 Tc 12.549 0 Td (yL)Tj 0 Tc 1.445 0 Td [(oc)20(king)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf -10.394 -2.4 Td [(Consider )-58(a )-58(library )-58(of )-58(database )-58(access )-58(r)18(outines. )-308(If)-308(all )-58(the )-58(functions )-58(in )-58(the )-58(library )-58(handle)]TJ -0.018 Tc T* (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (cor)Tj 0.3925 Tc 1.367 0 Td (dl)Tj 0 Tc 1.294 0 Td [(ocking )-142(in )-142(a )-142(consistent )-142(way)]TJ 0.3925 Tc 12.121 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 0.969 0 Td [(hen 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708 Tm (484)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Advanced )-250(I/O)]TJ 38.741 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(14)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 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err)18(ors)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -26.2 -0.713 Td (.)Tj 0 -0.476 TD (.)Tj T* (.)Tj -1.8 -1.189 Td (nwrite = 1006, errno = 0)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (nwrite = 1004, errno = 0)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (nwrite = 1005, errno = 0)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (nwrite = 1006, errno = 0)Tj T* (nwrite = -1, errno = 35)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 28 0 Td [(108 of these err)18(ors)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -26.2 -0.713 Td (.)Tj 0 -0.476 TD (.)Tj T* (.)Tj -1.8 -1.189 Td (nwrite = 1006, errno = 0)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (nwrite = 1005, errno = 0)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (nwrite = 1005, errno = 0)Tj T* (nwrite = -1, errno = 35)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 28 0 Td [(681 of these err)18(ors)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -26.2 -0.713 Td (.)Tj 0 -0.476 TD (.)Tj T* (.)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 26.2 -1.189 Td (and so on ...)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -28 -1.189 Td (nwrite = 347, errno = 0)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 318.441 Tm [(On )-235(this )-235(system, )-235(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.66 0 Td (errno)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.485 0 Td [(of )-235(35 )-235(is)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.049 0 Td (EAGAIN)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.7351 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 5.198 0 Td [(he )-235(amount )-235(of )-235(data )-235(accepted )-235(by )-235(the)]TJ -22.393 -1.2 Td [(terminal )-70(driver )-70(varies )-70(fr)18(om )-70(system )-70(to )-70(system.)-573(The )-70(r)18(esults )-70(will )-70(also )-70(vary )-70(depending )-70(on)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(how )-62(you )-62(ar)]TJ 0.3117 Tc 5.167 0 Td (el)Tj 0 Tc 1.082 0 Td [(ogged )-62(in )-62(to )-62(the )-62(system: )-62(on )-62(the )-62(system )-62(console, )-62(on )-62(a )-62(har)21(d-wir)18(ed )-62(terminal,)]TJ -6.249 -1.2 Td [(on )-167(a )-167(network )-167(connection )-167(using )-167(a )-167(pseudo )-167(terminal.)-667(If )-167(you )-167(ar)]TJ 0.4173 Tc 28.059 0 Td (er)Tj 0 Tc 1.283 0 Td [(unning )-167(a )-167(windowing)]TJ -29.342 -1.2 Td (system on your terminal, you ar)Tj 0.25 Tc 14.149 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td [(lso going thr)18(ough a pseudo terminal device.)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5141.25 2704.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 50 50 l 0 50 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 147.5823 241.631 Tm [(In )-40(this )-40(example, )-40(the )-40(pr)18(ogram )-40(issues )-40(mor)]TJ 0.2899 Tc 17.976 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.095 0 Td [(han )-40(9,000)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.494 0 Td (write)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.29 0 Td [(calls, )-40(even )-40(though )-40(only)]TJ -28.655 -1.2 Td [(500 )-1(ar)]TJ 0.2513 Tc 2.628 0 Td (en)Tj 0 Tc 1.312 0 Td [(eeded )-1(to )-1(output )-1(the )-1(data.)-501(The )-1(r)18(est )-1(just )-1(r)18(eturn )-1(an )-1(err)15(or)]TJ 0.5013 Tc 23.702 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.364 0 Td [(his )-1(type )-1(of )-1(loop, )-1(called)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf -29.007 -1.2 Td (polling)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.2672 Tc (,i)Tj 0.2673 Tc 3.642 0 Td (saw)Tj 0 Tc 2.293 0 Td [(aste )-17(of )-17(CPU )-17(time )-17(on )-17(a )-17(multiuser )-17(system.)-517(In )-17(Section )-17(14.4, )-17(we\325ll )-17(see )-17(that )-17(I/O)]TJ -5.935 -1.2 Td (multiplexing with a nonblocking descriptor is a mor)Tj 0.25 Tc 23.055 0 Td (ee)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.208 0 Td (f\336)Tj 0 Tc 0.92 0 Td (cient way to do this.)Tj -23.383 -1.2 Td 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[(Figure 10.1)37(1)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 6.158 0 Td (Calling)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.47 0 Td (read)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td (with a timeout, using)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 9.693 0 Td (longjmp)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9976 0 0 9.9976 129.5693 230.8826 Tm [(This )-119(version )-119(works )-119(as )-119(expected, )-119(r)18(egar)18(dless )-119(of )-119(whether )-119(the )-119(system )-119(r)18(estarts )-119(interr)7(upted)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(system )-27(calls.)-528(Realize, )-27(however)]TJ 0.2773 Tc 13.638 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 0.853 0 Td [(hat )-27(we )-27(still )-27(have )-27(the )-27(pr)18(oblem )-27(of )-27(interactions )-27(with )-27(other)]TJ -14.491 -1.2 Td (signal handlers, as in Figur)Tj 0.25 Tc 11.938 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (0.8.)Tj ET q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5141.25 2069.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 50 50 l 0 50 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.997 0 0 9.997 147.5557 178.0846 Tm [(If )-141(we )-141(want )-141(to )-141(set )-141(a )-141(time )-141(limit )-141(on )-141(an )-141(I/O )-141(operation, 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w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 93.5944 668.9599 Tm (Example)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.2678 Tc 3.6 -2.4 Td (Ac)Tj 0 Tc 1.49 0 Td [(ommon )-18(use )-18(for)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 7.023 0 Td (alarm)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.2678 Tc (,i)Tj 0.2679 Tc 3.809 0 Td (na)Tj 0 Tc 1.35 0 Td [(ddition )-18(to )-18(implementing )-18(the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 12.833 0 Td (sleep)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.268 0 Td [(function, )-18(is )-18(to )-18(put )-18(an)]TJ -29.772 -1.2 Td [(upper )-309(time )-309(limit )-309(on )-309(operations )-309(that )-309(can )-309(block.)-809(For )-309(example, )-309(if )-309(we )-309(have )-309(a)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 36.6 0 Td (read)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -36.6 -1.2 Td [(operation )-55(on )-55(a )-55(device )-55(that )-55(can )-55(block )-55(\(a )-55(\324)35(\324slow\325)]TJ 0.3053 Tc 20.543 0 Td (\325d)Tj 0 Tc 1.194 0 Td [(evice, )-55(as )-55(described )-55(in )-55(Section )-55(10.5\), )-55(we)]TJ -21.737 -1.2 Td [(might )-353(want )-353(the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 8.075 0 Td (read)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.003 0 Td [(to )-353(time )-353(out )-353(after )-353(some )-353(amount )-353(of )-353(time.)-851(The )-353(pr)18(ogram )-353(in)]TJ -11.078 -1.2 Td (Figur)Tj 0.3177 Tc 2.383 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.297 0 Td [(0.10 )-68(does )-68(this, )-68(r)18(eading )-68(one )-68(line )-68(fr)18(om )-68(standar)]TJ 0.3177 Tc 20.012 0 Td (di)Tj 0 Tc 1.22 0 Td [(nput )-68(and )-68(writing )-68(it )-68(to )-68(standar)20(d)]TJ -24.911 -1.2 Td (output.)Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 5730.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /TT1 1 Tf 8.9989 0 0 8.9989 129.5844 563.4314 Tm (#include "apue.h")Tj 0 -2.021 TD (static void sig_alrm\(int\);)Tj 0 -2.021 TD (int)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (main\(void\))Tj 0 -1.189 TD ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td [(int )-2400(n;)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(char )-1800(line[MAXLINE];)]TJ 0 -2.021 TD (if \(signal\(SIGALRM, sig_alrm\) == SIG_ERR\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_sys\("signal\(SIGALRM\) error"\);)Tj -2.4 -2.021 Td (alarm\(10\);)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (if \(\(n = read\(STDIN_FILENO, line, MAXLINE\)\) < 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_sys\("read error"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (alarm\(0\);)Tj 0 -2.021 TD (write\(STDOUT_FILENO, line, n\);)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (exit\(0\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj 0 -2.021 TD (static void)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (sig_alrm\(int signo\))Tj T* ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (/* nothing to do, just return to interrupt the read */)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 2997.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 249.3471 283.7069 Tm (Figure 10.10)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.195 0 Td (Calling)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 3.47 0 Td (read)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td (with a timeout)Tj 9.9982 0 0 9.9982 129.5771 259.7112 Tm [(This )-225(sequence )-225(of )-225(code )-225(is )-225(common )-225(in )-225(UNIX )-225(applications, )-225(but )-225(this )-225(pr)18(ogram )-225(has )-225(two)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(pr)18(oblems.)]TJ 1.8 -1.92 Td [(1. )-633(The)-415(pr)18(ogram )-165(in )-165(Figur)]TJ 0.4151 Tc 11.666 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.394 0 Td [(0.10 )-165(has )-165(one )-165(of )-165(the )-165(same )-165(\337aws )-165(that )-165(we )-165(described )-165(in)]TJ -11.427 -1.2 Td (Figur)Tj 0.2516 Tc 2.383 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.231 0 Td [(0.7: )-2(a )-2(race )-2(condition )-2(between )-2(the )-2(\336rst )-2(call )-2(to)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 19.568 0 Td (alarm)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.251 0 Td [(and )-1(the )-1(call )-1(to)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 6.484 0 Td (read)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj -32.917 -1.2 Td [(If )-37(the )-37(kernel )-37(blocks )-37(the )-37(pr)18(ocess )-37(between )-37(these )-37(two )-37(function )-37(calls )-37(for )-37(longer )-37(than)]TJ T* [(the )-1(alarm )-1(period, )-1(the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 9.52 0 Td (read)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.651 0 Td [(could )-1(block )-1(for)18(ever)]TJ 0.5011 Tc 8.487 0 Td (.M)Tj 0 Tc 1.697 0 Td [(ost )-1(operations )-1(of )-1(this )-1(type )-1(use)]TJ 0.6952 Tc -22.356 -1.2 Td (al)Tj 0 Tc 1.486 0 Td [(ong )-445(alarm )-445(period, )-445(such )-445(as )-445(a )-445(minute )-445(or )-445(mor)16(e, )-445(making )-445(this )-445(unlikely;)]TJ -1.486 -1.2 Td (nevertheless, it is a race condition.)Tj -1.633 -1.6 Td [(2. )-633(If)-281(system )-31(calls )-31(ar)]TJ 0.2813 Tc 9.066 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.26 0 Td [(utomatically )-31(r)18(estarted, )-31(the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 11.955 0 Td (read)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.681 0 Td [(is )-31(not )-31(interr)8(upted )-31(when )-31(the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf -23.329 -1.2 Td (SIGALRM)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td [(signal handler r)18(eturns. )-250(In)-250(this case, the timeout does nothing.)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47150 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(10.6)]TJ 34.642 0 Td [(Reentrant )-250(Functions)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 11.191 0 Td (331)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1334.25 6670.25 cm 0 0 m 3824 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 137.3918 658.9605 Tm (abort )Tj 9.3 0 Td [(faccessat)-2700(linkat )]TJ 19.8 0 Td [(select)-4500(socketpair)]TJ -29.1 -1.25 Td (accept )Tj 9.3 0 Td [(fchmod)-4500(listen )]TJ 19.8 0 Td [(sem_post)-3300(stat)]TJ -29.1 -1.25 Td (access )Tj 9.3 0 Td [(fchmodat)-3300(lseek )]TJ 19.8 0 Td (send)Tj 8.1 0 Td (symlink)Tj -37.2 -1.25 Td [(aio_error )-3300(fchown)-4500(lstat )]TJ 29.1 0 Td [(sendmsg)-3900(symlinkat)]TJ -29.1 -1.25 Td [(aio_return )-2700(fchownat )-2700(mkdir)]TJ 29.1 0 Td [(sendto )-3900(tcdrain)]TJ -29.1 -1.25 Td [(aio_suspend )-2100(fcntl)]TJ 17.4 0 Td (mkdirat )Tj 11.7 0 Td [(setgid)-4500(tcflow)]TJ -29.1 -1.25 Td (alarm )Tj 9.3 0 Td [(fdatasync)-2700(mkfifo )]TJ 19.8 0 Td [(setpgid)-3900(tcflush)]TJ -29.1 -1.25 Td (bind )Tj 9.3 0 Td [(fexecve)-3900(mkfifoat )]TJ 19.8 0 Td [(setsid)-4500(tcgetattr)]TJ -29.1 -1.25 Td [(cfgetispeed )-2100(fork)]TJ 17.4 0 Td (mknod )Tj 11.7 0 Td [(setsockopt)-2100(tcgetpgrp)]TJ -29.1 -1.25 Td [(cfgetospeed )-2100(fstat)]TJ 17.4 0 Td (mknodat )Tj 11.7 0 Td [(setuid)-4500(tcsendbreak)]TJ -29.1 -1.25 Td [(cfsetispeed )-2100(fstatat)-3900(open )]TJ 29.1 0 Td [(shutdown)-3300(tcsetattr)]TJ -29.1 -1.25 Td [(cfsetospeed )-2100(fsync)]TJ 17.4 0 Td (openat )Tj 11.7 0 Td [(sigaction)-2700(tcsetpgrp)]TJ -29.1 -1.25 Td (chdir )Tj 9.3 0 Td [(ftruncate)-2700(pause )]TJ 19.8 0 Td [(sigaddset)-2700(time)]TJ -29.1 -1.25 Td (chmod )Tj 9.3 0 Td [(futimens)-3300(pipe )]TJ 19.8 0 Td [(sigdelset)-2700(timer_getoverrun)]TJ -29.1 -1.25 Td (chown )Tj 9.3 0 Td [(getegid)-3900(poll )]TJ 19.8 0 Td [(sigemptyset)-1500(timer_gettime)]TJ -29.1 -1.25 Td [(clock_gettime )-900(geteuid)-3900(posix_trace_event )-900(sigfillset)-2100(timer_settime)]TJ 0 -1.25 TD (close )Tj 9.3 0 Td [(getgid)-4500(pselect )]TJ 19.8 0 Td [(sigismember)-1500(times)]TJ -29.1 -1.25 Td [(connect )-4500(getgroups)-2700(raise )]TJ 29.1 0 Td [(signal)-4500(umask)]TJ -29.1 -1.25 Td (creat )Tj 9.3 0 Td [(getpeername)-1500(read )]TJ 19.8 0 Td [(sigpause)-3300(uname)]TJ -29.1 -1.25 Td (dup )Tj 9.3 0 Td [(getpgrp)-3900(readlink )]TJ 19.8 0 Td [(sigpending)-2100(unlink)]TJ -29.1 -1.25 Td (dup2 )Tj 9.3 0 Td [(getpid)-4500(readlinkat )]TJ 19.8 0 Td [(sigprocmask)-1500(unlinkat)]TJ -29.1 -1.25 Td (execl )Tj 9.3 0 Td [(getppid)-3900(recv )]TJ 19.8 0 Td [(sigqueue)-3300(utime)]TJ -29.1 -1.25 Td (execle )Tj 9.3 0 Td [(getsockname)-1500(recvfrom )]TJ 19.8 0 Td [(sigset)-4500(utimensat)]TJ -29.1 -1.25 Td (execv )Tj 9.3 0 Td [(getsockopt)-2100(recvmsg )]TJ 19.8 0 Td [(sigsuspend)-2100(utimes)]TJ -29.1 -1.25 Td (execve )Tj 9.3 0 Td [(getuid)-4500(rename )]TJ 19.8 0 Td (sleep)Tj 8.1 0 Td (wait)Tj -37.2 -1.25 Td (_Exit )Tj 9.3 0 Td (kill)Tj 8.1 0 Td (renameat )Tj 11.7 0 Td [(sockatmark)-2100(waitpid)]TJ -29.1 -1.25 Td (_exit )Tj 9.3 0 Td (link)Tj 8.1 0 Td (rmdir )Tj 11.7 0 Td [(socket)-4500(write)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1334.25 3950.25 cm 0 0 m 3824 0 l S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4290.25 3950.25 cm 0 0 m 0 2720 l S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3642.25 3950.25 cm 0 0 m 0 2720 l S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2706.25 3950.25 cm 0 0 m 0 2720 l S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2058.25 3950.25 cm 0 0 m 0 2720 l S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5158.25 3950.25 cm 0 0 m 0 2720 l S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1334.25 3950.25 cm 0 0 m 0 2720 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 194.7486 376.9548 Tm (Figure 10.4)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.695 0 Td [(Reentrant functions that may be called fr)18(om a signal handler)]TJ 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5846 345.7585 Tm [(stor)18(ed )-288(in)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.711 0 Td (main)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.7876 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 4.051 0 Td [(her)18(efor)18(e, )-288(as )-288(a )-288(general )-288(r)10(ule, )-287(when )-287(calling )-287(the )-287(functions )-287(listed )-287(in)]TJ -8.762 -1.2 Td (Figur)Tj 0.3068 Tc 2.383 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.286 0 Td [(0.4 )-57(fr)18(om )-57(a )-57(signal )-57(handler)75(,)-307(we)-307(should )-57(save )-57(and )-57(r)18(estor)18(e)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 24.257 0 Td (errno)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.5569 Tc (.\()Tj 0 Tc 4.14 0 Td [(Be )-57(awar)]TJ 0.3069 Tc 3.608 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.112 0 Td [(hat )-57(a)]TJ -36.785 -1.2 Td [(commonly )-176(caught )-176(signal )-176(is)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 12.806 0 Td (SIGCHLD)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.4262 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 5.376 0 Td [(nd )-176(its )-176(signal )-176(handler )-176(usually )-176(calls )-176(one )-176(of )-176(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -18.182 -1.2 Td (wait)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td [(functions. )-250(All)-250(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.128 0 Td (wait)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td (functions can change)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 9.55 0 Td (errno)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.\))Tj -21.178 -1.2 Td [(Note )-237(that)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.889 0 Td (longjmp)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.687 0 Td [(\(Section )-237(7.10\) )-237(and)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.762 0 Td (siglongjmp)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.487 0 Td [(\(Section )-237(10.15\) )-237(ar)]TJ 0.4866 Tc 7.959 0 Td (em)Tj 0 Tc 1.849 0 Td (issing)Tj -36.432 -1.2 Td [(fr)18(om )-168(Figur)]TJ 0.4185 Tc 4.941 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.397 0 Td [(0.4, )-168(because )-168(the )-168(signal )-168(may )-168(have )-168(occurr)15(ed )-168(while )-168(the )-168(main )-168(r)18(outine )-168(was)]TJ -6.338 -1.2 Td [(updating )-81(a )-81(data )-81(str)7(uctur)18(e)-331(in)-331(a)-331(n)-1(onr)18(eentrant )-81(way)]TJ 0.5813 Tc 21.703 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.444 0 Td [(his )-81(data )-81(str)7(uctur)]TJ 0.3313 Tc 7.387 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.254 0 Td [(ould )-81(be )-81(left )-81(half)]TJ -31.788 -1.2 Td [(updated )-142(if )-142(we )-142(call)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.761 0 Td (siglongjmp)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.392 0 Td [(instead )-142(of )-142(r)18(eturning )-142(fr)18(om )-142(the )-142(signal 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)-397(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.745 0 Td (alarm)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.647 0 Td [(function )-397(in)]TJ -33.773 -1.2 Td (Section 10.10.)Tj -0.092 Tc 6.443 0 Td [(We )-184(u)]TJ 0 Tc 2.24 0 Td [(se it her)18(e)-250(to)-250(generate a)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.105 0 Td (SIGALRM)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td (signal every second.)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47151 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (328)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td (Signals )Tj 36.187 0 Td [(Chapter)-3054(10)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf -0.092 Tc 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5911 668.9599 Tm [(To )-223(s)]TJ 0 Tc 1.78 0 Td [(upport )-39(this )-39(featur)17(e, )-39(the )-39(system )-39(calls )-39(ar)]TJ 0.2894 Tc 17.084 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.379 0 Td [(ivided )-39(into )-39(two )-39(categories: )-39(the )-39(\324)35(\324slow\325)37(\325)]TJ -22.044 -1.2 Td [(system )-85(calls )-85(and )-85(all )-85(the )-85(others.)-585(The )-85(slow )-85(system )-85(calls )-85(ar)]TJ 0.3346 Tc 25.491 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.14 0 Td [(hose )-85(that )-85(can )-85(block )-85(for)20(ever)74(.)]TJ -26.631 -1.2 Td [(Included in this category ar)18(e)]TJ 0.883 Tc 1.8 -1.8 Td (\245R)Tj 0 Tc 2.157 0 Td [(eads )-27(that )-27(can )-27(block )-27(the )-27(caller )-27(for)18(ever )-27(if )-27(data )-27(isn\325t )-27(pr)19(esent )-27(with )-27(certain )-27(\336le )-27(types)]TJ -0.668 -1.2 Td (\(pipes, terminal devices, and network devices\))Tj 0.883 Tc -1.489 -1.6 Td (\245W)Tj 0 Tc 2.415 0 Td [(rites )-33(that )-33(can )-33(block )-33(the )-33(caller )-33(for)18(ever )-33(if )-33(the )-33(data )-33(can\325t )-33(be )-33(accepted )-33(immediately)]TJ -0.926 -1.2 Td (by these same \336le types)Tj 0.883 Tc -1.489 -1.6 Td (\245O)Tj 0 Tc 2.275 0 Td [(pens )-210(on )-210(certain )-210(\336le )-210(types )-210(that )-210(block )-210(the )-210(caller )-210(until )-210(some )-210(condition )-210(occurs)]TJ -0.786 -1.2 Td [(\(such )-111(as )-111(a )-111(terminal )-111(device )-111(open )-111(waiting )-111(until )-111(an )-111(attached )-111(modem )-111(answers )-111(the)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD (phone\))Tj 0.883 Tc -1.489 -1.6 Td (\245T)Tj 0 Tc 2.102 0 Td (he)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.331 0 Td (pause)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.27 0 Td [(function )-20(\(which )-20(by )-20(de\336nition )-20(puts )-20(the )-20(calling )-20(pr)17(ocess )-20(to )-20(sleep )-20(until )-20(a)]TJ -5.214 -1.2 Td (signal is caught\) and the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 11.033 0 Td (wait)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td (function)Tj 0.883 Tc -15.172 -1.6 Td (\245C)Tj 0 Tc 2.198 0 Td (ertain)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.823 0 Td (ioctl)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td (operations)Tj 0.883 Tc -8.271 -1.6 Td (\245S)Tj 0 Tc 2.014 0 Td [(ome of the interpr)18(ocess communication functions \(Chapter 15\))]TJ -3.814 -1.8 Td [(The )-288(notable )-288(exception )-288(to )-288(these )-288(slow )-288(system )-288(calls )-288(is )-288(anything )-288(r)13(elated )-288(to )-288(disk )-288(I/O.)]TJ T* [(Although )-34(a )-34(r)19(ead )-34(or )-34(a )-34(write )-34(of )-34(a )-34(disk )-34(\336le )-34(can )-34(block )-34(the )-34(caller )-34(temporarily )-34(\(while )-34(the )-34(disk)]TJ T* [(driver )-150(queues )-150(the )-150(r)18(equest )-150(and )-150(then )-150(the )-150(r)21(equest )-149(is )-149(executed\), )-149(unless )-149(a )-149(har)16(dwar)]TJ 0.3995 Tc 35.93 0 Td (ee)Tj 0 Tc 1.357 0 Td [(rr)18(or)]TJ -37.287 -1.2 Td [(occurs, the I/O operation always r)18(eturns and unblocks the caller quickly)111(.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(One )-102(condition )-102(that )-102(is )-102(handled )-102(by )-102(interr)5(upted )-103(system )-103(calls, )-103(for )-103(example, )-103(is )-103(when )-103(a)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ocess )-52(initiates )-52(a )-52(r)18(ead )-52(fr)18(om )-52(a )-52(terminal )-52(device )-52(and )-52(the )-52(user )-52(at )-52(the )-52(terminal )-52(walks )-52(away)]TJ T* [(fr)18(om )-10(the )-10(terminal )-10(for )-10(an )-10(extended )-10(period.)-507(In )-10(this )-10(example, )-10(the )-10(pr)18(ocess )-10(could )-10(be )-10(blocked)]TJ T* [(for hours or days and would r)18(emain so unless the system was taken down.)]TJ 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 183.5896 364.9781 Tm [(POSIX.1 )-132(semantics )-132(for )-132(interr)9(upted)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 15.902 0 Td (read)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.3816 Tc (sa)Tj 0 Tc 3.706 0 Td (nd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.575 0 Td (write)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.3816 Tc (sc)Tj 0 Tc 4.25 0 Td [(hanged )-132(with )-132(the )-132(2001 )-132(version )-132(of )-132(the)]TJ -25.432 -1.25 Td [(standar)18(d. )-453(Earlier)-452(versions )-203(gave )-203(implementations )-203(a )-203(choice )-203(of )-203(how )-203(to )-203(deal )-203(with)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 37.03 0 Td (read)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.4529 Tc (sa)Tj 0 Tc 3.777 0 Td (nd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -40.807 -1.25 Td (write)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.4118 Tc (st)Tj 0 Tc 4.162 0 Td [(hat )-162(have )-162(pr)18(ocessed )-162(partial )-162(amounts )-162(of )-162(data.)-660(If)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 21.967 0 Td (read)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.812 0 Td [(has )-162(r)18(eceived )-162(and )-162(transferr)19(ed)]TJ -28.94 -1.25 Td [(data )-8(to )-8(an )-8(application\325s )-8(buf)18(fer)]TJ 0.2581 Tc 13.203 0 Td (,b)Tj 0 Tc 1.061 0 Td [(ut )-8(has )-8(not )-8(yet )-8(r)18(eceived )-8(all )-8(that )-8(the )-8(application )-8(r)18(equested )-8(and )-8(is)]TJ -14.264 -1.25 Td [(then )-185(interr)8(upted, )-185(the )-185(operating )-185(system )-185(could )-185(either )-185(fail )-185(the )-185(system )-185(call, )-185(with)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 36.029 0 Td (errno)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.435 0 Td [(set )-185(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -39.464 -1.25 Td (EINTR)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(,)-430(or)-430(allow )-180(the )-180(system )-180(call )-180(to )-180(succeed, )-180(r)18(eturning )-180(the )-180(partial )-180(amount )-180(of )-180(data )-180(r)15(eceived.)]TJ 0 -1.25 Td (Similarly)Tj 0.2935 Tc 3.912 0 Td (,i)Tj 0 Tc 0.835 0 Td (f)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.627 0 Td (write)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.294 0 Td [(is )-43(interr)8(upted )-43(after )-43(transferring )-43(some )-43(of )-43(the )-43(data )-43(in )-43(an )-43(application\325s )-43(buf)13(fer)74(,)]TJ -8.666 -1.25 Td [(the )-85(operation )-85(system )-85(could )-85(either )-85(fail )-85(the )-85(system )-85(call, )-85(with)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 26.847 0 Td (errno)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.335 0 Td [(set )-85(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 2.771 0 Td (EINTR)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(,)-335(or)-335(allow )-85(the)]TJ -32.954 -1.25 Td [(system )-566(call )-566(to )-566(succeed, )-566(r)17(eturning )-566(the )-566(partial )-566(amount )-566(of )-566(data )-566(written.)-1068(Historically)111(,)]TJ 0 -1.25 Td [(implementations )-551(derived )-551(fr)18(om )-551(System )-551(V )-551(fail )-551(the )-551(system )-551(call, )-551(wher)18(eas )-551(BSD-derived)]TJ 0 -1.25 TD [(implementations )-149(r)18(eturn )-149(partial )-149(success.)]TJ -0.055 Tc 18.489 0 Td (Wi)Tj 0 Tc 1.236 0 Td [(th )-149(the )-149(2001 )-149(version )-149(of )-149(the )-149(POSIX.1 )-149(standar)15(d, )-149(the)]TJ -19.725 -1.25 Td (BSD-style semantics ar)Tj 0.25 Tc 10.049 0 Td (er)Tj 0 Tc 1.106 0 Td [(equir)18(ed.)]TJ 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5924 234.9859 Tm [(The )-57(pr)18(oblem )-57(with )-57(interr)9(upted )-57(system )-57(calls )-57(is )-57(that )-57(we )-57(now )-57(have )-57(to )-57(handle )-57(the )-57(err)20(or)]TJ -0.018 Tc -1.8 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(turn )-83(explicitly)]TJ 0.5832 Tc 6.214 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.446 0 Td [(he )-83(typical )-83(code )-83(sequence )-83(\(assuming )-83(a )-83(r)17(ead )-83(operation )-83(and )-83(assuming)]TJ -8.516 -1.2 Td [(that we want to r)18(estart the r)18(ead even if it\325s interr)8(upted\) would be)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5929 194.2883 Tm (again:)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(\(n = read\(fd, buf, BUFFSIZE\)\) < 0\) {)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(errno == EINTR\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td [(goto again;)-3000(/* just an interrupted system call */)]TJ -2.4 -1.189 Td (/* handle other errors */)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47152 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(8.9)]TJ 36.334 0 Td [(Race )-250(Conditions)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 9.499 0 Td (247)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf -0.092 Tc 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 668.9599 Tm [(We )-287(a)]TJ 0 Tc 2.24 0 Td [(ssume )-103(that )-103(the )-103(header)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.393 0 Td (apue.h)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.953 0 Td [(de\336nes )-103(whatever )-103(variables )-103(ar)]TJ 0.3533 Tc 13.275 0 Td (er)Tj 0 Tc 1.209 0 Td [(equir)18(ed. )-353(The)-354(\336ve)]TJ -0.018 Tc -31.07 -1.2 Td (ro)Tj 0 Tc 0.923 0 Td (utines)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.051 0 Td (TELL_WAIT)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 5.996 0 Td (TELL_PARENT)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 7.196 0 Td (TELL_CHILD)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 6.596 0 Td (WAIT_PARENT)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.3465 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 7.696 0 Td (nd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.539 0 Td (WAIT_CHILD)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -33 -1.2 Td [(can be either macr)18(os or functions.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 1.8 -1.2 Td (We)Tj 0 Tc 1.387 0 Td [(\325ll )-247(show )-247(various )-247(ways )-247(to )-247(implement )-247(these)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 20.341 0 Td (TELL)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.897 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.19 0 Td (WAIT)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 2.897 0 Td (ro)Tj 0 Tc 0.923 0 Td [(utines )-247(in )-247(later)]TJ -32.436 -1.2 Td [(chapters: )-143(Section )-143(10.16 )-143(shows )-143(an )-143(implementation )-143(using )-143(signals; )-143(Figur)]TJ 0.3932 Tc 31.699 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.372 0 Td [(5.7 )-143(shows )-143(an)]TJ -33.072 -1.2 Td [(implementation using pipes.)-500(Let\325s look at an example that uses these \336ve r)18(outines.)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf -3.6 -3.36 Td (Example)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.6 -2.4 Td [(The )-111(pr)18(ogram )-111(in )-111(Figur)]TJ 0.3614 Tc 9.872 0 Td (e8)Tj 0 Tc 1.34 0 Td [(.12 )-111(outputs )-111(two )-111(strings: )-111(one )-111(fr)18(om )-111(the )-111(child )-111(and )-111(one )-111(fr)18(om )-111(the)]TJ -11.213 -1.2 Td [(par)18(ent. 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[(Pr)18(ogram with a race condition)]TJ -0.092 Tc 9.9982 0 0 9.9982 129.5769 168.4677 Tm [(We )-300(s)]TJ 0 Tc 2.177 0 Td [(et )-116(the )-116(standar)]TJ 0.366 Tc 6.244 0 Td (do)Tj 0 Tc 1.523 0 Td [(utput )-116(unbuf)18(fer)18(ed, )-116(so )-116(every )-116(character )-116(output )-116(generates )-116(a)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 25.806 0 Td (write)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj -35.75 -1.2 Td [(The )-78(goal )-78(in )-78(this )-78(example )-78(is )-78(to )-78(allow )-78(the )-78(kernel )-78(to )-78(switch )-78(between )-78(the )-78(two )-78(pr)17(ocesses )-78(as)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(often )-168(as )-168(possible )-168(to )-168(demonstrate )-168(the )-168(race )-168(condition.)-672(\(If )-168(we )-168(didn\325t )-168(do )-168(this, )-168(we )-168(might)]TJ T* [(never )-196(see )-196(the )-196(type )-196(of )-196(output )-196(that )-196(follows.)-696(Not )-196(seeing )-196(the )-196(err)18(oneous )-196(output )-196(doesn\325t)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47153 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(8.3)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 37.003 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.9 0 Td (Function)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.93 0 Td (231)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 668.9599 Tm [(communication )-123(is )-123(r)18(equir)18(ed. )-373(In)-373(the )-123(pr)18(ogram )-123(shown )-123(in )-123(Figur)]TJ 0.3729 Tc 27.284 0 Td (e8)Tj 0 Tc 1.352 0 Td [(.1, )-123(we )-123(simply )-123(have )-123(the)]TJ -28.636 -1.2 Td [(par)18(ent )-99(put )-99(itself )-99(to )-99(sleep )-99(for )-99(2 )-99(seconds, )-99(to )-99(let )-99(the )-99(child )-99(execute.)-602(Ther)18(e)-349(is)-349(no)-349(g)-1(uarantee)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(that )-187(the )-187(length )-187(of )-187(this )-187(delay )-187(is )-187(adequate, )-187(and )-187(we )-187(talk )-187(about )-187(this )-187(and )-187(other )-187(types )-187(of)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(synchr)18(onization )-138(in )-138(Section )-138(8.9 )-138(when )-138(we )-138(discuss )-138(race )-138(conditions.)-639(In )-138(Section )-138(10.16, )-138(we)]TJ T* [(show how to use signals to synchr)18(onize a par)18(ent and a child after a)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 29.839 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj -28.039 -1.2 Td [(When )-163(we )-163(write )-163(to )-163(standar)]TJ 0.4129 Tc 12.125 0 Td (do)Tj 0 Tc 1.57 0 Td [(utput, )-163(we )-163(subtract )-163(1 )-163(fr)18(om )-163(the )-163(size )-163(of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 17.495 0 Td (buf)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.213 0 Td [(to )-163(avoid)]TJ -35.202 -1.2 Td [(writing )-7(the )-7(terminating )-7(null )-7(byte.)-507(Although)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 19.86 0 Td (strlen)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.857 0 Td [(will )-7(calculate )-7(the )-7(length )-7(of )-7(a )-7(string)]TJ -23.717 -1.2 Td [(not )-52(including )-52(the )-52(terminating )-52(null )-52(byte,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 18.048 0 Td (sizeof)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.902 0 Td [(calculates )-52(the )-52(size )-52(of )-52(the )-52(buf)17(fer)]TJ 0.3023 Tc 13.765 0 Td (,w)Tj 0 Tc 1.386 0 Td (hich)Tj -37.101 -1.2 Td [(does )-321(include )-321(the )-321(terminating )-321(null )-321(byte.)-821(Another )-321(dif)21(fer)18(ence )-321(is )-321(that )-321(using)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 35.4 0 Td (strlen)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.018 Tc -35.4 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(quir)18(es )-16(a )-16(function )-16(call, )-16(wher)19(eas)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 13.721 0 Td (sizeof)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.866 0 Td [(calculates )-16(the )-16(buf)18(fer )-16(length )-16(at )-16(compile )-16(time, )-16(as)]TJ -18.443 -1.2 Td [(the buf)18(fer is initialized with a known string and its size is \336xed.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(Note )-104(the )-104(interaction )-104(of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.626 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.754 0 Td [(with )-104(the )-104(I/O )-104(functions )-104(in )-104(the )-104(pr)18(ogram )-104(in )-104(Figur)]TJ 0.3541 Tc 21.487 0 Td (e8)Tj 0 Tc 1.333 0 Td (.1.)Tj -38 -1.2 Td [(Recall )-34(fr)18(om )-34(Chapter )-34(3 )-34(that )-34(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 13.73 0 Td (write)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.284 0 Td [(function )-34(is )-34(not )-34(buf)18(fer)18(ed. )-284(Because)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 15.086 0 Td (write)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.284 0 Td [(is )-34(called)]TJ -35.385 -1.2 Td (befor)Tj 0.3183 Tc 2.288 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.123 0 Td (he)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.379 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.3183 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 3.259 0 Td [(ts )-68(data )-68(is )-68(written )-68(once )-68(to )-68(standar)]TJ 0.3184 Tc 14.788 0 Td (do)Tj 0 Tc 1.475 0 Td [(utput. )-318(The)-319(standar)]TJ 0.3184 Tc 8.59 0 Td (dI)Tj 0 Tc 1.266 0 Td [(/O )-68(library)111(,)]TJ -34.169 -1.2 Td [(however)74(,)-250(is)-250(b)-1(uf)18(fer)18(ed. )-250(Recall)-250(fr)18(om Section 5.12 that standar)]TJ 0.2502 Tc 25.832 0 Td (do)Tj 0 Tc 1.407 0 Td [(utput is line buf)17(fer)18(ed if it\325s)]TJ -27.239 -1.2 Td [(connected )-342(to )-342(a )-342(terminal )-342(device; )-342(otherwise, )-342(it\325s )-342(fully )-342(buf)17(fer)18(ed. )-592(When)-592(we )-342(r)8(un )-342(the)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ogram )-120(interactively)111(,)-370(we)-370(get )-120(only )-120(a )-120(single )-120(copy )-120(of )-120(the )-120(\336rst)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 27.528 0 Td (printf)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.97 0 Td [(line, )-120(because )-120(the)]TJ -31.498 -1.2 Td (standar)Tj 0.2832 Tc 3.32 0 Td (do)Tj 0 Tc 1.44 0 Td [(utput )-33(buf)18(fer )-33(is )-33(\337ushed )-33(by )-33(the )-33(newline.)-533(When )-33(we )-33(r)16(edir)18(ect )-33(standar)]TJ 0.2833 Tc 29.185 0 Td (do)Tj 0 Tc 1.44 0 Td [(utput )-33(to)]TJ 0.3084 Tc -35.386 -1.2 Td (a\336)Tj 0 Tc 1.413 0 Td [(le, )-58(however)74(,)-308(we)-308(g)-1(et )-58(two )-58(copies )-58(of )-58(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 16.974 0 Td (printf)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.908 0 Td [(line. )-308(In)-309(this )-58(second )-58(case, )-58(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 13.105 0 Td (printf)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -35.4 -1.2 Td (befor)Tj 0.3356 Tc 2.288 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.141 0 Td (he)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.397 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.736 0 Td [(is )-86(called )-86(once, )-86(but )-86(the )-86(line )-86(r)18(emains )-86(in )-86(the )-86(buf)22(fer )-86(when)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 24.787 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.736 0 Td [(is )-86(called.)]TJ -35.083 -1.2 Td [(This )-103(buf)18(fer )-103(is )-103(then )-103(copied )-103(into )-103(the )-103(child )-103(when )-103(the )-103(par)18(ent\325s )-103(data )-103(space )-103(is )-103(copied )-103(to )-103(the)]TJ T* [(child. )-276(Both)-277(the )-26(par)18(ent )-26(and )-26(the )-26(child )-26(now )-26(have )-26(a )-26(standar)]TJ 0.2765 Tc 25.008 0 Td (dI)Tj 0 Tc 1.224 0 Td [(/O )-26(buf)18(fer )-26(with )-26(this )-26(line )-26(in )-26(it.)]TJ -26.232 -1.2 Td [(The )-71(second)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.402 0 Td (printf)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.3211 Tc (,r)Tj 0 Tc 4.566 0 Td [(ight )-71(befor)]TJ 0.3211 Tc 4.364 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.126 0 Td (he)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.382 0 Td (exit)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.3211 Tc (,j)Tj 0 Tc 3.205 0 Td [(ust )-71(appends )-71(its )-71(data )-71(to )-71(the )-71(existing )-71(buf)18(fer)74(.)]TJ -20.046 -1.2 Td [(When each pr)18(ocess terminates, its copy of the buf)18(fer is \336nally \337ushed.)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5141.25 3930.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 50 50 l 0 50 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /TT1 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 93.5888 364.1563 Tm (File Sharing)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.6 -2.4 Td [(When )-30(we )-30(r)18(edir)18(ect )-30(the )-30(standar)]TJ 0.28 Tc 13.167 0 Td (do)Tj 0 Tc 1.437 0 Td [(utput )-30(of )-30(the )-30(par)18(ent )-30(fr)18(om )-30(the )-30(pr)18(ogram )-30(in )-30(Figur)]TJ 0.28 Tc 20.47 0 Td (e8)Tj 0 Tc 1.259 0 Td [(.1, )-30(the)]TJ -36.333 -1.2 Td [(child\325s )-64(standar)]TJ 0.3143 Tc 6.555 0 Td (do)Tj 0 Tc 1.471 0 Td [(utput )-64(is )-64(also )-64(r)17(edir)18(ected. )-314(Indeed,)-315(one )-64(characteristic )-64(of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 24.099 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.714 0 Td [(is )-64(that )-64(all)]TJ -34.84 -1.2 Td [(\336le )-343(descriptors )-343(that )-343(ar)]TJ 0.5934 Tc 10.702 0 Td (eo)Tj 0 Tc 1.618 0 Td [(pen )-343(in )-343(the )-343(par)18(ent )-343(ar)]TJ 0.5933 Tc 10.038 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.683 0 Td [(uplicated )-343(in )-343(the )-343(child.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 11.498 0 Td [(We )-527(s)]TJ 0 Tc 2.404 0 Td (ay)Tj -0.037 Tc -37.944 -1.2 Td (\324\324)Tj 0 Tc 0.519 0 Td (duplicated\325)Tj 0.262 Tc 4.998 0 Td (\325b)Tj 0 Tc 1.093 0 Td [(ecause )-12(it\325s )-12(as )-12(if )-12(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.493 0 Td (dup)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.062 0 Td [(function )-12(had )-12(been )-12(called )-12(for )-12(each )-12(descriptor)]TJ 0.5121 Tc 19.399 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.375 0 Td (he)Tj -37.939 -1.2 Td [(par)18(ent )-32(and )-32(the )-32(child )-32(shar)]TJ 0.2823 Tc 11.176 0 Td (ea\336)Tj 0 Tc 2.149 0 Td [(le )-32(table )-32(entry )-32(for )-32(every )-32(open )-32(descriptor )-32(\(r)16(ecall )-32(Figur)]TJ 0.2822 Tc 23.081 0 Td (e3)Tj 0 Tc 1.261 0 Td (.9\).)Tj -35.867 -1.2 Td [(Consider )-17(a )-17(pr)18(ocess )-17(that )-17(has )-17(thr)18(ee )-17(dif)18(fer)18(ent )-17(\336les )-17(opened )-17(for )-17(standar)]TJ 0.2672 Tc 29.47 0 Td (di)Tj 0 Tc 1.169 0 Td [(nput, )-17(standar)18(d)]TJ -32.44 -1.2 Td [(output, )-76(and )-76(standar)]TJ 0.3262 Tc 8.92 0 Td (de)Tj 0 Tc 1.416 0 Td [(rr)18(or)]TJ 0.5762 Tc 1.639 0 Td (.O)Tj 0.3262 Tc 1.612 0 Td (nr)Tj 0 Tc 1.285 0 Td [(eturn )-76(fr)18(om)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.176 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(,)-326(we)-326(have )-76(the )-76(arrangement )-76(shown )-76(in)]TJ -20.049 -1.2 Td (Figur)Tj 0.25 Tc 2.383 0 Td (e8)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (.2.)Tj -1.812 -1.2 Td [(It )-98(is )-98(important )-98(that )-98(the )-98(par)18(ent )-98(and )-98(the )-98(child )-98(shar)]TJ 0.3478 Tc 22.126 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.153 0 Td [(he )-98(same )-98(\336le )-98(of)19(fset. )-348(Consider)-348(a)]TJ -25.079 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ocess )-161(that)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.851 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.4109 Tc (sac)Tj 0 Tc 4.59 0 Td [(hild, )-161(then)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.816 0 Td (wait)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.4109 Tc (sf)Tj 0 Tc 3.568 0 Td [(or )-161(the )-161(child )-161(to )-161(complete.)-661(Assume )-161(that )-161(both)]TJ -18.824 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ocesses )-44(write )-44(to )-44(standar)]TJ 0.2944 Tc 11.598 0 Td (do)Tj 0 Tc 1.451 0 Td [(utput )-44(as )-44(part )-44(of )-44(their )-44(normal )-44(pr)16(ocessing. )-294(If)-295(the )-44(par)18(ent )-44(has)]TJ -13.05 -1.2 Td [(its )-104(standar)]TJ 0.3538 Tc 4.715 0 Td (do)Tj 0 Tc 1.511 0 Td [(utput )-104(r)18(edir)18(ected )-104(\(by )-104(a )-104(shell, )-104(per)18(haps\), )-104(it )-104(is )-104(essential )-104(that )-104(the )-104(par)18(ent\325s )-104(\336le)]TJ -6.226 -1.2 Td [(of)18(fset )-105(be )-105(updated )-105(by )-105(the )-105(child )-105(when )-105(the )-105(child )-105(writes )-105(to )-105(standar)]TJ 0.3547 Tc 28.827 0 Td (do)Tj 0 Tc 1.512 0 Td [(utput. )-355(In)-354(this )-105(case,)]TJ -30.338 -1.2 Td [(the )-30(child )-30(can )-30(write )-30(to )-30(standar)]TJ 0.2803 Tc 13.05 0 Td (do)Tj 0 Tc 1.437 0 Td [(utput )-30(while )-30(the )-30(par)18(ent )-30(is)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.304 0 Td (wait)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(ing )-30(for )-30(it; )-30(on )-30(completion)]TJ -25.792 -1.2 Td [(of )-5(the )-5(child, )-5(the 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/T1_0 1 Tf 2.689 0 Td [(functions )-39(in)]TJ -33.707 -1.2 Td (Chapter 15.\))Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47157 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (86)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3 0 Td [(File )-250(I/O)]TJ 39.741 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(3)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 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[(to )-165(wait )-165(for )-165(the )-165(data )-165(to )-165(be )-165(written )-165(to )-165(disk )-165(befor)16(e)]TJ -0.018 Tc -16.769 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(turning. )-255(Normally)-255(in )-5(the )-5(UNIX )-5(System, )-5(a)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 18.728 0 Td (write)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.255 0 Td [(only )-5(queues )-5(the )-5(data )-5(for )-5(writing; )-5(the)]TJ -22.838 -1.2 Td [(actual )-35(disk )-35(write )-35(operation )-35(can )-35(take )-35(place )-35(sometime )-35(later)]TJ 0.5351 Tc 25.347 0 Td (.A)Tj 0 Tc 1.848 0 Td [(database )-35(system )-35(is )-35(a )-35(likely)]TJ -27.195 -1.2 Td [(candidate )-94(for )-94(using)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.108 0 Td (O_SYNC)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(,)-344(so)-344(t)-1(hat )-94(it )-94(knows )-94(on )-94(r)18(eturn )-94(fr)18(om )-94(a)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 19.742 0 Td (write)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.344 0 Td [(that )-94(the )-94(data )-94(is)]TJ -32.194 -1.2 Td [(actually on the disk, in case of an abnormal system failur)18(e.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 1.8 -1.2 Td [(We )-484(e)]TJ 0 Tc 2.416 0 Td [(xpect )-300(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.853 0 Td (O_SYNC)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.15 0 Td [(\337ag )-300(to )-300(incr)18(ease )-300(the )-300(system )-300(and )-300(clock )-300(times )-300(when )-300(the)]TJ -13.219 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ogram )-62(r)8(uns. )-312(T)]TJ 0.3124 Tc 7.5 0 Td (ot)Tj 0 Tc 1.184 0 Td [(est )-62(this, )-62(we )-62(can )-62(r)8(un )-62(the )-62(pr)18(ogram )-62(in )-62(Figur)]TJ 0.3124 Tc 18.513 0 Td (e3)Tj 0 Tc 1.291 0 Td [(.5, )-62(copying )-62(492.6 )-62(MB )-62(of)]TJ -28.489 -1.2 Td [(data )-157(fr)18(om )-157(one )-157(\336le )-157(on )-157(disk )-157(to )-157(another )-157(and )-157(compar)]TJ 0.4068 Tc 23.054 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.212 0 Td [(his )-157(with )-157(a )-157(version )-157(that )-157(does )-157(the)]TJ -24.266 -1.2 Td [(same )-69(thing )-69(with )-69(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.32 0 Td (O_SYNC)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.919 0 Td [(\337ag )-69(set.)-569(The )-69(r)18(esults )-69(fr)17(om )-69(a )-69(Linux )-69(system )-69(using )-69(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 23.36 0 Td (ext4)Tj /T1_1 1 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l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 254.1255 559.5518 Tm (Figure 3.2)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.195 0 Td [(Cr)18(eate a \336le with a hole in it)]TJ 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5846 535.5547 Tm [(Running this pr)18(ogram gives us)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9989 0 0 8.9989 147.5825 517.787 Tm ($)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (./a.out)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -1.2 -1.189 Td ($)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (ls -l file.hole)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 18.8 0 Td (check its size)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -20 -1.189 Td [(-rw-r--r-- )-600(1)-600(sar )-3600(16394)-600(Nov 25 01:01 file.hole)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD ($)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (od -c file.hole)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 18.8 0 Td (let\325)Tj 0.25 Tc 1.223 0 Td (sl)Tj 0 Tc 0.917 0 Td (ook at the actual contents)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -22.14 -1.189 Td [(0000000 )-1200(a)]TJ 1.2 Tc 7.8 0 Td (bcdefghij)Tj 0 Tc 15.6 0 Td (\\0 \\0 \\0 \\0 \\0 \\0)Tj -23.4 -1.189 Td [(0000020 )-600(\\0)-600(\\0 \\0 \\0 \\0 \\0 \\0 \\0 \\0 \\0 \\0 \\0 \\0 \\0 \\0 \\0)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD (*)Tj 0 -1.189 TD [(0040000 )-1200(A)]TJ 1.2 Tc 7.8 0 Td (BCDEFGHIJ)Tj 0 Tc -7.8 -1.189 Td (0040012)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.092 Tc 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5847 413.1292 Tm [(We )-197(u)]TJ 0 Tc 2.253 0 Td [(se )-13(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 2.816 0 Td (od)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.2 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (1)Tj 0.5 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.596 -0.04 Td [(command )-13(to )-13(look )-13(at )-13(the )-13(contents )-13(of )-13(the )-13(\336le.)-514(The)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 21.628 0 Td (-c)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.463 0 Td [(\337ag )-13(tells )-13(it )-13(to )-13(print)]TJ -30.789 -1.2 Td [(the )-88(contents )-88(as )-88(characters.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 12.361 0 Td [(We )-272(c)]TJ 0 Tc 2.169 0 Td [(an )-88(see )-88(that )-88(the )-88(unwritten )-88(bytes )-88(in )-88(the )-88(middle )-88(ar)]TJ 0.338 Tc 21.686 0 Td (er)Tj 0 Tc 1.194 0 Td (ead)Tj -37.41 -1.2 Td [(back )-62(as )-62(zer)18(o. )-312(The)-312(seven-digit )-62(number )-62(at )-62(the )-62(beginning )-62(of )-62(each )-62(line )-62(is )-62(the )-62(byte )-62(of)18(fset )-62(in)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD (octal.)Tj -0.092 Tc 1.8 -1.2 Td [(To )-263(p)]TJ -0.018 Tc 1.997 0 Td (ro)Tj 0 Tc 0.923 0 Td [(ve )-79(that )-79(ther)18(e)-329(is)-329(r)18(eally )-79(a )-79(hole )-79(in )-79(the )-79(\336le, )-79(let\325s )-79(compar)]TJ 0.3288 Tc 23.279 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.134 0 Td [(he )-79(\336le )-79(we )-79(just )-79(cr)18(eated)]TJ -29.132 -1.2 Td (with a \336le of the same size, but without holes:)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9989 0 0 8.9989 147.5823 335.3687 Tm ($)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (ls -ls file.hole file.nohole)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 19.2 0 Td (compar)Tj 0.25 Tc 2.944 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.028 0 Td (izes)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc -23.172 -1.189 Td (8-)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td [(rw-r--r-- )-600(1)-600(sar )-3600(16394)-600(Nov 25 01:01 file.hole)]TJ -2.4 -1.189 Td (20 -rw-r--r--)Tj 0.6 Tc 9 0 Td (1s)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td [(ar )-3600(16394)-600(Nov 25 01:03 file.nohole)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5845 294.9036 Tm [(Although )-110(both )-110(\336les )-110(ar)]TJ 0.3596 Tc 10.026 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.165 0 Td [(he )-110(same )-110(size, )-110(the )-110(\336le )-110(without )-110(holes )-110(consumes )-110(20 )-110(disk )-110(blocks,)]TJ -11.19 -1.2 Td [(wher)18(eas the \336le with holes consumes only 8 blocks.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(In )-115(this )-115(example, )-115(we )-115(call )-115(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 12.956 0 Td (write)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.365 0 Td [(function )-115(\(Section )-115(3.8\).)]TJ -0.092 Tc 10.41 0 Td (We)Tj 0 Tc 1.387 0 Td [(\325ll )-115(have )-115(mor)18(e)-365(to)-365(say)]TJ -29.918 -1.2 Td (about \336les with holes in Section 4.12.)Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5141.25 2589.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 50 50 l 0 50 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9982 0 0 9.9982 147.5734 231.2974 Tm [(Because )-513(the )-513(of)18(fset )-513(addr)18(ess )-513(that)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 16.323 0 Td (lseek)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.763 0 Td [(uses )-513(is )-513(r)19(epr)18(esented )-513(by )-513(an)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 13.864 0 Td (off_t)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (,)Tj -35.75 -1.2 Td [(implementations )-14(ar)]TJ 0.2643 Tc 8.625 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.243 0 Td [(llowed )-14(to )-14(support )-14(whatever )-14(size )-14(is )-14(appr)16(opriate )-14(on )-14(their )-14(particular)]TJ -9.869 -1.2 Td [(platform. )-265(Most)-266(platforms )-15(today )-15(pr)18(ovide )-15(two )-15(sets )-15(of )-15(interfaces )-15(to )-15(manipulate )-15(\336le )-15(of)15(fsets:)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td (one set that uses 32)Tj 8.5 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(bit \336le of)18(fsets and another set that uses 64)]TJ 18.388 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(bit \336le of)18(fsets.)]TJ -25.754 -1.2 Td [(The )-65(Single )-65(UNIX )-65(Speci\336cation )-65(pr)16(ovides )-65(a 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280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 668.9599 Tm [(If we invoke this pr)18(ogram interactively)111(,)-250(we)-250(get)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5909 652.2609 Tm ($)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (./a.out < /etc/passwd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -1.2 -1.189 Td (seek OK)Tj 0 -1.189 TD ($)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (cat < /etc/passwd | ./a.out)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -1.2 -1.189 Td (cannot seek)Tj T* ($)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (./a.out < /var/spool/cron/FIFO)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -1.2 -1.189 Td (cannot seek)Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5141.25 5915.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 50 50 l 0 50 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 147.5823 567.4319 Tm (Normally)Tj 0.5169 Tc 4.182 0 Td (,a\336)Tj 0 Tc 2.389 0 Td [(le\325s )-267(curr)18(ent )-267(of)18(fset )-267(must )-267(be )-267(a )-267(non-negative )-267(integer)]TJ 0.7668 Tc 23.342 0 Td (.I)Tj 0 Tc 1.354 0 Td [(t)-517(is)-517(possible,)]TJ -33.066 -1.2 Td (however)Tj 0.4472 Tc 3.806 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 1.023 0 Td [(hat )-197(certain )-197(devices )-197(could )-197(allow )-197(negative )-197(of)17(fsets. )-447(But)-448(for 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10\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_sys\("buf1 write error"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (/* offset now = 10 */)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47160 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (64)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3 0 Td [(File )-250(I/O)]TJ 39.741 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(3)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 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2.412 0 Td [(iscuss )-164(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.824 0 Td (termios)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -27.6 -1.2 Td [(str)8(uctur)]TJ 0.25 Tc 3.49 0 Td (ew)Tj 0 Tc 1.563 0 Td (hen we discuss terminal I/O in Chapter 18.)Tj -12.253 -2.04 Td [(The )-51(following )-51(two )-51(\337ags )-51(ar)]TJ 0.3013 Tc 11.82 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.28 0 Td [(lso )-51(optional.)-551(They )-51(ar)]TJ 0.3013 Tc 9.455 0 Td (ep)Tj 0 Tc 1.381 0 Td [(art )-51(of )-51(the )-51(synchr)17(onized )-51(input )-51(and)]TJ -23.937 -1.2 Td (output option of the Single UNIX Speci\336cation \(and thus POSIX.1\).)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0 -2.28 TD (O_DSYNC)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.2 0 Td [(Have )-46(each)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.973 0 Td (write)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.296 0 Td [(wait )-46(for )-46(physical )-46(I/O )-46(to )-46(complete, )-46(but )-46(don\325t )-46(wait )-46(for)]TJ -8.27 -1.2 Td [(\336le )-122(attributes )-122(to )-122(be )-122(updated )-122(if )-122(they )-122(don\325t )-122(af)16(fect )-122(the )-122(ability )-122(to )-122(r)18(ead )-122(the)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD (data 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(ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.344 0 Td [(lways )-115(updated )-115(synchr)17(onously)]TJ 0.6154 Tc 13.469 0 Td (.W)Tj 0 Tc 1.865 0 Td [(hen )-115(overwriting )-115(an)]TJ -28.785 -1.25 Td [(existing )-204(part )-204(of )-204(a )-204(\336le )-204(opened )-204(with )-204(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 18.392 0 Td (O_DSYNC)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.654 0 Td [(\337ag, )-204(the )-204(\336le )-204(times )-204(wouldn\325t )-204(be)]TJ -23.046 -1.25 Td [(updated )-22(synchr)18(onously)]TJ 0.5216 Tc 10.405 0 Td (.I)Tj 0.2716 Tc 1.109 0 Td (nc)Tj 0 Tc 1.298 0 Td [(ontrast, )-22(if )-22(we )-22(had )-22(opened )-22(the )-22(\336le )-22(with )-22(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 18.904 0 Td (O_SYNC)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.871 0 Td (\337ag,)Tj -35.586 -1.25 Td (every)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.93 0 Td (write)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.456 0 Td [(to )-206(the )-206(\336le )-206(would )-206(update )-206(the )-206(\336le\325s )-206(times )-206(befor)]TJ 0.4563 Tc 21.443 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.261 0 Td (he)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.517 0 Td (write)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 3.456 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 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0 Tc 1.55 0 Td [(rr)18(or)]TJ 0.7101 Tc 1.639 0 Td (.F)Tj 0 Tc 1.516 0 Td [(or )-210(example, )-210(an )-210(application)]TJ -26.625 -1.2 Td [(might )-93(close )-93(standar)]TJ 0.3434 Tc 8.829 0 Td (do)Tj 0 Tc 1.5 0 Td [(utput )167(\321 )167(normally)]TJ 0.3434 Tc 7.559 0 Td (,\336)Tj 0 Tc 1.198 0 Td [(le )-93(descriptor )-93(1)]TJ 0.0833 Tc 6.552 0 Td (\321a)Tj 0 Tc 1.583 0 Td [(nd )-93(then )-93(open )-93(another )-93(\336le,)]TJ -27.222 -1.2 Td [(knowing )-49(that )-49(it )-49(will )-49(be )-49(opened )-49(on )-49(\336le )-49(descriptor )-49(1.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 23.338 0 Td (We)Tj 0 Tc 1.387 0 Td [(\325ll )-49(see )-49(a )-49(better )-49(way )-49(to )-49(guarantee)]TJ -24.725 -1.2 Td [(that )-183(a )-183(\336le )-183(is )-183(open )-183(on )-183(a )-183(given )-183(descriptor )-183(in )-183(Section )-183(3.12, )-183(when )-183(we )-183(explor)]TJ 0.4326 Tc 33.869 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.238 0 Td (he)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.494 0 Td (dup2)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -36.6 -1.2 Td (function.)Tj 1.8 -1.2 Td (The)Tj 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(Functions)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.354 0 Td (63)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 219.5868 670.9597 Tm [(The )-36(purpose )-36(of )-36(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.732 0 Td (O_SEARCH)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.086 0 Td [(constant )-36(is )-36(to )-36(evaluate )-36(sear)18(ch )-36(permissions )-36(at )-36(the )-36(time)]TJ 0.3884 Tc -13.817 -1.25 Td (ad)Tj 0 Tc 1.499 0 Td [(ir)18(ectory )-138(is )-138(opened.)-638(Further )-138(operations )-138(using )-138(the )-138(dir)18(ectory\325s )-138(\336le )-138(descriptor )-138(will)]TJ -1.499 -1.25 Td [(not )-281(r)18(eevaluate )-281(permission )-281(to )-281(sear)17(ch )-281(the )-281(dir)17(ectory)]TJ 0.7814 Tc 23.136 0 Td (.N)Tj 0 Tc 1.862 0 Td [(one )-281(of )-281(the )-281(versions )-281(of )-281(the)]TJ -24.998 -1.25 Td [(operating systems cover)18(ed in this book support)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 21.236 0 Td (O_SEARCH)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.05 0 Td (yet.)Tj 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5921 618.9629 Tm [(One )-233(and )-233(only )-233(one )-233(of )-233(the )-233(pr)19(evious )-233(\336ve )-233(constants )-233(must )-233(be )-233(speci\336ed.)-733(The )-233(following)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD (constants ar)Tj 0.25 Tc 5.281 0 Td (eo)Tj 0 Tc 1.275 0 Td (ptional:)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -6.556 -2.4 Td (O_APPEND)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.2 0 Td [(Append )-177(to )-177(the )-177(end )-177(of )-177(\336le )-177(on )-177(each )-177(write.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 19.64 0 Td [(We )-361(d)]TJ 0 Tc 2.425 0 Td [(escribe )-177(this )-177(option )-177(in)]TJ -22.065 -1.2 Td [(detail in Section 3.1)55(1.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -7.2 -1.6 Td (O_CLOEXEC)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.2 0 Td [(Set )-254(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.725 0 Td (FD_CLOEXEC)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.504 0 Td [(\336le )-254(descriptor )-254(\337ag.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 9.563 0 Td [(We )-438(d)]TJ 0 Tc 2.502 0 Td [(iscuss )-254(\336le )-254(descriptor)]TJ -22.295 -1.2 Td (\337ags in Section 3.14.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -7.2 -1.6 Td (O_CREAT)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.2 0 Td [(Cr)18(eate )-63(the )-63(\336le )-63(if )-63(it )-63(doesn\325t )-63(exist.)-563(This )-63(option )-63(r)15(equir)18(es )-63(a )-63(thir)]TJ 0.3134 Tc 26.57 0 Td (da)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.424 0 Td (rg)Tj 0 Tc 0.933 0 Td (ument)Tj -28.927 -1.2 Td [(to )-56(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 2.871 0 Td (open)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.706 0 Td [(function )-56(\(a )-56(fourth )-56(ar)18(gument )-56(to )-56(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 15.724 0 Td (openat)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.906 0 Td [(function\) )167(\321 )167(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf -25.206 -1.2 Td (mode)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.3031 Tc (,w)Tj 0 Tc 3.498 0 Td [(hich )-53(speci\336es )-53(the )-53(access )-53(permission )-53(bits )-53(of )-53(the )-53(new )-53(\336le.)]TJ 25.326 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (When)Tj -29.157 -1.2 Td [(we )-77(describe )-77(a )-77(\336le\325s )-77(access )-77(permission )-77(bits )-77(in )-77(Section )-77(4.5, )-77(we\325ll )-77(see )-77(how)]TJ T* [(to )-25(specify )-25(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 6.214 0 Td (mode)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.386 0 Td [(and )-25(how )-25(it )-25(can )-25(be )-25(modi\336ed )-25(by )-25(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 15.556 0 Td (umask)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.276 0 Td [(value )-26(of )-26(a)]TJ -27.432 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ocess.\))]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -7.2 -1.6 Td (O_DIRECTORY)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.2 0 Td [(Generate an err)18(or if)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 8.901 0 Td (path)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.027 0 Td [(doesn\325t r)18(efer to a dir)18(ectory)111(.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -18.128 -1.6 Td (O_EXCL)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.2 0 Td [(Generate )-252(an )-252(err)18(or )-252(if)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.908 0 Td (O_CREAT)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.702 0 Td [(is )-252(also )-252(speci\336ed )-252(and )-252(the )-252(\336le )-252(alr)19(eady)]TJ -14.61 -1.2 Td [(exists. )-365(This)-366(test )-115(for )-115(whether )-115(the )-115(\336le )-115(alr)17(eady )-115(exists )-115(and )-115(the )-115(cr)18(eation )-115(of)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(the )-159(\336le )-159(if )-159(it )-159(doesn\325t )-159(exist )-159(is )-159(an )-159(atomic )-159(operation.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 22.929 0 Td [(We )-343(d)]TJ 0 Tc 2.407 0 Td [(escribe )-159(atomic)]TJ -25.336 -1.2 Td (operations in mor)Tj 0.25 Tc 7.869 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.34 0 Td [(etail in Section 3.1)55(1.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -16.409 -1.6 Td (O_NOCTTY)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.2 0 Td (If)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.137 0 Td (path)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 2.244 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(fers )-217(to )-217(a )-217(terminal )-217(device, )-217(do )-217(not )-217(allocate )-217(the )-217(device )-217(as )-217(the)]TJ -4.237 -1.2 Td [(contr)18(olling )-514(terminal )-514(for )-514(this )-514(pr)19(ocess. )-764(W)]TJ 0.7636 Tc 19.997 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.569 0 Td [(alk )-514(about )-514(contr)19(olling)]TJ -21.566 -1.2 Td (terminals in Section 9.6.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -7.2 -1.6 Td (O_NOFOLLOW)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.2 0 Td [(Generate )-38(an )-38(err)18(or )-38(if)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 9.054 0 Td (path)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 2.065 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(fers )-38(to )-38(a )-38(symbolic )-38(link.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 10.653 0 Td [(We )-222(d)]TJ 0 Tc 2.286 0 Td [(iscuss )-38(symbolic)]TJ -24.914 -1.2 Td (links in Section 4.17.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -7.2 -1.6 Td (O_NONBLOCK)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.2 0 Td (If)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.049 0 Td (path)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 2.156 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(fers )-129(to )-129(a )-129(FIFO, )-129(a )-129(block )-129(special )-129(\336le, )-129(or )-129(a )-129(character )-129(special )-129(\336le,)]TJ -4.061 -1.2 Td [(this )-104(option )-104(sets )-104(the )-104(nonblocking )-104(mode )-104(for )-104(both )-104(the )-104(opening )-104(of )-104(the )-104(\336le)]TJ T* (and subsequent I/O.)Tj -0.092 Tc 9.705 0 Td [(We )-184(d)]TJ 0 Tc 2.248 0 Td (escribe this mode in Section 14.2.)Tj 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 219.5863 270.9837 Tm [(In )-78(earlier )-78(r)18(eleases )-78(of )-78(System )-78(V)]TJ 0.3279 Tc 13.507 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 0.904 0 Td (he)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.389 0 Td (O_NDELAY)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.128 0 Td [(\(no )-78(delay\) )-78(\337ag )-78(was )-78(intr)19(oduced. )-328(This)]TJ -20.928 -1.25 Td [(option )-145(is )-145(similar )-145(to )-145(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.914 0 Td (O_NONBLOCK)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.395 0 Td [(\(nonblocking\) )-145(option, )-145(but )-145(an )-145(ambiguity )-145(was)]TJ -17.309 -1.25 Td [(intr)18(oduced )-55(in )-55(the )-55(r)18(eturn )-55(value )-55(fr)18(om )-55(a )-55(r)18(ead )-55(operation.)-555(The )-55(no-delay )-55(option )-55(causes )-55(a)]TJ -0.018 Tc 0 -1.25 TD (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(ad )-39(operation )-39(to )-39(r)18(eturn )-39(0 )-39(if )-39(ther)16(e)-289(is)-289(no)-289(d)-1(ata )-39(to )-39(be )-39(r)18(ead )-39(fr)18(om )-39(a )-39(pipe, )-39(FIFO, )-39(or )-39(device,)]TJ -0.856 -1.25 Td [(but )-184(this )-184(con\337icts )-184(with )-184(a )-184(r)18(eturn )-184(value )-184(of )-184(0, )-184(indicating )-184(an )-184(end )-184(of )-184(\336le.)-679(SVR4)]TJ 34.6 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td (based)Tj -34.933 -1.25 Td [(systems )-440(still )-440(support )-440(the )-440(no-delay )-440(option, )-440(with )-440(the )-440(old )-440(semantics, )-440(but )-440(new)]TJ T* (applications should use the nonblocking option instead.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5912 186.9888 Tm (O_SYNC)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.2 0 Td [(Have )-212(each)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.306 0 Td (write)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.463 0 Td [(wait )-212(for )-212(physical )-212(I/O )-212(to )-212(complete, )-212(including )-212(I/O)]TJ -8.769 -1.2 Td [(necessary )-155(to )-155(update )-155(\336le )-155(attributes )-155(modi\336ed )-155(as )-155(a )-155(r)14(esult )-156(of )-156(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 28.55 0 Td (write)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj -0.092 Tc -28.55 -1.2 Td [(We )-184(u)]TJ 0 Tc 2.24 0 Td (se this option in Section 3.14.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -9.44 -1.6 Td (O_TRUNC)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.2 0 Td [(If )-76(the )-76(\336le )-76(exists )-76(and )-76(if )-76(it )-76(is )-76(successfully )-76(opened )-76(for )-76(either )-76(write-only )-76(or)]TJ -0.018 Tc 0 -1.2 TD (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(ad\320write, tr)8(uncate its length to 0.)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47162 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(2.9)]TJ 30.11 0 Td 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(fd_set)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.7 0 Td (\336le descriptor sets \(Section 14.4.1\))Tj /TT0 1 Tf -8.7 -1.25 Td (fpos_t)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.7 0 Td (\336le position \(Section 5.10\))Tj /TT0 1 Tf -8.7 -1.25 Td (gid_t)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.7 0 Td [(numeric gr)18(oup IDs)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -8.7 -1.25 Td (ino_t)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.7 0 Td (i-node numbers \(Section 4.14\))Tj /TT0 1 Tf -8.7 -1.25 Td (mode_t)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.7 0 Td [(\336le type, \336le cr)18(eation mode \(Section 4.5\))]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -8.7 -1.25 Td (nlink_t)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.7 0 Td [(link counts for dir)18(ectory entries \(Section 4.14\))]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -8.7 -1.25 Td (off_t)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.7 0 Td [(\336le sizes and of)18(fsets \(signed\) \()]TJ /TT0 1 Tf (lseek)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (,S)Tj 0 Tc 17.25 0 Td (ection 3.6\))Tj /TT0 1 Tf -25.95 -1.25 Td (pid_t)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.7 0 Td [(pr)18(ocess IDs and pr)18(ocess gr)18(oup IDs \(signed\) \(Sections 8.2 and 9.4\))]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -8.7 -1.25 Td (pthread_t)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.7 0 Td [(thr)18(ead IDs \(Section 1)55(1.3\))]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -8.7 -1.25 Td (ptrdiff_t)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 8.7 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (sult of subtracting two pointers \(signed\))Tj /TT0 1 Tf -9.556 -1.25 Td (rlim_t)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 8.7 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(sour)18(ce limits \(Section 7.1)55(1\))]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -9.556 -1.25 Td (sig_atomic_t)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.7 0 Td (data type that can be accessed atomically \(Section 10.15\))Tj /TT0 1 Tf -8.7 -1.25 Td (sigset_t)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.7 0 Td [(signal set \(Section 10.1)55(1\))]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -8.7 -1.25 Td (size_t)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.7 0 Td (sizes of objects \(such as strings\) \(unsigned\) \(Section 3.7\))Tj /TT0 1 Tf -8.7 -1.25 Td (ssize_t)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.7 0 Td [(functions that r)18(eturn a count of bytes \(signed\) \()]TJ /TT0 1 Tf (read)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 23.687 0 Td (write)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (,S)Tj 0 Tc 4.025 0 Td (ection 3.7\))Tj /TT0 1 Tf -36.412 -1.25 Td (time_t)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.7 0 Td (counter of seconds of calendar time \(Section 1.10\))Tj /TT0 1 Tf -8.7 -1.25 Td (uid_t)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.7 0 Td (numeric user IDs)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -8.7 -1.25 Td (wchar_t)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.7 0 Td [(can r)18(epr)18(esent all distinct character codes)]TJ ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1569.25 4410.25 cm 0 0 m 3353 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2245.25 4410.25 cm 0 0 m 0 2260 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4922.25 4410.25 cm 0 0 m 0 2260 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1569.25 4410.25 cm 0 0 m 0 2260 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 225.3634 422.9239 Tm (Figure 2.21)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.695 0 Td (Some common primitive system data types)Tj 9.9982 0 0 9.9982 129.5769 392.9293 Tm [(convert )-115(this )-115(value )-115(to )-115(seconds, )-115(we )-115(divide )-115(it )-115(by)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 21.202 0 Td (CLOCKS_PER_SEC)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.365 Tc (,w)Tj 0 Tc 9.849 0 Td [(hich )-115(is )-115(de\336ned )-115(in)]TJ -31.051 -1.2 Td (the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.72 0 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.133 0 Td (header)Tj 0.5827 Tc 2.972 0 Td (.P)Tj 0 Tc 1.437 0 Td [(OSIX.1 )-83(de\336nes )-83(the )-83(function)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 12.67 0 Td (times)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.333 0 Td [(that )-83(r)18(eturns )-83(both )-83(the )-83(CPU)]TJ -27.264 -1.2 Td [(time )-115(\(for )-115(the )-115(caller )-115(and )-115(all )-115(its )-115(terminated )-115(childr)15(en\) )-115(and )-115(the )-115(clock )-115(time.)-615(All )-115(these )-115(time)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(values )-163(ar)18(e)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.045 0 Td (clock_t)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.614 0 Td [(values. )-413(The)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.863 0 Td (sysconf)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.614 0 Td [(function )-164(is )-164(used )-164(to )-164(obtain )-164(the )-164(number )-164(of)]TJ -20.135 -1.2 Td [(clock )-6(ticks )-6(per )-6(second )-6(for )-6(use )-6(with )-6(the )-6(r)18(eturn )-6(values )-6(fr)18(om )-6(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 27.305 0 Td (times)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.256 0 Td [(function. )-256(What)-256(we)]TJ -30.56 -1.2 Td [(have )-36(is )-36(the )-36(same )-36(data 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/T1_0 1 Tf 3.096 Tc 11.098 0 Td [(\245\245 )3063(\245)]TJ 1.683 Tc 11.858 0 Td (\245d)Tj 0 Tc 2.9 0 Td [(ir)18(ectory entries \(Section 4.22\))]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -25.855 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.096 Tc 11.098 0 Td [(\245\245 )3063(\245)]TJ 1.683 Tc 11.858 0 Td (\245d)Tj 0 Tc 2.9 0 Td (ynamic linking)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -25.855 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.096 Tc 11.098 0 Td [(\245\245 )3063(\245)]TJ 1.683 Tc 11.858 0 Td (\245\336)Tj 0 Tc 2.894 0 Td [(le contr)18(ol \(Section 3.14\))]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -25.849 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.096 Tc 11.098 0 Td [(\245\245 )3063(\245)]TJ 1.683 Tc 11.858 0 Td (\245\336)Tj 0 Tc 2.894 0 Td (lename-matching types)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -25.849 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.096 Tc 11.098 0 Td [(\245\245 )3063(\245)]TJ 1.683 Tc 11.858 0 Td (\245p)Tj 0 Tc 2.89 0 Td (athname pattern-matching and generation)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -25.845 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.096 Tc 11.098 0 Td [(\245\245 )3063(\245)]TJ 1.683 Tc 11.858 0 Td (\245g)Tj -0.018 Tc 2.845 0 Td (ro)Tj 0 Tc 0.923 0 Td (up \336le \(Section 6.4\))Tj /TT0 1 Tf -26.723 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.096 Tc 11.098 0 Td [(\245\245 )3063(\245)]TJ 1.683 Tc 11.858 0 Td (\245c)Tj 0 Tc 2.733 0 Td (odeset conversion utility)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -25.688 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.096 Tc 11.098 0 Td [(\245\245 )3063(\245)]TJ 1.683 Tc 11.858 0 Td (\245l)Tj 0 Tc 2.58 0 Td (anguage information constants)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -25.535 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.096 Tc 11.098 0 Td [(\245\245 )3063(\245)]TJ 1.683 Tc 11.858 0 Td (\245m)Tj 0 Tc 3.172 0 Td (onetary types and functions)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -26.127 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.096 Tc 11.098 0 Td [(\245\245 )3063(\245)]TJ 1.683 Tc 11.858 0 Td (\245n)Tj 0 Tc 2.871 0 Td (etwork database operations)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -25.826 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.096 Tc 11.098 0 Td [(\245\245 )3063(\245)]TJ 1.683 Tc 11.858 0 Td (\245m)Tj 0 Tc 3.172 0 Td (essage catalogs)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -26.127 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.096 Tc 11.098 0 Td [(\245\245 )3063(\245)]TJ 1.683 Tc 11.858 0 Td (\245p)Tj 0 Tc 2.89 0 Td (oll function \(Section 14.4.2\))Tj /TT0 1 Tf -25.845 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.096 Tc 11.098 0 Td [(\245\245 )3063(\245)]TJ 1.683 Tc 11.858 0 Td (\245t)Tj 0 Tc 2.615 0 Td [(hr)18(eads \(Chapters 1)]TJ 0.25 Tc 8.267 0 Td (1a)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (nd 12\))Tj /TT0 1 Tf -35.087 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.096 Tc 11.098 0 Td [(\245\245 )3063(\245)]TJ 1.683 Tc 11.858 0 Td (\245p)Tj 0 Tc 2.89 0 Td (asswor)Tj 0.25 Tc 3.105 0 Td (d\336)Tj 0 Tc 1.466 0 Td (le \(Section 6.2\))Tj /TT0 1 Tf -30.416 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.096 Tc 11.098 0 Td [(\245\245 )3063(\245)]TJ 1.683 Tc 11.858 0 Td (\245r)Tj 0 Tc 2.666 0 Td [(egular expr)18(essions)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -25.621 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.096 Tc 11.098 0 Td [(\245\245 )3063(\245)]TJ 1.683 Tc 11.858 0 Td (\245e)Tj 0 Tc 2.768 0 Td (xecution scheduling)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -25.723 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.096 Tc 11.098 0 Td [(\245\245 )3063(\245)]TJ 1.683 Tc 11.858 0 Td (\245s)Tj 0 Tc 2.713 0 Td [(emaphor)18(es)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -25.668 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.096 Tc 11.098 0 Td [(\245\245 )3063(\245)]TJ 1.683 Tc 11.858 0 Td (\245s)Tj 0 Tc 2.713 0 Td (tring operations)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -25.668 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.096 Tc 11.098 0 Td [(\245\245 )3063(\245)]TJ 0 Tc 11.858 0 Td (\245)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.289 0 Td (tar)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.05 0 Td [(ar)18(chive values)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -27.294 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.096 Tc 11.098 0 Td [(\245\245 )3063(\245)]TJ 1.683 Tc 11.858 0 Td (\245t)Tj 0 Tc 2.615 0 Td (erminal I/O \(Chapter 18\))Tj /TT0 1 Tf -25.57 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.096 Tc 11.098 0 Td [(\245\245 )3063(\245)]TJ 1.683 Tc 11.858 0 Td (\245s)Tj 0 Tc 2.713 0 Td (ymbolic constants)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -25.668 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.096 Tc 11.098 0 Td [(\245\245 )3063(\245)]TJ 1.683 Tc 11.858 0 Td (\245w)Tj 0 Tc 3.123 0 Td [(or)18(d-expansion de\336nitions)]TJ ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1380.25 4010.25 cm 0 0 m 3731 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 142.0104 392.9293 Tm ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.096 Tc 11.098 0 Td [(\245\245 )3063(\245)]TJ 1.683 Tc 11.858 0 Td (\245I)Tj 0 Tc 2.626 0 Td (nternet de\336nitions \(Chapter 16\))Tj /TT0 1 Tf -25.581 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.096 Tc 11.098 0 Td [(\245\245 )3063(\245)]TJ 1.683 Tc 11.858 0 Td (\245s)Tj 0 Tc 2.713 0 Td (ocket local interfaces \(Chapter 16\))Tj /TT0 1 Tf -25.668 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.096 Tc 11.098 0 Td [(\245\245 )3063(\245)]TJ 1.683 Tc 11.858 0 Td (\245I)Tj 0 Tc 2.626 0 Td [(nternet addr)18(ess family \(Section 16.3\))]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -25.581 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.096 Tc 11.098 0 Td [(\245\245 )3063(\245)]TJ 1.683 Tc 11.858 0 Td (\245T)Tj 0 Tc 2.812 0 Td [(ransmission Contr)18(ol Pr)18(otocol de\336nitions)]TJ ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1380.25 3590.25 cm 0 0 m 3731 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 142.0019 350.9158 Tm ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.096 Tc 11.098 0 Td [(\245\245 )3063(\245)]TJ 1.683 Tc 11.858 0 Td (\245m)Tj 0 Tc 3.172 0 Td (emory management declarations)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -26.127 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.096 Tc 11.098 0 Td [(\245\245 )3063(\245)]TJ 0 Tc 11.858 0 Td (\245)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.289 0 Td (select)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td (function \(Section 14.4.1\))Tj /TT0 1 Tf -29.094 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.096 Tc 11.098 0 Td [(\245\245 )3063(\245)]TJ 1.683 Tc 11.858 0 Td (\245s)Tj 0 Tc 2.713 0 Td (ockets interface \(Chapter 16\))Tj /TT0 1 Tf -25.668 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.096 Tc 11.098 0 Td [(\245\245 )3063(\245)]TJ 1.683 Tc 11.858 0 Td (\245\336)Tj 0 Tc 2.894 0 Td (le status \(Chapter 4\))Tj /TT0 1 Tf -25.849 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.096 Tc 11.098 0 Td [(\245\245 )3063(\245)]TJ 1.683 Tc 11.858 0 Td (\245\336)Tj 0 Tc 2.894 0 Td (le system information)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -25.849 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.096 Tc 11.098 0 Td [(\245\245 )3063(\245)]TJ 1.683 Tc 11.858 0 Td (\245p)Tj -0.018 Tc 2.89 0 Td (ro)Tj 0 Tc 0.923 0 Td (cess times \(Section 8.17\))Tj /TT0 1 Tf -26.768 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.096 Tc 11.098 0 Td [(\245\245 )3063(\245)]TJ 1.683 Tc 11.858 0 Td (\245p)Tj 0 Tc 2.89 0 Td (rimitive system data types \(Section 2.8\))Tj /TT0 1 Tf -25.845 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.096 Tc 11.098 0 Td [(\245\245 )3063(\245)]TJ 1.683 Tc 11.858 0 Td (\245U)Tj 0 Tc 3.067 0 Td (NIX domain socket de\336nitions \(Section 17.2\))Tj /TT0 1 Tf -26.022 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.096 Tc 11.098 0 Td [(\245\245 )3063(\245)]TJ 1.683 Tc 11.858 0 Td (\245s)Tj 0 Tc 2.713 0 Td (ystem name \(Section 6.9\))Tj /TT0 1 Tf -25.668 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.096 Tc 11.098 0 Td [(\245\245 )3063(\245)]TJ 1.683 Tc 11.858 0 Td (\245p)Tj -0.018 Tc 2.89 0 Td (ro)Tj 0 Tc 0.923 0 Td [(cess contr)18(ol \(Section 8.6\))]TJ ET q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1380.25 2570.25 cm 0 0 m 3731 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3420.25 2570.25 cm 0 0 m 0 4100 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2160.25 2570.25 cm 0 0 m 0 4100 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5111.25 2570.25 cm 0 0 m 0 4100 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1380.25 2570.25 cm 0 0 m 0 4100 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9976 0 0 7.9976 216.751 238.9283 Tm (Figure 2.2)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.195 0 Td [(Requir)18(ed headers de\336ned by the POSIX standar)18(d)]TJ 9.997 0 0 9.997 129.5613 212.5362 Tm [(each )-94(functional )-94(ar)18(ea )-94(and )-94(highlight )-94(text )-94(describing )-94(aspects )-94(of )-94(the )-94(standar)]TJ 0.3439 Tc 32.604 0 Td (dt)Tj 0 Tc 1.281 0 Td [(hat )-94(depend)]TJ -33.885 -1.2 Td [(on the support of a particular option.)-500(Many options deal with r)18(eal-time extensions.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(POSIX.1 )-208(does )-208(not )-208(include )-208(the )-208(notion )-208(of )-208(a )-208(super)6(user)]TJ 0.7082 Tc 24.11 0 Td (.I)Tj 0 Tc 1.295 0 Td [(nstead, )-208(certain )-208(operations)]TJ -0.018 Tc -27.205 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (quir)Tj 0.2795 Tc 1.831 0 Td (e\324)Tj 0 Tc 0.999 0 Td [(\324appr)18(opriate )-29(privileges,\325)]TJ 0.2795 Tc 10.637 0 Td (\325a)Tj 0 Tc 1.058 0 Td [(lthough )-30(POSIX.1 )-30(leaves )-30(the )-30(de\336nition )-30(of )-30(this )-30(term )-30(up)]TJ -15.382 -1.2 Td [(to )-191(the )-191(implementation.)-691(UNIX )-191(systems )-191(that )-191(conform )-191(to )-191(the )-191(Department )-191(of )-191(Defense\325s)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(security )-228(guidelines )-228(have )-228(many )-228(levels )-228(of )-228(security)]TJ 0.7278 Tc 22.454 0 Td (.I)Tj 0.4779 Tc 1.315 0 Td (nt)Tj 0 Tc 1.386 0 Td [(his )-228(text, )-228(however)74(,)-478(we)-478(use )-228(the)]TJ -25.155 -1.2 Td [(traditional terminology and r)18(efer to operations that r)18(equir)]TJ 0.25 Tc 25.599 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.153 0 Td [(uper)8(user privilege.)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47169 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (944)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Solutions )-250(to )-250(Selected )-250(Exer)18(cises )]TJ 38.165 0 Td [(Appendix)-500(C)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 93.5944 668.9599 Tm [(Chapter )-278(19)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 3.6 -2.8 Td (19.1)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.065 0 Td [(Both )-195(servers,)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 6.366 0 Td (telnetd)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.645 0 Td (and)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 2.138 0 Td (rlogind)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.4451 Tc (,r)Tj 0 Tc 5.282 0 Td [(un )-195(with )-195(super)8(user )-195(privileges, )-195(so )-195(their)]TJ -18.431 -1.2 Td (calls to)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 3.322 0 Td (chown)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td (and)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.943 0 Td (chmod)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td (succeed.)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -14.83 -1.84 Td (19.2)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.065 0 Td (Execute)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 4.256 0 Td [(pty )267(-n )267(stty )267(-a)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 8.398 0 Td [(to )-548(pr)18(event )-548(the )-548(slave\325s)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 11.822 0 Td (termios)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.998 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)]TJ 0.7983 Tc 3.49 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.777 0 Td (nd)Tj /TT1 1 Tf -34.742 -1.2 Td (winsize)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)]TJ 0.25 Tc 3.49 0 Td (ef)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.062 0 Td (ro)Tj 0.25 Tc 0.923 0 Td (mb)Tj 0 Tc 1.686 0 Td (eing initialized.)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -14.676 -1.84 Td (19.4)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.065 0 Td (Unfortunately)Tj 0.4107 Tc 6.186 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 0.987 0 Td (he)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.472 0 Td (F_SETFL)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.611 0 Td [(command )-161(of)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 6.15 0 Td (fcntl)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.411 0 Td [(doesn\325t )-161(allow )-161(the )-161(r)19(ead\320write)]TJ -22.816 -1.2 Td (status to be changed.)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -3.065 -1.84 Td (19.5)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.065 0 Td (Ther)Tj 0.3313 Tc 2.051 0 Td (ea)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.31 0 Td [(re )-117(t)]TJ 0 Tc 1.513 0 Td [(hr)18(ee )-81(pr)18(ocess )-81(gr)17(oups:)]TJ 9.563 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (1)Tj 0.5 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.664 -0.04 Td [(the )-81(login )-81(shell,)]TJ 6.964 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (2)Tj 0.5 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.664 -0.04 Td (the)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.718 0 Td (pty)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.131 0 Td [(par)18(ent )-81(and )-81(child,)]TJ -28.246 -1.2 Td (and)Tj 2.04 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (3)Tj 0.5 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.68 -0.04 Td (the)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.734 0 Td (cat)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.147 0 Td [(pr)18(ocess. )-347(The)-347(\336rst )-97(two )-97(pr)18(ocess )-97(gr)18(oups )-97(constitute )-97(a )-97(session )-97(with)]TJ -7.434 -1.2 Td [(the )-117(login )-117(shell )-117(as )-117(the )-117(session )-117(leader)]TJ 0.6166 Tc 16.082 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.48 0 Td [(he )-117(second )-117(session )-117(contains )-117(only )-117(the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 16.574 0 Td (cat)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -34.135 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ocess. )-298(The)-299(\336rst )-48(pr)18(ocess )-48(gr)18(oup )-48(\(the )-48(login )-48(shell\) )-48(is )-48(a )-48(backgr)15(ound )-48(pr)18(ocess )-48(gr)17(oup,)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td (and the other two ar)Tj 0.25 Tc 8.991 0 Td (ef)Tj 0 Tc 1.062 0 Td [(or)18(egr)18(ound pr)18(ocess gr)18(oups.)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf -13.118 -1.84 Td (19.6)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.065 0 Td (First,)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 2.508 0 Td (cat)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.066 0 Td [(terminates )-16(when )-16(it )-16(r)18(eceives )-16(the )-16(end )-16(of )-16(\336le )-16(fr)17(om )-16(its )-16(line )-16(discipline.)-516(This)]TJ -4.574 -1.2 Td [(causes )-157(the )-157(PTY )-157(slave )-157(to )-157(terminate, )-157(which )-157(causes )-157(the )-157(PTY )-157(master )-157(to )-157(terminate.)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(This )-106(in )-106(turn )-106(generates )-106(an )-106(end )-106(of )-106(\336le )-106(for )-106(the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 20.134 0 Td (pty)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.156 0 Td [(par)18(ent )-106(that\325s )-106(r)18(eading )-106(fr)18(om )-106(the)]TJ -22.29 -1.2 Td [(PTY )-197(master)]TJ 0.6975 Tc 5.264 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.561 0 Td [(he )-197(par)18(ent )-197(sends)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 7.788 0 Td (SIGTERM)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.647 0 Td [(to )-197(the )-197(child, )-197(so )-197(the )-197(child )-197(terminates)]TJ -19.261 -1.2 Td [(next. )-352(\(The)-353(child )-102(doesn\325t )-102(catch )-102(this )-102(signal.\))-604(Finally)]TJ 0.3525 Tc 22.695 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 0.929 0 Td [(he )-102(par)18(ent )-102(calls)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 6.933 0 Td (exit\(0\))Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.552 0 Td (at)Tj -35.109 -1.2 Td (the end of the)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6.325 0 Td (main)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td (function.)Tj -8.975 -1.8 Td [(The r)18(elevant output fr)18(om the pr)18(ogram shown in Figur)]TJ 0.25 Tc 23.886 0 Td (e8)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (.29 is)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 178.2399 388.6767 Tm [(cat )-3600(e)]TJ 2.4 Tc 7.2 0 Td (=2)Tj 0 Tc 3.6 0 Td [(70, chars =)-3000(274, stat =)-1800(0:)]TJ -10.8 -1.189 Td [(pty )-3600(e)]TJ 2.4 Tc 7.2 0 Td (=2)Tj 0 Tc 3.6 0 Td [(62, chars =)-3600(40, stat =)-1200(15: F)-3000(X)]TJ -10.8 -1.189 Td [(pty )-3600(e)]TJ 2.4 Tc 7.2 0 Td (=2)Tj 0 Tc 3.6 0 Td [(88, chars =)-3000(188, stat =)-1800(0:)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5928 342.8794 Tm (19.7)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.065 0 Td [(This )-41(can )-41(be )-41(done )-41(with )-41(the )-41(shell\325s)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 14.912 0 Td (echo)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.691 0 Td [(command )-41(and )-41(the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 8.402 0 Td (date)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.4 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 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1 Tf 6.514 0 Td (was)Tj -0.018 Tc -34.177 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(ading )-126(that )-126(data )-126(r)17(ecor)18(d:)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 10.8 0 Td (db_nextrec)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.376 0 Td [(would )-126(r)18(ead )-126(an )-126(index )-126(r)17(ecor)18(d, )-126(determine)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47170 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (742)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Pseudo )-250(T)92(erminals )]TJ 38.741 0 Td [(Chapter)-500(19)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 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(rlogin)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.2811 Tc (,t)Tj 0 Tc 4.457 0 Td [(he )-31(ownership)]TJ -34.192 -1.222 Td [(of )-115(the )-115(PTY )-115(slave )-115(and )-115(its )-115(permissions )-115(ar)]TJ 0.3649 Tc 17.914 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.268 0 Td [(et, )-115(as )-115(we )-115(described )-115(in )-115(Section )-115(19.3.)-615(How )-115(does)]TJ -19.182 -1.222 Td (this happen?)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -3.065 -1.667 Td (19.2)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.065 0 Td [(Use )-150(the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 3.869 0 Td (pty)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.2 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram )-150(to )-150(determine )-150(the )-150(values )-150(used )-150(by )-150(your )-150(system )-150(to )-150(initialize )-150(a )-150(slave)]TJ -6.069 -1.222 Td (PTY\325s)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 2.836 0 Td (termios)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)]TJ 0.25 Tc 3.49 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (nd)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.443 0 Td (winsize)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e.)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf -20.963 -1.667 Td (19.3)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.065 0 Td (Recode the)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 5.114 0 Td (loop)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td (function \(Figur)Tj 0.25 Tc 6.673 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td [(9.12\) as a single pr)18(ocess using either)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 16.183 0 Td (select)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td (or)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.191 0 Td (poll)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -39.955 -1.667 Td (19.4)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.065 0 Td [(In )-361(the )-361(child )-361(pr)19(ocess )-361(after)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 12.906 0 Td (pty_fork)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 5.411 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(turns, )-361(standar)]TJ 0.6106 Tc 6.511 0 Td (di)Tj 0 Tc 1.513 0 Td [(nput, )-361(standar)]TJ 0.6106 Tc 6.293 0 Td (do)Tj 0 Tc 1.768 0 Td [(utput, )-361(and)]TJ -35.256 -1.222 Td (standar)Tj 0.27 Tc 3.32 0 Td (de)Tj 0 Tc 1.36 0 Td [(rr)18(or )-20(ar)]TJ 0.2701 Tc 2.86 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.249 0 Td [(ll )-20(open )-20(for )-20(r)18(ead\320write. )-270(Can)-270(you )-20(change )-20(standar)]TJ 0.2701 Tc 21.206 0 Td (di)Tj 0 Tc 1.172 0 Td [(nput )-20(to )-20(be )-20(r)18(ead-only)]TJ -31.167 -1.222 Td (and the other two to be write-only?)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -3.065 -1.667 Td (19.5)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.065 0 Td [(In )-64(Figur)]TJ 0.3144 Tc 3.616 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.293 0 Td [(9.13, )-64(identify )-64(which )-64(pr)18(ocess )-64(gr)18(oups )-64(ar)16(e)-314(in)-314(t)-1(he )-64(for)18(egr)18(ound )-64(and )-64(which )-64(ar)17(e)-314(in)-314(t)-1(he)]TJ -4.91 -1.222 Td [(backgr)18(ound, and identify the session leaders.)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf -3.065 -1.667 Td (19.6)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.065 0 Td [(In )-159(Figur)]TJ 0.4092 Tc 3.711 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.388 0 Td [(9.13, )-159(in )-159(what )-159(or)18(der )-159(do )-159(the )-159(pr)18(ocesses )-159(terminate )-159(when )-159(we )-159(type )-159(the )-159(end-of-\336le)]TJ -5.099 -1.222 Td [(character? )-250(V)111(erify this with pr)18(ocess accounting, if possible.)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf -3.065 -1.667 Td (19.7)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.065 0 Td (The)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.997 0 Td (script)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.6 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (1)Tj 0.5 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.656 -0.04 Td [(pr)18(ogram )-73(normally )-73(adds )-73(to )-73(the )-73(beginning 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input.)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 2 -1.8 Td ($)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (cat data)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 0.25 Tc 14.8 0 Td (a\336)Tj 0 Tc 1.222 0 Td (le with two lines)Tj /TT1 1 Tf -17.222 -1.189 Td (hello,)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (world)Tj T* ($)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (pty -i < data ttyname)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 14.8 0 Td (-i says ignor)Tj 0.25 Tc 4.982 0 Td (ee)Tj 0 Tc 1.028 0 Td (of on stdin)Tj /TT1 1 Tf -22.01 -1.189 Td (hello,)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 16 0 Td (wher)Tj 0.25 Tc 1.982 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.139 0 Td [(id these two lines come fr)18(om?)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf -19.121 -1.189 Td (world)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (fd 0: /dev/ttys005)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 16 0 Td [(we expect these thr)18(ee lines fr)18(om ttyname)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf -16 -1.189 Td (fd 1: /dev/ttys005)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (fd 2: /dev/ttys005)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -5.065 -2.278 Td (19.9)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.074 Tc 3.065 0 Td (Wr)Tj 0 Tc 1.321 0 Td [(ite )-70(a )-70(pr)18(ogram )-70(that )-70(calls)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 10.737 0 Td (pty_fork)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.12 0 Td [(and )-70(have )-70(the )-70(child)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 8.704 0 Td (exec)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.72 0 Td [(another )-70(pr)18(ogram )-70(that )-70(you)]TJ -28.602 -1.222 Td [(will )-109(write.)-609(The )-109(new )-109(pr)18(ogram )-109(that )-109(the )-109(child)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 20.173 0 Td (exec)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.3592 Tc (sm)Tj 0 Tc 4.066 0 Td [(ust )-109(catch)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 4.368 0 Td (SIGTERM)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.559 0 Td (and)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 2.052 0 Td (SIGWINCH)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj -35.218 -1.222 Td [(When )-1(it )-1(catches )-1(a )-1(signal, )-1(the )-1(pr)21(ogram should print that it did; for the latter signal, it should)]TJ 0 -1.222 TD [(also )-132(print )-132(the )-132(terminal\325s )-132(window )-132(size.)-632(Then )-132(have )-132(the )-132(par)14(ent )-133(pr)18(ocess )-133(send )-133(the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 36.068 0 Td (SIGTERM)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -36.068 -1.222 Td [(signal )-126(to )-126(the )-126(pr)18(ocess )-126(gr)18(oup )-126(of )-126(the )-126(PTY )-126(slave )-126(with )-126(the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 24.844 0 Td (ioctl)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.376 0 Td [(command )-126(we )-126(described )-126(in)]TJ -28.219 -1.222 Td [(Section )-118(19.7.)-618(Read )-118(back )-118(fr)18(om )-118(the )-118(slave )-118(to )-118(verify )-118(that )-118(the )-118(signal )-118(was )-118(caught.)-615(Follow )-118(this)]TJ 0 -1.222 TD [(with )-96(the )-96(par)18(ent )-96(setting )-96(the )-96(window )-96(size )-96(of )-96(the )-96(PTY )-96(slave, )-96(and )-96(then )-96(r)18(ead )-96(back )-96(the )-96(slave\325s)]TJ 0 -1.222 TD [(output )-309(again.)-809(Have )-309(the )-309(par)18(ent)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 15.358 0 Td (exit)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.959 0 Td [(and )-309(determine )-309(whether )-309(the )-309(slave )-309(pr)18(ocess )-309(also)]TJ -18.317 -1.222 Td (terminates; if so, how does it terminate?)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47171 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (730)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Pseudo )-250(T)92(erminals )]TJ 38.741 0 Td [(Chapter)-500(19)]TJ ET q 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0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 151.1909 670.2598 Tm [(struct termios)-1200(orig_termios;)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(struct winsize)-1200(size;)]TJ 0 -2.021 TD (interactive = isatty\(STDIN_FILENO\);)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (ignoreeof = 0;)Tj T* (noecho = 0;)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (verbose = 0;)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (driver = NULL;)Tj 0 -2.021 TD [(opterr = 0;)-3000(/* don\325t want getopt\(\) writing to stderr */)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD (while \(\(c = getopt\(argc, argv, OPTSTR\)\) != EOF\) {)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (switch \(c\) {)Tj T* [(case \325d\325:)-4200(/* driver for stdin/stdout */)]TJ 2.4 -1.189 Td (driver = optarg;)Tj T* (break;)Tj -2.4 -2.021 Td [(case \325e\325:)-4200(/* noecho for slave pty\325s line discipline */)]TJ 2.4 -1.189 Td (noecho = 1;)Tj T* (break;)Tj -2.4 -2.021 Td [(case \325i\325:)-4200(/* ignore EOF on standard input */)]TJ 2.4 -1.189 Td (ignoreeof = 1;)Tj T* (break;)Tj -2.4 -2.021 Td [(case \325n\325:)-4200(/* not 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[(str)8(uctur)18(e)-250(is)-250(normally initialized to 0.)]TJ -20.174 -1.2 Td (Figur)Tj 0.531 Tc 2.383 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.51 0 Td [(9.10 )-281(shows )-281(the )-281(code )-281(for )-281(this )-281(function.)-781(It )-281(works )-281(on )-281(all )-281(four )-281(platforms)]TJ -5.693 -1.2 Td (described in this text, calling the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 14.522 0 Td (ptym_open)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.65 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.943 0 Td (ptys_open)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.65 0 Td (functions.)Tj -25.965 -1.2 Td [(After )-23(opening )-23(the )-23(PTY )-23(master)72(,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 13.77 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.674 0 Td [(is )-23(called.)-523(As )-23(we )-23(mentioned )-23(befor)18(e, )-23(we )-23(want )-23(to)]TJ -18.243 -1.2 Td [(wait )-101(to )-101(call)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.401 0 Td (ptys_open)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.751 0 Td [(until )-101(in )-101(the )-101(child )-101(and )-101(after )-101(calling)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 15.708 0 Td (setsid)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.951 0 Td [(to )-101(establish )-101(a )-101(new)]TJ -30.811 -1.2 Td [(session. 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235.824 602.6 cm 0 0 m 2.016 7.128 l 5.184 5.328 l f Q Q q 0.0998741 0 0 0.0998741 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2358.24 6026 cm 0 0 m 20.16 71.28 l 51.84 53.28 l h S Q Q q 0.0998741 0 0 0.0998741 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2562.25 6386.25 cm 0 0 m -169 -298 l S Q Q q 0.9986808 0 0 0.9986808 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 275.424 638.6 cm 0 0 m -2.016 -7.128 l -5.184 -5.328 l f Q Q q 0.0998681 0 0 0.0998681 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2754.24 6386 cm 0 0 m -20.16 -71.28 l -51.84 -53.28 l h S Q Q q 0.0998681 0 0 0.0998681 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2550.25 6026.25 cm 0 0 m 168 297 l S Q Q q 0.9986209 0 0 0.9986209 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 315.024 555.8 cm 0 0 m -3.456 6.552 l 0.072 7.416 l f Q Q q 0.0998621 0 0 0.0998621 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3150.24 5558 cm 0 0 m -34.56 65.52 l 0.72 74.16 l h S Q Q q 0.0998621 0 0 0.0998621 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2946.25 6386.25 cm 0 0 m 186 -758 l S Q Q q 0.998561 0 0 0.998561 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 313.8 638.6 cm 0 0 m 3.456 -6.552 l -0.072 -7.416 l f Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3138 6386 cm 0 0 m 34.56 -65.52 l -0.72 -74.16 l h S Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3342.25 5558.25 cm 0 0 m -187 758 l S Q Q q 0.9985011 0 0 0.9985011 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 245.4 530.6 cm 0 0 m 1.8 -7.2 l -1.8 -7.2 l f Q Q q 0.0998501 0 0 0.0998501 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2454 5306 cm 0 0 m 18 -72 l -18 -72 l h S Q Q q 0.9984412 0 0 0.9984412 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 245.4 480.2 cm 0 0 m -1.8 7.2 l 1.8 7.2 l f Q Q q 0.0998441 0 0 0.0998441 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2454 4802 cm 0 0 m -18 72 l 18 72 l h S Q Q q 0.0998441 0 0 0.0998441 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2454.25 5234.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -360 l S Q Q q 0.0998441 0 0 0.0998441 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2166.25 4802.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998441 0 0 0.0998441 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2202.25 4802.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998441 0 0 0.0998441 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2238.25 4802.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998441 0 0 0.0998441 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2274.25 4802.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998441 0 0 0.0998441 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2310.25 4802.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998441 0 0 0.0998441 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2346.25 4802.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998441 0 0 0.0998441 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2382.25 4802.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998441 0 0 0.0998441 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2418.25 4802.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998441 0 0 0.0998441 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2454.25 4802.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998441 0 0 0.0998441 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2490.25 4802.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998441 0 0 0.0998441 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2526.25 4802.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998441 0 0 0.0998441 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2562.25 4802.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998441 0 0 0.0998441 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2598.25 4802.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998441 0 0 0.0998441 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2634.25 4802.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998441 0 0 0.0998441 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2670.25 4802.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998441 0 0 0.0998441 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2706.25 4802.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998441 0 0 0.0998441 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2742.25 4802.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9871 0 0 7.9871 230.1548 472.6736 Tm (network)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -1.335 -3.055 Td (Figure 19.3)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.695 0 Td [(Arrangement of pr)18(ocesses for)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 13.306 -0 Td (rlogind)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td (server)Tj 0.3694 Tc 9.9838 0 0 9.9838 147.3612 415.9258 Tm (Ak)Tj 0 Tc 1.703 0 Td [(ey )-119(point )-119(in )-119(Figur)]TJ 0.3694 Tc 7.745 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.348 0 Td [(9.3 )-119(is )-119(that )-119(the )-119(pr)18(ocess )-119(driving )-119(the )-119(PTY )-119(master )-119(is )-119(normally)]TJ -0.018 Tc -12.597 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(ading )-127(and )-127(writing )-127(another )-127(I/O )-127(str)18(eam )-127(at )-127(the )-127(same )-127(time.)-627(In )-127(this )-127(example, )-127(the )-127(other)]TJ -0.856 -1.2 Td [(I/O )-69(str)18(eam )-69(is )-69(the )-69(TCP/IP )-69(box.)-569(This )-69(implies )-69(that )-69(the )-69(pr)13(ocess )-70(must )-70(be )-70(using )-70(some )-70(form)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(of )-124(I/O )-124(multiplexing )-124(\(Section )-124(14.4\), )-124(such )-124(as)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 19.775 0 Td (select)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.974 0 Td (or)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.315 0 Td (poll)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(,)-374(or)-374(m)-1(ust )-124(be )-124(divided )-124(into)]TJ -25.065 -1.2 Td [(two pr)18(ocesses or thr)18(eads.)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf -3.6 -3.36 Td [(Windo)15(wing System T)60(erminal Em)20(ulation)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf -0.055 Tc 3.6 -2.4 Td (Wi)Tj 0 Tc 1.236 0 Td [(ndowing )-47(systems )-47(typically )-47(pr)17(ovide )-47(a )-47(terminal )-47(emulator )-47(so )-47(that )-47(we )-47(can )-47(use )-47(a )-47(shell )-47(to)]TJ -0.008 Tc -1.236 -1.2 Td (ru)Tj 0.3418 Tc 0.99 0 Td (no)Tj 0 Tc 1.47 0 Td [(ur )-92(pr)18(ograms )-92(fr)18(om )-92(a )-92(familiar )-92(command)]TJ 17.561 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(line )-92(envir)18(onment. )-342(The)-342(terminal )-92(emulator)]TJ -20.354 -1.2 Td [(acts )-70(as )-70(an )-70(intermediary )-70(between )-70(a )-70(shell )-70(and )-70(the )-70(window )-70(manager)]TJ 0.57 Tc 29.586 0 Td (.E)Tj 0 Tc 1.431 0 Td [(ach )-70(shell )-70(executes)]TJ -31.017 -1.2 Td [(in )-15(its )-15(own )-15(window)]TJ 0.5153 Tc 8.278 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.378 0 Td [(his )-15(arrangement )-15(\(with )-15(two )-15(shells )-15(r)8(unning )-15(in )-15(dif)16(fer)18(ent )-15(windows\) )-15(is)]TJ -9.656 -1.2 Td (shown in Figur)Tj 0.25 Tc 6.724 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (9.4.)Tj -6.153 -1.2 Td [(The )-3(shell )-3(r)8(uns )-3(with )-3(its )-3(standar)]TJ 0.2529 Tc 13.396 0 Td (di)Tj 0 Tc 1.155 0 Td [(nput, )-3(standar)]TJ 0.2529 Tc 5.935 0 Td (do)Tj 0 Tc 1.41 0 Td [(utput, )-3(and )-3(standar)]TJ 0.253 Tc 8.228 0 Td (de)Tj 0 Tc 1.343 0 Td [(rr)18(or )-3(attached)]TJ -33.266 -1.2 Td [(to )-92(the )-92(slave )-92(side )-92(of )-92(the )-92(PTY)]TJ 0.5917 Tc 12.413 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.455 0 Td [(he )-92(terminal )-92(emulator )-92(pr)18(ogram )-92(opens )-92(the )-92(master )-92(side )-92(of)]TJ -13.868 -1.2 Td [(the )-254(PTY)]TJ 0.7537 Tc 3.664 0 Td (.B)Tj 0 Tc 1.615 0 Td [(esides )-254(acting )-254(as )-254(an )-254(interface )-254(to )-254(the )-254(windowing )-254(subsystem, )-254(the )-254(terminal)]TJ -5.278 -1.2 Td [(emulator )-211(is )-211(r)18(esponsible )-211(for )-211(emulating )-211(a )-211(particular )-211(type )-211(of )-211(terminal, )-211(which )-211(means )-211(it)]TJ T* [(needs )-48(to )-48(r)18(espond )-48(to )-48(the )-48(escape )-48(codes )-48(associated )-48(with )-48(the )-48(type )-48(of )-48(device )-48(it )-48(is )-48(emulating.)]TJ T* (These codes ar)Tj 0.25 Tc 6.458 0 Td (el)Tj 0 Tc 1.02 0 Td (isted in the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 5.141 0 Td (termcap)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.943 0 Td (terminfo)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.05 0 Td (databases.)Tj -22.262 -1.2 Td [(When )-20(a )-20(user )-20(r)18(esizes )-20(a )-20(terminal )-20(emulator )-20(window)]TJ 0.2696 Tc 21.781 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 0.846 0 Td [(he )-20(window )-20(manager )-20(informs )-20(the)]TJ -24.427 -1.2 Td [(terminal )-114(emulator)]TJ 0.6138 Tc 8.06 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.477 0 Td [(he )-114(terminal )-114(emulator )-114(issues )-114(a)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 13.795 0 Td [(TIOCSWINSZ )236(ioctl)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 9.728 0 Td [(command )-114(on)]TJ -33.059 -1.2 Td [(the )-133(master )-133(side )-133(of )-133(the )-133(PTY )-133(to )-133(set )-133(the )-133(window )-133(size )-133(for )-133(the )-133(slave )-133(side.)-633(If )-133(the )-133(new )-133(size)]TJ T* [(dif)18(fers )-179(fr)18(om )-179(the )-179(curr)19(ent )-179(size, )-179(the )-179(kernel )-179(sends )-179(a)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 22.572 0 Td (SIGWINCH)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.229 0 Td [(signal )-179(to )-179(the )-179(for)19(egr)18(ound)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47176 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (734)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Pseudo )-250(T)92(erminals )]TJ 38.741 0 Td [(Chapter)-500(19)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5911 666.4 Tm ($)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (who)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -1.2 -1.189 Td [(sar )-600(console )-600(May)-600(19 16:47)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(sar )-600(ttys000 )-600(May)-600(19 16:47)]TJ T* [(sar )-600(ttys001 )-600(May)-600(19 16:48)]TJ T* [(sar )-600(ttys002 )-600(May)-600(19 16:48)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(sar )-600(ttys003 )-600(May)-600(19 16:49)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(sar )-600(ttys004 )-600(May)-600(19 16:49)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 20 0 Td [(ttys004 is the highest PTY curr)18(ently in use)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -20 -1.189 Td ($)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (pty ttyname)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 18.8 0 Td [(run pr)18(ogram in Figur)]TJ 0.25 Tc 8.772 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.139 0 Td [(8.16 fr)18(om PTY)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -29.911 -1.189 Td (fd 0: /dev/ttys005)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 20 0 Td (ttys005 is the next available PTY)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -20 -1.189 Td (fd 1: /dev/ttys005)Tj T* (fd 2: /dev/ttys005)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 93.5946 531.5483 Tm (utmp)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 2.678 0 Td (File)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.922 -2.16 Td [(In )-56(Section )-56(6.8, )-56(we )-56(described )-56(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 14.433 0 Td (utmp)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.706 0 Td [(\336le )-56(that )-56(r)19(ecor)18(ds )-56(all )-56(users )-56(curr)18(ently )-56(logged )-56(in )-56(to )-56(a)]TJ -17.139 -1.2 Td [(UNIX )-31(system.)-531(The )-31(question )-31(is )-31(whether )-31(a )-31(user )-31(r)8(unning )-31(a )-31(pr)18(ogram )-31(on )-31(a )-31(pseudo )-31(terminal)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(is )-180(consider)18(ed )-180(logged )-180(in.)-680(In )-180(the )-180(case )-180(of )-180(r)18(emote )-180(logins, )-180(with)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 27.797 0 Td (telnetd)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.63 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.123 0 Td (rlogind)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj -34.55 -1.2 Td [(obviously )-6(an )-6(entry )-6(should )-6(be )-6(made )-6(in )-6(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 18.666 0 Td (utmp)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.656 0 Td [(\336le )-6(for )-6(the )-6(user )-6(logged )-6(in )-6(on )-6(the )-6(pseudo)]TJ -21.322 -1.2 Td [(terminal. )-269(Ther)18(e)-269(is)-269(l)1(ittle )-19(agr)18(eement, )-19(however)]TJ 0.2687 Tc 19.557 0 Td (,w)Tj 0 Tc 1.353 0 Td [(hether )-19(users )-19(r)8(unning )-19(a )-19(shell )-19(on )-19(a )-19(pseudo)]TJ -20.909 -1.2 Td [(terminal )-221(fr)18(om )-221(a )-221(window )-221(system )-221(or )-221(fr)18(om )-221(a )-221(pr)18(ogram, )-221(such )-221(as)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 29.024 0 Td (script)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.4713 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 4.745 0 Td [(hould )-221(have)]TJ -33.77 -1.2 Td [(entries )-167(made )-167(in )-167(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.377 0 Td (utmp)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.817 0 Td [(\336le. )-417(Some)-417(systems )-167(r)18(ecor)]TJ 0.4168 Tc 11.298 0 Td (dt)Tj 0 Tc 1.354 0 Td [(hese; )-167(others )-167(don\325t.)-667(If )-167(a )-167(system)]TJ -24.845 -1.2 Td [(doesn\325t )-70(r)18(ecor)]TJ 0.3201 Tc 5.789 0 Td (dt)Tj 0 Tc 1.257 0 Td [(hese )-70(entries )-70(in )-70(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.48 0 Td (utmp)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.72 0 Td [(\336le, )-70(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.652 0 Td (who)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.8 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (1)Tj 0.5 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.653 -0.04 Td [(pr)18(ogram )-70(normally )-70(won\325t )-70(show)]TJ -25.185 -1.2 Td [(the corr)18(esponding pseudo terminals as being used.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(Unless )-54(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.973 0 Td (utmp)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.704 0 Td [(\336le )-54(has )-54(other)18(-write )-54(permission )-54(enabled )-54(\(which )-54(is )-54(consider)18(ed )-54(to )-54(be)]TJ 0.324 Tc -9.477 -1.2 Td (as)Tj 0 Tc 1.248 0 Td [(ecurity )-74(hole\), )-74(random )-74(pr)18(ograms )-74(that )-74(use )-74(pseudo )-74(terminals )-74(won\325t )-74(be )-74(able )-74(to )-74(write )-74(to)]TJ -1.248 -1.2 Td (this \336le.)Tj /TT2 1 Tf -3.6 -2.88 Td [(Job Contr)20(ol Interaction)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 3.6 -2.16 Td [(If we r)8(un a job-contr)18(ol shell under)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 15.32 0 Td (pty)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(,)-250(it)-250(works normally)]TJ 0.5 Tc 10.105 0 Td (.F)Tj 0 Tc 1.306 0 Td (or example,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5925 310.8615 Tm (pty ksh)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.008 Tc 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5936 292.8626 Tm (ru)Tj 0 Tc 0.99 0 Td [(ns )-49(the )-49(Korn )-49(shell )-49(under)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.872 0 Td (pty)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5486 Tc (.W)Tj 0.2986 Tc 3.507 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.222 0 Td [(an )-49(r)8(un )-49(pr)19(ograms )-48(under )-48(this )-48(new )-48(shell )-48(and )-48(use )-48(job)]TJ -16.59 -1.2 Td [(contr)18(ol )-94(just )-94(as )-94(we )-94(do )-94(with )-94(our )-94(login )-94(shell.)-592(But )-94(if )-94(we )-94(r)8(un )-94(an )-94(interactive )-94(pr)18(ogram )-94(other)]TJ T* [(than a job-contr)18(ol shell under)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 13.255 0 Td (pty)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(,)-250(as)-250(in)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5927 252.1651 Tm (pty cat)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5938 234.1661 Tm [(everything )-153(is )-153(\336ne )-153(until )-153(we )-153(type )-153(the )-153(job-contr)18(ol )-153(suspend )-153(character)]TJ 0.653 Tc 30.067 0 Td (.A)Tj 0.403 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22.627 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.238 0 Td [(9.13 )-9(shows )-9(the )-9(arrangement )-9(when)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -23.865 -1.2 Td [(pty )267(cat)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 4.183 0 Td [(is r)8(unning.)]TJ -2.383 -1.2 Td [(When )-290(we )-290(type )-290(the )-290(suspend )-290(character )-290(\(Contr)20(ol)]TJ 22.042 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(Z\), )-290(it )-290(is )-290(r)18(ecognized )-290(by )-290(the )-290(line)]TJ -24.175 -1.2 Td [(discipline )-143(module )-143(beneath )-143(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 14.18 0 Td (cat)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.193 0 Td [(pr)18(ocess, )-143(since)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.552 0 Td (pty)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.193 0 Td [(puts )-143(the )-143(terminal )-143(\(beneath )-143(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -25.118 -1.2 Td (pty)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.265 0 Td [(par)18(ent\) )-215(into )-215(raw )-215(mode.)-715(But )-215(the )-215(kernel )-215(won\325t )-215(stop )-215(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 25.897 0 Td (cat)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.265 0 Td [(pr)18(ocess, )-215(because )-215(it)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47177 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (682)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.092 Tc 3.5 0 Td (Te)Tj 0 Tc 1 0 Td [(rminal )-250(I/O)]TJ 37.741 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(18)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 668.9599 Tm (ST)Tj -0.074 Tc 1.064 0 Td (AT)Tj 0 Tc 1.317 0 Td [(US )-1514(The)-333(BSD )-83(status-r)18(equest )-83(character)]TJ 0.5834 Tc 17.826 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.446 0 Td [(his )-83(character )-83(is )-83(r)18(ecognized )-83(on )-83(input )-83(in)]TJ -16.206 -1.2 Td [(extended, )-410(canonical )-410(mode )-410(\(both)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 16.014 0 Td (IEXTEN)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.26 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.354 0 Td (ICANON)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.261 0 Td [(\337ags )-410(set\) )-410(and)]TJ -26.888 -1.2 Td [(generates )-403(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.913 0 Td (SIGINFO)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.853 0 Td [(signal, )-403(which )-403(is )-403(sent )-403(to )-403(all )-403(pr)18(ocesses )-403(in )-403(the)]TJ -11.765 -1.2 Td [(for)18(egr)18(ound )-475(pr)18(ocess )-475(gr)18(oup )-475(\(r)18(efer )-475(to )-475(Figur)]TJ 0.7252 Tc 20.265 0 Td (e9)Tj 0 Tc 1.704 0 Td [(.7\). )-725(Additionally)111(,)-725(if)-725(t)-1(he)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.969 -1.2 Td (NOKERNINFO)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.354 0 Td [(\337ag )-104(is )-104(not )-104(set, )-104(status )-104(information )-104(on )-104(the )-104(for)16(egr)18(ound )-104(pr)18(ocess)]TJ -6.354 -1.2 Td [(gr)18(oup )-301(is )-301(displayed )-301(on )-301(the )-301(terminal.)-801(This )-301(character )-301(is )-301(discar)18(ded )-301(when)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(pr)18(ocessed \(i.e., it is not passed to the pr)18(ocess\).)]TJ -5.448 -1.84 Td [(ST)18(OP )-2688(The)-278(stop )-28(character)]TJ 0.528 Tc 13.566 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.391 0 Td [(his )-28(character )-28(is )-28(r)18(ecognized )-28(on )-28(input )-28(if )-28(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 18.708 0 Td (IXON)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.678 0 Td [(\337ag )-28(is)]TJ -30.895 -1.2 Td [(set )-183(and )-183(is )-183(automatically )-183(generated )-183(as )-183(output )-183(if )-183(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 23.935 0 Td (IXOFF)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.433 0 Td [(\337ag )-183(is )-183(set.)-682(A)]TJ -0.018 Tc -27.368 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(ceived )-113(ST)18(OP )-113(character )-113(with)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 12.927 0 Td (IXON)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.763 0 Td [(set )-113(stops )-113(the )-113(output.)-611(In )-112(this )-112(case, )-112(the)]TJ -16.546 -1.2 Td [(ST)18(OP )-176(character )-176(is )-176(discar)18(ded )-176(when )-176(pr)17(ocessed )-176(\(i.e., )-176(it )-176(is )-176(not )-176(passed )-176(to )-176(the)]TJ T* [(pr)18(ocess\). )-568(The)-568(stopped )-318(output )-318(is )-318(r)18(estarted )-318(when )-318(a )-318(ST)73(AR)]TJ 0.5682 Tc 27.023 0 Td (Tc)Tj 0 Tc 1.625 0 Td [(haracter )-318(is)]TJ -28.648 -1.2 Td [(enter)18(ed.)]TJ 0 -1.8 TD (When)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.099 0 Td (IXOFF)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.456 0 Td [(is )-206(set, )-206(the )-206(terminal )-206(driver )-206(automatically )-206(generates )-206(a )-206(ST)20(OP)]TJ -6.555 -1.2 Td [(character to pr)18(event the input buf)18(fer fr)18(om over\337owing.)]TJ -5.448 -1.84 Td [(SUSP )-2766(The)-317(suspend )-67(job-contr)18(ol )-67(character)]TJ 0.5675 Tc 20.567 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.431 0 Td [(his )-67(character )-67(is )-67(r)18(ecognized )-67(on )-67(input )-67(if)]TJ -16.55 -1.2 Td [(job )-68(contr)18(ol )-68(is )-68(supported )-68(and )-68(if )-68(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 15.674 0 Td (ISIG)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.718 0 Td [(\337ag )-68(is )-68(set.)-568(The )-68(suspend )-68(character)]TJ -18.392 -1.2 Td [(generates )-403(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.913 0 Td (SIGTSTP)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.853 0 Td [(signal, )-403(which )-403(is )-403(sent )-403(to )-403(all )-403(pr)18(ocesses )-403(in )-403(the)]TJ -11.765 -1.2 Td [(for)18(egr)18(ound )-81(pr)18(ocess )-81(gr)18(oup )-81(\(r)18(efer )-81(to )-81(Figur)]TJ 0.3313 Tc 18.296 0 Td (e9)Tj 0 Tc 1.31 0 Td [(.7\). )-331(This)-332(character )-81(is )-81(discar)17(ded)]TJ -19.606 -1.2 Td [(when pr)18(ocessed \(i.e., it is not passed to the pr)18(ocess\).)]TJ -5.448 -1.84 Td [(WERASE )-1005(The)-717(wor)18(d-erase )-467(character)]TJ 0.9667 Tc 17.524 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.83 0 Td [(his )-467(character )-467(is )-467(r)19(ecognized )-467(on )-467(input )-467(in)]TJ -13.906 -1.2 Td [(extended, )-57(canonical )-57(mode )-57(\(both)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 14.6 0 Td (IEXTEN)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.907 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2 0 Td (ICANON)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.907 0 Td [(\337ags )-57(set\) )-57(and )-57(causes)]TJ -24.414 -1.2 Td [(the )-163(pr)18(evious )-163(wor)18(d)-413(to)-413(b)]TJ 0.4128 Tc (ee)Tj 0 Tc 12.088 0 Td [(rased. )-413(First,)-413(it )-163(skips )-163(backwar)]TJ 0.4128 Tc 13.479 0 Td (do)Tj 0 Tc 1.57 0 Td [(ver )-163(any )-163(white)]TJ -27.137 -1.2 Td [(space )-343(\(spaces )-343(or )-343(tabs\), )-343(then )-343(skips )-343(backwar)]TJ 0.5935 Tc 20.57 0 Td (do)Tj 0 Tc 1.751 0 Td [(ver )-343(the )-343(pr)18(evious )-343(token,)]TJ -22.32 -1.2 Td [(leaving )-5(the )-5(cursor )-5(positioned )-5(wher)]TJ 0.2548 Tc 15.447 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.06 0 Td [(he )-5(\336rst )-5(character )-5(of )-5(the )-5(pr)18(evious )-5(token)]TJ -16.506 -1.2 Td [(was )-337(located.)-837(Normally)]TJ 0.587 Tc 10.811 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 1.163 0 Td [(he )-337(pr)18(evious )-337(token )-337(ends )-337(when )-337(a )-337(white )-337(space)]TJ -11.974 -1.2 Td [(character )-35(is )-35(encounter)18(ed. )-285(W)]TJ 0.2849 Tc 12.551 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.208 0 Td [(an )-35(change )-35(this )-35(behavior)]TJ 0.2849 Tc 10.54 0 Td (,h)Tj 0 Tc 1.117 0 Td [(owever)74(,)-285(by)-285(setting)]TJ -25.415 -1.2 Td (the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.719 0 Td (ALTWERASE)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.732 0 Td [(\337ag. )-332(This)-332(\337ag )-82(causes )-82(the )-82(pr)18(evious )-82(token )-82(to )-82(end )-82(when )-82(the)]TJ -7.451 -1.2 Td [(\336rst )-98(nonalphanumeric )-98(character )-98(is )-98(encounter)18(ed. )-348(The)-348(wor)18(d-erase )-98(character)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(is discar)18(ded when pr)18(ocessed \(i.e., it is not passed to the pr)18(ocess\).)]TJ -3.648 -1.92 Td [(Another )-225(\324)37(\324character )176(\325)]TJ 0.4749 Tc 9.062 0 Td (\325t)Tj 0 Tc 1.079 0 Td [(hat )-225(we )-225(need )-225(to )-225(de\336ne )-225(for )-225(terminal )-225(devices )-225(is )-225(the )-225(BREAK)]TJ -11.941 -1.2 Td (character)Tj 0.6504 Tc 3.991 0 Td (.B)Tj 0 Tc 1.511 0 Td [(REAK )-150(is )-150(not )-150(r)18(eally )-150(a )-150(character)]TJ 0.4004 Tc 13.939 0 Td (,b)Tj 0 Tc 1.203 0 Td [(ut )-150(rather )-150(a )-150(condition )-150(that )-150(occurs )-150(during)]TJ -20.645 -1.2 Td [(asynchr)18(onous )-148(serial )-148(data )-148(transmission.)]TJ 0.3983 Tc 18.244 0 Td (AB)Tj 0 Tc 1.787 0 Td [(REAK )-148(condition )-148(is )-148(signaled )-148(to )-148(the )-148(device)]TJ -20.031 -1.2 Td (driver in various ways, depending on the serial interface.)Tj 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 183.59 220.5868 Tm [(Most )-191(old )-191(serial )-191(terminals )-191(have )-191(a )-191(key )-191(labeled )-191(BREAK )-191(that )-191(generates )-191(the )-191(BREAK 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Td (=N)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (ULL;)Tj -19.2 -1.189 Td (649 )Tj 9.6 0 Td (reread)Tj 0.6 Tc 4.2 0 Td (=0)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (;)Tj -15.6 -1.189 Td (650 )Tj 9.6 0 Td (pthread_mutex_unlock\(&configlock\);)Tj -9.6 -1.189 Td (651 )Tj 9.6 0 Td (init_printer\(\);)Tj -9.6 -1.189 Td [(652 )-4800(})-600(else {)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD (653 )Tj 9.6 0 Td (pthread_mutex_unlock\(&configlock\);)Tj -9.6 -1.189 Td [(654 )-4800(})]TJ 0 -1.902 TD [(655 )-4800(/*)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD (656 )Tj 7.8 0 Td [(*)-600(Send job to printer.)]TJ -7.8 -1.189 Td (657 )Tj 7.8 0 Td (*/)Tj -7.8 -1.189 Td [(658 )-4800(sprintf\(name,)-600("%s/%s/%d", SPOOLDIR, DATADIR, jp->jobid\);)]TJ T* [(659 )-4800(if)-600(\(\(fd = open\(name, O_RDONLY\)\) < 0\) {)]TJ T* (660 )Tj 9.6 0 Td [(log_msg\("job)-600(%d canceled - can\325t open %s: %s",)]TJ -9.6 -1.189 Td (661 )Tj 10.8 0 Td [(jp->jobid,)-600(name, strerror\(errno\)\);)]TJ -10.8 -1.189 Td (662 )Tj 9.6 0 Td (free\(jp\);)Tj -9.6 -1.189 Td (663 )Tj 9.6 0 Td (continue;)Tj -9.6 -1.189 Td [(664 )-4800(})]TJ T* [(665 )-4800(if)-600(\(fstat\(fd, &sbuf\) < 0\) {)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD (666 )Tj 9.6 0 Td [(log_msg\("job)-600(%d canceled - can\325t fstat %s: %s",)]TJ -9.6 -1.189 Td (667 )Tj 10.8 0 Td [(jp->jobid,)-600(name, strerror\(errno\)\);)]TJ -10.8 -1.189 Td (668 )Tj 9.6 0 Td (free\(jp\);)Tj -9.6 -1.189 Td (669 )Tj 9.6 0 Td (close\(fd\);)Tj -9.6 -1.189 Td (670 )Tj 9.6 0 Td (continue;)Tj -9.6 -1.189 Td [(671 )-4800(})]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 3273.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 303.2416 Tm [([641 )167(\320 )167(654])-668(Now )-50(that )-50(we )-50(have )-50(a )-50(job )-50(to )-50(print, )-50(we )-50(check )-50(for )-50(a )-50(change )-50(in )-50(the )-50(con\336guration)]TJ 5 -1.2 Td [(\336le. )-265(W)]TJ 0.265 Tc 3.048 0 Td (el)Tj 0 Tc 1.035 0 Td [(ock )-15(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.463 0 Td (configlock)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.265 0 Td [(mutex )-15(and )-15(check )-15(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.452 0 Td (reread)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.865 0 Td [(variable. )-265(If)-265(it )-15(is)]TJ -27.129 -1.2 Td [(nonzer)18(o, )-251(then )-251(we )-251(fr)18(ee )-251(the )-251(old )-251(printer)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 18.224 0 Td (addrinfo)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.301 0 Td [(list, )-251(clear )-251(the )-251(pointers,)]TJ -23.525 -1.2 Td [(unlock )-426(the )-426(mutex, )-426(and )-426(call)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 14.068 0 Td (init_printer)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.877 0 Td [(to )-427(r)18(einitialize )-427(the )-427(printer)]TJ -21.944 -1.2 Td [(information. )-446(Since)-446(only )-196(this )-196(context )-196(looks )-196(at )-196(and )-196(potentially )-196(changes )-196(the)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(printer )-131(information )-131(after )-131(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 13.29 0 Td (main)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.781 0 Td [(thr)18(ead )-131(initialized )-131(it, )-131(we )-131(don\325t )-131(need )-131(any)]TJ -16.071 -1.2 Td [(synchr)18(onization )-255(other )-255(than )-255(using )-255(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 17.815 0 Td (configlock)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.505 0 Td [(mutex )-255(to )-255(pr)18(otect )-255(the)]TJ -24.32 -1.2 Td (state of the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 5.071 0 Td (reread)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td (\337ag.)Tj -8.921 -1.56 Td [(Note )-62(that )-62(although )-62(we )-62(acquir)]TJ 0.3122 Tc 13.238 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.291 0 Td [(nd )-62(r)18(elease )-62(two )-62(dif)17(fer)18(ent )-62(mutex )-62(locks )-62(in )-62(this)]TJ -14.53 -1.2 Td [(function, )-32(we )-32(never )-32(hold )-32(both )-32(at )-32(the )-32(same )-32(time, )-32(so )-32(we )-32(don\325t )-32(need )-32(to )-32(establish)]TJ 0.25 Tc T* (al)Tj 0 Tc 1.041 0 Td [(ock hierar)18(chy \(Section 1)55(1.6.2\).)]TJ -6.041 -1.6 Td [([655 )167(\320 )167(671])-668(If )-314(we )-314(can\325t )-314(open )-314(the )-314(data )-314(\336le, )-314(we )-314(log )-314(an )-314(err)18(or )-314(message, )-314(fr)18(ee )-314(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 37.2 0 Td (job)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -32.2 -1.2 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e, )-157(and )-157(continue.)-657(After )-157(opening )-157(the )-157(\336le, )-157(we )-157(call)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 25.723 0 Td (fstat)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.407 0 Td [(to )-156(\336nd )-156(the)]TJ -29.13 -1.2 Td [(size of the \336le.)-500(If this fails, we log an err)18(or message, clean up, and continue.)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47182 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (816)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Communicating )-250(with )-250(a )-250(Network )-250(Printer)]TJ 38.741 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(21)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 6690.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 129.5922 659.4594 Tm [(122 )-2400(FD_ZERO\(&rendezvous\);)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(123 )-2400(maxfd)]TJ 0.6 Tc 8.4 0 Td (=-)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (1;)Tj -10.2 -1.189 Td [(124 )-2400(for)-600(\(aip = ailist; aip != NULL; aip = aip->ai_next\) {)]TJ T* [(125 )-4800(if)-600(\(\(sockfd = initserver\(SOCK_STREAM, aip->ai_addr,)]TJ T* (126 )Tj 8.4 0 Td [(aip->ai_addrlen,)-600(QLEN\)\) >= 0\) {)]TJ -8.4 -1.189 Td (127 )Tj 9.6 0 Td [(FD_SET\(sockfd,)-600(&rendezvous\);)]TJ -9.6 -1.189 Td (128 )Tj 9.6 0 Td [(if)-600(\(sockfd > maxfd\))]TJ -9.6 -1.189 Td (129 )Tj 12 0 Td (maxfd)Tj 0.6 Tc 3.6 0 Td (=s)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (ockfd;)Tj -17.4 -1.189 Td [(130 )-4800(})]TJ T* [(131 )-2400(})]TJ T* [(132 )-2400(if)-600(\(maxfd == -1\))]TJ T* [(133 )-4800(log_quit\("service)-600(not enabled"\);)]TJ 0 -2.021 TD [(134 )-2400(pwdp)]TJ 0.6 Tc 7.8 0 Td (=g)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (etpwnam\(LPNAME\);)Tj -9.6 -1.189 Td [(135 )-2400(if)-600(\(pwdp == NULL\))]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(136 )-4800(log_sys\("can\325t)-600(find user %s", LPNAME\);)]TJ T* [(137 )-2400(if)-600(\(pwdp->pw_uid == 0\))]TJ T* [(138 )-4800(log_quit\("user)-600(%s is privileged", LPNAME\);)]TJ T* [(139 )-2400(if)-600(\(setgid\(pwdp->pw_gid\) < 0 || setuid\(pwdp->pw_uid\) < 0\))]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(140 )-4800(log_sys\("can\325t)-600(change IDs to user %s", LPNAME\);)]TJ 0 -2.021 TD [(141 )-2400(init_request\(\);)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(142 )-2400(init_printer\(\);)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 4257.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 401.6698 Tm [([122 )167(\320 )167(131])]TJ -0.092 Tc 5 0 Td [(We )-199(c)]TJ 0 Tc 2.096 0 Td [(lear )-15(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.582 0 Td [(rendezvous )335(fd_set)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 10.13 0 Td [(variable )-15(that )-15(we )-15(will )-15(use )-15(with)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 13.456 0 Td (select)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.865 0 Td (to)Tj -33.128 -1.2 Td [(wait )-9(for )-9(client )-9(connect )-9(r)16(equests. )-259(W)]TJ 0.2594 Tc 15.418 0 Td (ei)Tj 0 Tc 1.029 0 Td [(nitialize )-9(the )-9(maximum )-9(\336le )-9(descriptor )-9(to)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf -16.447 -1.2 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-495(so)-495(that )-245(the )-245(\336rst )-245(\336le )-245(descriptor )-245(we )-245(allocate )-245(is )-245(sur)19(e)-495(to)-495(be)-495(g)]TJ -0.018 Tc (re)Tj 0 Tc 29.815 0 Td [(ater )-245(than)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -29.815 -1.2 Td 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0.3697 Tc (1a)Tj 0 Tc 1.919 0 Td [(fter )-120(stepping )-120(thr)19(ough )-120(the )-120(list )-120(of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 14.782 0 Td (addrinfo)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.17 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(es,)]TJ -29.357 -1.2 Td (we can\325t enable the printer spooling service, so we log a message and\ exit.)Tj -5 -1.6 Td [([134 )167(\320 )167(140])-668(Our )-87(daemon )-87(needs )-87(super)8(user )-87(privileges )-87(to )-87(bind )-87(a )-87(socket )-87(to )-87(a )-87(r)21(eserved )-87(port)]TJ 5 -1.2 Td (number)Tj 0.5798 Tc 3.421 0 Td (.N)Tj 0 Tc 1.661 0 Td [(ow )-80(that )-80(this )-80(is )-80(done, )-80(we )-80(can )-80(lower )-80(its )-80(privileges )-80(by )-80(changing )-80(its)]TJ -5.082 -1.2 Td [(user )-167(and )-167(gr)18(oup )-167(IDs )-167(to )-167(the )-167(ones )-167(associated )-167(with )-167(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 24.235 0 Td (LPNAME)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(account. )-417(W)92(e)]TJ -28.252 -1.2 Td [(follow )-96(the )-96(principles )-96(of )-96(least )-96(privilege )-96(to )-96(avoid 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[(void )-61(exposing )-61(our )-61(system, )-61(we )-61(choose )-61(to )-61(pr)18(ovide )-61(no )-61(service )-61(at)]TJ -6.289 -1.2 Td [(all if we can\325t r)18(educe our privileges.)]TJ -5 -1.6 Td [([141 )167(\320 )167(142])]TJ -0.092 Tc 5 0 Td [(We )-337(c)]TJ 0 Tc 2.234 0 Td (all)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.485 0 Td (init_request)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.603 0 Td [(to )-153(initialize )-153(the )-153(job )-153(r)18(equests )-153(and )-153(ensur)]TJ 0.4032 Tc 17.683 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.208 0 Td [(hat )-153(only)]TJ -30.214 -1.2 Td [(one )-32(copy )-32(of )-32(the )-32(daemon )-32(is )-32(r)8(unning, )-32(and )-32(we )-32(call)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 21.522 0 Td (init_printer)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.482 0 Td [(to )-32(initialize)]TJ -29.004 -1.2 Td (the printer information \(we\325ll see both of these functions shortly\)\ .)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47183 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (814)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Communicating )-250(with )-250(a )-250(Network )-250(Printer)]TJ 38.741 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(21)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 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659.4594 Tm [(60 )-1200(int32_t)]TJ 16.8 0 Td (nextjob;)Tj -16.8 -1.189 Td [(61 )-1200(pthread_mutex_t)-4800(joblock = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(62 )-1200(pthread_cond_t)]TJ 16.8 0 Td (jobwait = PTHREAD_COND_INITIALIZER;)Tj -16.8 -1.783 Td [(63 )-1200(/*)]TJ T* [(64 )-1800(*)-600(Function prototypes.)]TJ T* [(65 )-1800(*/)]TJ T* [(66 )-1200(void)-4200(init_request\(void\);)]TJ T* [(67 )-1200(void)-4200(init_printer\(void\);)]TJ T* [(68 )-1200(void)-4200(update_jobno\(void\);)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(69 )-1200(int32_t)-2400(get_newjobno\(void\);)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(70 )-1200(void)-4200(add_job\(struct printreq *, int32_t\);)]TJ T* [(71 )-1200(void)-4200(replace_job\(struct job *\);)]TJ T* [(72 )-1200(void)-4200(remove_job\(struct job *\);)]TJ T* [(73 )-1200(void)-4200(build_qonstart\(void\);)]TJ T* [(74 )-1200(void)-4200(*client_thread\(void *\);)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(75 )-1200(void)-4200(*printer_thread\(void *\);)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(76 )-1200(void)-4200(*signal_thread\(void *\);)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(77 )-1200(ssize_t)-2400(readmore\(int, char **, int, int *\);)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(78 )-1200(int)-4800(printer_status\(int, struct job *\);)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(79 )-1200(void)-4200(add_worker\(pthread_t, int\);)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(80 )-1200(void)-4200(kill_workers\(void\);)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(81 )-1200(void)-4200(client_cleanup\(void *\);)]TJ 0 -1.783 TD [(82 )-1200(/*)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(83 )-1800(*)-600(Main print server thread.)-1200(Accepts connect requests from)]TJ T* [(84 )-1800(*)-600(clients and spawns additional threads to service requests.)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(85 )-1800(*)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(86 )-1800(*)-600(LOCKING: none.)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(87 )-1800(*/)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(88 )-1200(int)]TJ T* [(89 )-1200(main\(int)-600(argc, char *argv[]\))]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(90 )-1200({)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(91 )-3000(pthread_t)]TJ 16.8 0 Td (tid;)Tj -16.8 -1.189 Td [(92 )-3000(struct)-600(addrinfo )-2400(*ailist,)-600(*aip;)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(93 )-3000(int)]TJ 16.8 0 Td (sockfd, err, i, n, 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3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 224.0711 Tm [([60 )167(\320 )167(62])]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4 0 Td (nextjob)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.563 0 Td [(is )-113(the )-113(ID )-113(of )-113(the )-113(next )-113(print )-113(job )-113(to )-113(be )-113(r)19(eceived. )-363(The)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 23.068 0 Td (joblock)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.563 0 Td (mutex)Tj -32.193 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(otects )-212(the )-212(linked )-212(list )-212(of )-212(jobs, )-212(as )-212(well )-212(as )-212(the )-212(condition )-212(r)20(epr)18(esented )-212(by )-212(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0 -1.2 TD (jobwait)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td (condition variable.)Tj -8.45 -1.6 Td [([63 )167(\320 )167(81])]TJ -0.092 Tc 4 0 Td [(We )-398(d)]TJ 0 Tc 2.462 0 Td (eclar)Tj 0.4639 Tc 2.091 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.269 0 Td [(he )-214(function )-214(pr)18(ototypes )-214(for )-214(the )-214(r)18(emaining )-214(functions )-214(in )-214(this )-214(\336le.)]TJ -5.822 -1.2 Td [(Doing )-327(this )-327(up )-327(fr)19(ont )-327(allows )-327(us )-327(to 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0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 668.9599 Tm [(The command used to submit a print job is shown next.)-500(The C sour)18(ce \336le is)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 33.652 0 Td (print.c)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 6570.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 1.8 Tc 8.9989 0 0 8.9989 134.9838 647.4213 Tm (1/)Tj 0 Tc 3 0 Td (*)Tj 2.4 Tc -3 -1.189 Td (2*)Tj 0 Tc 4.2 0 Td [(The client command for printing documents.)-1200(Opens the file)]TJ 2.4 Tc -4.2 -1.189 Td (3*)Tj 0 Tc 4.2 0 Td [(and sends it to the printer spooling daemon.)-1200(Usage:)]TJ -4.2 -1.189 Td [(4)-2400(*)-2400( print [-t] filename)]TJ 2.4 Tc 0 -1.189 TD (5*)Tj 0 Tc 3.6 0 Td (/)Tj 1.8 Tc -3.6 -1.189 Td (6#)Tj 0 Tc 3 0 Td (include "apue.h")Tj 1.8 Tc -3 -1.189 Td (7#)Tj 0 Tc 3 0 Td (include "print.h")Tj 1.8 Tc -3 -1.189 Td (8#)Tj 0 Tc 3 0 Td (include )Tj 1.8 Tc -3 -1.189 Td (9#)Tj 0 Tc 3 0 Td (include )Tj -3.6 -2.14 Td [(10 )-1200(/*)]TJ T* [(11 )-1800(*)-600(Needed for logging funtions.)]TJ T* [(12 )-1800(*/)]TJ T* [(13 )-1200(int)-600(log_to_stderr = 1;)]TJ 0 -2.14 TD [(14 )-1200(void)-600(submit_file\(int, int, const char *, size_t, int\);)]TJ 0 -2.14 TD [(15 )-1200(int)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(16 )-1200(main\(int)-600(argc, char *argv[]\))]TJ T* [(17 )-1200({)]TJ T* [(18 )-3000(int)]TJ 14.4 0 Td (fd, sfd, err, text, c;)Tj -14.4 -1.189 Td [(19 )-3000(struct)-600(stat )-2400(sbuf;)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(20 )-3000(char)]TJ 14.4 0 Td (*host;)Tj -14.4 -1.189 Td [(21 )-3000(struct)-600(addrinfo *ailist, *aip;)]TJ 0 -2.14 TD [(22 )-3000(err)]TJ 0.6 Tc 7.2 0 Td (=0)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (;)Tj -9 -1.189 Td [(23 )-3000(text)]TJ 0.6 Tc 7.8 0 Td (=0)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (;)Tj -9.6 -1.189 Td [(24 )-3000(while)-600(\(\(c = getopt\(argc, argv, "t"\)\) != -1\) {)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD (25 )Tj 7.2 0 Td [(switch)-600(\(c\) {)]TJ -7.2 -1.189 Td (26 )Tj 7.2 0 Td [(case)-600(\325t\325:)]TJ -7.2 -1.189 Td (27 )Tj 9.6 0 Td (text)Tj 0.6 Tc 3 0 Td (=1)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (;)Tj -14.4 -1.189 Td (28 )Tj 9.6 0 Td (break;)Tj -9.6 -2.14 Td (29 )Tj 7.2 0 Td [(case)-600(\325?\325:)]TJ -7.2 -1.189 Td (30 )Tj 9.6 0 Td (err)Tj 0.6 Tc 2.4 0 Td (=1)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (;)Tj -13.8 -1.189 Td (31 )Tj 9.6 0 Td (break;)Tj -9.6 -1.189 Td (32 )Tj 7.2 0 Td (})Tj -7.2 -1.189 Td [(33 )-3000(})]TJ ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 2575.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9982 0 0 9.9982 129.5767 233.456 Tm [([1 )167(\320 )167(14])]TJ -0.092 Tc 4 0 Td [(We )-244(n)]TJ 0 Tc 2.279 0 Td [(eed )-60(to )-60(de\336ne )-60(an )-60(integer )-60(called)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 13.864 0 Td (log_to_stderr)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.11 0 Td [(to )-60(be )-60(able )-60(to )-60(use )-60(the )-60(log)]TJ -24.254 -1.2 Td [(functions )-14(in )-14(our )-14(library)]TJ 0.5145 Tc 10.211 0 Td (.I)Tj 0.2646 Tc 1.101 0 Td (ft)Tj 0 Tc 0.924 0 Td [(his )-15(integer )-15(is )-15(set )-15(to )-15(a )-15(nonzer)]TJ 0.2646 Tc 12.375 0 Td (ov)Tj 0 Tc 1.376 0 Td [(alue, )-15(err)18(or )-15(messages)]TJ -25.987 -1.2 Td [(will )-68(be )-68(sent )-68(to )-68(the )-68(standar)]TJ 0.318 Tc 11.719 0 Td (de)Tj 0 Tc 1.408 0 Td [(rr)18(or )-68(str)18(eam )-68(instead )-68(of )-68(to )-68(a )-68(log )-68(\336le.)-568(Although )-68(we)]TJ -13.127 -1.2 Td [(don\325t )-373(use )-373(any )-373(logging )-373(functions )-373(in)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 17.609 0 Td (print.c)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(,)-623(we)-623(do)-623(l)-1(ink)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.134 0 Td (util.o)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.224 0 Td (with)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -32.967 -1.2 Td (print.o)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.737 0 Td [(to )-287(build )-287(the )-287(executable)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.427 0 Td (print)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.537 0 Td [(command, )-287(and)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.466 0 Td (util.c)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.137 0 Td (contains)Tj -31.305 -1.2 Td (functions for both user commands and daemons.)Tj -4 -1.6 Td [([15 )167(\320 )167(33])]TJ -0.092 Tc 4 0 Td [(We )-198(s)]TJ 0 Tc 2.075 0 Td [(upport )-14(one )-14(option,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.614 0 Td (-t)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.2644 Tc (,t)Tj 0.2645 Tc 2.04 0 Td (of)Tj 0 Tc 1.144 0 Td [(or)18(ce )-14(the )-14(\336le )-14(to )-14(be )-14(printed )-14(as )-14(text )-14(\(instead )-14(of )-14(as )-14(a)]TJ -13.873 -1.2 Td [(PostScript )-39(pr)18(ogram, )-39(for )-39(example\).)]TJ -0.092 Tc 15.602 0 Td [(We )-223(u)]TJ 0 Tc 2.279 0 Td [(se )-39(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 2.868 0 Td (getopt)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.889 0 Td [(function )-39(\(intr)18(oduced )-39(in)]TJ -24.639 -1.2 Td [(Section 17.6\) to pr)18(ocess the command options.)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47185 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (804)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Communicating )-250(with )-250(a )-250(Network )-250(Printer)]TJ 38.741 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(21)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 6690.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 129.5922 659.4594 Tm [(64 )-1200(/*)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(65 )-1800(*)-600(Return the host name running the print server or NULL on error.)]TJ T* [(66 )-1800(*)]TJ T* [(67 )-1800(*)-600(LOCKING: none.)]TJ T* [(68 )-1800(*/)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(69 )-1200(char)-600(*)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(70 )-1200(get_printserver\(void\))]TJ T* [(71 )-1200({)]TJ T* [(72 )-3000(return\(scan_configfile\("printserver"\)\);)]TJ T* [(73 )-1200(})]TJ 0 -1.902 TD [(74 )-1200(/*)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(75 )-1800(*)-600(Return the address of the network printer or NULL on error.)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(76 )-1800(*)]TJ T* [(77 )-1800(*)-600(LOCKING: none.)]TJ T* [(78 )-1800(*/)]TJ T* [(79 )-1200(struct)-600(addrinfo *)]TJ T* [(80 )-1200(get_printaddr\(void\))]TJ T* [(81 )-1200({)]TJ T* [(82 )-3000(int)]TJ 14.4 0 Td (err;)Tj -14.4 -1.189 Td [(83 )-3000(char)]TJ 14.4 0 Td (*p;)Tj -14.4 -1.189 Td [(84 )-3000(struct)-600(addrinfo *ailist;)]TJ 0 -1.902 TD [(85 )-3000(if)-600(\(\(p = scan_configfile\("printer"\)\) != NULL\) {)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD (86 )Tj 7.2 0 Td [(if)-600(\(\(err = getaddrlist\(p, "ipp", &ailist\)\) != 0\) {)]TJ -7.2 -1.189 Td (87 )Tj 9.6 0 Td [(log_msg\("no)-600(address information for %s", p\);)]TJ -9.6 -1.189 Td (88 )Tj 9.6 0 Td (return\(NULL\);)Tj -9.6 -1.189 Td (89 )Tj 7.2 0 Td (})Tj -7.2 -1.189 Td (90 )Tj 7.2 0 Td (return\(ailist\);)Tj -7.2 -1.189 Td [(91 )-3000(})]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(92 )-3000(log_msg\("no)-600(printer address specified"\);)]TJ T* [(93 )-3000(return\(NULL\);)]TJ T* [(94 )-1200(})]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 3208.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 296.8224 Tm [([64 )167(\320 )167(73])-668(The)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.247 0 Td (get_printserver)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.574 0 Td [(function )-324(is )-324(simply )-324(a )-324(wrapper )-324(function )-324(that )-324(calls)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -11.821 -1.2 Td (scan_configfile)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.573 0 Td [(to )-323(\336nd )-323(the )-323(name )-323(of )-323(the )-323(computer )-323(system )-323(wher)]TJ 0.5726 Tc 22.989 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.378 0 Td (he)Tj -33.939 -1.2 Td [(printer spooling daemon is r)8(unning.)]TJ -4 -1.6 Td [([74 )167(\320 )167(94])]TJ -0.092 Tc 4 0 Td [(We )-496(u)]TJ 0 Tc 2.552 0 Td [(se )-312(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.414 0 Td (get_printaddr)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 8.362 0 Td [(function )-312(to )-312(get )-312(the )-312(addr)18(ess )-312(of )-312(the )-312(network)]TJ -14.328 -1.2 Td (printer)Tj 0.6844 Tc 2.995 0 Td (.I)Tj 0 Tc 1.271 0 Td [(t)-434(is)-434(s)-1(imilar )-184(to )-184(the )-184(pr)18(evious )-184(function )-184(except )-184(that )-184(when )-184(we )-184(\336nd )-184(the)]TJ -4.266 -1.2 Td [(name )-225(of )-225(the )-225(printer )-225(in )-225(the )-225(con\336guration )-225(\336le, )-225(we )-225(use )-225(the )-225(name )-225(to )-225(\336nd )-225(the)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(corr)18(esponding network addr)18(ess.)]TJ 0 -1.56 TD (Both)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.369 0 Td (get_printserver)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.304 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.997 0 Td (get_printaddr)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 8.104 0 Td (call)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.83 0 Td (scan_configfile)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5541 Tc (.I)Tj 0.3041 Tc 10.141 0 Td (fi)Tj 0 Tc 0.928 0 Td (t)Tj -34.674 -1.2 Td [(can\325t )-37(open )-37(the )-37(printer )-37(con\336guration )-37(\336le,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 18.117 0 Td (scan_configfile)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.287 0 Td (calls)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.237 0 Td (log_sys)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.487 0 Td (to)Tj -34.128 -1.2 Td [(print )-53(an )-53(err)18(or )-53(message )-53(and )-53(exit.)-550(Although)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 19.401 0 Td (get_printserver)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.303 0 Td [(is )-52(meant )-52(to )-52(be)]TJ -28.703 -1.2 Td [(called )-20(fr)18(om )-20(a )-20(client )-20(command )-20(and)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 15.433 0 Td (get_printaddr)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 8.071 0 Td [(is )-20(meant )-20(to )-20(be )-20(called )-20(fr)16(om)]TJ -23.503 -1.2 Td [(the )-64(daemon, )-64(having )-64(both )-64(call)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 13.419 0 Td (log_sys)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.514 0 Td [(is )-64(OK, )-64(because )-64(we )-64(can )-64(arrange )-64(for )-64(the)]TJ -17.933 -1.2 Td [(log )-20(functions )-20(to )-20(print )-20(to )-20(the )-20(standar)]TJ 0.2697 Tc 15.788 0 Td (de)Tj 0 Tc 1.36 0 Td [(rr)18(or )-20(instead )-20(of )-20(to )-20(the )-20(log )-20(\336le )-20(by )-20(setting )-20(a)]TJ -17.148 -1.2 Td (global variable.)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47186 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (802)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Communicating )-250(with )-250(a )-250(Network )-250(Printer)]TJ 38.741 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(21)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 668.9599 Tm (The next \336le we will look at is)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 13.452 0 Td (util.c)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (,t)Tj 0 Tc 4.426 0 Td [(he \336le containing utility r)18(outines.)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 6570.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 1.8 Tc 8.9989 0 0 8.9989 134.9838 647.4213 Tm (1#)Tj 0 Tc 3 0 Td (include "apue.h")Tj 1.8 Tc -3 -1.189 Td (2#)Tj 0 Tc 3 0 Td (include "print.h")Tj 1.8 Tc -3 -1.189 Td (3#)Tj 0 Tc 3 0 Td (include )Tj 1.8 Tc -3 -1.189 Td (4#)Tj 0 Tc 3 0 Td (include )Tj 1.8 Tc -3 -2.021 Td (5#)Tj 0 Tc 3 0 Td (define MAXCFGLINE 512)Tj 1.8 Tc -3 -1.189 Td (6#)Tj 0 Tc 3 0 Td [(define MAXKWLEN)-1800(16)]TJ 1.8 Tc -3 -1.189 Td (7#)Tj 0 Tc 3 0 Td [(define MAXFMTLEN)-1200(16)]TJ 1.8 Tc -3 -2.021 Td (8/)Tj 0 Tc 3 0 Td (*)Tj 2.4 Tc -3 -1.189 Td (9*)Tj 0 Tc 4.2 0 Td (Get the address list for the given host and service and)Tj -4.8 -1.189 Td [(10 )-1800(*)-600(return through ailistpp.)-1200(Returns 0 on success or an error)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(11 )-1800(*)-600(code on failure.)-1200(Note that we do not set errno if we)]TJ T* [(12 )-1800(*)-600(encounter an error.)]TJ T* [(13 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-1.189 Td (})Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj 0 -1.783 TD (int)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (main\(int argc, char *argv[]\))Tj 0 -1.189 TD ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (struct addrinfo *ailist, *aip;)Tj T* (struct addrinfo hint;)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (int )Tj 9.6 0 Td [(sockfd,)-600(err, n;)]TJ -9.6 -1.189 Td (char )Tj 9.6 0 Td (*host;)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47189 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (618)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Network )-250(IPC: )-250(Sockets)]TJ 38.741 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(16)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 194.3883 670.2598 Tm (exit\(1\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj 0 -1.189 TD (if \(\(pid = fork\(\)\) < 0\) {)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (syslog\(LOG_ERR, "ruptimed: fork error: %s",)Tj 1.2 -1.189 Td (strerror\(errno\)\);)Tj -1.2 -1.189 Td (exit\(1\);)Tj 0.6 Tc -2.4 -1.189 Td (}e)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td [(lse if \(pid == 0\) {)-1200(/* child */)]TJ 0.6 -1.189 Td (/*)Tj 0.6 Tc 0.6 -1.189 Td (*T)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (he parent called daemonize \(Figure 13.1\), so)Tj 0.6 Tc -1.8 -1.189 Td (*S)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (TDIN_FILENO, STDOUT_FILENO, and STDERR_FILENO)Tj 0.6 Tc -1.8 -1.189 Td (*a)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td [(re already open to /dev/null.)-1200(Thus, the call to)]TJ 0.6 Tc -1.8 -1.189 Td (*c)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (lose doesn\325t need to be protected by checks that)Tj 0.6 Tc -1.8 -1.189 Td (*c)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (lfd isn\325t already equal to one of these values.)Tj -1.8 -1.189 Td (*/)Tj -0.6 -1.189 Td (if \(dup2\(clfd, STDOUT_FILENO\) != STDOUT_FILENO ||)Tj 1.2 -1.189 Td (dup2\(clfd, STDERR_FILENO\) != STDERR_FILENO\) {)Tj 1.2 -1.189 Td (syslog\(LOG_ERR, "ruptimed: unexpected error"\);)Tj T* (exit\(1\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj T* (close\(clfd\);)Tj T* (execl\("/usr/bin/uptime", "uptime", \(char *\)0\);)Tj T* (syslog\(LOG_ERR, "ruptimed: unexpected return from exec: %s",)Tj 1.2 -1.189 Td (strerror\(errno\)\);)Tj 0.6 Tc -3.6 -1.189 Td (}e)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td [(lse {)-4800(/* parent */)]TJ 0.6 -1.189 Td (close\(clfd\);)Tj T* (waitpid\(pid, &status, 0\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj 0 -2.021 TD (int)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (main\(int argc, char *argv[]\))Tj T* ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (struct addrinfo *ailist, *aip;)Tj T* (struct addrinfo hint;)Tj T* (int )Tj 9.6 0 Td [(sockfd,)-600(err, n;)]TJ -9.6 -1.189 Td (char )Tj 9.6 0 Td (*host;)Tj -9.6 -2.021 Td (if \(argc != 1\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_quit\("usage: ruptimed"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(\(n = sysconf\(_SC_HOST_NAME_MAX\)\) < 0\))Tj 0.6 Tc 2.4 -1.189 Td (n=H)Tj 0 Tc 3 0 Td [(OST_NAME_MAX; )-600(/*)-600(best guess */)]TJ -5.4 -1.189 Td (if \(\(host = malloc\(n\)\) == NULL\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_sys\("malloc error"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(gethostname\(host, n\) < 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_sys\("gethostname error"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (daemonize\("ruptimed"\);)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (memset\(&hint, 0, sizeof\(hint\)\);)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (hint.ai_flags = AI_CANONNAME;)Tj T* (hint.ai_socktype = SOCK_STREAM;)Tj T* (hint.ai_canonname = NULL;)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47190 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (616)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Network )-250(IPC: )-250(Sockets)]TJ 38.741 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(16)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 194.3883 670.2598 Tm (sprintf\(buf, "error: %s\\n", strerror\(errno\)\);)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (send\(clfd, buf, strlen\(buf\), 0\);)Tj 0.6 Tc -2.4 -1.189 Td (}e)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (lse {)Tj 0.6 -1.189 Td (while \(fgets\(buf, BUFLEN, fp\) != NULL\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (send\(clfd, buf, strlen\(buf\), 0\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (pclose\(fp\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj T* (close\(clfd\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj 0 -1.902 TD (int)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (main\(int argc, char *argv[]\))Tj T* ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (struct addrinfo *ailist, *aip;)Tj T* (struct addrinfo hint;)Tj T* (int )Tj 9.6 0 Td [(sockfd,)-600(err, n;)]TJ -9.6 -1.189 Td (char )Tj 9.6 0 Td (*host;)Tj -9.6 -1.902 Td (if \(argc != 1\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_quit\("usage: ruptimed"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(\(n = sysconf\(_SC_HOST_NAME_MAX\)\) < 0\))Tj 0.6 Tc 2.4 -1.189 Td (n=H)Tj 0 Tc 3 0 Td [(OST_NAME_MAX; )-600(/*)-600(best guess */)]TJ -5.4 -1.189 Td (if \(\(host = malloc\(n\)\) == NULL\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_sys\("malloc error"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(gethostname\(host, n\) < 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_sys\("gethostname error"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (daemonize\("ruptimed"\);)Tj T* (memset\(&hint, 0, sizeof\(hint\)\);)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (hint.ai_flags = AI_CANONNAME;)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (hint.ai_socktype = SOCK_STREAM;)Tj T* (hint.ai_canonname = NULL;)Tj T* (hint.ai_addr = NULL;)Tj T* (hint.ai_next = NULL;)Tj T* (if \(\(err = getaddrinfo\(host, "ruptime", &hint, &ailist\)\) != 0\) {)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (syslog\(LOG_ERR, "ruptimed: getaddrinfo error: %s",)Tj 1.2 -1.189 Td (gai_strerror\(err\)\);)Tj -1.2 -1.189 Td (exit\(1\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj T* (for \(aip = ailist; aip != NULL; aip = aip->ai_next\) {)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(\(sockfd = initserver\(SOCK_STREAM, aip->ai_addr,)Tj 1.2 -1.189 Td (aip->ai_addrlen, QLEN\)\) >= 0\) {)Tj 1.2 -1.189 Td (serve\(sockfd\);)Tj T* (exit\(0\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj T* (exit\(1\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 1711.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 225.5409 155.1404 Tm (Figure 16.17)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.195 0 Td [(Server pr)18(ogram to pr)18(ovide system uptime)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47191 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(16.3)]TJ 38.7 0 Td [(Addr)18(essing)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 7.133 0 Td (603)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 129.5922 670.2598 Tm (void)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (print_flags\(struct addrinfo *aip\))Tj T* ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (printf\("flags"\);)Tj T* (if \(aip->ai_flags == 0\) {)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (printf\(" 0"\);)Tj 0.6 Tc -2.4 -1.189 Td (}e)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (lse {)Tj 0.6 -1.189 Td (if \(aip->ai_flags & AI_PASSIVE\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (printf\(" passive"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(aip->ai_flags & AI_CANONNAME\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (printf\(" canon"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(aip->ai_flags & AI_NUMERICHOST\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (printf\(" numhost"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(aip->ai_flags & AI_NUMERICSERV\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (printf\(" numserv"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(aip->ai_flags & AI_V4MAPPED\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (printf\(" v4mapped"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(aip->ai_flags & AI_ALL\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (printf\(" all"\);)Tj -4.8 -1.189 Td (})Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj 0 -2.14 TD (int)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (main\(int argc, char *argv[]\))Tj 0 -1.189 TD ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td [(struct addrinfo)-3000(*ailist, *aip;)]TJ T* [(struct addrinfo)-3000(hint;)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(struct sockaddr_in)-1200(*sinp;)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD (const char)Tj 12 0 Td (*addr;)Tj -12 -1.189 Td (int )Tj 12 0 Td (err;)Tj -12 -1.189 Td (char )Tj 12 0 Td (abuf[INET_ADDRSTRLEN];)Tj -12 -2.14 Td (if \(argc != 3\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_quit\("usage: %s nodename service", argv[0]\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (hint.ai_flags = AI_CANONNAME;)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (hint.ai_family = 0;)Tj T* (hint.ai_socktype = 0;)Tj T* (hint.ai_protocol = 0;)Tj T* (hint.ai_addrlen = 0;)Tj T* (hint.ai_canonname = NULL;)Tj T* (hint.ai_addr = NULL;)Tj T* (hint.ai_next = NULL;)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (if \(\(err = getaddrinfo\(argv[1], argv[2], &hint, &ailist\)\) != 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_quit\("getaddrinfo error: %s", gai_strerror\(err\)\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (for \(aip = ailist; aip != NULL; aip = aip->ai_next\) {)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (print_flags\(aip\);)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (print_family\(aip\);)Tj T* (print_type\(aip\);)Tj T* (print_protocol\(aip\);)Tj T* (printf\("\\n\\thost %s", aip->ai_canonname?aip->ai_canonname:"-"\);)Tj T* (if \(aip->ai_family == AF_INET\) {)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47192 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(16.3)]TJ 38.7 0 Td [(Addr)18(essing)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 7.133 0 Td (599)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 668.9599 Tm [(number )-536(with)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.1 0 Td (getservbyname)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.7862 Tc (,m)Tj 0 Tc 9.719 0 Td [(ap )-536(a )-536(port )-536(number )-536(to )-536(a )-536(service )-536(name )-536(with)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -16.82 -1.2 Td (getservbyport)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(,)-250(or)-250(scan the services database sequentially with)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 29.137 0 Td (getservent)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5912 636.6618 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -2.14 TD (struct servent *getservbyname\(const char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (name)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 29.167 0 Td (onst char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf [(pr)18(oto)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -29.167 -2.14 Td (struct servent *getservbyport\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 20.4 0 Td (port)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 3.466 0 Td (onst char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf [(pr)18(oto)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -23.866 -2.14 Td (struct servent *getservent\(void\);)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 21.885 -2.14 Td [(All r)18(eturn: pointer if OK,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.228 0 Td (NULL)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td [(on err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -35.763 -2.14 Td (void setservent\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 12 0 Td (stayopen)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -12 -2.14 Td (void endservent\(void\);)Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 5166.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1291 l 3900 1291 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 499.4801 Tm (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.924 0 Td (servent)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e)-250(is)-250(de\336ned to have at least the following members:)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9989 0 0 8.9989 147.5821 482.7817 Tm (struct servent {)Tj 1.2 -1.189 Td [(char )-1200(*s_name;)-3000(/* service name */)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(char )-600(**s_aliases; )-600(/*)-600(pointer to alternate service name array */)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(int )-2400(s_port; )-2400(/*)-600(port 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8.9989 147.582 323.7413 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.189 TD (#include )Tj 0 -2.14 TD (int getaddrinfo\(const char *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 22.2 0 Td (host)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -12.6 -1.189 Td (const char *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 12.6 0 Td (service)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -12.6 -1.189 Td (const struct addrinfo *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 19.2 0 Td (hint)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -19.2 -1.189 Td (struct addrinfo **restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 16.2 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.76 0 Td (s)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -7.044 -2.14 Td (Returns: 0 if OK, nonzer)Tj 0.25 Tc 10.679 0 Td (oe)Tj 0 Tc 1.275 0 Td [(rr)18(or code on err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -31.47 -2.14 Td (void freeaddrinfo\(struct addrinfo *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (ai)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 2187.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1141 l 3900 1141 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf -0.092 Tc 9.9982 0 0 9.9982 129.5767 201.5637 Tm [(We )-279(n)]TJ 0 Tc 2.314 0 Td [(eed )-95(to )-95(pr)18(ovide )-95(the )-95(host )-95(name, )-95(the )-95(service )-95(name, )-95(or )-95(both.)-595(If )-95(we )-95(pr)18(ovide )-95(only )-95(one)]TJ -2.314 -1.2 Td [(name, )-66(the )-66(other )-66(should )-66(be )-66(a )-66(null )-66(pointer)]TJ 0.5665 Tc 18.126 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.429 0 Td [(he )-66(host )-66(name )-66(can )-66(be )-66(either )-66(a )-66(node )-66(name )-66(or)]TJ -19.556 -1.2 Td [(the host addr)18(ess in dotted-decimal notation.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.029 0 Td (getaddrinfo)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.955 0 Td [(function )-105(r)18(eturns )-105(a )-105(linked )-105(list )-105(of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 14.545 0 Td (addrinfo)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.155 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(es. )-355(W)]TJ 0.3551 Tc 6.156 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.278 0 Td (an)Tj -37.918 -1.2 Td (use)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.868 0 Td (freeaddrinfo)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.562 0 Td [(to )-112(fr)18(ee )-112(one )-112(or )-112(mor)18(e)-362(of)-362(these )-112(str)8(uctur)18(es, )-112(depending )-112(on )-112(how )-112(many)]TJ -9.43 -1.2 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(es ar)]TJ 0.25 Tc 5.52 0 Td (el)Tj 0 Tc 1.02 0 Td (inked together using the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 11.051 0 Td (ai_next)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td [(\336eld in the str)8(uctur)18(es.)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47193 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(21.5)]TJ 38.014 0 Td [(Sour)18(ce )-250(Code)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 7.819 0 Td (831)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 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2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 129.5922 659.4594 Tm [(581 )-1200(/*)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(582 )-1800(*)-600(Add an option to the IPP header.)]TJ T* [(583 )-1800(*)]TJ T* [(584 )-1800(*)-600(LOCKING: none.)]TJ T* [(585 )-1800(*/)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(586 )-1200(char)-600(*)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(587 )-1200(add_option\(char)-600(*cp, int tag, char *optname, char *optval\))]TJ T* [(588 )-1200({)]TJ T* [(589 )-2400(int )-2400(n;)]TJ T* [(590 )-2400(union)-600({)]TJ T* [(591 )-4800(int16_t)-600(s;)]TJ T* [(592 )-4800(char)-600(c[2];)]TJ T* [(593 )-2400(})-4200(u;)]TJ 0 -2.021 TD [(594 )-2400(*cp++)]TJ 0.6 Tc 8.4 0 Td (=t)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (ag;)Tj -10.2 -1.189 Td [(595 )-2400(n)]TJ 0.6 Tc 6 0 Td (=s)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (trlen\(optname\);)Tj -7.8 -1.189 Td [(596 )-2400(u.s)]TJ 0.6 Tc 7.2 0 Td (=h)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (tons\(n\);)Tj -9 -1.189 Td [(597 )-2400(*cp++)]TJ 0.6 Tc 8.4 0 Td (=u)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (.c[0];)Tj -10.2 -1.189 Td [(598 )-2400(*cp++)]TJ 0.6 Tc 8.4 0 Td (=u)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (.c[1];)Tj -10.2 -1.189 Td [(599 )-2400(strcpy\(cp,)-600(optname\);)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(600 )-2400(cp)-600(+= n;)]TJ T* [(601 )-2400(n)]TJ 0.6 Tc 6 0 Td (=s)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (trlen\(optval\);)Tj -7.8 -1.189 Td [(602 )-2400(u.s)]TJ 0.6 Tc 7.2 0 Td (=h)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (tons\(n\);)Tj -9 -1.189 Td [(603 )-2400(*cp++)]TJ 0.6 Tc 8.4 0 Td (=u)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (.c[0];)Tj -10.2 -1.189 Td [(604 )-2400(*cp++)]TJ 0.6 Tc 8.4 0 Td (=u)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (.c[1];)Tj -10.2 -1.189 Td [(605 )-2400(strcpy\(cp,)-600(optval\);)]TJ T* [(606 )-2400(return\(cp)]TJ 0.6 Tc 10.8 0 Td (+n)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (\);)Tj -12.6 -1.189 Td [(607 )-1200(})]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 3690.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 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0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 183.589 670.9597 Tm [(Symbolic )-2(links )-2(wer)]TJ 0.2523 Tc 8.427 0 Td (ei)Tj 0 Tc 1.022 0 Td [(ntr)18(oduced )-2(with )-2(4.2BSD.)-503(Initially)111(,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 14.885 0 Td (chown)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.252 0 Td [(didn\325t )-2(follow )-2(symbolic )-2(links, )-2(but)]TJ -27.587 -1.25 Td [(this )-47(behavior )-47(was )-47(changed )-47(in )-47(4.4BSD.)-545(System )-47(V )-47(included )-47(support )-47(for )-47(symbolic )-47(links )-47(in )-47(SVR4,)]TJ 0 -1.25 TD [(but )-4(diver)18(ged )-4(fr)18(om )-4(the )-4(original )-4(BSD )-4(behavior )-4(by )-4(implementing)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 27.889 0 Td (chown)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.254 0 Td [(to )-4(follow )-4(symbolic )-4(links.)]TJ -31.143 -1.25 Td [(In )-121(older )-121(versions )-121(of )-121(Linux )-121(\(those )-121(befor)]TJ 0.3713 Tc 17.634 0 Td (ev)Tj 0 Tc 1.415 0 Td [(ersion )-121(2.1.81\),)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.543 0 Td (chown)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.371 0 Td [(didn\325t )-121(follow )-121(symbolic )-121(links.)]TJ -28.964 -1.25 Td [(Fr)18(om )-207(version )-207(2.1.81 )-207(onwar)17(d,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 13.674 0 Td (chown)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.457 0 Td [(follows )-207(symbolic )-207(links.)]TJ -0.055 Tc 11.269 0 Td (Wi)Tj 0 Tc 1.236 0 Td [(th )-207(Fr)18(eeBSD )-207(8.0, )-207(Mac )-207(OS )-207(X)]TJ -29.636 -1.25 Td [(10.6.8, )-428(and )-428(Solaris )-428(10,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.378 0 Td (chown)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.678 0 Td [(follows )-428(symbolic )-428(links.)-928(All )-428(of )-428(these )-428(platforms )-428(pr)15(ovide)]TJ -15.056 -1.25 Td (implementations of)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.863 0 Td (lchown)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td (to change the ownership of symbolic links themselves.)Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2332.25 5880.25 cm 0 0 m 1827 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 287.6215 579.9304 Tm [(Does not follow)-3265(Follows)]TJ 0.53 -1.25 Td [(symbolic link)-2560(symbolic link)]TJ -6.83 0.625 Td (Function)Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2332.25 5660.25 cm 0 0 m 1827 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2332.25 5640.25 cm 0 0 m 1827 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 237.2133 555.8999 Tm (access)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 18.024 0 Td (\245)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -18.024 -1.25 Td (chdir)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 18.024 0 Td (\245)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -18.024 -1.25 Td (chmod)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 18.024 0 Td (\245)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -18.024 -1.25 Td (chown)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 18.024 0 Td (\245)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -18.024 -1.25 Td (creat)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 18.024 0 Td (\245)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -18.024 -1.25 Td (exec)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 18.024 0 Td (\245)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -18.024 -1.25 Td (lchown)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.506 0 Td (\245)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -9.506 -1.25 Td (link)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 18.024 0 Td (\245)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -18.024 -1.25 Td (lstat)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.506 0 Td (\245)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -9.506 -1.25 Td (open)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 18.024 0 Td (\245)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -18.024 -1.25 Td (opendir)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 18.024 0 Td (\245)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -18.024 -1.25 Td (pathconf)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 18.024 0 Td (\245)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -18.024 -1.25 Td (readlink)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.506 0 Td (\245)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -9.506 -1.25 Td (remove)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.506 0 Td (\245)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -9.506 -1.25 Td (rename)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.506 0 Td (\245)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -9.506 -1.25 Td (stat)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 18.024 0 Td (\245)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -18.024 -1.25 Td (truncate)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 18.024 0 Td (\245)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -18.024 -1.25 Td (unlink)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.506 0 Td (\245)Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2332.25 3820.25 cm 0 0 m 1827 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3498.25 3820.25 cm 0 0 m 0 2060 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2816.25 3820.25 cm 0 0 m 0 2060 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4159.25 3820.25 cm 0 0 m 0 2060 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2332.25 3820.25 cm 0 0 m 0 2060 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 215.5683 363.9126 Tm (Figure 4.17)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.09 Tc 5.695 0 Td [(Tr )88(e)]TJ 0 Tc 1.379 0 Td (atment of symbolic links by various functions)Tj 9.9976 0 0 9.9976 147.5648 336.3193 Tm [(One )-145(exception )-145(to )-145(the )-145(behavior )-145(summarized )-145(in )-145(Figur)]TJ 0.3954 Tc 23.874 0 Td (e4)Tj 0 Tc 1.374 0 Td [(.17 )-145(occurs )-145(when )-145(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.552 0 Td (open)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -36.6 -1.2 Td [(function )-150(is )-150(called )-150(with )-150(both)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 13.077 0 Td (O_CREAT)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.6 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.093 0 Td (O_EXCL)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4 0 Td [(set. )-400(In)-400(this )-150(case, )-150(if )-150(the )-150(pathname)]TJ -0.018 Tc -23.769 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(fers )-143(to )-143(a )-143(symbolic )-143(link,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.925 0 Td (open)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.793 0 Td [(will )-143(fail )-143(with)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.333 0 Td (errno)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.393 0 Td [(set )-143(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 2.886 0 Td (EEXIST)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.6427 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 5.106 0 Td [(his )-143(behavior )-143(is)]TJ -32.292 -1.2 Td [(intended )-8(to )-8(close )-8(a )-8(security )-8(hole )-8(so )-8(that )-8(privileged )-8(pr)14(ocesses )-8(can\325t )-8(be )-8(fooled )-8(into )-8(writing)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(to the wr)18(ong \336les.)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf -3.6 -2.52 Td (Example)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.6 -2.28 Td [(It )-210(is )-210(possible )-210(to )-210(intr)19(oduce )-210(loops )-210(into )-210(the )-210(\336le )-210(system )-210(by )-210(using )-210(symbolic )-210(links.)-707(Most)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(functions )-297(that )-297(look )-297(up )-297(a )-297(pathname )-297(r)18(eturn )-297(an)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 22.18 0 Td (errno)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.547 0 Td (of)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.426 0 Td (ELOOP)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.547 0 Td [(when )-297(this )-297(occurs.)]TJ -30.7 -1.2 Td (Consider the following commands:)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9978 0 0 8.9978 147.5656 199.6521 Tm ($)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (mkdir foo)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 17.2 0 Td [(make a new dir)18(ectory)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -18.4 -1.189 Td ($)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (touch foo/a)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 17.2 0 Td [(cr)18(eate a 0-length \336le)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -18.4 -1.189 Td ($)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (ln -s ../foo foo/testdir)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 17.2 0 Td [(cr)18(eate a symbolic link)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -18.4 -1.189 Td ($)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (ls -l foo)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -1.2 -1.189 Td (total 0)Tj 0 -1.189 TD [(-rw-r----- )-600(1)-600(sar )]TJ 16.8 0 Td [(0)-600(Jan 22 00:16 a)]TJ -16.8 -1.189 Td [(lrwxrwxrwx )-600(1)-600(sar )]TJ 16.8 0 Td [(6)-600(Jan 22 00:16 testdir -> ../foo)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47202 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (608)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Network )-250(IPC: )-250(Sockets)]TJ 38.741 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(16)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5911 668.9599 Tm [(If )-310(the )-310(socket )-310(descriptor )-310(is )-310(in )-310(nonblocking )-310(mode, )-310(which )-310(we )-310(discuss )-310(further )-310(in)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(Section )-386(16.8,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.465 0 Td (connect)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.836 0 Td [(will )-386(r)18(eturn)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 5.741 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.6358 Tc (1w)Tj 0 Tc 2.519 0 Td (ith)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.835 0 Td (errno)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.636 0 Td [(set )-386(to )-386(the )-386(special )-386(err)18(or )-386(code)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -25.03 -1.2 Td (EINPROGRESS)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.929 0 Td [(if )-79(the )-79(connection )-79(can\325t )-79(be )-79(established )-79(immediately)]TJ 0.5793 Tc 22.41 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.442 0 Td [(he )-79(application )-79(can)]TJ -30.781 -1.2 Td [(use )-124(either)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.807 0 Td (poll)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.774 0 Td (or)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.315 0 Td (select)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.974 0 Td [(to )-124(determine )-124(when )-124(the )-124(\336le )-124(descriptor )-124(is )-124(writable.)-627(At )-124(this)]TJ -12.871 -1.2 Td (point, the connection is complete.)Tj 1.8 -1.2 Td (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.166 0 Td (connect)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.692 0 Td [(function )-242(can )-242(also )-242(be )-242(used )-242(with )-242(a )-242(connectionless )-242(network )-242(service)]TJ -8.659 -1.2 Td (\()Tj /TT0 1 Tf (SOCK_DGRAM)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(\). )-311(This)-310(might )-61(seem )-61(like )-61(a )-61(contradiction, )-61(but )-61(it )-61(is )-61(an )-61(optimization )-61(instead.)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(If )-45(we )-45(call)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.393 0 Td (connect)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.495 0 Td [(with )-45(a)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.123 0 Td (SOCK_DGRAM)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.295 0 Td [(socket, )-45(the )-45(destination )-45(addr)19(ess )-45(of )-45(all )-45(messages)]TJ -18.306 -1.2 Td [(we )-20(send )-20(is )-20(set )-20(to )-20(the )-20(addr)16(ess )-20(we )-20(speci\336ed )-20(in )-20(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 21.519 0 Td (connect)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.47 0 Td [(call, )-20(r)18(elieving )-20(us )-20(fr)18(om )-20(having)]TJ -25.989 -1.2 Td [(to )-75(pr)18(ovide )-75(the )-75(addr)19(ess )-75(every )-75(time )-75(we )-75(transmit )-75(a )-75(message.)-575(In )-75(addition, )-75(we )-75(will )-75(r)21(eceive)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(datagrams only fr)18(om the addr)18(ess we\325ve speci\336ed.)]TJ 0.5037 Tc 1.8 -1.2 Td (As)Tj 0 Tc 1.706 0 Td [(erver )-254(announces )-254(that )-254(it )-254(is )-254(willing )-254(to )-254(accept )-254(connect )-254(r)18(equests )-254(by )-254(calling )-254(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -3.506 -1.2 Td (listen)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td (function.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.591 509.4694 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.783 TD (int listen\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 9 0 Td (sockfd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 4.262 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (backlog)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 11.789 -1.783 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 4729.25 cm 0 0 m 0 456 l 3900 456 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 460.5447 Tm (The)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 2.376 0 Td (backlog)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.682 0 Td [(ar)18(gument )-452(pr)18(ovides )-452(a )-452(hint )-452(to )-452(the )-452(system )-452(r)18(egar)18(ding )-452(the )-452(number )-452(of)]TJ -6.058 -1.2 Td [(outstanding )-232(connect )-232(r)18(equests )-232(that )-232(it )-232(should )-232(enqueue )-232(on )-232(behalf )-232(of )-232(the )-232(pr)18(ocess. )-482(The)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(actual )-8(value )-8(is )-8(determined )-8(by )-8(the )-8(system, )-8(but )-8(the )-8(upper )-8(limit )-8(is )-8(speci\336ed )-8(as)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 33.6 0 Td (SOMAXCONN)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -33.6 -1.2 Td (in)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.123 0 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj 7.999 0 0 7.999 183.5779 404.5514 Tm [(On )-84(Solaris, )-84(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.979 0 Td (SOMAXCONN)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.734 0 Td [(value )-84(in)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.979 0 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 8.734 0 Td [(is )-84(ignor)18(ed. )-334(The)-334(particular )-84(maximum)]TJ -25.427 -1.25 Td [(depends on the implementation of each pr)18(otocol. )-250(For)-250(TCP)]TJ 0.25 Tc 25.717 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 0.826 0 Td (he default is 128.)Tj 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 147.5826 372.5553 Tm [(Once )-178(the )-178(queue )-178(is )-178(full, )-178(the )-178(system )-178(will )-178(r)18(eject )-178(additional )-178(connect )-178(r)18(equests, )-178(so )-178(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf -1.8 -1.2 Td (backlog)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.298 0 Td [(value )-68(must )-68(be )-68(chosen )-68(based )-68(on )-68(the )-68(expected )-68(load )-68(of )-68(the )-68(server )-68(and )-68(the )-68(amount)]TJ -3.298 -1.2 Td [(of pr)18(ocessing it must do to accept a connect r)18(equest and start the service.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(Once )-44(a )-44(server )-44(has )-44(called)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.119 0 Td (listen)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.2938 Tc (,t)Tj 0 Tc 4.47 0 Td [(he )-44(socket )-44(used )-44(can )-44(r)19(eceive )-44(connect )-44(r)19(equests. )-294(W)92(e)]TJ -17.389 -1.2 Td (use the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.393 0 Td (accept)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td [(function to r)18(etrieve a connect r)18(equest and convert it into a connection.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9989 0 0 8.9989 147.5831 309.0629 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.783 TD (int accept\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 9 0 Td (sockfd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 4.262 0 Td (truct sockaddr *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 15 0 Td (addr)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -21.662 -1.189 Td (socklen_t *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 12 0 Td (len)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -1.077 -1.783 Td (Returns: \336le \(socket\) descriptor if OK,)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 16.941 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 2618.25 cm 0 0 m 0 563 l 3900 563 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9982 0 0 9.9982 129.5767 249.4551 Tm [(The )-120(\336le )-120(descriptor )-120(r)18(eturned )-120(by)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 14.37 0 Td (accept)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.97 0 Td [(is )-120(a )-120(socket )-120(descriptor )-120(that )-120(is )-120(connected )-120(to )-120(the)]TJ -18.34 -1.2 Td [(client )-122(that )-122(called)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.879 0 Td (connect)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.622 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 5.685 0 Td [(his )-122(new )-122(socket )-122(descriptor )-122(has )-122(the )-122(same )-122(socket )-122(type )-122(and)]TJ -13.564 -1.2 Td [(addr)18(ess )-90(family )-90(as )-90(the )-90(original )-90(socket )-90(\()]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 17.194 0 Td (sockfd)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(\). )-340(The)-341(original )-91(socket )-91(passed )-91(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 17.15 0 Td (accept)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.941 0 Td (is)Tj -38.285 -1.2 Td [(not )-93(associated )-93(with )-93(the )-93(connection, )-93(but )-93(instead )-93(r)18(emains )-93(available )-93(to )-93(r)18(eceive )-93(additional)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(connect r)18(equests.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(If )-24(we )-24(don\325t )-24(car)]TJ 0.274 Tc 6.469 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.253 0 Td [(bout )-24(the )-24(client\325s )-24(identity)111(,)-274(we)-274(can )-24(set )-24(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 17.779 0 Td (addr)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.107 0 Td (and)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.967 0 Td (len)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.497 0 Td [(parameters )-24(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -32.872 -1.2 Td (NULL)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5564 Tc (.O)Tj 0 Tc 3.992 0 Td [(therwise, )-56(befor)]TJ 0.3064 Tc 6.654 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (alling)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.817 0 Td (accept)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(,)-306(we)-306(n)-1(eed )-56(to )-56(set )-56(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 12.64 0 Td (addr)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.139 0 Td [(parameter )-56(to )-56(a )-56(buf)17(fer)]TJ -29.473 -1.2 Td [(lar)18(ge )-53(enough )-53(to )-53(hold )-53(the )-53(addr)18(ess )-53(and )-53(set )-53(the )-53(integer )-53(pointed )-53(to )-53(by)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 30.042 0 Td (len)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.526 0 Td [(to )-53(the )-53(size )-53(of )-53(the)]TJ -31.568 -1.2 Td [(buf)18(fer )-170(in )-170(bytes.)-670(On )-170(r)16(eturn,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 12.871 0 Td (accept)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.02 0 Td [(will )-170(\336ll )-170(in )-170(the )-170(client\325s )-170(addr)18(ess )-170(in )-170(the )-170(buf)18(fer )-170(and)]TJ -16.891 -1.2 Td (update the integer pointed to by)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 14.532 0 Td (len)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.473 0 Td [(to r)18(e\337ect the size of the addr)18(ess.)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47203 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(21.5)]TJ 38.014 0 Td [(Sour)18(ce )-250(Code)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 7.819 0 Td (817)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 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S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 129.5922 659.4594 Tm [(143 )-2400(err)]TJ 0.6 Tc 7.2 0 Td (=p)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (thread_create\(&tid, NULL, printer_thread, NULL\);)Tj -9 -1.189 Td [(144 )-2400(if)-600(\(err == 0\))]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(145 )-4800(err)]TJ 0.6 Tc 9.6 0 Td (=p)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (thread_create\(&tid, NULL, signal_thread, NULL\);)Tj -11.4 -1.189 Td [(146 )-2400(if)-600(\(err != 0\))]TJ T* [(147 )-4800(log_exit\(err,)-600("can\325t create thread"\);)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(148 )-2400(build_qonstart\(\);)]TJ 0 -1.902 TD [(149 )-2400(log_msg\("daemon)-600(initialized"\);)]TJ 0 -1.902 TD [(150 )-2400(for)-600(\(;;\) {)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(151 )-4800(rset)]TJ 0.6 Tc 10.2 0 Td (=r)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (endezvous;)Tj -12 -1.189 Td [(152 )-4800(if)-600(\(select\(maxfd+1, &rset, NULL, NULL, NULL\) < 0\))]TJ T* (153 )Tj 9.6 0 Td [(log_sys\("select)-600(failed"\);)]TJ -9.6 -1.189 Td [(154 )-4800(for)-600(\(i = 0; i <= maxfd; i++\) {)]TJ T* (155 )Tj 9.6 0 Td [(if)-600(\(FD_ISSET\(i, &rset\)\) {)]TJ -9.6 -1.189 Td (156 )Tj 12 0 Td (/*)Tj -12 -1.189 Td (157 )Tj 12.6 0 Td [(*)-600(Accept the connection and handle the request.)]TJ -12.6 -1.189 Td (158 )Tj 12.6 0 Td (*/)Tj -12.6 -1.189 Td (159 )Tj 12 0 Td [(if)-600(\(\(sockfd = accept\(i, NULL, NULL\)\) < 0\))]TJ -12 -1.189 Td (160 )Tj 14.4 0 Td [(log_ret\("accept)-600(failed"\);)]TJ -14.4 -1.189 Td (161 )Tj 12 0 Td [(pthread_create\(&tid,)-600(NULL, client_thread,)]TJ -12 -1.189 Td (162 )Tj 13.2 0 Td [(\(void)-600(*\)\(\(long\)sockfd\)\);)]TJ -13.2 -1.189 Td (163 )Tj 9.6 0 Td (})Tj -9.6 -1.189 Td [(164 )-4800(})]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(165 )-2400(})]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(166 )-2400(exit\(1\);)]TJ T* [(167 )-1200(})]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 3850.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 361.0147 Tm [([143 )167(\320 )167(149])]TJ -0.092 Tc 5 0 Td [(We )-224(c)]TJ -0.018 Tc 2.121 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(ate )-40(one )-40(thr)18(ead )-40(to )-40(handle )-40(signals )-40(and )-40(one )-40(thr)18(ead )-40(to )-40(communicate )-40(with)]TJ -2.977 -1.2 Td [(the )-219(printer)]TJ 0.7194 Tc 4.851 0 Td (.\()Tj 0 Tc 1.302 0 Td [(By )-219(r)18(estricting )-219(printer )-219(communication )-219(to )-219(one )-219(thr)18(ead, )-219(we )-219(can)]TJ -6.154 -1.2 Td [(simplify )-221(the )-221(locking )-221(of )-221(the )-221(printer)20(-r)18(elated )-221(data )-221(str)9(uctur)18(es.\) )-471(Then)-470(we )-221(call)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0 -1.2 Td (build_qonstart)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.818 0 Td [(to )-168(sear)18(ch )-168(the )-168(dir)19(ectories )-168(in)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 12.69 0 Td (/var/spool/printer)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 11.218 0 Td (for)Tj -32.726 -1.2 Td [(any )-274(pending )-274(jobs.)-775(For )-274(each )-274(job )-274(that )-274(we )-274(\336nd )-274(on )-274(disk, )-274(we )-274(will )-274(cr)18(eate )-274(a)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(str)8(uctur)18(e)-406(to)-406(l)-1(et )-156(the )-156(printer )-156(thr)17(ead )-156(know )-156(that )-156(it )-156(should )-156(send )-156(the )-156(\336le )-156(to )-156(the)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td (printer)Tj 0.7281 Tc 2.995 0 Td (.A)Tj 0.4781 Tc 1.756 0 Td (tt)Tj 0 Tc 1.13 0 Td [(his )-228(point, )-228(we )-228(ar)]TJ 0.4781 Tc 7.517 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.568 0 Td [(one )-228(setting )-228(up )-228(the )-228(daemon, )-228(so )-228(we )-228(log )-228(a)]TJ -14.967 -1.2 Td [(message to indicate that the daemon has initialized successfully)111(.)]TJ -5 -1.6 Td [([150 )167(\320 )167(167])]TJ -0.092 Tc 5 0 Td [(We )-347(c)]TJ 0 Tc 2.244 0 Td [(opy )-163(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.917 0 Td [(rendezvous )187(fd_set)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 10.427 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)]TJ 0.4134 Tc 3.49 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.218 0 Td (o)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.959 0 Td (rset)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.813 0 Td [(and )-163(call)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.046 0 Td (select)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.013 0 Td (to)Tj -33.128 -1.2 Td [(wait )-174(for )-174(one )-174(of )-174(the )-174(\336le )-174(descriptors )-174(to )-174(become )-174(r)17(eadable. )-424(W)]TJ 0.424 Tc 27.104 0 Td (eh)Tj 0 Tc 1.485 0 Td [(ave )-174(to )-174(copy)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -28.589 -1.2 Td (rendezvous)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.4153 Tc (,b)Tj 0 Tc 7.218 0 Td (ecause)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.344 0 Td (select)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.015 0 Td [(will )-165(modify )-165(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.56 0 Td (fd_set)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.015 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)]TJ 0.4154 Tc 3.49 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.22 0 Td [(hat )-165(we)]TJ -30.864 -1.2 Td [(pass )-98(to )-98(it )-98(to )-98(include )-98(only )-98(those )-98(\336le )-98(descriptors )-98(that )-98(satisfy )-98(the )-98(event.)-593(Since)]TJ T* [(the )-1(sockets )-1(have )-1(been )-1(initialized )-1(for )-1(use )-1(by )-1(a )-1(server)]TJ 0.251 Tc 22.569 0 Td (,ar)Tj 0 Tc 1.629 0 Td [(eadable )-1(\336le )-1(descriptor)]TJ -24.198 -1.2 Td [(means )-129(that )-129(a )-129(connect )-129(r)19(equest )-129(is )-129(pending.)-628(After)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 22.01 0 Td (select)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 3.979 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(turns, )-129(we )-129(check)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -26.845 -1.2 Td (rset)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.684 0 Td [(for )-34(a )-34(r)18(eadable )-34(\336le )-34(descriptor)]TJ 0.5343 Tc 12.514 0 Td (.I)Tj 0 Tc 1.121 0 Td [(f)-284(we)-284(\336)-1(nd )-34(one, )-34(we )-34(call)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.846 0 Td (accept)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.884 0 Td [(to )-34(accept)]TJ -30.05 -1.2 Td [(the )-59(connection.)-559(If )-59(this )-59(fails, )-59(we )-59(log )-59(an )-59(err)20(or )-59(message )-59(and )-59(continue )-59(checking)]TJ T* [(for )-94(mor)]TJ 0.344 Tc 3.424 0 Td (er)Tj 0 Tc 1.2 0 Td [(eadable )-94(\336le )-94(descriptors.)-594(Otherwise, )-94(we )-94(cr)18(eate )-94(a )-94(thr)18(ead )-94(to )-94(handle)]TJ -4.624 -1.2 Td [(the )-58(client )-58(connection.)-557(The)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 12.027 0 Td (main)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.708 0 Td [(thr)18(ead )-58(loops, )-58(farming )-58(r)18(equests )-58(out )-58(to )-58(other)]TJ -14.735 -1.2 Td [(thr)18(eads for pr)18(ocessing, and should never r)18(each the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 22.566 0 Td (exit)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td (statement.)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47204 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (648)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Advanced )-250(IPC)]TJ 38.741 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(17)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 172.7896 670.2598 Tm (for \(ptr = buf; ptr < &buf[nr]; \) {)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(*ptr++ == 0\) {)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(ptr != &buf[nr-1]\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_dump\("message format error"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td [(status = *ptr & 0xFF;)-1800(/* prevent sign extension */)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD (if \(status == 0\) {)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(msg.msg_controllen != CONTROLLEN\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_dump\("status = 0 but no fd"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (newfd = *\(int *\)CMSG_DATA\(cmptr\);)Tj 0.6 Tc -2.4 -1.189 Td (}e)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (lse {)Tj 0.6 -1.189 Td (newfd = -status;)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj 0 -1.189 TD (nr -= 2;)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj T* (if \(nr > 0 && \(*userfunc\)\(STDERR_FILENO, buf, nr\) != nr\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (return\(-1\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td [(if \(status >= 0\))-2400(/* final data has arrived */)]TJ 2.4 -1.189 Td [(return\(newfd\); )-600(/*)-600(descriptor, or -status */)]TJ -4.8 -1.189 Td (})Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 4515.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 203.6836 435.4467 Tm (Figure 17.14)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.195 0 Td (Receiving a \336le descriptor over a UNIX domain socket)Tj 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5846 411.4496 Tm [(Note )-144(that )-144(we )-144(ar)]TJ 0.3937 Tc 7.287 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.373 0 Td [(lways )-144(pr)18(epar)18(ed )-144(to )-144(r)18(eceive )-144(a )-144(descriptor )-144(\(we )-144(set)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 21.653 0 Td (msg_control)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.994 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -37.307 -1.2 Td (msg_controllen)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 8.945 0 Td (befor)Tj 0.5451 Tc 2.288 0 Td (ee)Tj 0 Tc 1.503 0 Td [(ach )-295(call )-295(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.559 0 Td (recvmsg)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(\), )-295(but )-295(only )-295(if)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.044 0 Td (msg_controllen)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 8.945 0 Td (is)Tj -38.285 -1.2 Td [(nonzer)18(o)-250(on)-250(r)18(eturn did we actually r)18(eceive a descriptor)74(.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(Recall )-51(the )-51(hoops )-51(we )-51(needed )-51(to )-51(jump )-51(thr)18(ough )-51(to )-51(determine )-51(the )-51(identity )-51(of )-51(the )-51(caller)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(in )-37(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 2.834 0 Td (serv_accept)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.887 0 Td [(function )-37(\(Figur)]TJ 0.2868 Tc 6.71 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.266 0 Td [(7.9\). )-287(It)-287(would )-37(have )-37(been )-37(better )-37(for )-37(the )-37(kernel )-37(to)]TJ -17.696 -1.2 Td [(pass )-164(us )-164(the )-164(cr)18(edentials )-164(of )-164(the )-164(caller )-164(on )-164(r)18(eturn )-164(fr)18(om )-164(the )-164(call )-164(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 29.026 0 Td (accept)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.6638 Tc (.S)Tj 0 Tc 5.039 0 Td [(ome )-164(UNIX)]TJ -34.065 -1.2 Td [(domain )-542(socket )-542(implementations )-542(pr)17(ovide )-542(similar )-542(functionality )-542(when )-542(exchanging)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(messages, but their interfaces dif)18(fer)74(.)]TJ 7.999 0 0 7.999 183.5784 307.4621 Tm [(Fr)18(eeBSD )-256(8.0 )-256(and )-256(Linux )-256(3.2.0 )-256(pr)18(ovide )-256(support )-256(for )-256(sending )-256(cr)18(edentials )-256(over )-256(UNIX )-256(domain)]TJ 0 -1.25 Td [(sockets, )-99(but )-99(they )-99(do )-99(it )-99(dif)17(fer)18(ently)]TJ 0.5993 Tc 14.923 0 Td (.M)Tj 0 Tc 1.795 0 Td [(ac )-99(OS )-99(X )-99(10.6.8 )-99(is )-99(derived )-99(in )-99(part )-99(fr)18(om )-99(Fr)18(eeBSD, )-99(but )-99(has)]TJ -16.718 -1.25 Td [(cr)18(edential )-16(passing )-16(disabled.)-516(Solaris )-16(10 )-16(doesn\325t )-16(support )-16(sending )-16(cr)17(edentials )-16(over )-16(UNIX )-16(domain)]TJ -0 -1.25 Td [(sockets. )-365(However)74(,)-365(it)-365(supports )-115(the )-115(ability )-115(to )-115(obtain )-115(the )-115(cr)18(edentials )-115(of )-115(a )-115(pr)18(ocess )-115(passing )-115(a )-115(\336le)]TJ 0 -1.25 Td [(descriptor over a STREAMS pipe, although we do not discuss the details h\ er)18(e.)]TJ -0.055 Tc 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 147.5828 245.4695 Tm (Wi)Tj 0 Tc 1.236 0 Td [(th Fr)18(eeBSD, cr)18(edentials ar)]TJ 0.25 Tc 11.39 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.055 0 Td (ransmitted as a)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 6.991 0 Td (cmsgcred)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.05 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e:)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9989 0 0 8.9989 147.5832 228.7715 Tm (#define CMGROUP_MAX 16)Tj 0 -1.783 TD (struct cmsgcred {)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td [(pid_t )-600(cmcred_pid;)]TJ 21.6 0 Td (/* sender\325s process ID */)Tj -21.6 -1.189 Td [(uid_t )-600(cmcred_uid;)]TJ 21.6 0 Td (/* sender\325s real UID */)Tj -21.6 -1.189 Td [(uid_t )-600(cmcred_euid;)]TJ 21.6 0 Td (/* sender\325s effective UID */)Tj -21.6 -1.189 Td [(gid_t )-600(cmcred_gid;)]TJ 21.6 0 Td (/* sender\325s real GID */)Tj -21.6 -1.189 Td [(short )-600(cmcred_ngroups;)]TJ 21.6 0 Td (/* number of groups */)Tj -21.6 -1.189 Td [(gid_t )-600(cmcred_groups[CMGROUP_MAX]; )-600(/*)-600(groups */)]TJ -2.4 -1.189 Td (};)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47205 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (640)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Advanced )-250(IPC)]TJ 38.741 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(17)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5911 668.9599 Tm [(The )-211(server )-211(blocks )-211(in )-211(the )-211(call )-211(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 15.109 0 Td (accept)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.4609 Tc (,w)Tj 0 Tc 5.145 0 Td [(aiting )-211(for )-211(a )-211(client )-211(to )-211(call)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.896 0 Td (cli_conn)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj -33.95 -1.2 Td (When)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.002 0 Td (accept)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 3.959 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(turns, )-109(its )-109(r)17(eturn )-109(value )-109(is )-109(a )-109(brand-new )-109(descriptor )-109(that )-109(is )-109(connected )-109(to)]TJ -7.818 -1.2 Td [(the )-119(client.)-618(Additionally)]TJ 0.3687 Tc 10.6 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 0.945 0 Td [(he )-119(pathname )-119(that )-119(the )-119(client )-119(assigned )-119(to )-119(its )-119(socket )-119(\(the )-119(name)]TJ -11.545 -1.2 Td [(that )-258(contained )-258(the )-258(client\325s )-258(pr)18(ocess )-258(ID\) )-258(is )-258(r)19(eturned )-258(by)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 25.582 0 Td (accept)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5077 Tc (,t)Tj 0 Tc 4.684 0 Td [(hr)18(ough )-258(the )-258(second)]TJ -30.266 -1.2 Td [(ar)18(gument )-185(\(the )-185(pointer )-185(to )-185(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 13.682 0 Td (sockaddr_un)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.036 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e\). )-435(W)]TJ 0.4355 Tc 6.146 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.359 0 Td [(opy )-185(this )-185(pathname )-185(and)]TJ -28.221 -1.2 Td (ensur)Tj 0.4204 Tc 2.465 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.225 0 Td [(hat )-170(it )-170(is )-170(null )-170(terminated )-170(\(if )-170(the )-170(pathname )-170(takes )-170(up )-170(all )-170(available )-170(space )-170(in )-170(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -3.69 -1.2 Td (sun_path)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.399 0 Td [(member )-349(of )-349(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.735 0 Td (sockaddr_un)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.199 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e, )-349(ther)]TJ 0.599 Tc 6.582 0 Td (ew)Tj 0 Tc 1.912 0 Td [(on\325t )-349(be )-349(r)18(oom )-349(for )-349(the)]TJ -28.827 -1.2 Td [(terminating )-210(null )-210(byte\).)-710(Then )-210(we )-210(call)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 17.583 0 Td (stat)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.861 0 Td [(to )-210(verify )-210(that )-210(the )-210(pathname )-210(is )-210(indeed )-210(a)]TJ -20.443 -1.2 Td [(socket )-49(and )-49(that )-49(the )-49(permissions )-49(allow )-49(only )-49(user)19(-r)18(ead, )-49(user)18(-write, )-49(and )-49(user)18(-execute. )-299(W)92(e)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(also )-54(verify )-54(that )-54(the )-54(thr)18(ee )-54(times )-54(associated )-54(with )-54(the )-54(socket )-54(ar)20(e)-304(no)-304(older )-54(than )-54(30 )-54(seconds.)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(\(Recall )-139(fr)18(om )-139(Section )-139(6.10 )-139(that )-139(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 15.542 0 Td (time)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.789 0 Td [(function )-139(r)18(eturns )-139(the )-139(curr)18(ent )-139(time )-139(and )-139(date )-139(in)]TJ -18.331 -1.2 Td (seconds past the Epoch.\))Tj 1.8 -1.2 Td [(If )-15(all )-15(these )-15(checks )-15(ar)]TJ 0.2648 Tc 8.908 0 Td (eO)Tj 0 Tc 1.53 0 Td [(K, )-15(we )-15(assume )-15(that )-15(the )-15(identity )-15(of )-15(the )-15(client )-15(\(its )-15(ef)18(fective )-15(user)]TJ -12.237 -1.2 Td [(ID\) )-44(is )-44(the )-44(owner )-44(of )-44(the )-44(socket.)-544(Although )-44(this )-44(check )-44(isn\325t )-44(perfect, )-44(it\325s )-44(the )-44(best )-44(we )-44(can )-44(do)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(with )-60(curr)18(ent )-60(systems.)-560(\(It )-60(would )-60(be )-60(better )-60(if )-60(the )-60(kernel )-60(r)18(eturned )-60(the )-60(ef)18(fective )-60(user )-60(ID )-60(to)]TJ T* [(us thr)18(ough a parameter to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.779 0 Td (accept)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.\))Tj -9.979 -1.2 Td [(The )-120(client )-120(initiates )-120(the )-120(connection )-120(to )-120(the )-120(server )-120(by )-120(calling )-120(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 28.323 0 Td (cli_conn)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.17 0 Td (function)Tj -35.293 -1.2 Td (\(Figur)Tj 0.25 Tc 2.716 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (7.10\).)Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 4578.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9989 0 0 8.9989 129.5844 448.2452 Tm (#include "apue.h")Tj 0 -1.189 TD (#include )Tj T* (#include )Tj T* (#include )Tj 0 -1.902 TD [(#define CLI_PATH)-2400("/var/tmp/")]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(#define CLI_PERM)-2400(S_IRWXU )-4800(/*)-600(rwx for user only */)]TJ 0 -1.902 TD (/*)Tj 0.6 Tc 0.6 -1.189 Td (*C)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (reate a client endpoint and connect to a server.)Tj 0.6 Tc -1.8 -1.189 Td (*R)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (eturns fd if all OK, <0 on error.)Tj -1.8 -1.189 Td (*/)Tj -0.6 -1.189 Td (int)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (cli_conn\(const char *name\))Tj T* ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (int )Tj 12 0 Td [(fd,)-600(len, err, rval;)]TJ -12 -1.189 Td [(struct sockaddr_un)-1200(un, sun;)]TJ T* (int )Tj 12 0 Td (do_unlink)Tj 0.6 Tc 6 0 Td (=0)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (;)Tj -19.8 -1.902 Td (if \(strlen\(name\) >= sizeof\(un.sun_path\)\) {)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (errno = ENAMETOOLONG;)Tj T* (return\(-1\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj 0 -1.902 TD (/* create a UNIX domain stream socket */)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (if \(\(fd = socket\(AF_UNIX, SOCK_STREAM, 0\)\) < 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (return\(-1\);)Tj -2.4 -1.902 Td (/* fill socket address structure with our address */)Tj T* (memset\(&un, 0, sizeof\(un\)\);)Tj T* (un.sun_family = AF_UNIX;)Tj T* (sprintf\(un.sun_path, "%s%05ld", CLI_PATH, \(long\)getpid\(\)\);)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47206 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(17.3)]TJ 34.529 0 Td [(Unique )-250(Connections)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 11.304 0 Td (639)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 151.1909 670.2598 Tm (if \(\(name = malloc\(sizeof\(un.sun_path + 1\)\)\) == NULL\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (return\(-1\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (len = sizeof\(un\);)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (if \(\(clifd = accept\(listenfd, \(struct sockaddr *\)&un, &len\)\) < 0\)\ {)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (free\(name\);)Tj 0 -1.189 TD [(return\(-2\); )-2400(/*)-600(often errno=EINTR, if signal caught */)]TJ -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj 0 -1.902 TD (/* obtain the client\325s uid from its calling address */)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (len -= offsetof\(struct sockaddr_un, sun_path\); /* len of pathname */)Tj T* (memcpy\(name, un.sun_path, len\);)Tj T* (name[len] = 0;)Tj 14.4 0 Td (/* null terminate */)Tj -14.4 -1.189 Td (if \(stat\(name, &statbuf\) < 0\) {)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (rval = -3;)Tj T* (goto errout;)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj -2.4 -1.902 Td [(#ifdef )-600(S_ISSOCK)-2400(/* not defined for SVR4 */)]TJ 2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(S_ISSOCK\(statbuf.st_mode\) == 0\) {)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td [(rval = -4;)-3600(/* not a socket */)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD (goto errout;)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (#endif)Tj 2.4 -1.902 Td (if \(\(statbuf.st_mode & \(S_IRWXG | S_IRWXO\)\) ||)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (\(statbuf.st_mode & S_IRWXU\) != S_IRWXU\) {)Tj 1.2 -1.189 Td [(rval = -5;)-2400(/* is not rwx------ */)]TJ T* (goto errout;)Tj -3.6 -1.189 Td (})Tj 0 -1.902 TD (staletime = time\(NULL\) - STALE;)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (if \(statbuf.st_atime < staletime ||)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (statbuf.st_ctime < staletime ||)Tj T* (statbuf.st_mtime < staletime\) {)Tj 1.2 -1.189 Td [(rval = -6;)-2400(/* i-node is too old */)]TJ T* (goto errout;)Tj -3.6 -1.189 Td (})Tj 0 -1.902 TD (if \(uidptr != NULL\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td [(*uidptr = statbuf.st_uid;)-1800(/* return uid of caller */)]TJ -2.4 -1.189 Td [(unlink\(name\); )-3600(/*)-600(we\325re done with pathname now */)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD (free\(name\);)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (return\(clifd\);)Tj -2.4 -1.902 Td (errout:)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err = errno;)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (close\(clifd\);)Tj T* (free\(name\);)Tj T* (errno = err;)Tj T* (return\(rval\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 1562.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 251.8658 141.362 Tm (Figure 17.9)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.695 0 Td (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.924 0 Td (serv_accept)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.85 0 Td (function)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47207 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(16.5)]TJ 37.602 0 Td [(Data )-250(T)90(ransfer)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 8.231 0 Td (617)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf -0.092 Tc 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5911 668.9599 Tm [(To )-376(\336)]TJ 0 Tc 2.114 0 Td [(nd )-192(its )-192(addr)17(ess, )-192(the )-192(server )-192(needs )-192(to )-192(get )-192(the )-192(name )-192(of )-192(the )-192(host )-192(on )-192(which )-192(it )-192(is)]TJ -0.008 Tc -3.914 -1.2 Td (ru)Tj 0 Tc 0.99 0 Td [(nning. )-78(If )-78(the )-78(maximum )-78(host )-78(name )-78(length )-78(is )-78(indeterminate, )-78(we )-78(use)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 30.21 0 Td (HOST_NAME_MAX)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -31.2 -1.2 Td [(instead. )-275(If)-275(the )-25(system )-25(doesn\325t )-25(de\336ne)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 16.514 0 Td (HOST_NAME_MAX)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(,)-275(we)-275(de\336ne )-25(it )-25(ourselves.)-525(POSIX.1)]TJ -0.018 Tc -16.514 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(quir)18(es )-207(the )-207(maximum )-207(host )-207(name )-207(length )-207(to )-207(be )-207(at )-207(least )-207(255 )-207(bytes, )-207(not )-207(including )-207(the)]TJ -0.856 -1.2 Td [(terminating )-146(null, )-146(so )-146(we )-146(de\336ne)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 14.25 0 Td (HOST_NAME_MAX)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.196 0 Td [(to )-146(be )-146(256 )-146(to )-146(include )-146(the )-146(terminating)]TJ -22.446 -1.2 Td (null.)Tj 1.8 -1.2 Td [(The )-101(server )-101(gets )-101(the )-101(host )-101(name )-101(by )-101(calling)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 18.774 0 Td (gethostname)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.951 0 Td [(and )-101(looks )-101(up )-101(the )-101(addr)20(ess)]TJ -27.524 -1.2 Td [(for )-236(the )-236(r)18(emote )-236(uptime )-236(service.)-736(Multiple )-236(addr)18(esses )-236(can )-236(be )-236(r)18(eturned, )-236(but )-236(we )-236(simply)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(choose )-41(the )-41(\336rst )-41(one )-41(for )-41(which )-41(we )-41(can )-41(establish )-41(a )-41(passive )-41(socket )-41(endpoint )-41(\(i.e., )-41(one )-41(used)]TJ T* [(only to listen for connect r)18(equests\). )-250(Handling)-250(multiple addr)18(esses is left as an exer)18(cise.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 1.8 -1.2 Td [(We )-190(u)]TJ 0 Tc 2.246 0 Td [(se )-6(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 2.801 0 Td (initserver)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.256 0 Td [(function )-6(fr)18(om )-6(Figur)]TJ 0.2557 Tc 8.74 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.235 0 Td [(6.12 )-6(to )-6(initialize )-6(the )-6(socket )-6(endpoint)]TJ -23.078 -1.2 Td [(on )-12(which )-12(we )-12(will )-12(wait )-12(for )-12(connect )-12(r)17(equests )-12(to )-12(arrive.)-513(\(Actually)111(,)-262(we)-262(u)-1(se )-12(the )-12(version )-12(fr)17(om)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td (Figur)Tj 0.25 Tc 2.383 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (6.22; we\325ll see why when we discuss socket options in Section 16.6.\)\ )Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5141.25 5250.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 50 50 l 0 50 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /TT1 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 93.5888 493.7407 Tm [(Example )195(\321 )195(Alternative)-279(Connection-Oriented Ser)-10(ver)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 3.6 -2.16 Td [(Pr)18(eviously)111(,)-568(we)-568(stated )-318(that )-318(using )-318(\336le )-318(descriptors )-318(to )-318(access )-318(sockets )-318(was )-318(signi\336cant,)]TJ T* [(because )-238(it )-238(allowed )-238(pr)18(ograms )-238(that )-238(knew )-238(nothing )-238(about )-238(networking )-238(to )-238(be )-238(used )-238(in )-238(a)]TJ T* [(networked )-9(envir)18(onment. )-259(The)-260(version )-10(of )-10(the )-10(server )-10(shown )-10(in )-10(Figur)]TJ 0.2596 Tc 29.519 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.239 0 Td [(6.18 )-10(illustrates )-10(this)]TJ -30.758 -1.2 Td [(point. )-416(Instead)-415(of )-166(r)18(eading )-166(the )-166(output )-166(of )-166(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 20.364 0 Td (uptime)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.016 0 Td [(command )-166(and )-166(sending )-166(it )-166(to )-166(the)]TJ -24.379 -1.2 Td [(client, )-287(the )-287(server )-287(arranges )-287(to )-287(have )-287(the )-287(standar)]TJ 0.5369 Tc 22.081 0 Td (do)Tj 0 Tc 1.694 0 Td [(utput )-287(and )-287(standar)]TJ 0.5369 Tc 8.546 0 Td (de)Tj 0 Tc 1.627 0 Td [(rr)18(or )-287(of )-287(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -33.947 -1.2 Td (uptime)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td (command be the socket endpoint connected to the client.)Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 4050.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9984 0 0 8.9984 129.5767 395.4278 Tm (#include "apue.h")Tj 0 -1.189 TD (#include )Tj 0 -1.189 TD (#include )Tj 0 -1.189 TD (#include )Tj 0 -1.189 TD (#include )Tj 0 -1.189 TD (#include )Tj 0 -1.189 TD (#include )Tj 0 -2.021 TD (#define QLEN 10)Tj 0 -2.021 TD (#ifndef HOST_NAME_MAX)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (#define HOST_NAME_MAX 256)Tj T* (#endif)Tj 0 -2.021 TD (extern int initserver\(int, const struct sockaddr *, socklen_t, int\);)Tj 0 -2.021 TD (void)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (serve\(int sockfd\))Tj 0 -1.189 TD ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td [(int )-2400(clfd,)-600(status;)]TJ T* [(pid_t )-1200(pid;)]TJ 0 -2.021 TD (set_cloexec\(sockfd\);)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (for \(;;\) {)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(\(clfd = accept\(sockfd, NULL, NULL\)\) < 0\) {)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (syslog\(LOG_ERR, "ruptimed: accept error: %s",)Tj 1.2 -1.189 Td (strerror\(errno\)\);)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47208 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(16.5)]TJ 37.602 0 Td [(Data )-250(T)90(ransfer)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 8.231 0 Td (615)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 151.1909 670.2598 Tm (err_exit\(err, "can\325t connect to %s", argv[1]\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 6548.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 224.1171 638.7223 Tm (Figure 16.16)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.195 0 Td [(Client command to get uptime fr)18(om server)]TJ 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5846 614.7252 Tm [(This )-140(pr)18(ogram )-140(connects )-140(to )-140(a )-140(server)]TJ 0.3899 Tc 15.58 0 Td (,r)Tj 0 Tc 1.017 0 Td [(eads )-140(the )-140(string )-140(sent )-140(by )-140(the )-140(server)]TJ 0.3899 Tc 15.284 0 Td (,a)Tj 0 Tc 1.14 0 Td [(nd )-140(prints )-140(the)]TJ -33.021 -1.2 Td [(string )-108(on )-108(the )-108(standar)]TJ 0.3577 Tc 9.482 0 Td (do)Tj 0 Tc 1.515 0 Td [(utput. )-358(Since)-358(we\325r)]TJ 0.3578 Tc 7.964 0 Td (eu)Tj 0 Tc 1.44 0 Td [(sing )-108(a)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.069 0 Td (SOCK_STREAM)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.958 0 Td [(socket, )-108(we )-108(can\325t )-108(be)]TJ -30.427 -1.2 Td [(guaranteed )-53(that )-53(we )-53(will )-53(r)18(ead )-53(the )-53(entir)]TJ 0.3034 Tc 17.014 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.206 0 Td [(tring )-53(in )-53(one )-53(call )-53(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.545 0 Td (recv)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(,)-303(so)-303(we)-303(n)-1(eed )-53(to )-53(r)17(epeat)]TJ -26.766 -1.2 Td [(the call until it r)18(eturns 0.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.025 0 Td (getaddrinfo)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.951 0 Td [(function )-101(might )-101(r)18(eturn )-101(mor)]TJ 0.3515 Tc 11.967 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.156 0 Td [(han )-101(one )-101(candidate )-101(addr)18(ess )-101(for )-101(us)]TJ -23.9 -1.2 Td [(to )-37(use )-37(if )-37(the )-37(server )-37(supports )-37(multiple )-37(network )-37(interfaces )-37(or )-37(multiple )-37(network )-37(pr)19(otocols.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 0 -1.2 TD [(We )-283(t)]TJ 0 Tc 2.061 0 Td [(ry )-99(each )-99(one )-99(in )-99(turn, )-99(giving )-99(up )-99(when )-99(we )-99(\336nd )-99(one )-99(that )-99(allows )-99(us )-99(to )-99(connect )-99(to )-99(the)]TJ -2.061 -1.2 Td [(service. )-654(W)]TJ 0.6544 Tc 5.139 0 Td (eu)Tj 0 Tc 1.736 0 Td [(se )-404(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.599 0 Td (connect_retry)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.454 0 Td [(function )-404(fr)18(om )-404(Figur)]TJ 0.6543 Tc 9.538 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.633 0 Td [(6.1)55(1)-654(to)-654(e)-1(stablish )-404(a)]TJ -30.1 -1.2 Td [(connection with the server)74(.)]TJ ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5141.25 5188.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 50 50 l 0 50 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /TT1 1 Tf 9.9982 0 0 9.9982 93.5832 487.5112 Tm [(Example )195(\321 )195(Connection-Oriented)-279(Ser )268(ver)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 3.6 -2.16 Td (Figur)Tj 0.2701 Tc 2.383 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.249 0 Td [(6.17 )-20(shows )-20(the )-20(server )-20(that )-20(pr)18(ovides )-20(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 17.59 0 Td (uptime)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.87 0 Td [(command\325s )-20(output )-20(to )-20(the )-20(client)]TJ -25.092 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ogram fr)18(om Figur)]TJ 0.25 Tc 8.88 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (6.16.)Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 4468.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9978 0 0 8.9978 129.5689 437.1931 Tm (#include "apue.h")Tj 0 -1.189 TD (#include )Tj T* (#include )Tj T* (#include )Tj T* (#include )Tj 0 -1.902 TD [(#define BUFLEN)-1200(128)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD (#define QLEN 10)Tj 0 -1.902 TD (#ifndef HOST_NAME_MAX)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (#define HOST_NAME_MAX 256)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (#endif)Tj 0 -1.902 TD (extern int initserver\(int, const struct sockaddr *, socklen_t, int\);)Tj T* (void)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (serve\(int sockfd\))Tj 0 -1.189 TD ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td [(int )-2400(clfd;)]TJ T* [(FILE )-1800(*fp;)]TJ T* [(char )-1800(buf[BUFLEN];)]TJ 0 -1.902 TD (set_cloexec\(sockfd\);)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (for \(;;\) {)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(\(clfd = accept\(sockfd, NULL, NULL\)\) < 0\) {)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (syslog\(LOG_ERR, "ruptimed: accept error: %s",)Tj 1.2 -1.189 Td (strerror\(errno\)\);)Tj -1.2 -1.189 Td (exit\(1\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj T* (set_cloexec\(clfd\);)Tj T* (if \(\(fp = popen\("/usr/bin/uptime", "r"\)\) == NULL\) {)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47209 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(16.4)]TJ 31.974 0 Td [(Connection )-250(Establishment)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 13.859 0 Td (609)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5911 668.9599 Tm [(If )-52(no )-52(connect )-52(r)18(equests )-52(ar)]TJ 0.3019 Tc 10.958 0 Td (ep)Tj 0 Tc 1.382 0 Td (ending,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.653 0 Td (accept)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.902 0 Td [(will )-52(block )-52(until )-52(one )-52(arrives.)-551(If)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 13.827 0 Td (sockfd)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.764 0 Td (is)Tj -38.285 -1.2 Td [(in )-275(nonblocking )-275(mode,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.746 0 Td (accept)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.125 0 Td [(will )-275(r)18(eturn)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 5.519 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.5249 Tc (1a)Tj 0 Tc 2.074 0 Td [(nd )-275(set)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.472 0 Td (errno)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.525 0 Td [(to )-275(either)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.474 0 Td (EAGAIN)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.125 0 Td (or)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -38.059 -1.2 Td (EWOULDBLOCK)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 183.5889 624.9625 Tm (All four platforms discussed in this text de\336ne)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 20.746 0 Td (EAGAIN)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td (to be the same as)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 7.751 0 Td (EWOULDBLOCK)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5908 602.9638 Tm [(If )-165(a )-165(server )-165(calls)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.519 0 Td (accept)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.016 0 Td [(and )-165(no )-165(connect )-165(r)18(equest )-165(is )-165(pr)18(esent, )-165(the )-165(server )-165(will )-165(block)]TJ -13.335 -1.2 Td [(until )-110(one )-110(arrives.)-609(Alternatively)]TJ 0.3596 Tc 14.076 0 Td (,as)Tj 0 Tc 1.893 0 Td [(erver )-110(can )-110(use )-110(either)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.335 0 Td (poll)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.76 0 Td (or)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.301 0 Td (select)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.96 0 Td [(to )-110(wait )-110(for )-110(a)]TJ -33.324 -1.2 Td [(connect )-205(r)18(equest )-205(to )-205(arrive.)-705(In )-205(this )-205(case, )-205(a )-205(socket )-205(with )-205(pending )-205(connect )-205(r)12(equests )-205(will)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(appear to be r)18(eadable.)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf -3.6 -3.12 Td (Example)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.6 -2.16 Td (Figur)Tj 0.2987 Tc 2.383 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.278 0 Td [(6.12 )-49(shows )-49(a )-49(function )-49(we )-49(can )-49(use )-49(to )-49(allocate )-49(and )-49(initialize )-49(a )-49(socket )-49(for )-49(use )-49(by )-49(a)]TJ -3.661 -1.2 Td [(server pr)18(ocess.)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 4950.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9989 0 0 8.9989 129.5844 485.4407 Tm (#include "apue.h")Tj 0 -1.189 TD (#include )Tj T* (#include )Tj 0 -1.902 TD (int)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (initserver\(int type, const struct sockaddr *addr, socklen_t alen,)Tj 1.2 -1.189 Td (int qlen\))Tj -1.2 -1.189 Td ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (int fd;)Tj T* (int err = 0;)Tj 0 -1.902 TD (if \(\(fd = socket\(addr->sa_family, type, 0\)\) < 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (return\(-1\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(bind\(fd, addr, alen\) < 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (goto errout;)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(type == SOCK_STREAM || type == SOCK_SEQPACKET\) {)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(listen\(fd, qlen\) < 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (goto errout;)Tj -4.8 -1.189 Td (})Tj 0 -1.189 TD (return\(fd\);)Tj -2.4 -1.902 Td (errout:)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err = errno;)Tj T* (close\(fd\);)Tj T* (errno = err;)Tj T* (return\(-1\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 2153.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 218.5527 199.3021 Tm (Figure 16.12)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.195 0 Td (Initialize a socket endpoint for use by a server)Tj -0.092 Tc 9.9982 0 0 9.9982 147.5736 175.3064 Tm (We)Tj 0 Tc 1.387 0 Td [(\325ll )-114(see )-114(that )-114(TCP )-114(has )-114(some )-114(strange )-114(r)6(ules )-114(r)18(egar)18(ding )-114(addr)18(ess )-114(r)18(euse )-114(that )-114(make )-114(this)]TJ -3.187 -1.2 Td [(example )-77(inadequate.)-577(Figur)]TJ 0.3268 Tc 12.217 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.306 0 Td [(6.22 )-77(shows )-77(a )-77(version )-77(of )-77(this )-77(function )-77(that )-77(bypasses )-77(these)]TJ -0.008 Tc -13.522 -1.2 Td (ru)Tj 0 Tc 0.99 0 Td (les, solving the major drawback with this version.)Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5141.25 1513.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 50 50 l 0 50 l 0 0 l S Q Q EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47210 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Appendix )-250(C)]TJ 34.394 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(5)-750(Solutions)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 11.476 0 Td [(91)37(1)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 155.6107 668.9599 Tm (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (stor)Tj 0.3832 Tc 1.673 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.188 0 Td [(he )-133(modi\336cation )-133(time )-133(fr)17(om )-133(the )-133(ar)18(chive; )-133(instead, )-133(the )-133(modi\336cation )-133(time )-133(is)]TJ -3.717 -1.2 Td [(set )-35(to )-35(the )-35(time )-35(of )-35(extraction.)-535(In )-35(all )-35(cases )-35(with)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 20.405 0 Td (tar)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.2848 Tc (,t)Tj 0 Tc 2.661 0 Td [(he )-35(access )-35(time )-35(after )-35(extraction)]TJ -23.066 -1.2 Td (will be the time of extraction.)Tj 0 -1.8 TD [(In )-161(contrast,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.533 0 Td (cpio)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.811 0 Td [(sets )-161(the )-161(access )-161(time )-161(and )-161(the )-161(modi\336cation )-161(time )-161(to )-161(the )-161(time )-161(of)]TJ -8.344 -1.2 Td [(extraction. )-348(By)-349(default, )-98(it )-98(doesn\325t )-98(try )-98(to )-98(set )-98(the )-98(modi\336cation )-98(time )-98(to )-98(the )-98(value )-98(on)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(the )-264(ar)18(chive. )-514(The)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.342 0 Td (-m)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.714 0 Td [(option )-264(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.793 0 Td (cpio)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.914 0 Td [(has )-264(it )-264(set )-264(both )-264(the )-264(access )-264(time )-264(and )-264(the)]TJ -17.763 -1.2 Td [(modi\336cation time to the value that was ar)18(chived.)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf -2.602 -1.84 Td (4.16)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.602 0 Td [(The )-123(kernel )-123(has )-123(no )-123(inher)18(ent )-123(limit )-123(on )-123(the )-123(depth )-123(of )-123(a )-123(dir)18(ectory )-123(tr)22(ee. )-373(Nevertheless,)]TJ T* [(many )-180(commands )-180(will )-180(fail )-180(on )-180(pathnames )-180(that )-180(exceed)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 24.705 0 Td (PATH_MAX)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.6803 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 6.343 0 Td [(he )-180(pr)18(ogram)]TJ -31.049 -1.2 Td [(shown )-131(in )-131(Figur)]TJ 0.3811 Tc 6.986 0 Td (eC)Tj 0 Tc 1.569 0 Td [(.3 )-131(cr)18(eates )-131(a )-131(dir)18(ectory )-131(tr)18(ee )-131(that )-131(is )-131(1,000 )-131(levels )-131(deep, )-131(with )-131(each)]TJ -8.555 -1.2 Td [(level )-300(being )-300(a )-300(45-character )-300(name.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 16.156 0 Td [(We )-484(a)]TJ -0.018 Tc 2.437 0 Td [(re )-336(a)]TJ 0 Tc 1.906 0 Td [(ble )-300(to )-300(cr)18(eate )-300(this )-300(str)10(uctur)18(e)-550(on)-550(a)1(ll)]TJ -20.498 -1.2 Td [(platforms; )-116(however)74(,)-366(we)-366(cannot )-116(obtain )-116(the )-116(absolute )-116(pathname )-116(of )-116(the )-116(dir)18(ectory )-116(at)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(the )-168(1,000th )-168(level )-168(using)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.78 0 Td (getcwd)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.018 0 Td [(on )-168(all )-168(platforms.)-669(On )-168(Mac )-168(OS )-168(X )-168(10.6.8, )-168(we )-168(can)]TJ -14.798 -1.2 Td [(never )-97(get)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.554 0 Td (getcwd)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.947 0 Td [(to )-96(succeed )-96(while )-96(in )-96(the )-96(dir)18(ectory )-96(at )-96(the )-96(end )-96(of )-96(this )-96(long )-96(path.)]TJ -8.501 -1.2 Td [(The )-154(pr)18(ogram )-154(is )-154(able )-154(to )-154(r)18(etrieve )-154(the )-154(pathname )-154(on )-154(Fr)20(eeBSD )-154(8.0, )-154(Linux )-154(3.2.0, )-154(and)]TJ T* [(Solaris )-47(10, )-47(but )-47(we )-47(have )-47(to )-47(call)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 13.623 0 Td (realloc)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.497 0 Td [(numer)18(ous )-47(times )-47(to )-47(obtain )-47(a )-47(buf)18(fer )-47(that )-47(is)]TJ -18.12 -1.2 Td [(lar)18(ge enough.)-500(Running this pr)18(ogram on Linux 3.2.0 gives us)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 173.6083 447.8731 Tm ($)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (./a.out)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -1.2 -1.189 Td (getcwd failed, size = 4096: Numerical result out of range)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (getcwd failed, size = 4196: Numerical result out of range)Tj T* (...)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 16 0 Td (418 mor)Tj 0.25 Tc 3.343 0 Td (el)Tj 0 Tc 0.917 0 Td (ines)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -20.26 -1.189 Td (getcwd failed, size = 45896: Numerical result out of range)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (getcwd failed, size = 45996: Numerical result out of range)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (length = 46004)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 16 -1.189 Td [(the 46,004-byte pathname is printed her)18(e)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf -0.092 Tc 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 155.6096 354.9787 Tm [(We )-250(a)]TJ -0.018 Tc 2.203 0 Td [(re )-102(n)]TJ 0 Tc 1.754 0 Td [(ot )-66(able )-66(to )-66(ar)18(chive )-66(this )-66(dir)18(ectory)]TJ 0.3162 Tc 13.923 0 Td (,h)Tj 0 Tc 1.148 0 Td (owever)Tj 0.3162 Tc 3.224 0 Td (,u)Tj 0 Tc 1.169 0 Td (sing)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.169 0 Td (cpio)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.5662 Tc (.I)Tj 0.3162 Tc 3.553 0 Td (tc)Tj 0 Tc 1.086 0 Td [(omplains )-66(that)]TJ -30.23 -1.2 Td [(many )-285(of )-285(the )-285(\336lenames )-285(ar)]TJ 0.5351 Tc 12.047 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.34 0 Td [(oo )-285(long.)-785(In )-285(fact,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.479 0 Td (cpio)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.935 0 Td [(is )-285(unable )-285(to )-285(ar)18(chive )-285(this)]TJ -24.802 -1.2 Td [(dir)18(ectory )-133(on )-133(all )-133(four )-133(platforms.)-633(In )-133(contrast, )-133(we )-133(can )-133(ar)20(chive )-133(this )-133(dir)18(ectory )-133(using)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -0 -1.2 Td (tar)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.06 0 Td [(on )-10(Fr)18(eeBSD )-10(8.0, )-10(Linux )-10(3.2.0, )-10(and )-10(Mac )-10(OS )-10(X )-10(10.6.8.)-510(However)74(,)-260(we)-260(a)]TJ -0.018 Tc [(re )-46(u)]TJ 0 Tc 30.801 0 Td [(nable )-10(to)]TJ -32.861 -1.2 Td [(extract the dir)18(ectory hierar)18(chy fr)18(om the ar)18(chive on Linux 3.2.0.)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf -2.602 -1.84 Td (4.17)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.602 0 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Tf 2.602 0 Td [(Each )-156(pr)18(ocess )-156(also )-156(has )-156(a )-156(r)18(oot )-156(dir)18(ectory )-156(that )-156(is )-156(used )-156(for )-156(r)18(esolution )-156(of )-156(absolute )-156(pathnames.)]TJ 0 -1.222 TD [(This )-61(r)18(oot )-61(dir)18(ectory )-61(can )-61(be )-61(changed )-61(with )-61(the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 19.947 0 Td (chroot)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.911 0 Td [(function. )-311(Look)-310(up )-61(the )-61(description )-61(for)]TJ -23.858 -1.222 Td [(this function in your manuals.)-500(When might this function be useful?)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf -2.602 -1.789 Td (4.13)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.602 0 Td (How can you set only one of the two time values with the)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 25.737 0 Td (utimes)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td (function?)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -32.189 -1.789 Td (4.14)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.602 0 Td [(Some )-177(versions )-177(of )-177(the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 10.112 0 Td (finger)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.6 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (1)Tj 0.5 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.76 -0.04 Td [(command )-177(output )-177(\324)37(\324New )-177(mail )-177(r)19(eceived )-177(...\325)]TJ 0.4268 Tc 18.931 0 Td (\325a)Tj 0 Tc 1.205 0 Td [(nd )-177(\324)37(\324unr)18(ead)]TJ -35.441 -1.222 Td [(since )-27(...\325)]TJ 0.5264 Tc 3.488 0 Td (\325w)Tj 0 Tc 1.638 0 Td (her)Tj 0.2764 Tc 1.438 0 Td (e.)Tj 0 Tc 1.005 0 Td [(.. )-26(ar)]TJ 0.2764 Tc 1.653 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.081 0 Td [(he )-26(corr)18(esponding )-26(times )-26(and )-26(dates.)-526(How )-26(can )-26(the )-26(pr)18(ogram )-26(determine)]TJ -10.304 -1.222 Td (these two times and dates?)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47213 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (136)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Files )-250(and )-250(Dir)18(ectories )]TJ 39.241 0 Td [(Chapter)-500(4)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 668.9599 Tm [(If we compile this pr)18(ogram, call the executable)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 20.832 0 Td (mycd)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 3.4 0 Td [(nd r)8(un it, we get the following:)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5911 657.0606 Tm ($)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (pwd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -1.2 -1.189 Td (/usr/lib)Tj 0 -1.189 TD ($)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (mycd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -1.2 -1.189 Td (chdir to /tmp succeeded)Tj T* ($)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (pwd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -1.2 -1.189 Td (/usr/lib)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 590.3646 Tm [(The )-216(curr)18(ent )-216(working )-216(dir)18(ectory )-216(for )-216(the )-216(shell )-216(that )-216(executed )-216(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 29.111 0 Td (mycd)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.866 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram )-216(didn\325t)]TJ -31.977 -1.2 Td [(change. )-279(This)-278(is )-29(a )-29(side )-29(ef)19(fect )-29(of )-29(the )-29(way )-29(that )-29(the )-29(shell )-29(executes )-29(pr)20(ograms. )-279(Each)-278(pr)18(ogram)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(is )-85(r)8(un )-85(in )-85(a )-85(separate )-85(pr)18(ocess, )-85(so )-85(the )-85(curr)18(ent )-85(working 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)-123(pass )-123(to )-123(this )-123(function )-123(the )-123(addr)18(ess )-123(of )-123(a )-123(buf)14(fer)74(,)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 22.284 0 Td (buf)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.3734 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 2.42 0 Td [(nd )-123(its)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 2.981 0 Td (size)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.873 0 Td [(\(in )-123(bytes\).)-624(The)]TJ -32.202 -1.2 Td [(buf)18(fer )-23(must )-23(be )-23(lar)18(ge )-23(enough )-23(to )-23(accommodate )-23(the )-23(absolute )-23(pathname )-23(plus )-23(a )-23(terminating)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(null )-25(byte, )-25(or )-25(else )-25(an )-25(err)17(or )-25(will )-25(be )-25(r)17(eturned. )-275(\(Recall)-276(the )-25(discussion )-25(of )-25(allocating )-25(space )-25(for)]TJ 0.25 Tc -0 -1.2 Td (am)Tj 0 Tc 1.633 0 Td (aximum-sized pathname in Section 2.5.5.\))Tj 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 183.5675 249.955 Tm [(Some )-59(older )-59(implementations )-59(of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 14.355 0 Td (getcwd)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.909 0 Td [(allow )-59(the )-59(\336rst )-59(ar)18(gument)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 11.142 0 Td (buf)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.606 0 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0 Td [(f)-250(we)-250(r)8(un the pr)18(ogram, we get)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9984 0 0 8.9984 147.5738 165.6702 Tm ($)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (./a.out)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -1.2 -1.189 Td (cwd = /var/spool/uucppublic)Tj 0 -1.189 TD ($)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (ls -l /usr/spool)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -1.2 -1.189 Td [(lrwxrwxrwx )-600(1)-600(root )-600(12)-600(Jan 31 07:57 /usr/spool -> ../var/spool)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47214 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (50)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3 0 Td [(UNIX )-250(Standar)18(dization )-250(and )-250(Implementations)]TJ 39.741 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(2)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 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(#include )Tj 0 -1.902 TD (int pthread_key_create\(pthread_key_t *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (keyp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,v)Tj 0 Tc 26.433 0 Td (oid \(*)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (destructor)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\)\(void *\)\);)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -3.552 -1.902 Td [(Returns: 0 if OK, err)18(or number on failur)18(e)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 4935.25 cm 0 0 m 0 478 l 3900 478 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 480.0024 Tm [(The )-43(key )-43(cr)18(eated )-43(is )-43(stor)18(ed )-43(in )-43(the )-43(memory )-43(location )-43(pointed )-43(to )-43(by)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 28.419 0 Td (keyp)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.5428 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 3.239 0 Td [(he )-43(same )-43(key )-43(can)]TJ -31.658 -1.2 Td [(be )-340(used )-340(by )-340(all )-340(thr)18(eads )-340(in )-340(the )-340(pr)18(ocess, )-340(but )-340(each )-340(thr)18(ead )-340(will )-340(associate )-340(a )-340(dif)18(fer)18(ent)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(thr)18(ead-speci\336c )-30(data )-30(addr)18(ess )-30(with )-30(the )-30(key)]TJ 0.5297 Tc 18.157 0 Td (.W)Tj 0 Tc 1.78 0 Td [(hen )-30(the )-30(key )-30(is )-30(cr)18(eated, )-30(the )-30(data )-30(addr)18(ess )-30(for)]TJ -19.937 -1.2 Td [(each thr)18(ead is set to a null value.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(In )-410(addition )-410(to )-410(cr)18(eating )-410(a )-410(key)110(,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 15.296 0 Td (pthread_key_create)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 11.46 0 Td [(associates )-410(an )-410(optional)]TJ -28.556 -1.2 Td [(destr)8(uctor )-14(function )-14(with )-14(the )-14(key)]TJ 0.514 Tc 14.204 0 Td (.W)Tj 0 Tc 1.764 0 Td [(hen )-14(the )-14(thr)18(ead )-14(exits, )-14(if )-14(the )-14(data )-14(addr)18(ess )-14(has )-14(been )-14(set)]TJ -15.968 -1.2 Td [(to )-90(a )-90(non-null )-90(value, )-90(the )-90(destr)10(uctor )-90(function )-90(is )-90(called )-90(with )-90(the )-90(data )-90(addr)18(ess )-90(as )-90(the )-90(only)]TJ T* [(ar)18(gument. )-378(If)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 6.231 0 Td (destructor)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.507 0 Td [(is )-128(null, )-128(then )-128(no )-128(destr)10(uctor )-127(function )-127(is )-127(associated )-127(with )-127(the )-127(key)108(.)]TJ -10.738 -1.2 Td [(When )-98(the )-98(thr)18(ead )-98(exits )-98(normally)]TJ 0.3485 Tc 14.268 0 Td (,e)Tj 0 Tc 1.077 0 Td [(ither )-98(by )-98(calling)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.183 0 Td (pthread_exit)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.549 0 Td [(or )-98(by )-98(r)18(eturning, )-98(the)]TJ -30.076 -1.2 Td [(destr)8(uctor )-157(is )-157(called.)-657(Also, )-157(if )-157(the )-157(thr)18(ead )-157(is )-157(canceled, )-157(the )-157(destr)12(uctor )-156(is )-156(called, )-156(but )-156(only)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(after )-103(the )-103(last )-103(cleanup )-103(handler )-103(r)17(eturns. )-353(But)-354(if )-103(the )-103(thr)18(ead )-103(calls)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 27.849 0 Td (exit)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.003 0 Td (_exit)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.603 0 Td (_Exit)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.3533 Tc (,o)Tj 0 Tc 4.149 0 Td (r)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -38.605 -1.2 Td (abort)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(,)-250(or)-250(otherwise exits abnormally)]TJ 0.25 Tc 16.569 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 0.826 0 Td [(he destr)8(uctor is not called.)]TJ -15.595 -1.2 Td [(Thr)18(eads )-213(typically )-213(use)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.337 0 Td (malloc)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.063 0 Td [(to )-213(allocate )-213(memory )-213(for )-213(their )-213(thr)18(ead-speci\336c )-213(data.)]TJ -16.2 -1.2 Td [(The )-223(destr)8(uctor )-223(function )-223(usually )-223(fr)18(ees )-223(the )-223(memory )-223(that )-223(was )-223(allocated.)-723(If )-223(the )-223(thr)17(ead)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(exited )-187(without )-187(fr)18(eeing )-187(the )-187(memory)]TJ 0.437 Tc 16.073 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 1.013 0 Td [(hen )-187(the )-187(memory )-187(would )-187(be )-187(lost)]TJ 0.0833 Tc 14.544 0 Td (\321l)Tj 0 Tc 1.374 0 Td [(eaked )-187(by )-187(the)]TJ -33.005 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ocess.)]TJ 0.3674 Tc 1.8 -1.2 Td (At)Tj 0 Tc 1.471 0 Td [(hr)18(ead )-117(can )-117(allocate )-117(multiple )-117(keys )-117(for )-117(thr)16(ead-speci\336c )-117(data.)-617(Each )-117(key )-117(can )-117(have )-117(a)]TJ -3.271 -1.2 Td [(destr)8(uctor 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Tc 1.174 0 Td [(t)-337(is)-337(p)1(ossible )-86(for )-86(the )-86(destr)8(uctor )-86(to )-86(call )-86(another )-86(function)]TJ -14.604 -1.2 Td [(that )-50(cr)18(eates )-50(new )-50(thr)18(ead-speci\336c )-50(data )-50(and )-50(associate )-50(it )-50(with )-50(the )-50(key)]TJ 0.5506 Tc 29.24 0 Td (.A)Tj 0 Tc 1.579 0 Td [(fter )-51(all )-51(destr)9(uctors)]TJ -30.819 -1.2 Td (ar)Tj 0.4941 Tc 0.877 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.417 0 Td [(alled, )-244(the )-244(system )-244(will )-244(check )-244(whether )-244(any )-244(non-null )-244(thr)18(ead-speci\336c )-244(values )-244(wer)17(e)]TJ -2.294 -1.2 Td [(associated )-32(with )-32(the )-32(keys )-32(and, )-32(if )-32(so, )-32(call )-32(the )-32(destr)8(uctors )-32(again.)-532(This )-32(pr)18(ocess )-32(r)18(epeats )-32(until)]TJ T* [(either )-161(all )-161(keys )-161(for )-161(the )-161(thr)18(ead )-161(have )-161(null )-161(thr)21(ead-speci\336c )-160(data )-160(values )-160(or )-160(a )-160(maximum )-160(of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf T* 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0 1 1770.25 6314.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1770.25 6386.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1770.25 6458.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l 36 36 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1837.25 6494.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1904.25 6494.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1972.25 6494.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2040.25 6494.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2107.25 6494.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2174.25 6494.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2242.25 6494.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2310.25 6494.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l 36 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099946 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q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4146.25 6170.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4146.25 6242.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4146.25 6314.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4146.25 6386.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4146.25 6458.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l 36 36 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4213.25 6494.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4280.25 6494.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4348.25 6494.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4416.25 6494.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4483.25 6494.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4551.25 6494.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4618.25 6494.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4686.25 6494.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l 36 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4722.25 6422.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4722.25 6350.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4722.25 6278.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4722.25 6206.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4722.25 6134.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l -36 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4654.25 6098.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4587.25 6098.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4519.25 6098.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4452.25 6098.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4384.25 6098.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4317.25 6098.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4249.25 6098.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4182.25 6098.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 5.9957 0 0 5.9957 424.4103 652.1703 Tm [(pr)18(ocess gr)18(oup)]TJ ET q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1698.25 5954.25 cm 0 0 m 0 108 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1698.25 6146.25 cm 0 0 m 0 108 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1698.25 6338.25 cm 0 0 m 0 108 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1698.25 6530.25 cm 0 0 m 0 108 l 108 108 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1917.25 6638.25 cm 0 0 m 108 0 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2137.25 6638.25 cm 0 0 m 108 0 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2357.25 6638.25 cm 0 0 m 108 0 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2576.25 6638.25 cm 0 0 m 108 0 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2796.25 6638.25 cm 0 0 m 108 0 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3015.25 6638.25 cm 0 0 m 108 0 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3235.25 6638.25 cm 0 0 m 108 0 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3455.25 6638.25 cm 0 0 m 108 0 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3674.25 6638.25 cm 0 0 m 108 0 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3894.25 6638.25 cm 0 0 m 108 0 l 108 -108 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4002.25 6446.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -108 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4002.25 6254.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -108 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4002.25 6062.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -108 l -108 -108 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3782.25 5954.25 cm 0 0 m -108 0 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3563.25 5954.25 cm 0 0 m -108 0 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3343.25 5954.25 cm 0 0 m -108 0 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3123.25 5954.25 cm 0 0 m -108 0 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2904.25 5954.25 cm 0 0 m -108 0 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2684.25 5954.25 cm 0 0 m -108 0 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2465.25 5954.25 cm 0 0 m -108 0 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2245.25 5954.25 cm 0 0 m -108 0 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2025.25 5954.25 cm 0 0 m -108 0 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1806.25 5954.25 cm 0 0 m -108 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9938 0 0 7.9938 272.1077 666.5199 Tm (session)Tj ET q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4074.25 5954.25 cm 0 0 m 0 108 l S Q Q q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4074.25 6146.25 cm 0 0 m 0 108 l S Q Q q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4074.25 6338.25 cm 0 0 m 0 108 l S Q Q q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4074.25 6530.25 cm 0 0 m 0 108 l 108 108 l S Q Q q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4278.25 6638.25 cm 0 0 m 108 0 l S Q Q q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4482.25 6638.25 cm 0 0 m 108 0 l S Q Q q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4686.25 6638.25 cm 0 0 m 108 0 l 108 -108 l S Q Q q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4794.25 6446.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -108 l S Q Q q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4794.25 6254.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -108 l S Q Q q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4794.25 6062.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -108 l -108 -108 l S Q Q q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4590.25 5954.25 cm 0 0 m -108 0 l S Q Q q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4386.25 5954.25 cm 0 0 m -108 0 l S Q Q q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4182.25 5954.25 cm 0 0 m -108 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9933 0 0 7.9933 430.3583 666.4799 Tm (session)Tj ET q 0.9991603 0 0 0.9991603 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 275.424 534.2 cm 0 0 m -1.8 7.2 l 1.8 7.2 l f Q Q q 0.099916 0 0 0.099916 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2754.24 5342 cm 0 0 m -18 72 l 18 72 l h S Q Q q 0.099916 0 0 0.099916 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2754.25 5558.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -144 l S Q Q q 0.9991004 0 0 0.9991004 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 294.576 555.8 cm 0 0 m 1.8 -7.2 l -1.8 -7.2 l f Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2945.76 5558 cm 0 0 m 18 -72 l -18 -72 l h S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2946.25 5486.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -144 l S Q Q q 0.9990404 0 0 0.9990404 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 433.824 534.2 cm 0 0 m -1.8 7.2 l 1.8 7.2 l f Q Q q 0.099904 0 0 0.099904 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4338.2402 5342 cm 0 0 m -18 72 l 18 72 l h S Q Q q 0.099904 0 0 0.099904 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4338.25 5558.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -144 l S Q Q q 0.9989805 0 0 0.9989805 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 452.976 555.8 cm 0 0 m 1.8 -7.2 l -1.8 -7.2 l f Q Q q 0.099898 0 0 0.099898 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4529.7598 5558 cm 0 0 m 18 -72 l -18 -72 l h S Q Q q 0.099898 0 0 0.099898 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4530.25 5486.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -144 l S Q Q q 0.9989206 0 0 0.9989206 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 277.8 581 cm 0 0 m -1.8 7.2 l 1.8 7.2 l f Q Q q 0.0998921 0 0 0.0998921 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2778 5810 cm 0 0 m -18 72 l 18 72 l h S Q Q q 0.0998921 0 0 0.0998921 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2778.25 6170.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -288 l S Q Q q 0.9988606 0 0 0.9988606 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 292.2 617 cm 0 0 m 6.336 -3.888 l 3.744 -6.408 l f Q Q q 0.0998861 0 0 0.0998861 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2922 6170 cm 0 0 m 63.36 -38.88 l 37.44 -64.08 l h S Q Q q 0.0998861 0 0 0.0998861 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3738.25 5342.25 cm 0 0 m -766 777 l S Q Q q 0.9988007 0 0 0.9988007 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 436.2 581 cm 0 0 m -1.8 7.2 l 1.8 7.2 l f Q Q q 0.0998801 0 0 0.0998801 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4362 5810 cm 0 0 m -18 72 l 18 72 l h S Q Q q 0.0998801 0 0 0.0998801 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4362.25 6170.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -288 l S Q Q q 0.9987408 0 0 0.9987408 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 450.6 617 cm 0 0 m 1.8 -7.2 l -1.8 -7.2 l f Q Q q 0.0998741 0 0 0.0998741 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4506 6170 cm 0 0 m 18 -72 l -18 -72 l h S Q Q q 0.0998741 0 0 0.0998741 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4506.25 6098.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -288 l S Q Q q 0.9986808 0 0 0.9986808 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 357 534.2 cm 0 0 m -1.8 7.2 l 1.8 7.2 l f Q Q q 0.0998681 0 0 0.0998681 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3570 5342 cm 0 0 m -18 72 l 18 72 l h S Q Q q 0.0998681 0 0 0.0998681 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3570.25 6170.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -756 l S Q Q q 0.9986209 0 0 0.9986209 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 371.4 617 cm 0 0 m -5.76 -4.68 l -7.272 -1.44 l f Q Q q 0.0998621 0 0 0.0998621 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3714 6170 cm 0 0 m -57.6 -46.8 l -72.72 -14.4 l h S Q Q q 0.0998621 0 0 0.0998621 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2946.25 5810.25 cm 0 0 m 702 330 l S Q Q q 0.998561 0 0 0.998561 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 433.824 494.6 cm 0 0 m -1.8 7.2 l 1.8 7.2 l f Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4338.2402 4946 cm 0 0 m -18 72 l 18 72 l h S Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4338.25 5090.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -72 l S Q Q q 0.9985011 0 0 0.9985011 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 373.776 509 cm 0 0 m 1.8 -7.2 l -1.8 -7.2 l f Q Q q 0.0998501 0 0 0.0998501 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3737.76 5090 cm 0 0 m 18 -72 l -18 -72 l h S Q Q q 0.0998501 0 0 0.0998501 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3738.25 5018.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -72 l S Q Q q 0.9984412 0 0 0.9984412 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 373.776 494.6 cm 0 0 m 7.2 1.8 l 7.2 -1.8 l f Q Q q 0.0998441 0 0 0.0998441 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3737.76 4946 cm 0 0 m 72 18 l 72 -18 l h S Q Q q 0.0998441 0 0 0.0998441 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4338.25 4946.25 cm 0 0 m -528 0 l S Q Q q 0.9983813 0 0 0.9983813 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 452.976 509 cm 0 0 m 1.8 -7.2 l -1.8 -7.2 l f Q Q q 0.0998381 0 0 0.0998381 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4529.7598 5090 cm 0 0 m 18 -72 l -18 -72 l h S Q Q q 0.0998381 0 0 0.0998381 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4530.25 5018.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -144 l S Q Q q 0.9983214 0 0 0.9983214 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 354.624 487.4 cm 0 0 m -1.8 7.2 l 1.8 7.2 l f Q Q q 0.0998321 0 0 0.0998321 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3546.24 4874 cm 0 0 m -18 72 l 18 72 l h S Q Q q 0.0998321 0 0 0.0998321 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3546.25 5090.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -144 l S Q Q q 0.9982615 0 0 0.9982615 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 452.976 487.4 cm 0 0 m -7.2 -1.8 l -7.2 1.8 l f Q Q q 0.0998261 0 0 0.0998261 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4529.7598 4874 cm 0 0 m -72 -18 l -72 18 l h S Q Q q 0.0998261 0 0 0.0998261 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3546.25 4874.25 cm 0 0 m 912 0 l S Q Q q 0.9982016 0 0 0.9982016 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 285 509 cm 0 0 m 1.8 -7.2 l -1.8 -7.2 l f Q Q q 0.0998202 0 0 0.0998202 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2850 5090 cm 0 0 m 18 -72 l -18 -72 l h S Q Q q 0.9981417 0 0 0.9981417 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 285 480.2 cm 0 0 m -1.8 7.2 l 1.8 7.2 l f Q Q q 0.0998142 0 0 0.0998142 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2850 4802 cm 0 0 m -18 72 l 18 72 l h S Q Q q 0.0998142 0 0 0.0998142 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2850.25 5018.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -144 l S Q Q q 0.0998142 0 0 0.0998142 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3066 4676 cm 0 0 m 0 -69.59 -96.71 -126 -216 -126 c -335.29 -126 -432 -69.59 -432 0 c -432 69.59 -335.29 126 -216 126 c -96.71 126 0 69.59 0 0 c h S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9847 0 0 7.9847 269.5739 469.9368 Tm (user at a)Tj -0.01 -1.25 Td (terminal)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -5.349 -3.88 Td (Figure 19.13)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.195 0 Td [(Pr)18(ocess gr)18(oups and sessions for)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 14.216 0 Td [(pty )267(cat)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9808 0 0 9.9808 129.3514 400.231 Tm [(belongs )-186(to )-186(an )-186(orphaned )-186(pr)16(ocess )-187(gr)18(oup )-187(\(Section )-187(9.10\).)-687(The )-187(par)18(ent )-187(of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 31.988 0 Td (cat)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.237 0 Td [(is )-187(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 2.975 0 Td (pty)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -37.2 -1.2 Td [(par)18(ent, and it belongs to another session.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td (Historically)Tj 0.2705 Tc 5.076 0 Td (,i)Tj 0 Tc 0.811 0 Td [(mplementations )-20(have )-20(handled )-20(this )-20(condition )-20(dif)16(fer)18(ently)]TJ 0.5205 Tc 24.698 0 Td (.P)Tj 0 Tc 1.374 0 Td [(OSIX.1 )-20(says)]TJ -33.761 -1.2 Td [(only )-94(that )-94(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.128 0 Td (SIGTSTP)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.544 0 Td [(signal )-94(can\325t )-94(be )-94(deliver)18(ed )-94(to )-94(the )-94(pr)17(ocess. )-344(Systems)-344(derived )-94(fr)18(om)]TJ -10.672 -1.2 Td [(4.3BSD )-50(deliver)18(ed)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.942 0 Td (SIGKILL)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.5 0 Td [(instead, )-50(which )-50(the )-50(pr)18(ocess )-50(can\325t )-50(even )-50(catch.)-548(In )-50(4.4BSD, )-50(this)]TJ -12.442 -1.2 Td [(behavior )-23(was )-23(changed )-23(to )-23(conform )-23(to )-23(POSIX.1.)-523(Instead )-23(of )-23(sending)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 29.457 0 Td (SIGKILL)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.273 Tc (,t)Tj 0 Tc 5.049 0 Td [(he )-23(4.4BSD)]TJ -34.506 -1.2 Td [(kernel )-53(silently )-53(discar)18(ds )-53(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 12.303 0 Td (SIGTSTP)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.503 0 Td [(signal )-53(if )-53(it )-53(has )-53(the )-53(default )-53(disposition )-53(and )-53(is )-53(to )-53(be)]TJ -16.805 -1.2 Td [(deliver)18(ed )-158(to )-158(a )-158(pr)18(ocess )-158(in )-158(an )-158(orphaned )-158(pr)18(ocess )-158(gr)17(oup. )-408(Most)-408(curr)18(ent )-158(implementations)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(follow this behavior)74(.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(When )-67(we )-67(use)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.414 0 Td (pty)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.117 0 Td [(to )-67(r)8(un )-67(a )-67(job-contr)18(ol )-67(shell, )-67(the )-67(jobs )-67(invoked )-67(by )-67(this )-67(new )-67(shell )-67(ar)16(e)]TJ -10.331 -1.2 Td [(never )-214(members )-214(of )-214(an )-214(orphaned )-214(pr)18(ocess )-214(gr)20(oup, )-214(because )-214(the )-214(job-contr)18(ol )-214(shell )-214(always)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(belongs )-190(to )-190(the )-190(same )-190(session.)-690(In )-190(that )-190(case, )-190(the )-190(Contr)14(ol)]TJ 25.124 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.4404 Tc 0.333 -0.09 Td (Zt)Tj 0 Tc 1.433 0 Td [(hat )-190(we )-190(type )-190(is )-190(sent )-190(to )-190(the)]TJ -26.89 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ocess invoked by the shell, not to the shell itself.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(The )-247(only )-247(way )-247(to )-247(avoid )-247(this )-247(inability )-247(of )-247(the )-247(pr)18(ocess )-247(invoked )-247(by)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 30.49 0 Td (pty)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.297 0 Td [(to )-247(handle)]TJ -34.586 -1.2 Td [(job-contr)18(ol signals is to add yet another command)]TJ 22.127 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td (line \337ag to)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 4.93 0 Td (pty)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.2503 Tc (,t)Tj 0 Tc 2.626 0 Td [(elling it to r)17(ecognize)]TJ -30.016 -1.2 Td [(the )-28(job )-28(contr)18(ol )-28(suspend )-28(character )-28(itself )-28(\(in )-28(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 20.584 0 Td (pty)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.078 0 Td [(child\) )-28(instead )-28(of )-28(letting )-28(the )-28(character)]TJ -22.662 -1.2 Td [(get all the way thr)18(ough to the other line discipline.)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf -0.04 Tc -3.6 -2.76 Td (Wa)Tj 0 Tc 1.46 0 Td [(tc)10(hing the Output of Long-Running Pr)20(ograms)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 2.14 -2.04 Td [(Another )-269(example )-269(of )-269(job )-269(contr)18(ol )-269(interaction )-269(with )-269(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 25.096 0 Td (pty)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.319 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram )-269(is )-269(found )-269(in )-269(the)]TJ -27.416 -1.2 Td [(con\336guration )-145(illustrated )-145(in )-145(Figur)]TJ 0.3952 Tc 14.955 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.374 0 Td [(9.7. )-395(If)-395(we )-145(r)8(un )-145(the )-145(pr)18(ogram )-145(that )-145(generates )-145(output)]TJ -16.329 -1.2 Td (slowly as)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47225 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(15.2)]TJ 41.434 0 Td (Pipes)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.399 0 Td (535)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5911 668.9599 Tm [(Despite )-63(these )-63(limitations, )-63(half-duplex )-63(pipes )-63(ar)]TJ 0.3135 Tc 20.645 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.216 0 Td [(till )-64(the )-64(most )-64(commonly )-64(used )-64(form)]TJ -23.662 -1.2 Td [(of )-177(IPC.)-677(Every )-177(time )-177(you )-177(type )-177(a )-177(sequence )-177(of )-177(commands )-177(in )-177(a )-177(pipeline )-177(for )-177(the )-177(shell )-177(to)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(execute, )-101(the )-101(shell )-101(cr)18(eates )-101(a )-101(separate )-101(pr)18(ocess )-101(for )-101(each )-101(command )-101(and )-101(links )-101(the )-101(standar)22(d)]TJ T* [(output of one pr)18(ocess to the standar)]TJ 0.25 Tc 15.865 0 Td (di)Tj 0 Tc 1.152 0 Td (nput of the next using a pipe.)Tj 0.25 Tc -15.217 -1.2 Td (Ap)Tj 0 Tc 1.629 0 Td [(ipe is cr)18(eated by calling the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 12.253 0 Td (pipe)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td (function.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5906 604.2637 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.783 TD (int pipe\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 7.8 0 Td (fd[2])Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 19.051 -1.783 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 5677.25 cm 0 0 m 0 456 l 3900 456 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf -0.09 Tc 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 554.1335 Tm (Tw)Tj 0.2718 Tc 1.357 0 Td (o\336)Tj 0 Tc 1.423 0 Td [(le )-22(descriptors )-22(ar)]TJ 0.2718 Tc 7.127 0 Td (er)Tj 0 Tc 1.128 0 Td [(eturned )-22(thr)18(ough )-22(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 9.249 0 Td (fd)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.05 0 Td [(ar)18(gument:)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 4.828 0 Td (fd[0])Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.216 0 Td [(is )-22(open )-22(for )-22(r)19(eading, )-22(and)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf -28.377 -1.2 Td (fd[1])Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.194 0 Td [(is open for writing.)-500(The output of)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 15.28 0 Td (fd[1])Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.194 0 Td (is the input for)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 6.779 0 Td (fd[0])Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj 7.999 0 0 7.999 183.578 522.1373 Tm [(Originally )-36(in )-36(4.3BSD )-36(and )-36(4.4BSD, )-36(pipes )-36(wer)]TJ 0.2864 Tc 19.479 0 Td (ei)Tj 0 Tc 1.056 0 Td [(mplemented )-36(using )-36(UNIX )-36(domain )-36(sockets.)-538(Even)]TJ -20.536 -1.25 Td [(though )-59(UNIX )-59(domain )-59(sockets )-59(ar)]TJ 0.3091 Tc 14.534 0 Td (ef)Tj 0 Tc 1.121 0 Td [(ull )-59(duplex )-59(by )-59(default, )-59(these )-59(operating )-59(systems )-59(hobbled )-59(the)]TJ -15.655 -1.25 Td [(sockets used with pipes so that they operated in half-duplex mode only)111(.)]TJ 0 -1.875 TD [(POSIX.1 )-45(allows )-45(for )-45(implementations )-45(to )-45(support )-45(full-duplex )-45(pipes.)-545(For )-45(these )-45(implementations,)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 0 -1.25 TD (fd[0])Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.194 0 Td (and)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.943 0 Td (fd[1])Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.194 0 Td (ar)Tj 0.25 Tc 0.877 0 Td (eo)Tj 0 Tc 1.275 0 Td [(pen for both r)18(eading and writing.)]TJ -0.09 Tc 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 147.5827 457.1451 Tm (Tw)Tj 0.3588 Tc 1.357 0 Td (ow)Tj 0 Tc 1.739 0 Td [(ays )-109(to )-109(pictur)]TJ 0.3588 Tc 5.712 0 Td (eah)Tj 0 Tc 2.279 0 Td [(alf-duplex )-109(pipe )-109(ar)]TJ 0.3587 Tc 8.124 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.262 0 Td [(hown )-109(in )-109(Figur)]TJ 0.3587 Tc 6.517 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.338 0 Td [(5.2. )-359(The)-358(left )-109(half )-109(of)]TJ -30.127 -1.2 Td [(the )-59(\336gur)]TJ 0.3088 Tc 3.837 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.212 0 Td [(hows )-59(the )-59(two )-59(ends )-59(of )-59(the )-59(pipe )-59(connected )-59(in )-59(a )-59(single )-59(pr)19(ocess. )-309(The)-309(right )-59(half)]TJ -5.049 -1.2 Td (of the \336gur)Tj 0.25 Tc 4.907 0 Td (ee)Tj 0 Tc 1.208 0 Td [(mphasizes that the data in the pipe \337ows thr)18(ough the kernel.)]TJ ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 1650.84 3704 720 360 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 303.4654 386.5704 Tm (or)Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 3774.84 3704 720 360 re S Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 171.0429 373.5503 Tm [(fd[0])-1500(fd[1])]TJ ET q 0.99976 0 0 0.99976 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 183.084 370.4 cm 0 0 m 1.8 -7.2 l -1.8 -7.2 l f Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1830.84 3704 cm 0 0 m 18 -72 l -18 -72 l h S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1830.84 3696.8 cm 0 0 m 0 -68.4 l 0 -114 30 -148.8 90 -172.8 c 150 -196.8 210 -196.8 270 -172.8 c 330 -148.8 360 -112.8 360 -64.8 c 360 7.2 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9976 0 0 7.9976 179.2462 409.5171 Tm [(user pr)18(ocess)]TJ 26.55 0 Td [(user pr)18(ocess)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.027 -4.5 Td [(fd[0])-1500(fd[1])]TJ ET q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 3702.84 2912 864 432 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9971 0 0 7.9971 402.2112 284.3376 Tm (kernel)Tj ET q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 3846.84 3056 576 144 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9966 0 0 7.9966 405.4257 310.9094 Tm (pipe)Tj ET q 0.9995801 0 0 0.9995801 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 395.484 370.4 cm 0 0 m -4.32 -6.048 l -6.624 -3.312 l f Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3954.8401 3704 cm 0 0 m -43.2 -60.48 l -66.24 -33.12 l h S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3949.0801 3699.6799 cm 0 0 m -339.12 -285.84 l -565.2 -476.4 -582.24 -571.68 -390.24 -571.68 c -102.24 -571.68 l S Q Q q 0.9995201 0 0 0.9995201 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 442.284 312.8 cm 0 0 m 7.2 1.8 l 7.2 -1.8 l f Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4422.8398 3128 cm 0 0 m 72 18 l 72 -18 l h S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4314.8398 3704 cm 0 0 m 342 -288 l 570 -480 589.2 -576 399.6 -576 c 115.2 -576 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9957 0 0 7.9957 236.2124 265.8564 Tm (Figure 15.2)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.09 Tc 5.695 0 Td (Tw)Tj 0.25 Tc 1.357 0 Td (ow)Tj 0 Tc 1.63 0 Td (ays to view a half-duplex pipe)Tj 9.9946 0 0 9.9946 147.5202 239.4706 Tm (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.95 0 Td (fstat)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.276 0 Td [(function )-26(\(Section )-26(4.2\) )-26(r)18(eturns )-26(a )-26(\336le )-26(type )-26(of )-26(FIFO )-26(for )-26(the )-26(\336le )-26(descriptor )-26(of)]TJ -7.027 -1.2 Td (either end of a pipe.)Tj -0.092 Tc 9.325 0 Td [(We )-184(c)]TJ 0 Tc 2.081 0 Td (an test for a pipe with the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 11.553 0 Td (S_ISFIFO)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.05 0 Td [(macr)18(o.)]TJ 7.9957 0 0 7.9957 183.501 207.4879 Tm [(POSIX.1 )-125(states )-125(that )-125(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.768 0 Td (st_size)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.575 0 Td [(member )-125(of )-125(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.062 0 Td (stat)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.775 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)]TJ 0.3748 Tc 3.49 0 Td (ei)Tj 0.3749 Tc 1.145 0 Td (su)Tj 0 Tc 1.402 0 Td [(nde\336ned )-125(for )-125(pipes.)-625(But)]TJ -31.216 -1.25 Td [(when )-96(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.556 0 Td (fstat)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.346 0 Td [(function )-96(is )-96(applied )-96(to )-96(the )-96(\336le )-96(descriptor )-96(for )-96(the )-96(r)18(ead )-96(end )-96(of )-96(the )-96(pipe, )-96(many)]TJ -7.903 -1.25 Td [(systems )-211(stor)]TJ 0.4609 Tc 5.65 0 Td (ei)Tj 0 Tc 1.231 0 Td (n)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.043 0 Td (st_size)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.661 0 Td [(the )-211(number )-211(of )-211(bytes )-211(available )-211(for )-211(r)18(eading )-211(in )-211(the )-211(pipe.)-711(This )-211(is,)]TJ -12.584 -1.25 Td (however)Tj 0.25 Tc 3.806 0 Td (,n)Tj 0 Tc 1.082 0 Td (onportable.)Tj 0.3232 Tc 9.9946 0 0 9.9946 147.5197 157.5149 Tm (Ap)Tj 0 Tc 1.702 0 Td [(ipe )-73(in )-73(a )-73(single )-73(pr)17(ocess )-73(is )-73(next )-73(to )-73(useless.)-573(Normally)]TJ 0.3231 Tc 22.866 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 0.899 0 Td [(he )-73(pr)18(ocess )-73(that )-73(calls)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.332 0 Td (pipe)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -36.6 -1.2 Td [(then )-165(calls)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.75 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.4154 Tc (,c)Tj -0.018 Tc 3.509 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(ating )-165(an )-165(IPC )-165(channel )-165(fr)16(om )-165(the )-165(par)18(ent )-165(to )-165(the )-165(child, )-165(or )-165(vice )-165(versa.)]TJ -9.115 -1.2 Td (Figur)Tj 0.25 Tc 2.383 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (5.3 shows this scenario.)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47226 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(5.5)]TJ 35.366 0 Td [(Opening )-250(a )-250(Str)18(eam)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 10.467 0 Td (149)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 668.9599 Tm [(text )-156(\336le )-156(and )-156(a )-156(binary )-156(\336le.)-656(Since )-156(the )-156(UNIX )-156(kernel )-156(doesn\325t )-156(dif)22(fer)18(entiate )-156(between )-156(these)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td (types of \336les, specifying the character)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 16.823 0 Td (b)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.85 0 Td (as part of the)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 6.012 0 Td (type)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.972 0 Td [(has no ef)18(fect.)]TJ -0.055 Tc -23.857 -1.2 Td (Wi)Tj 0 Tc 1.236 0 Td (th)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.192 0 Td (fdopen)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.2839 Tc (,t)Tj 0 Tc 4.46 0 Td [(he )-34(meanings )-34(of )-34(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 8.759 0 Td (type)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.006 0 Td [(ar)18(gument )-34(dif)18(fer )-34(slightly)]TJ 0.5338 Tc 10.504 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.397 0 Td [(he )-34(descriptor )-34(has)]TJ -31.353 -1.2 Td [(alr)18(eady )-5(been )-5(opened, )-5(so )-5(opening )-5(for )-5(writing )-5(does )-5(not )-5(tr)8(uncate )-5(the )-5(\336le.)-505(\(If )-5(the )-5(descriptor)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(was )-317(cr)18(eated )-317(by )-317(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.737 0 Td (open)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.967 0 Td [(function, )-317(for )-317(example, )-317(and )-317(the )-317(\336le )-317(alr)19(eady )-317(existed, )-317(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -12.704 -1.2 Td (O_TRUNC)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.673 0 Td [(\337ag )-223(would )-223(contr)18(ol )-223(whether )-223(the )-223(\336le )-223(was )-223(tr)8(uncated. )-473(The)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 26.547 0 Td (fdopen)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.073 0 Td (function)Tj -35.293 -1.2 Td [(cannot )-133(simply )-133(tr)8(uncate )-133(any )-133(\336le )-133(it )-133(opens )-133(for )-133(writing.\))-629(Also, )-132(the )-132(standar)]TJ 0.3825 Tc 32.521 0 Td (dI)Tj 0 Tc 1.33 0 Td [(/O )-132(append)]TJ -33.852 -1.2 Td [(mode cannot cr)18(eate the \336le \(since the \336le has to exist if a descriptor r)18(efers to it\).)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(When )-60(a )-60(\336le )-60(is )-60(opened )-60(with )-60(a )-60(type )-60(of )-60(append, )-60(each )-60(write )-60(will )-60(take )-60(place )-60(at )-60(the )-60(then)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(curr)18(ent )-207(end )-207(of )-207(\336le.)-707(If )-207(multiple )-207(pr)18(ocesses )-207(open )-207(the )-207(same )-207(\336le )-207(with )-207(the )-207(standar)]TJ 0.457 Tc 36.203 0 Td (dI)Tj 0 Tc 1.405 0 Td (/O)Tj -37.608 -1.2 Td [(append mode, the data fr)18(om each pr)18(ocess will be corr)18(ectly written to the \336le.)]TJ -0.111 Tc 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 183.5885 528.9683 Tm (Ve)Tj 0 Tc 1.09 0 Td [(rsions )-51(of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.143 0 Td (fopen)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.301 0 Td [(fr)18(om )-51(Berkeley )-51(befor)]TJ 0.301 Tc 8.875 0 Td (e4)Tj 0 Tc 1.28 0 Td [(.4BSD )-51(and )-51(the )-51(simple )-51(version )-51(shown )-51(on )-51(page )-51(177 )-51(of)]TJ -18.689 -1.25 Td [(Kernighan )-47(and )-47(Ritchie)]TJ 10.359 0.04 Td ([)Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (1988)Tj 2 0.04 Td (])Tj 0.63 -0.04 Td [(do )-47(not )-47(handle )-47(the )-47(append )-47(mode )-47(corr)17(ectly)]TJ 0.5473 Tc 18.467 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.41 0 Td [(hese )-47(versions )-47(do )-47(an)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -33.199 -1.25 Td (lseek)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.359 0 Td [(to )-109(the )-109(end )-109(of )-109(\336le )-109(when )-109(the )-109(str)18(eam )-109(is )-109(opened.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 21.143 0 Td [(To )-293(c)]TJ 0 Tc 1.87 0 Td [(orr)18(ectly )-109(support )-109(the )-109(append )-109(mode)]TJ -26.373 -1.25 Td [(when )-23(multiple )-23(pr)18(ocesses )-23(ar)]TJ 0.2735 Tc 12.138 0 Td (ei)Tj 0 Tc 1.044 0 Td [(nvolved, )-23(the )-23(\336le )-23(must )-23(be )-23(opened )-23(with )-23(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 18.825 0 Td (O_APPEND)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.073 0 Td [(\337ag, )-23(which)]TJ -37.08 -1.25 Td [(we )-201(discussed )-201(in )-201(Section )-201(3.3.)-702(Doing )-201(an)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 18.43 0 Td (lseek)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.451 0 Td (befor)Tj 0.4514 Tc 2.288 0 Td (ee)Tj 0 Tc 1.409 0 Td [(ach )-201(write )-201(won\325t )-201(work )-201(either)73(,)-451(as)-451(w)-1(e)]TJ -25.579 -1.25 Td [(discussed in Section 3.1)55(1.)]TJ 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5899 458.9725 Tm [(When )-235(a )-235(\336le )-235(is )-235(opened )-235(for )-235(r)20(eading )-234(and )-234(writing )-234(\(the )-234(plus )-234(sign )-234(in )-234(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 32.705 0 Td (type)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(\), )-234(two)]TJ -0.018 Tc -34.505 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(strictions apply)111(.)]TJ 0.883 Tc 0.944 -1.8 Td (\245O)Tj 0 Tc 2.275 0 Td [(utput )-157(cannot )-157(be )-157(dir)18(ectly )-157(followed )-157(by )-157(input )-157(without )-157(an )-157(intervening)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 31.075 0 Td (fflush)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -31.861 -1.2 Td (fseek)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td (fsetpos)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (,o)Tj 0 Tc 5.246 0 Td (r)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.645 0 Td (rewind)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj 0.883 Tc -10.88 -1.36 Td (\245I)Tj 0 Tc 1.826 0 Td [(nput )-236(cannot )-236(be )-236(dir)18(ectly )-236(followed )-236(by )-236(output )-236(without )-236(an )-236(intervening)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 32.124 0 Td (fseek)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -32.461 -1.2 Td (fsetpos)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (,o)Tj 0 Tc 5.246 0 Td (r)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.645 0 Td (rewind)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(,)-250(or)-250(an)-250(input operation that encounters an end of \336le.)]TJ -0.092 Tc -7.38 -1.8 Td [(We )-184(c)]TJ 0 Tc 2.081 0 Td [(an summarize the six ways to open a str)18(eam fr)18(om Figur)]TJ 0.25 Tc 24.563 0 Td (e5)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (.2 in Figur)Tj 0.25 Tc 4.506 0 Td (e5)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (.3.)Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1950.25 3546.25 cm 0 0 m 2592 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 240.6831 346.5584 Tm (Restriction)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.1 Tc 11.785 0 Td (rwa)Tj 0 Tc 7.8 0 Td [(r+ )-900(w+ )-900(a+)]TJ ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1950.25 3426.25 cm 0 0 m 2592 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1950.25 3406.25 cm 0 0 m 2592 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 198.9762 332.5401 Tm [(\336le must alr)18(eady exist)]TJ 7.494 Tc 16.994 0 Td (\245\245)Tj 0 Tc -16.994 -1.25 Td [(pr)18(evious contents of \336le discar)18(ded )-4247(\245)]TJ 27.794 0 Td (\245)Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1950.25 3186.25 cm 0 0 m 2592 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 198.9642 310.5255 Tm [(str)18(eam can be r)18(ead )]TJ 16.994 0 Td (\245)Tj 2.094 Tc 8.1 0 Td (\245\245\245)Tj 0 Tc -25.094 -1.25 Td [(str)18(eam can be written)]TJ 2.094 Tc 19.694 0 Td (\245\245\245\245\245)Tj 0 Tc -19.694 -1.25 Td [(str)18(eam can be written only at end)]TJ 7.494 Tc 22.394 0 Td (\245\245)Tj ET q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1950.25 2866.25 cm 0 0 m 2592 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4346.25 2866.25 cm 0 0 m 0 680 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4130.25 2866.25 cm 0 0 m 0 680 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3914.25 2866.25 cm 0 0 m 0 680 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3698.25 2866.25 cm 0 0 m 0 680 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3482.25 2866.25 cm 0 0 m 0 680 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3266.25 2866.25 cm 0 0 m 0 680 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4542.25 2866.25 cm 0 0 m 0 680 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1950.25 2866.25 cm 0 0 m 0 680 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 0 Tc 7.9976 0 0 7.9976 233.25 268.5194 Tm (Figure 5.3)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.195 0 Td (Six ways to open a standar)Tj 0.25 Tc 11.796 0 Td (dI)Tj 0 Tc 1.198 0 Td [(/O str)18(eam)]TJ 9.997 0 0 9.997 129.5613 244.5266 Tm [(Note )-47(that )-47(if )-47(a )-47(new )-47(\336le )-47(is )-47(cr)18(eated )-47(by )-47(specifying )-47(a)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 21.671 0 Td (type)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.019 0 Td [(of )-47(either)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.024 0 Td (w)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.897 0 Td (or)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.238 0 Td (a)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(,)-297(we)-297(a)]TJ -0.018 Tc 3.256 0 Td [(re )-83(n)]TJ 0 Tc 1.735 0 Td [(ot )-47(able )-47(to)]TJ -34.84 -1.2 Td [(specify )-93(the )-93(\336le\325s )-93(access )-93(permission )-93(bits, )-93(as )-93(we )-93(wer)]TJ 0.3432 Tc 22.74 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.322 0 Td [(ble )-93(to )-93(do )-93(with )-93(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.488 0 Td (open)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.743 0 Td (function)Tj -35.293 -1.2 Td [(and )-95(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.77 0 Td (creat)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.345 0 Td [(function )-95(in )-95(Chapter )-95(3.)-595(POSIX.1 )-95(r)18(equir)18(es )-95(implementations )-95(to )-95(cr)18(eate )-95(the)]TJ -7.115 -1.2 Td (\336le with the following permissions bit set:)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9973 0 0 8.9973 147.5556 191.8424 Tm (S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR | S_IRGRP | S_IWGRP | S_IROTH | S_IWOTH)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.997 0 0 9.997 129.561 173.8478 Tm [(Recall )-11(fr)18(om )-11(Section )-11(4.8, )-11(however)]TJ 0.2611 Tc 14.355 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 0.837 0 Td [(hat )-11(we )-11(can )-11(r)18(estrict )-11(these )-11(permissions )-11(by )-11(adjusting )-11(our)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -15.193 -1.2 Td (umask)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td (value.)Tj -1.45 -1.2 Td [(By )-63(default, )-63(the )-63(str)17(eam )-63(that )-63(is )-63(opened )-63(is )-63(fully )-63(buf)15(fer)18(ed, )-63(unless )-63(it )-63(r)18(efers )-63(to )-63(a )-63(terminal)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(device, )-97(in )-97(which )-97(case )-97(it )-97(is )-97(line )-97(buf)17(fer)18(ed. )-347(Once)-347(the )-97(str)18(eam )-97(is )-97(opened, )-97(but )-97(befor)18(e)-347(we)-347(do)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47227 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (76)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3 0 Td [(File )-250(I/O)]TJ 39.741 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(3)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 183.589 670.9597 Tm [(The )-290(v-node )-290(was )-290(invented )-290(to )-290(pr)18(ovide )-290(support )-290(for )-290(multiple )-290(\336le )-290(system )-290(types )-290(on )-290(a )-290(single)]TJ 0 -1.25 TD [(computer )-27(system.)-527(This )-27(work )-27(was )-27(done )-27(independently )-27(by )-27(Peter )-27(W)91(einber)18(ger )-27(\(Bell )-27(Laboratories\))]TJ -0 -1.25 Td [(and )-157(Bill )-157(Joy )-157(\(Sun )-157(Micr)19(osystems\). )-407(Sun)-407(called )-157(this )-157(the )-157(V)55(irtual )-157(File )-157(System )-157(and )-157(called )-157(the )-157(\336le)]TJ -0 -1.25 Td [(system\320independent )-30(portion )-30(of )-30(the )-30(i-node )-30(the )-30(v-node)]TJ 24.074 0.04 Td ([)Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td [(Kleiman )-30(1986)]TJ 6.032 0.04 Td (])Tj 0.5303 Tc 0.333 -0.04 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.393 0 Td [(he )-30(v-node )-30(pr)18(opagated)]TJ -32.166 -1.25 Td [(thr)18(ough )-19(various )-19(vendor )-19(implementations )-19(as )-19(support )-19(for )-19(Sun\325s )-19(Network )-19(File )-19(System)]TJ 37.396 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (NFS)Tj 1.912 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.602 -0.04 Td (was)Tj -40.242 -1.25 Td [(added. )-288(The)-288(\336rst )-38(r)18(elease )-38(fr)18(om )-38(Berkeley )-38(to )-38(pr)18(ovide )-38(v-nodes )-38(was )-38(the )-38(4.3BSD )-38(Reno )-38(r)18(elease, )-38(when)]TJ T* (NFS was added.)Tj 0 -1.875 TD [(In )-88(SVR4, )-88(the )-88(v-node )-88(r)18(eplaced )-88(the )-88(\336le )-88(system\320independent )-88(i-node )-88(of )-88(SVR3.)-593(Solaris )-88(is )-88(derived)]TJ 0 -1.25 TD [(fr)18(om SVR4 and, ther)18(efor)18(e, uses v-nodes.)]TJ 0 -1.875 TD [(Instead )-338(of )-338(splitting )-338(the )-338(data )-338(str)8(uctur)18(es )-338(into )-338(a )-338(v-node )-338(and )-338(an )-338(i-node, )-338(Linux )-338(uses )-338(a )-338(\336le)]TJ -0 -1.25 Td (system\320independent i-node and a \336le system\320dependent i-node.)Tj 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5908 540.9675 Tm [(If )-421(two )-421(independent )-421(pr)18(ocesses )-421(have )-421(the )-421(same )-421(\336le )-421(open, )-421(we )-421(could )-421(have )-421(the)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td (arrangement shown in Figur)Tj 0.25 Tc 12.651 0 Td (e3)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (.8.)Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 1341.24 3966 1008 1008 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 151.3778 500.5799 Tm [(pr)18(ocess table entry)]TJ ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 1629.24 4614 576 72 re S Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 1629.24 4542 576 72 re S Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 1629.24 4470 576 72 re S Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 1629.24 4398 576 72 re S Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 1629.24 4110 576 288 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 0.25 Tc 13.9975 0 0 13.9975 182.9411 423.5637 Tm (...)Tj 0 Tc 6.9987 0 0 6.9987 147.5396 463.1562 Tm (fd 0:)Tj 0 -1.029 TD (fd 1:)Tj 0 -1.029 TD (fd 2:)Tj 0 -1.029 TD (fd 3:)Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1845.25 4686.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -288 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 6.9983 0 0 6.9983 170.3791 477.4854 Tm (fd)Tj -0.572 -0.714 Td (\337ags)Tj 4.471 0.714 Td (\336le)Tj -0.923 -0.714 Td (pointer)Tj ET q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 1341.24 2670 1008 1008 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9976 0 0 7.9976 151.3506 370.9287 Tm [(pr)18(ocess table entry)]TJ ET q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 1629.24 3390 576 72 re S Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 1629.24 3318 576 72 re S Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 1629.24 3246 576 72 re S Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 1629.24 3174 576 72 re S Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 1629.24 3102 576 72 re S Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 1629.24 2814 576 288 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 0.25 Tc 13.995 0 0 13.995 182.9081 293.9342 Tm (...)Tj 0 Tc 6.9975 0 0 6.9975 147.5131 340.7173 Tm (fd 0:)Tj 0 -1.029 TD (fd 1:)Tj 0 -1.029 TD (fd 2:)Tj T* (fd 3:)Tj T* (fd 4:)Tj ET q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1845.25 3462.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -360 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 6.9971 0 0 6.9971 170.3484 355.0508 Tm (fd)Tj -0.572 -0.714 Td (\337ags)Tj 4.471 0.714 Td (\336le)Tj -0.923 -0.714 Td (pointer)Tj ET q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2925.24 4254 720 144 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9962 0 0 7.9962 302.1149 430.6332 Tm (\336le status \337ags)Tj ET q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2925.24 4110 720 144 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9957 0 0 7.9957 298.3468 416.2152 Tm [(curr)18(ent \336le of)18(fset)]TJ ET q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2925.24 3966 720 144 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9952 0 0 7.9952 301.9987 401.7988 Tm (v-node pointer)Tj ET q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2925.24 3462 720 144 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9947 0 0 7.9947 302.0606 351.408 Tm (\336le status \337ags)Tj ET q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2925.24 3318 720 144 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9942 0 0 7.9942 298.2931 336.9973 Tm [(curr)18(ent \336le of)18(fset)]TJ ET q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2925.24 3174 720 144 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9938 0 0 7.9938 301.9444 322.5883 Tm (v-node pointer)Tj 0.112 15.025 Td (\336le table entry)Tj 0 -9.9 TD (\336le table entry)Tj 6.9945 0 0 6.9945 427.5475 371.15 Tm (v-node information)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.52 -2.057 Td (v_data)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -2.383 -4.114 Td (i-node information)Tj 0.796 -2.057 Td [(curr)18(ent \336le size)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 1.287 -1.543 Td (i_vnode)Tj ET q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4221.25 3822.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -288 l 720 -288 l 720 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4221.25 3390.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -396 l 720 -396 l 720 0 l 0 0 l 720 0 l S Q Q q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4221.25 3642.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4297.25 3642.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4373.25 3642.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4449.25 3642.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4525.25 3642.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4601.25 3642.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4677.25 3642.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4753.25 3642.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4829.25 3642.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4905.25 3642.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4221.25 3210.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4297.25 3210.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 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2310.25 4476.25 cm 0 0 m 0 216 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 0 6.995 -6.995 0 237.5889 454.5816 Tm (call)Tj ET q 0.9992802 0 0 0.9992802 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 223.8 361.2 cm 0 0 m 1.8 -7.2 l -1.8 -7.2 l f Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2238 3612 cm 0 0 m 18 -72 l -18 -72 l h S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2238.25 3540.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -504 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9938 0 0 7.9938 225.6239 325.3861 Tm (exec)Tj ET q 0.9992203 0 0 0.9992203 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 324.6 303.6 cm 0 0 m -1.8 7.2 l 1.8 7.2 l f Q Q q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3246 3036 cm 0 0 m -18 72 l 18 72 l h S Q Q q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3246.25 4188.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -1080 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9933 0 0 7.9933 324.9269 394.3086 Tm (_exit)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.029 -1.25 Td (or)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -1.029 -1.25 Td (_Exit)Tj ET q 0.9991603 0 0 0.9991603 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 159 490.8 cm 0 0 m 7.2 1.8 l 7.2 -1.8 l f Q Q q 0.099916 0 0 0.099916 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1590 4908 cm 0 0 m 72 18 l 72 -18 l h S Q Q q 0.099916 0 0 0.099916 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2022.25 4908.25 cm 0 0 m -360 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9928 0 0 7.9928 163.0532 516.5749 Tm (_exit)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.029 -1.25 Td (or)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -1.029 -1.25 Td (_Exit)Tj 0 -4.7 TD (_exit)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.029 -1.25 Td (or)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -1.029 -1.25 Td (_Exit)Tj ET q 0.9991004 0 0 0.9991004 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 159 303.6 cm 0 0 m -1.8 7.2 l 1.8 7.2 l f Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1590 3036 cm 0 0 m -18 72 l 18 72 l h S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1590.25 4908.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -1800 l S Q Q q 0.9990404 0 0 0.9990404 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 173.4 433.2 cm 0 0 m 7.2 1.8 l 7.2 -1.8 l f Q Q q 0.099904 0 0 0.099904 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1734 4332 cm 0 0 m 72 18 l 72 -18 l h S Q Q q 0.099904 0 0 0.099904 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2022.25 4332.25 cm 0 0 m -216 0 l S Q Q q 0.9989805 0 0 0.9989805 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 173.4 303.6 cm 0 0 m -1.8 7.2 l 1.8 7.2 l f Q Q q 0.099898 0 0 0.099898 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1734 3036 cm 0 0 m -18 72 l 18 72 l h S Q Q q 0.099898 0 0 0.099898 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1734.25 4332.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -1224 l S Q Q q 0.9989206 0 0 0.9989206 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 303 443.496 cm 0 0 m -6.696 3.168 l -4.392 5.976 l f Q Q q 0.0998921 0 0 0.0998921 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3030 4434.96 cm 0 0 m -66.96 31.68 l -43.92 59.76 l h S Q Q q 0.0998921 0 0 0.0998921 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2454.25 4908.25 cm 0 0 m 520 -428 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 6.1748 -5.0721 5.0721 6.1748 268.5317 475.167 Tm (exit)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.6311 -3.8041 3.8041 4.6311 252.369 475.517 Tm [(\(does not r)18(eturn\))]TJ ET q 0.9988606 0 0 0.9988606 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 303 433.2 cm 0 0 m -7.2 -1.8 l -7.2 1.8 l f Q Q q 0.0998861 0 0 0.0998861 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3030 4332 cm 0 0 m -72 -18 l -72 18 l h S Q Q q 0.0998861 0 0 0.0998861 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2454.25 4332.25 cm 0 0 m 504 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9904 0 0 7.9904 264.2827 435.9166 Tm (exit)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.9928 0 0 5.9928 251.5717 425.9286 Tm [(\(does not r)18(eturn\))]TJ ET q 0.9988007 0 0 0.9988007 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 303 422.904 cm 0 0 m -4.392 -5.976 l -6.696 -3.168 l f Q Q q 0.0998801 0 0 0.0998801 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3030 4229.04 cm 0 0 m -43.92 -59.76 l -66.96 -31.68 l h S Q Q q 0.0998801 0 0 0.0998801 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2454.25 3756.25 cm 0 0 m 520 427 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 6.174 5.0715 -5.0715 6.174 264.3916 395.1997 Tm (exit)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.6306 3.8036 -3.8036 4.6306 260.9096 379.4146 Tm [(\(does not r)18(eturn\))]TJ ET q 0.9987408 0 0 0.9987408 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 393 485.976 cm 0 0 m -4.104 -6.192 l -6.552 -3.528 l f Q Q q 0.0998741 0 0 0.0998741 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3930 4859.7598 cm 0 0 m -41.04 -61.92 l -65.52 -35.28 l h S Q Q q 0.0998741 0 0 0.0998741 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3462.25 4435.25 cm 0 0 m 414 376 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 4.4352 4.0291 -4.0291 4.4352 367.9879 467.4725 Tm (call)Tj ET q 0.9986808 0 0 0.9986808 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 346.2 439.392 cm 0 0 m 4.176 6.12 l 6.552 3.456 l f Q Q q 0.0998681 0 0 0.0998681 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3462 4393.9199 cm 0 0 m 41.76 61.2 l 65.52 34.56 l h S Q Q q 0.0998681 0 0 0.0998681 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3516.25 4441.25 cm 0 0 m 414 370 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 4.4674 3.9929 -3.9929 4.4674 371.8864 453.0823 Tm (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (turn)Tj ET q 0.9986209 0 0 0.9986209 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 393 449.976 cm 0 0 m -6.336 -3.888 l -7.416 -0.432 l f Q Q q 0.0998621 0 0 0.0998621 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3930 4499.7598 cm 0 0 m -63.36 -38.88 l -74.16 -4.32 l h S Q Q q 0.0998621 0 0 0.0998621 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3462.25 4353.25 cm 0 0 m 399 126 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 5.7146 1.8002 -1.8002 5.7146 363.7358 443.7076 Tm (call)Tj ET q 0.998561 0 0 0.998561 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 346.2 431.112 cm 0 0 m 6.408 3.816 l 7.416 0.36 l f Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3462 4311.1201 cm 0 0 m 64.08 38.16 l 74.16 3.6 l h S Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3531.25 4332.25 cm 0 0 m 399 119 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 5.7378 1.7234 -1.7234 5.7378 363.064 428.6665 Tm (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (turn)Tj ET q 0.9985011 0 0 0.9985011 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 393 399.288 cm 0 0 m -7.128 2.16 l -5.256 5.256 l f Q Q q 0.0998501 0 0 0.0998501 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3930 3992.8799 cm 0 0 m -71.28 21.6 l -52.56 52.56 l h S Q Q q 0.0998501 0 0 0.0998501 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3462.25 4270.25 cm 0 0 m 406 -241 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 5.1519 -3.0571 3.0571 5.1519 366.7434 417.583 Tm (call)Tj ET q 0.9984412 0 0 0.9984412 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 346.2 422.904 cm 0 0 m 7.128 -2.16 l 5.256 -5.256 l f Q Q q 0.0998441 0 0 0.0998441 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3462 4229.04 cm 0 0 m 71.28 -21.6 l 52.56 -52.56 l h S Q Q q 0.0998441 0 0 0.0998441 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3524.25 4192.25 cm 0 0 m 406 -241 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 5.1515 -3.0569 3.0569 5.1515 358.4428 406.7635 Tm (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (turn)Tj ET q 0.0998381 0 0 0.0998381 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 1446 2460 3600 576 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 11.9799 0 0 11.9799 307.3911 272.5817 Tm (kernel)Tj ET q 0.0998321 0 0 0.0998321 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1878.25 3468.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.0998321 0 0 0.0998321 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1878.25 3538.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.0998321 0 0 0.0998321 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1878.25 3609.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.0998321 0 0 0.0998321 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1878.25 3679.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.0998321 0 0 0.0998321 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1878.25 3750.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.0998321 0 0 0.0998321 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1878.25 3821.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.0998321 0 0 0.0998321 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1878.25 3890.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.0998321 0 0 0.0998321 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1878.25 3961.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.0998321 0 0 0.0998321 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1878.25 4032.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.0998321 0 0 0.0998321 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1878.25 4102.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.0998321 0 0 0.0998321 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1878.25 4173.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.0998321 0 0 0.0998321 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1878.25 4243.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.0998321 0 0 0.0998321 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1878.25 4314.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.0998321 0 0 0.0998321 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1878.25 4384.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.0998321 0 0 0.0998321 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1878.25 4455.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.0998321 0 0 0.0998321 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1878.25 4525.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.0998321 0 0 0.0998321 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1878.25 4596.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.0998321 0 0 0.0998321 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1878.25 4667.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.0998321 0 0 0.0998321 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1878.25 4737.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.0998321 0 0 0.0998321 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1878.25 4807.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.0998321 0 0 0.0998321 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1878.25 4878.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.0998321 0 0 0.0998321 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1878.25 4948.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.0998321 0 0 0.0998321 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1878.25 5019.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.0998321 0 0 0.0998321 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1878.25 5089.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.0998321 0 0 0.0998321 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1878.25 5160.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l 36 36 l S Q Q q 0.0998321 0 0 0.0998321 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1950.25 5196.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998321 0 0 0.0998321 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2022.25 5196.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998321 0 0 0.0998321 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2094.25 5196.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998321 0 0 0.0998321 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2166.25 5196.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998321 0 0 0.0998321 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2238.25 5196.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998321 0 0 0.0998321 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2310.25 5196.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998321 0 0 0.0998321 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2382.25 5196.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998321 0 0 0.0998321 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2454.25 5196.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998321 0 0 0.0998321 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2526.25 5196.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998321 0 0 0.0998321 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2598.25 5196.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998321 0 0 0.0998321 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2670.25 5196.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998321 0 0 0.0998321 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2742.25 5196.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998321 0 0 0.0998321 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2814.25 5196.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998321 0 0 0.0998321 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2886.25 5196.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998321 0 0 0.0998321 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2958.25 5196.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998321 0 0 0.0998321 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3030.25 5196.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998321 0 0 0.0998321 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3102.25 5196.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998321 0 0 0.0998321 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3174.25 5196.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998321 0 0 0.0998321 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3246.25 5196.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998321 0 0 0.0998321 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3318.25 5196.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998321 0 0 0.0998321 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3390.25 5196.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998321 0 0 0.0998321 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3462.25 5196.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998321 0 0 0.0998321 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3534.25 5196.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998321 0 0 0.0998321 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3606.25 5196.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998321 0 0 0.0998321 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3678.25 5196.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998321 0 0 0.0998321 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3750.25 5196.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 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0 1 4542.25 5196.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l 36 -36 l S Q Q q 0.0998321 0 0 0.0998321 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4578.25 5125.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.0998321 0 0 0.0998321 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4578.25 5055.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.0998321 0 0 0.0998321 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4578.25 4984.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.0998321 0 0 0.0998321 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4578.25 4914.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.0998321 0 0 0.0998321 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4578.25 4843.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.0998321 0 0 0.0998321 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4578.25 4772.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.0998321 0 0 0.0998321 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4578.25 4703.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.0998321 0 0 0.0998321 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4578.25 4632.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.0998321 0 0 0.0998321 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4578.25 4561.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.0998321 0 0 0.0998321 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4578.25 4491.25 cm 0 0 m 0 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1 J q 1 0 0 1 2562.25 3468.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998321 0 0 0.0998321 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2490.25 3468.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998321 0 0 0.0998321 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2418.25 3468.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998321 0 0 0.0998321 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2346.25 3468.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998321 0 0 0.0998321 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2274.25 3468.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998321 0 0 0.0998321 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2202.25 3468.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998321 0 0 0.0998321 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2130.25 3468.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998321 0 0 0.0998321 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2058.25 3468.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998321 0 0 0.0998321 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1986.25 3468.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998321 0 0 0.0998321 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1914.25 3468.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9861 0 0 7.9861 459.0006 430.6899 Tm [(user pr)18(ocess)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf -30.628 -26.33 Td (Figure 7.2)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.195 0 Td [(How a C pr)18(ogram is started and how it terminates)]TJ 9.9826 0 0 9.9826 129.3749 190.4683 Tm [(The )-21(only )-21(way )-21(a )-21(pr)18(ogram )-21(can )-21(be )-21(executed )-21(by )-21(the )-21(kernel )-21(is )-21(if )-21(one )-21(of )-21(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 31.213 0 Td (exec)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.671 0 Td [(functions )-21(is)]TJ -33.884 -1.2 Td [(called. )-264(The)-263(only )-14(way )-14(a )-14(pr)18(ocess )-14(can )-14(voluntarily )-14(terminate )-14(is )-14(if)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 27.423 0 Td (_exit)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.264 0 Td (or)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.205 0 Td (_Exit)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.264 0 Td [(is )-14(called,)]TJ -35.155 -1.2 Td [(either )-193(explicitly )-193(or )-193(implicitly )-193(\(by )-193(calling)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 18.898 0 Td (exit)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(\). )-443(A)-443(pr)18(ocess )-193(can )-193(also )-193(be )-193(involuntarily)]TJ -18.898 -1.2 Td (terminated by a signal \(not shown in Figur)Tj 0.25 Tc 18.886 0 Td (e7)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (.2\).)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47233 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (508)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Advanced )-250(I/O)]TJ 38.741 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(14)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5911 668.9599 Tm [(The )-294(\336rst )-294(four )-294(r)18(ows )-294(of )-294(Figur)]TJ 0.5444 Tc 13.467 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.523 0 Td [(4.17 )-294(test )-294(for )-294(r)17(eadability)]TJ 0.5444 Tc 10.876 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 1.12 0 Td [(he )-294(next )-294(thr)18(ee )-294(test )-294(for)]TJ -28.786 -1.2 Td (writability)Tj 0.489 Tc 4.543 0 Td (,a)Tj 0 Tc 1.239 0 Td [(nd )-239(the )-239(\336nal )-239(thr)18(ee )-239(ar)]TJ 0.489 Tc 9.634 0 Td (ef)Tj 0 Tc 1.301 0 Td [(or )-239(exception )-239(conditions.)-739(The )-239(last )-239(thr)18(ee )-239(r)18(ows )-239(in)]TJ -16.717 -1.2 Td (Figur)Tj 0.5623 Tc 2.383 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.541 0 Td [(4.17 )-312(ar)]TJ 0.5623 Tc 3.189 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.465 0 Td [(et )-312(by )-312(the )-312(kernel )-312(on )-312(r)17(eturn. )-562(These)-563(thr)18(ee )-312(values )-312(ar)]TJ 0.5622 Tc 24.093 0 Td (er)Tj 0 Tc 1.418 0 Td [(eturned )-312(in)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -34.09 -1.2 Td (revents)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.473 0 Td [(when )-23(the )-23(condition )-23(occurs, )-23(even )-23(if )-23(they )-23(wer)18(en\325t )-23(speci\336ed )-23(in )-23(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 28.417 0 Td (events)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.873 0 Td (\336eld.)Tj 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 183.5888 609.9634 Tm [(The )-15(poll )-15(event )-15(names )-15(containing )-15(the )-15(term)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 18.724 0 Td (BAND)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 3.154 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(fer )-14(to )-14(priority )-14(bands )-14(in )-14(STREAMS.)-514(Refer )-14(to)]TJ -22.734 -1.25 Td (Rago)Tj 2.52 0.04 Td ([)Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (1993)Tj 2 0.04 Td (])Tj 0.583 -0.04 Td (for mor)Tj 0.25 Tc 3.33 0 Td (ei)Tj 0 Tc 1.02 0 Td (nformation about STREAMS and priority bands.)Tj 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5913 576.9654 Tm [(When )-43(a )-43(descriptor )-43(is )-43(hung )-43(up )-43(\()]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 13.987 0 Td (POLLHUP)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(\), )-43(we )-43(can )-43(no )-43(longer )-43(write )-43(to )-43(the )-43(descriptor)76(.)]TJ -15.787 -1.2 Td (Ther)Tj 0.25 Tc 2.051 0 Td (em)Tj 0 Tc 1.612 0 Td (ay)Tj 0.25 Tc 0.945 0 Td (,h)Tj 0 Tc 1.082 0 Td (owever)Tj 0.25 Tc 3.224 0 Td (,s)Tj 0 Tc 0.924 0 Td [(till be data to be r)18(ead fr)18(om the descriptor)74(.)]TJ -8.038 -1.2 Td [(The )-59(\336nal )-59(ar)18(gument )-59(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.065 0 Td (poll)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.709 0 Td [(speci\336es )-59(how )-59(long )-59(we )-59(want )-59(to )-59(wait.)-558(As )-59(with)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 20.576 0 Td (select)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj -35.15 -1.2 Td (ther)Tj 0.25 Tc 1.764 0 Td (ea)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.229 0 Td [(re )-36(t)]TJ 0 Tc 1.432 0 Td [(hr)18(ee cases.)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf -2.625 -1.72 Td (timeout)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.611 0 Td (==)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.7 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (1)Tj -0.092 Tc -3.511 -1.32 Td (Wa)Tj 0 Tc 1.408 0 Td [(it )-112(for)18(ever)]TJ 0.6123 Tc 4.079 0 Td (.\()Tj 0 Tc 1.195 0 Td [(Some )-112(systems )-112(de\336ne )-112(the )-112(constant)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 15.634 0 Td (INFTIM)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.962 0 Td (in)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.235 0 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.962 0 Td (as)Tj /TT1 1 Tf -34.476 -1.2 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1.\) )-311(W)]TJ 0.3107 Tc 3.101 0 Td (er)Tj 0 Tc 1.167 0 Td [(eturn )-61(when )-61(one )-61(of )-61(the )-61(speci\336ed )-61(descriptors )-61(is )-61(r)20(eady )-61(or )-61(when )-61(a )-61(signal)]TJ -4.267 -1.2 Td [(is caught.)-500(If a signal is caught,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 13.766 0 Td (poll)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 2.65 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (turns)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 2.58 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (1w)Tj 0 Tc 2.133 0 Td (ith)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.449 0 Td (errno)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td (set to)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.601 0 Td (EINTR)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -31.085 -1.72 Td (timeout)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.611 0 Td (==)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.7 0 Td (0)Tj -3.511 -1.32 Td [(Don\325t )-30(wait.)-530(All )-30(the )-30(speci\336ed )-30(descriptors )-30(ar)]TJ 0.2798 Tc 19.13 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.085 0 Td [(ested, )-30(and )-30(we )-30(r)19(eturn )-30(immediately)111(.)]TJ -20.215 -1.2 Td [(This )-106(is )-106(a )-106(way )-106(to )-106(poll )-106(the )-106(system )-106(to )-106(\336nd )-106(out )-106(the )-106(status )-106(of )-106(multiple )-106(descriptors,)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD (without blocking in the call to)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 13.485 0 Td (poll)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -15.285 -1.72 Td (timeout)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.611 0 Td (>)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.1 0 Td (0)Tj -0.092 Tc -2.911 -1.32 Td (Wa)Tj 0 Tc 1.408 0 Td (it)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 0.992 0 Td (timeout)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.486 0 Td [(milliseconds. )-375(W)]TJ 0.3748 Tc 7.34 0 Td (er)Tj 0 Tc 1.231 0 Td [(eturn )-125(when )-125(one )-125(of )-125(the )-125(speci\336ed )-125(descriptors )-125(is)]TJ -0.018 Tc -14.456 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(ady )-234(or )-234(when )-234(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 8.407 0 Td (timeout)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.595 0 Td [(expir)18(es. )-484(If)-483(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 7.175 0 Td (timeout)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.595 0 Td [(expir)18(es )-234(befor)]TJ 0.4837 Tc 5.939 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.463 0 Td [(ny )-234(of )-234(the)]TJ -31.029 -1.2 Td [(descriptors )-239(is )-239(r)17(eady)]TJ 0.4895 Tc 9.042 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 1.066 0 Td [(he )-239(r)18(eturn )-239(value )-239(is )-239(0.)-739(\(If )-239(your )-239(system )-239(doesn\325t )-239(pr)14(ovide)]TJ -10.108 -1.2 Td [(millisecond r)18(esolution,)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 10.348 0 Td (timeout)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.361 0 Td [(is r)18(ounded up to the near)18(est supported value.\))]TJ -15.509 -1.92 Td [(It )-169(is )-169(important )-169(to )-169(r)18(ealize )-169(the )-169(dif)20(fer)18(ence )-169(between )-169(an )-169(end )-169(of )-169(\336le )-169(and )-169(a )-169(hangup.)-665(If)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td (we\325r)Tj 0.4552 Tc 1.968 0 Td (ee)Tj 0 Tc 1.413 0 Td [(ntering )-205(data )-205(fr)18(om )-205(the )-205(terminal )-205(and )-205(type )-205(the )-205(end-of-\336le )-205(character)72(,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 30.849 0 Td (POLLIN)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.055 0 Td (is)Tj -38.285 -1.2 Td [(turned )-110(on )-110(so )-110(we )-110(can )-110(r)18(ead )-110(the )-110(end-of-\336le )-110(indication )-110(\()]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 23.913 0 Td (read)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 2.76 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(turns )-110(0\).)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.382 0 Td (POLLHUP)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.56 0 Td [(is )-110(not)]TJ -36.471 -1.2 Td [(turned )-58(on )-58(in)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.922 0 Td (revents)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5582 Tc (.I)Tj 0.3082 Tc 5.345 0 Td (fw)Tj 0 Tc 1.475 0 Td (e\325r)Tj 0.3082 Tc 1.134 0 Td (er)Tj 0 Tc 1.164 0 Td [(eading )-58(fr)18(om )-58(a )-58(modem )-58(and )-58(the )-58(telephone )-58(line )-58(is )-58(hung)]TJ -15.04 -1.2 Td [(up, we\325ll r)18(eceive the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.128 0 Td (POLLHUP)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td (noti\336cation.)Tj -11.778 -1.2 Td [(As )-220(with)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.175 0 Td (select)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.4702 Tc (,w)Tj 0 Tc 5.154 0 Td [(hether )-220(a )-220(descriptor )-220(is )-220(blocking )-220(doesn\325t )-220(af)17(fect )-220(whether)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 25.47 0 Td (poll)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -36.6 -1.2 Td (blocks.)Tj /TT2 1 Tf -3.6 -3.12 Td (Interruptibility of)Tj /TT3 1 Tf 8.223 0 Td (select)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 3.878 0 Td (and)Tj /TT3 1 Tf 2.056 0 Td (poll)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -10.557 -2.16 Td [(When )-66(the )-66(automatic )-66(r)18(estarting )-66(of )-66(interr)8(upted )-66(system )-66(calls )-66(was )-66(intr)21(oduced )-66(with )-66(4.2BSD)]TJ T* [(\(Section )-124(10.5\), )-124(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.369 0 Td (select)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.974 0 Td [(function )-124(was )-124(never )-124(r)17(estarted. )-374(This)-375(characteristic )-124(continues)]TJ -12.344 -1.2 Td [(with )-182(most )-182(systems )-182(even )-182(if )-182(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 14.436 0 Td (SA_RESTART)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.432 0 Td [(option )-182(is )-182(speci\336ed.)-682(But )-182(under )-182(SVR4, )-182(if)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -20.868 -1.2 Td (SA_RESTART)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.355 0 Td [(was )-105(speci\336ed, )-105(even)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.112 0 Td (select)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.955 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.048 0 Td (poll)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.755 0 Td (wer)Tj 0.355 Tc 1.69 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.334 0 Td [(utomatically )-105(r)18(estarted. )-355(T)92(o)]TJ -27.249 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(event )-133(this )-133(fr)18(om )-133(catching )-133(us )-133(when )-133(we )-133(port )-133(softwar)20(e)-383(to)-383(systems )-133(derived )-133(fr)18(om )-133(SVR4,)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(we\325ll )-50(always )-50(use )-50(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.373 0 Td (signal_intr)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.9 0 Td [(function )-50(\(Figur)]TJ 0.3003 Tc 6.723 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.279 0 Td [(0.19\) )-50(if )-50(the )-50(signal )-50(could )-50(interr)7(upt)]TJ 0.25 Tc -24.275 -1.2 Td (ac)Tj 0 Tc 1.194 0 Td (all to)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.454 0 Td (select)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td (or)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.191 0 Td (poll)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47234 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(8.16)]TJ 35.071 0 Td [(Pr)18(ocess )-250(Scheduling)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 10.762 0 Td (277)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 668.9599 Tm (The)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.996 0 Td (incr)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.952 0 Td [(ar)18(gument )-72(is )-72(added )-72(to )-72(the )-72(nice )-72(value )-72(of )-72(the )-72(calling )-72(pr)21(ocess. )-322(If)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 27.872 0 Td (incr)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.952 0 Td [(is )-72(too )-72(lar)19(ge,)]TJ -33.771 -1.2 Td [(the )-29(system )-29(silently )-29(r)18(educes )-29(it )-29(to )-29(the )-29(maximum )-29(legal )-29(value.)-530(Similarly)]TJ 0.2791 Tc 30.329 0 Td (,i)Tj 0 Tc 0.82 0 Td (f)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 0.612 0 Td (incr)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.909 0 Td [(is )-29(too )-29(small,)]TJ -33.67 -1.2 Td [(the )-251(system )-251(silently )-251(incr)18(eases )-251(it )-251(to )-251(the )-251(minimum )-251(legal )-251(value.)-750(Because)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 33.116 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-501(is)-501(a)-501(legal)]TJ -33.116 -1.2 Td [(successful )-24(r)18(eturn )-24(value, )-24(we )-24(need )-24(to )-24(clear)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 18.282 0 Td (errno)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.274 0 Td (befor)Tj 0.2741 Tc 2.288 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.197 0 Td (alling)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 2.785 0 Td (nice)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.674 0 Td [(and )-24(check )-24(its )-24(value)]TJ -30.5 -1.2 Td (if)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 0.931 0 Td (nice)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 2.707 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (turns)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.637 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1. )-307(If)-307(the )-57(call )-57(to)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 7.538 0 Td (nice)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.707 0 Td [(succeeds )-57(and )-57(the )-57(r)19(eturn )-57(value )-57(is)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 14.743 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1, )-57(then)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 3.881 0 Td (errno)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -36 -1.2 Td [(will still be zer)18(o. )-250(If)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 8.684 0 Td (errno)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td [(is nonzer)18(o, it means that the call to)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 15.581 0 Td (nice)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td (failed.)Tj -28.365 -1.2 Td (The)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.952 0 Td (getpriority)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.878 0 Td [(function )-28(can )-28(be )-28(used )-28(to )-28(get )-28(the )-28(nice )-28(value )-28(for )-28(a )-28(pr)18(ocess, )-28(just )-28(like)]TJ -10.63 -1.2 Td (the)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.708 0 Td (nice)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.721 0 Td [(function. )-321(However)74(,)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 9.155 0 Td (getpriority)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.921 0 Td [(can )-71(also )-71(get )-71(the )-71(nice )-71(value )-71(for )-71(a )-71(gr)17(oup )-71(of)]TJ -0.018 Tc -20.506 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(lated pr)18(ocesses.)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5921 556.2666 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.902 TD (int getpriority\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 12 0 Td (which)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 4.207 0 Td (d_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 2.4 0 Td (who)Tj /TT1 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -9.863 -1.902 Td (Returns: nice value between)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 12.693 0 Td (!)Tj /TT1 1 Tf (NZERO)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.799 0 Td (and)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.943 0 Td (NZERO)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (!)Tj /TT1 1 Tf (1)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.399 0 Td (if OK,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.886 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 5175.25 cm 0 0 m 0 478 l 3900 478 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 147.5823 503.9995 Tm (The)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 2.009 0 Td (which)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.742 0 Td [(ar)18(gument )-85(can )-85(take )-85(on )-85(one )-85(of )-85(thr)16(ee )-85(values:)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 19.345 0 Td (PRIO_PROCESS)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.536 0 Td [(to )-85(indicate )-85(a)]TJ -33.433 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ocess,)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 3.828 0 Td (PRIO_PGRP)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.683 0 Td [(to )-33(indicate )-33(a )-33(pr)18(ocess )-33(gr)18(oup, )-33(and)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 14.516 0 Td (PRIO_USER)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.683 0 Td [(to )-33(indicate )-33(a )-33(user )-33(ID.)]TJ -29.71 -1.2 Td (The)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 2.286 0 Td (which)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.019 0 Td [(ar)18(gument )-362(contr)18(ols )-362(how )-362(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 13.641 0 Td (who)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.278 0 Td [(ar)18(gument )-362(is )-362(interpr)18(eted )-362(and )-362(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 16.109 0 Td (who)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -37.334 -1.2 Td [(ar)18(gument )-101(selects )-101(the )-101(pr)18(ocess )-101(or )-101(pr)18(ocesses )-101(of )-101(inter)19(est. )-351(If)-351(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 27.223 0 Td (who)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.017 0 Td [(ar)18(gument )-101(is )-101(0, )-101(then )-101(it)]TJ -29.24 -1.2 Td [(indicates )-192(the )-192(calling )-192(pr)17(ocess, )-192(pr)18(ocess )-192(gr)18(oup, )-192(or )-192(user )-192(\(depending )-192(on )-192(the )-192(value )-192(of )-192(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 0 -1.2 TD (which)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.704 0 Td [(ar)18(gument\). )-297(When)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 8.376 0 Td (which)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.704 0 Td [(is )-47(set )-47(to)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 3.708 0 Td (PRIO_USER)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.697 0 Td (and)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.99 0 Td (who)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.963 0 Td [(is )-47(0, )-47(the )-47(r)17(eal )-47(user )-47(ID )-47(of )-47(the)]TJ -27.143 -1.2 Td [(calling )-21(pr)18(ocess )-21(is )-21(used.)-523(When )-22(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 15.241 0 Td (which)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.679 0 Td [(ar)18(gument )-22(applies )-22(to )-22(mor)]TJ 0.2716 Tc 10.986 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.077 0 Td [(han )-22(one )-22(pr)18(ocess, )-22(the)]TJ -29.982 -1.2 Td [(highest priority \(lowest value\) of all the applicable pr)18(ocesses is r)18(eturned.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td (The)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 2.027 0 Td (setpriority)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.953 0 Td [(function )-103(can )-103(be )-103(used )-103(to )-103(set )-103(the )-103(priority )-103(of )-103(a )-103(pr)22(ocess, )-102(a )-102(pr)17(ocess)]TJ -10.779 -1.2 Td [(gr)18(oup, or all the pr)18(ocesses belonging to a particular user ID.)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 8.9989 0 0 8.9989 147.5824 379.3145 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.902 TD (int setpriority\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 12 0 Td (which)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 4.207 0 Td (d_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 2.4 0 Td (who)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 3.466 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (value)Tj /TT1 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.978 -1.902 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 3406.25 cm 0 0 m 0 477 l 3900 477 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9982 0 0 9.9982 129.5767 327.0611 Tm (The)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.958 0 Td (which)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.691 0 Td (and)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.976 0 Td (who)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.949 0 Td [(ar)18(guments )-33(ar)]TJ 0.2835 Tc 5.891 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.089 0 Td [(he )-33(same )-33(as )-33(in )-33(the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 7.949 0 Td (getpriority)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.884 0 Td [(function. )-283(The)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 6.448 0 Td (value)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -36.833 -1.2 Td (is added to)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 5.149 0 Td (NZERO)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td (and this becomes the new nice value.)Tj 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 183.5676 295.0669 Tm (The)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 2.001 0 Td (nice)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.727 0 Td [(system )-77(call )-77(originated )-77(with )-77(an )-77(early )-77(PDP)]TJ 18.475 0.09 Td (-)Tj -0.055 Tc 0.333 -0.09 Td [(11 )-187(v)]TJ 0 Tc 1.837 0 Td [(ersion )-77(of )-77(the )-77(Resear)18(ch )-77(UNIX )-77(System.)]TJ -25.373 -1.25 Td (The)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.924 0 Td (getpriority)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.85 0 Td (and)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.943 0 Td (setpriority)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.85 0 Td (functions originated with 4.2BSD.)Tj 9.9982 0 0 9.9982 147.5743 264.0725 Tm [(The )-68(Single )-68(UNIX )-68(Speci\336cation )-68(leaves )-68(it )-68(up )-68(to )-68(the )-68(implementation )-68(whether )-68(the )-68(nice)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(value )-39(is )-39(inherited )-39(by )-39(a )-39(child )-39(pr)20(ocess )-38(after )-38(a)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 19.442 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.5385 Tc (.H)Tj 0 Tc 4.021 0 Td (owever)Tj 0.2885 Tc 3.224 0 Td (,X)Tj 0 Tc 1.206 0 Td [(SI-compliant )-38(systems )-38(ar)17(e)]TJ -0.018 Tc -27.892 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(quir)18(ed to pr)18(eserve the nice value acr)18(oss a call to)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 21.326 0 Td (exec)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj 0.2788 Tc 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 183.5681 220.0804 Tm (Ac)Tj 0 Tc 1.501 0 Td [(hild )-29(pr)18(ocess )-29(inherits )-29(the )-29(nice )-29(value )-29(fr)18(om )-29(its )-29(par)18(ent )-29(pr)18(ocess )-29(in )-29(Fr)18(eeBSD )-29(8.0, )-29(Linux )-29(3.2.0, )-29(Mac)]TJ -1.501 -1.25 Td (OS X 10.6.8, and Solaris 10.)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 9.9982 0 0 9.9982 93.5843 182.4871 Tm (Example)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.6 -2.4 Td [(The )-50(pr)18(ogram )-50(in )-50(Figur)]TJ 0.3 Tc 9.688 0 Td (e8)Tj 0 Tc 1.279 0 Td [(.30 )-50(measur)18(es )-50(the )-50(ef)18(fect )-50(of )-50(adjusting )-50(the )-50(nice )-50(value )-50(of )-50(a )-50(pr)18(ocess.)]TJ -0.09 Tc -10.967 -1.2 Td (Tw)Tj 0.2774 Tc 1.357 0 Td (op)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.424 0 Td (ro)Tj 0 Tc 0.923 0 Td [(cesses )-27(r)8(un )-27(in )-27(parallel, )-27(each )-27(incr)16(ementing )-27(its )-27(own )-27(counter)]TJ 0.5275 Tc 25.117 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.391 0 Td [(he )-27(par)18(ent )-27(r)8(uns )-27(with)]TJ -30.212 -1.2 Td [(the )-12(default )-12(nice )-12(value, )-12(and )-12(the )-12(child )-12(r)8(uns )-12(with )-12(an )-12(adjusted )-12(nice )-12(value )-12(as )-12(speci\336ed )-12(by 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landscape and portrait page orientation.)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf -3.065 -1.667 Td (21.3)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.065 0 Td [(Modify )-79(the )-79(print )-79(spooler )-79(daemon )-79(so )-79(that )-79(when )-79(it )-79(starts, )-79(it )-79(contacts )-79(the )-79(printer )-79(to )-79(\336nd )-79(out)]TJ 0 -1.222 TD [(which )-60(featur)18(es )-60(ar)]TJ 0.3104 Tc 7.752 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.213 0 Td [(upported )-61(by )-61(the )-61(printer )-61(so )-61(that )-61(the )-61(daemon )-61(doesn\325t )-61(r)18(equest )-61(an )-61(option)]TJ -8.965 -1.222 Td (that isn\325t supported.)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -3.065 -1.667 Td (21.4)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.074 Tc 3.065 0 Td (Wr)Tj 0 Tc 1.321 0 Td [(ite a command to r)18(eport on the status of pending print jobs.)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf -4.386 -1.667 Td (21.5)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.074 Tc 3.065 0 Td (Wr)Tj 0 Tc 1.321 0 Td [(ite )-143(a )-143(command )-143(to )-143(cancel )-143(a )-143(pending )-143(print )-143(job.)-639(Use )-142(the )-142(job )-142(ID )-142(as )-142(the )-142(ar)18(gument )-142(to 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0 Td (to 1.)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -28.324 -1.667 Td (21.8)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.065 0 Td [(In )-34(the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 2.874 0 Td (printer_status)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.684 0 Td [(function, )-34(we )-34(sear)18(ch )-34(for )-34(the )-34(length )-34(of )-34(the )-34(IPP )-34(message )-34(by )-34(looking)]TJ -11.558 -1.222 Td [(for )-63(the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 3.287 0 Td (Content-Length)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.713 0 Td [(HTTP )-63(attribute.)-563(This )-63(technique )-63(won\325t )-63(work )-63(with )-63(a )-63(printer )-63(that)]TJ -0.018 Tc -12 -1.222 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(sponds )-220(using )-220(a )-220(chunked )-220(transfer )-220(encoding.)-721(Check )-220(RFC )-220(2616 )-220(to )-220(see )-220(how )-220(a )-220(chunked)]TJ -0.856 -1.222 Td [(message )-16(is )-16(formatted )-16(and )-16(then )-16(modify)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 17.335 0 Td (printer_status)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.666 0 Td [(to )-16(support )-16(this )-16(form )-16(of )-16(r)19(esponse)]TJ -26.001 -1.222 Td (as well.)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -3.065 -1.667 Td (21.9)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.065 0 Td [(In )-309(the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 3.425 0 Td (update_jobno)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.759 0 Td [(function, )-309(when )-309(the )-309(next )-309(job )-309(number )-309(wraps )-309(ar)18(ound )-309(fr)18(om )-309(the)]TJ -11.184 -1.222 Td [(maximum )-131(positive )-131(value )-131(to )-131(1 )-131(\(see)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 15.891 0 Td (get_newjobno)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.581 0 Td [(to )-131(see )-131(how )-131(this )-131(can )-131(happen\), )-131(we )-131(can)]TJ -23.472 -1.222 Td [(write )-231(a )-231(smaller )-231(number )-231(over )-231(a )-231(lar)15(ger )-231(one.)-731(This )-231(can )-231(r)18(esult )-231(in )-231(the )-231(daemon )-231(r)18(eading )-231(an)]TJ T* [(incorr)18(ect number when it r)18(estarts. )-250(What)-250(is a simple solution to this pr)18(oblem?)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47241 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(21.5)]TJ 38.014 0 Td [(Sour)18(ce )-250(Code)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 7.819 0 Td (795)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 668.9599 Tm [(names )-230(ar)]TJ 0.4798 Tc 4.225 0 Td (el)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td [(isted )-230(in)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.964 0 Td (/etc/hosts)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.48 0 Td [(or )-230(r)18(egister)18(ed )-230(with )-230(whatever )-230(name )-230(service )-230(we )-230(ar)19(e)]TJ -15.918 -1.2 Td [(using, so that we can translate the names to network addr)18(esses.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 1.8 -1.2 Td [(We )-263(c)]TJ 0 Tc 2.16 0 Td [(an )-79(r)8(un )-79(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.027 0 Td (print)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.329 0 Td [(command )-79(on )-79(the )-79(same )-79(machine )-79(wher)]TJ 0.3287 Tc 16.926 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.134 0 Td [(he )-79(printer )-79(spooling)]TJ -30.376 -1.2 Td [(daemon )-60(is )-60(r)8(unning, )-60(or )-60(we )-60(can )-60(r)8(un )-60(it )-60(fr)18(om )-60(any )-60(machine )-60(on )-60(the )-60(same )-60(network.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 35.328 0 Td [(We )-244(o)]TJ 0 Tc 2.243 0 Td (nly)Tj -37.571 -1.2 Td [(need )-120(to )-120(con\336gur)]TJ 0.3696 Tc 7.475 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.175 0 Td (he)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.431 0 Td (printserver)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.97 0 Td [(\336eld )-119(in)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.598 0 Td (/etc/printer.conf)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 10.57 0 Td [(in )-119(the )-119(latter )-119(case,)]TJ -31.217 -1.2 Td [(because only the daemon needs to know the name of the printer)74(.)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf -3.6 -2.88 Td (Security)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.6 -2.16 Td [(Pr)18(ograms )-191(that )-191(r)8(un )-191(with )-191(super)8(user )-191(privileges )-191(have )-191(the )-191(potential )-191(to )-191(open )-191(a )-191(computer)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(system )-205(up )-205(to )-205(attack.)-705(Such )-205(pr)18(ograms )-205(usually )-205(ar)18(en\325t )-205(mor)]TJ 0.4546 Tc 26.009 0 Td (ev)Tj 0 Tc 1.499 0 Td [(ulnerable )-204(than )-204(any )-204(other)]TJ -27.507 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ogram, )-182(but )-182(when )-182(compr)17(omised )-182(can )-182(lead )-182(to )-182(attackers )-182(obtaining )-182(full )-182(access )-182(to )-182(your)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td (system.)Tj 1.8 -1.2 Td [(The )-54(printer )-54(spooling )-54(daemon )-54(in )-54(this )-54(chapter )-54(starts )-54(out )-54(with )-54(super)8(user )-54(privileges )-54(in)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(this )-56(example )-56(to )-56(be )-56(able )-56(to )-56(bind )-56(a )-56(socket )-56(to )-56(a )-56(privileged )-56(TCP )-56(port )-56(number)]TJ 0.5559 Tc 32.71 0 Td (.T)Tj 0.3059 Tc 1.327 0 Td (om)Tj 0 Tc 1.735 0 Td [(ake )-56(the)]TJ -35.772 -1.2 Td (daemon less vulnerable to attack, we can)Tj 0.883 Tc 1.8 -1.8 Td (\245D)Tj 0 Tc 2.263 0 Td [(esign )-59(the )-59(daemon )-59(to )-59(conform )-59(to )-59(the )-59(principles )-59(of )-59(least )-59(privilege )-59(\(Section )-59(8.1)56(1\).)]TJ -0.774 -1.2 Td [(After )-55(we )-55(obtain )-55(a )-55(socket )-55(bound )-55(to )-55(a )-55(privileged )-55(port )-55(addr)15(ess, )-55(we )-55(can )-55(change )-55(the)]TJ T* [(user )-267(and )-267(gr)19(oup )-267(IDs )-267(of )-267(the )-267(daemon )-267(to )-267(something )-267(other )-267(than)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 29.221 0 Td (root)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.917 0 Td (\()Tj /TT0 1 Tf (lp)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.5166 Tc (,f)Tj 0 Tc 2.633 0 Td (or)Tj -34.77 -1.2 Td [(example\). )-285(All)-286(the )-35(\336les )-35(and )-35(dir)18(ectories )-35(used )-35(to )-35(stor)]TJ 0.2854 Tc 22.429 0 Td (eq)Tj 0 Tc 1.324 0 Td [(ueued )-35(print )-35(jobs )-35(should )-35(be)]TJ -23.753 -1.2 Td [(owned )-67(by )-67(this )-67(nonprivileged )-67(user)]TJ 0.5671 Tc 15.148 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.43 0 Td [(his )-67(way)]TJ 0.3171 Tc 3.393 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 0.893 0 Td [(he )-67(daemon, )-67(if )-67(compr)18(omised, )-67(will)]TJ -20.865 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ovide )-119(the )-119(attacker )-119(with )-119(access )-119(only )-119(to )-119(the )-119(printing )-119(subsystem.)-619(This )-119(is )-119(still )-119(a)]TJ T* [(concern, )-196(but )-196(it )-196(is )-196(far )-196(less )-196(serious )-196(than )-196(an )-196(attacker )-196(getting )-196(full )-196(access )-196(to )-196(your)]TJ T* (system.)Tj 0.883 Tc -1.489 -1.6 Td (\245A)Tj 0 Tc 2.267 0 Td [(udit )-66(the )-66(daemon\325s )-66(sour)18(ce )-66(code )-66(for )-66(all )-66(known )-66(potential )-66(vulnerabilities, )-66(such )-66(as)]TJ -0.778 -1.2 Td [(buf)18(fer overr)8(uns.)]TJ 0.883 Tc -1.489 -1.6 Td (\245L)Tj 0 Tc 2.1 0 Td [(og )-132(unexpected )-132(or )-132(suspicious )-132(behavior )-132(so )-132(that )-132(an )-132(administrator )-132(can )-132(take )-132(note)]TJ -0.611 -1.2 Td [(and investigate further)74(.)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 11.9993 0 0 11.9993 93.5951 292.5824 Tm [(21.5 )-776(Sour)20(ce )-278(Code)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5929 268.5839 Tm [(The )-20(sour)18(ce )-20(code )-20(for )-20(this )-20(chapter )-20(comprises )-20(\336ve )-20(\336les, )-20(not )-20(including )-20(some )-20(of )-20(the )-20(common)]TJ T* [(library r)18(outines we\325ve used in earlier chapters:)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 1.8 -1.8 Td (ipp.h)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6 0 Td (Header \336le containing IPP de\336nitions)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -6 -1.6 Td (print.h)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6 0 Td [(Header )-83(containing )-83(common )-83(constants, )-83(data )-83(str)9(uctur)]TJ 0.3328 Tc 23.376 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.423 0 Td [(e\336nitions, )-83(and)]TJ -24.798 -1.2 Td [(utility r)18(outine declarations)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -6 -1.6 Td (util.c)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6 0 Td [(Utility r)18(outines used by the two pr)18(ograms)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -6 -1.6 Td (print.c)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6 0 Td [(The C sour)18(ce \336le for the command used to print a \336le)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -6 -1.6 Td (printd.c)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6 0 Td [(The C sour)18(ce \336le for the printer spooling daemon)]TJ -0.092 Tc -7.8 -1.8 Td [(We )-184(w)]TJ 0 Tc 2.471 0 Td [(ill study each \336le in the or)18(der listed.)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47242 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (262)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Pr)18(ocess )-250(Contr)18(ol )]TJ 39.241 0 Td [(Chapter)-500(8)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 93.5944 668.9599 Tm (Example)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.522 Tc 3.6 -2.4 Td (Ac)Tj 0 Tc 1.744 0 Td [(ommon )-272(use )-272(for )-272(the )-272(optional )-272(ar)18(gument )-272(following )-272(the )-272(interpr)18(eter)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 30.681 0 Td (pathname)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.466 0 Td [(is )-272(to)]TJ -36.891 -1.2 Td [(specify )-138(the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 5.292 0 Td (-f)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.588 0 Td [(option )-138(for )-138(pr)18(ograms )-138(that )-138(support )-138(this )-138(option.)-638(For )-138(example, )-138(an)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 29.154 0 Td (awk)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.8 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (1)Tj 0.5 0.04 Td (\))Tj -38.667 -1.24 Td [(pr)18(ogram can be executed as)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5914 604.2637 Tm (awk -f myfile)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5925 586.2648 Tm (which tells)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 5.044 0 Td (awk)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.05 0 Td [(to r)18(ead the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 4.976 0 Td (awk)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.05 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram fr)18(om the \336le)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 9.759 0 Td (myfile)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 183.5891 566.266 Tm [(Systems )-129(derived )-129(fr)18(om )-129(UNIX )-129(System )-129(V )-129(often )-129(include )-129(two )-129(versions )-129(of )-129(the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 33.507 0 Td (awk)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.179 0 Td [(language. )-379(On)]TJ -35.686 -1.25 Td [(these )-377(systems,)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 7.309 0 Td (awk)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.427 0 Td [(is )-377(often )-377(called )-377(\324)38(\324old)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 10.071 0 Td (awk)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.037 Tc [(\325\325 )-451(a)]TJ 0 Tc 3.446 0 Td [(nd )-377(corr)18(esponds )-377(to )-377(the )-377(original )-377(version)]TJ -23.252 -1.25 Td [(distributed )-2(with )-2(V)111(ersion )-2(7.)-502(In )-2(contrast,)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 17.497 0 Td (nawk)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.652 0 Td (\(new)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 2.48 0 Td (awk)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.2525 Tc (\)c)Tj 0 Tc 2.829 0 Td [(ontains )-2(numer)18(ous )-2(enhancements 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/T1_0 1 Tf 3.096 Tc 9.898 0 Td [(\245\245 )3063(\245)]TJ 1.683 Tc 11.858 0 Td (\245v)Tj 0 Tc 2.854 0 Td [(ariable ar)18(gument lists)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -24.609 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.096 Tc 9.898 0 Td [(\245\245 )3063(\245)]TJ 1.683 Tc 11.858 0 Td (\245B)Tj 0 Tc 2.9 0 Td (oolean type and values)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -24.655 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.096 Tc 9.898 0 Td [(\245\245 )3063(\245)]TJ 1.683 Tc 11.858 0 Td (\245s)Tj 0 Tc 2.713 0 Td (tandar)Tj 0.25 Tc 2.896 0 Td (dd)Tj 0 Tc 1.472 0 Td (e\336nitions)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -28.836 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.096 Tc 9.898 0 Td [(\245\245 )3063(\245)]TJ 1.683 Tc 11.858 0 Td (\245i)Tj 0 Tc 2.58 0 Td (nteger types)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -24.335 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.096 Tc 9.898 0 Td [(\245\245 )3063(\245)]TJ 1.683 Tc 11.858 0 Td (\245s)Tj 0 Tc 2.713 0 Td (tandar)Tj 0.25 Tc 2.896 0 Td (dI)Tj 0 Tc 1.198 0 Td (/O library \(Chapter 5\))Tj /TT0 1 Tf -28.562 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.096 Tc 9.898 0 Td [(\245\245 )3063(\245)]TJ 1.683 Tc 11.858 0 Td (\245u)Tj 0 Tc 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<>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Appendix )-250(C)]TJ 33.857 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(15)-750(Solutions)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 11.976 0 Td (935)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 160.2404 668.9599 Tm (The following table shows the values calculated for our four platforms.)Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2638.25 6526.25 cm 0 0 m 1522 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 280.7553 644.5227 Tm [(Platform )-2870(Pipe)-250(Capacity \(bytes\))]TJ ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2638.25 6406.25 cm 0 0 m 1522 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2638.25 6386.25 cm 0 0 m 1522 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 267.7808 630.4865 Tm [(Fr)18(eeBSD 8.0)]TJ 11.946 0 Td (65,536)Tj -11.946 -1.25 Td (Linux 3.2.0)Tj 11.946 0 Td (65,536)Tj -11.946 -1.25 Td [(Mac OS X 10.6.8)-4828(16,384)]TJ 0 -1.25 TD (Solaris 10)Tj 11.946 0 Td (16,384)Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2638.25 5966.25 cm 0 0 m 1522 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3307.25 5966.25 cm 0 0 m 0 560 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4160.25 5966.25 cm 0 0 m 0 560 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2638.25 5966.25 cm 0 0 m 0 560 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9976 0 0 9.9976 160.2115 575.2619 Tm [(These )-327(values )-327(can )-327(dif)18(fer )-327(fr)18(om )-327(the )-327(corr)19(esponding)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 23.387 0 Td (PIPE_BUF)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.377 0 Td [(values, )-327(because)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -28.764 -1.2 Td (PIPE_BUF)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.07 0 Td [(is )-20(de\336ned )-20(to )-20(be )-20(the )-20(maximum )-20(amount )-20(of )-20(data )-20(that )-20(can )-20(be )-20(written )-20(to )-20(a)]TJ -5.07 -1.2 Td (pipe)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 2.454 0 Td (atomically)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.732 Tc (.H)Tj 0 Tc 5.998 0 Td [(er)18(e, )-232(we )-232(calculate )-232(the )-232(amount )-232(of )-232(data )-232(that )-232(a )-232(pipe )-232(can )-232(hold)]TJ -8.452 -1.2 Td (independent of any atomicity constraints.)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -3.065 -1.84 Td (14.10)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.065 0 Td [(Whether )-108(the )-108(pr)18(ogram )-108(in )-108(Figur)]TJ 0.3582 Tc 13.777 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.337 0 Td [(4.27 )-108(updates )-108(the )-108(last-access )-108(time )-108(for )-108(the )-108(input)]TJ -15.114 -1.2 Td [(\336le )-26(depends )-26(on )-26(the )-26(operating )-26(system )-26(and )-26(the )-26(type )-26(of )-26(\336le )-26(system )-26(in )-26(which )-26(the )-26(\336le)]TJ -0.018 Tc 0 -1.2 TD (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(sides. )-486(On)-486(all )-236(four )-236(platforms, )-236(the )-236(last-access )-236(time )-236(is )-236(updated )-236(when )-236(the )-236(\336le)]TJ -0.018 Tc -0.856 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (sides in the default \336le system type for the given operating system.)Tj /TT1 1 Tf -7.521 -3.36 Td [(Chapter )-278(15)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 3.6 -2.56 Td (15.1)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.065 0 Td [(If )-79(the )-79(write )-79(end )-79(of )-79(the )-79(pipe )-79(is )-79(never )-79(closed, )-79(the )-79(r)18(eader )-79(never )-79(sees )-79(an )-79(end )-79(of )-79(\336le.)]TJ T* [(The pager pr)18(ogram blocks for)18(ever r)18(eading fr)18(om its standar)]TJ 0.25 Tc 25.947 0 Td (di)Tj 0 Tc 1.152 0 Td (nput.)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -30.164 -1.84 Td (15.2)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.065 0 Td [(The )-1(par)18(ent )-1(terminates )-1(right )-1(after )-1(writing )-1(the )-1(last )-1(line )-1(to )-1(the )-1(pipe.)-501(The )-1(r)18(ead )-1(end )-1(of)]TJ T* [(the )-132(pipe )-132(is )-132(automatically )-132(closed )-132(when )-132(the )-132(par)15(ent )-132(terminates.)-632(But )-132(the )-132(par)18(ent )-132(is)]TJ T* [(pr)18(obably )-7(r)8(unning )-7(ahead )-7(of )-7(the )-7(child )-7(by )-7(one )-7(pipe )-7(buf)17(fer)]TJ 0.2571 Tc 24.323 0 Td (,s)Tj 0 Tc 0.931 0 Td [(ince )-7(the )-7(child )-7(\(the )-7(pager)]TJ -25.254 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ogram\) )-73(is )-73(waiting )-73(for )-73(us )-73(to )-73(look )-73(at )-73(a )-73(page )-73(of )-73(output.)-578(If )-73(we\325r)]TJ 0.3233 Tc 28.086 0 Td (er)Tj 0 Tc 1.189 0 Td [(unning )-73(a )-73(shell,)]TJ -29.275 -1.2 Td [(such )-71(as )-71(the )-71(Korn )-71(shell, )-71(with )-71(interactive )-71(command)]TJ 22.339 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(line )-71(editing )-71(enabled, )-71(the )-71(shell)]TJ -22.672 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(obably )-115(changes )-115(the )-115(terminal )-115(mode )-115(when )-115(our )-115(par)15(ent )-115(terminates )-115(and )-115(the )-115(shell)]TJ T* [(prints )-9(a )-9(pr)18(ompt. )-259(This)-259(undoubtedly )-9(interfer)18(es )-9(with )-9(the )-9(pager )-9(pr)18(ogram, )-9(which )-9(has)]TJ T* [(also )-238(modi\336ed )-238(the )-238(terminal )-238(mode.)-738(\(Most )-238(pager )-238(pr)15(ograms )-238(set )-238(the )-238(terminal )-238(to)]TJ T* [(noncanonical mode when awaiting input to pr)18(oceed to the next page.\))]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf -3.065 -1.84 Td (15.3)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.065 0 Td (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.001 0 Td (popen)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.328 0 Td [(function )-77(r)18(eturns )-77(a )-77(\336le )-77(pointer )-77(because )-77(the )-77(shell )-77(is )-77(executed.)-582(But )-78(the)]TJ -5.329 -1.2 Td (shell can\325t execute the nonexistent command, so it prints)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9978 0 0 8.9978 178.2072 253.3091 Tm (sh: line 1: ./a.out: No such file or directory)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9976 0 0 9.9976 160.2115 236.3831 Tm [(on )-173(the )-173(standar)]TJ 0.4234 Tc 6.682 0 Td (de)Tj 0 Tc 1.513 0 Td [(rr)18(or )-173(and )-173(terminates )-173(with )-173(an )-173(exit )-173(status )-173(of )-173(127 )-173(\(although )-173(the)]TJ -8.195 -1.2 Td [(value )-133(depends )-133(on )-133(the )-133(type )-133(of )-133(shell\).)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 17.163 0 Td (pclose)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 3.983 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(turns )-133(the )-133(termination )-133(status )-133(of)]TJ -22.002 -1.2 Td [(the command as it is r)18(eturned by)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 14.803 0 Td (waitpid)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -17.868 -1.84 Td (15.4)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.065 0 Td [(When )-29(the )-29(par)18(ent )-29(terminates, )-29(look )-29(at )-29(its )-29(termination )-29(status )-29(with )-29(the )-29(shell.)-526(For )-29(the)]TJ T* [(Bourne )-40(shell, )-40(Bourne-again )-40(shell, )-40(and )-40(Korn )-40(shell, )-40(the )-40(command )-40(is)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 29.538 0 Td [(echo )267($?)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 0.54 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 5.336 0 Td (he)Tj -34.874 -1.2 Td [(number printed is 128 plus the signal number)74(.)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf -3.065 -1.84 Td (15.5)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.065 0 Td (First add the declaration)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9978 0 0 8.9978 178.2075 135.9775 Tm [(FILE )-1800(*fpin,)-600(*fpout;)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47249 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (546)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Interpr)18(ocess )-250(Communication)]TJ 38.741 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(15)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5911 668.9599 Tm [(Note )-284(that )-284(our)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.062 0 Td (open_max)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.334 0 Td [(function )-284(fr)18(om )-284(Figur)]TJ 0.534 Tc 9.297 0 Td (e2)Tj 0 Tc 1.513 0 Td [(.17 )-284(can )-284(r)18(eturn )-284(a )-284(guess )-284(of )-284(the)]TJ -25.006 -1.2 Td [(maximum )-1(number )-1(of )-1(open )-1(\336les )-1(if )-1(this )-1(value )-1(is )-1(indeterminate )-1(for )-1(the )-1(system.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 34.087 0 Td [(We )-186(n)]TJ 0 Tc 2.221 0 Td [(eed )-1(to)]TJ -36.307 -1.2 Td [(be )-43(car)18(eful )-43(not )-43(to )-43(use )-43(a )-43(pipe )-43(\336le )-43(descriptor )-43(whose )-43(value )-43(is )-43(lar)12(ger )-44(than )-44(\(or )-44(equal )-44(to\) )-44(what)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD (the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.66 0 Td (open_max)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.073 0 Td [(function )-23(r)18(eturns. )-273(In)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.13 0 Td (popen)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(,)-273(if)-273(t)1(he )-23(value )-23(r)19(eturned )-23(by)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 14.296 0 Td (open_max)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.073 0 Td (happens)Tj -35.231 -1.2 Td [(to )-69(be )-69(too )-69(small, )-69(we )-69(close )-69(the )-69(pipe )-69(\336le )-69(descriptors, )-69(set)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 24.118 0 Td (errno)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.319 0 Td (to)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.191 0 Td (EMFILE)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.919 0 Td [(to )-69(indicate )-69(too)]TJ -32.548 -1.2 Td [(many )-341(\336le )-341(descriptors )-341(ar)]TJ 0.591 Tc 11.482 0 Td (eo)Tj 0 Tc 1.616 0 Td [(pen, )-341(and )-341(r)18(eturn)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 8.14 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1. )-591(In)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.65 0 Td (pclose)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(,)-591(if)-591(the )-341(\336le )-341(descriptor)]TJ -24.888 -1.2 Td [(corr)18(esponding )-173(to )-173(the )-173(\336le )-173(pointer )-173(ar)18(gument )-173(is )-173(lar)18(ger )-173(than )-173(expected, )-173(we )-173(set)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 34.705 0 Td (errno)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.423 0 Td (to)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -38.128 -1.2 Td (EINVAL)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td [(and r)18(eturn)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 4.955 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (1.)Tj -7.005 -1.2 Td (Calling)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.576 0 Td (pipe)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.756 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.049 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.756 0 Td [(and )-105(then )-105(duplicating )-105(the )-105(appr)16(opriate )-105(descriptors )-105(for )-105(each)]TJ -12.935 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ocess in the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.305 0 Td (popen)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td [(function is similar to what we did earlier in this chapter)74(.)]TJ -7.755 -1.2 Td [(POSIX.1 )-67(r)18(equir)18(es )-67(that)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.943 0 Td (popen)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.317 0 Td [(close )-67(any )-67(str)18(eams )-67(that )-67(ar)]TJ 0.3167 Tc 11.112 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.22 0 Td [(till )-67(open )-67(in )-67(the )-67(child )-67(fr)20(om)]TJ -27.391 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(evious )-113(calls )-113(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.797 0 Td (popen)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.6131 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 4.384 0 Td [(o)-363(do)-363(this, )-113(we )-113(go )-113(thr)18(ough )-113(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 13.492 0 Td (childpid)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.163 0 Td [(array )-113(in )-113(the )-113(child,)]TJ -30.836 -1.2 Td (closing any descriptors that ar)Tj 0.25 Tc 13.319 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.153 0 Td (till open.)Tj -12.672 -1.2 Td [(What )-401(happens )-401(if )-401(the )-401(caller )-401(of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 15.371 0 Td (pclose)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.251 0 Td [(has )-401(established )-401(a )-401(signal )-401(handler )-401(for)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.422 -1.2 Td (SIGCHLD)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5942 Tc (?T)Tj 0 Tc 5.851 0 Td [(he )-94(call )-94(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.492 0 Td (waitpid)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.544 0 Td [(fr)18(om)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 2.483 0 Td (pclose)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.944 0 Td [(would )-94(r)18(eturn )-94(an )-94(err)18(or )-94(of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.521 0 Td (EINTR)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5941 Tc (.S)Tj 0 Tc 4.369 0 Td (ince)Tj -37.204 -1.2 Td [(the )-22(caller )-22(is )-22(allowed )-22(to )-22(catch )-22(this )-22(signal )-22(\(or )-22(any )-22(other )-22(signal )-22(that )-22(might )-22(interr)8(upt )-22(the )-22(call)]TJ T* (to)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.122 0 Td (waitpid)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (\), we simply call)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 11.668 0 Td (waitpid)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td [(again if it is interr)8(upted by a caught signal.)]TJ -15.44 -1.2 Td [(Note )-118(that )-118(if )-118(the )-118(application )-118(calls)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 15.056 0 Td (waitpid)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.568 0 Td [(and )-118(obtains )-118(the )-118(exit )-118(status )-118(of )-118(the )-118(child)]TJ -21.424 -1.2 Td [(cr)18(eated )-97(by)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.019 0 Td (popen)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(,)-347(we)-347(will )-97(call)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.184 0 Td (waitpid)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.547 0 Td [(when )-97(the )-97(application )-97(calls)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 12.175 0 Td (pclose)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.347 Tc (,\336)Tj 0 Tc 4.802 0 Td [(nd )-97(that)]TJ -35.726 -1.2 Td [(the )-3(child )-3(no )-3(longer )-3(exists, )-3(and )-3(r)19(eturn)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 16.518 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.2529 Tc (1w)Tj 0 Tc 2.136 0 Td (ith)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.452 0 Td (errno)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.253 0 Td [(set )-3(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 2.607 0 Td (ECHILD)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5028 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 4.966 0 Td [(his )-3(is )-3(the )-3(behavior)]TJ -0.018 Tc -30.932 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(quir)18(ed by POSIX.1 in this situation.)]TJ 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 183.5869 408.9755 Tm [(Some )-101(early )-101(versions )-101(of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.644 0 Td (pclose)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 3.951 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(turned )-101(an )-101(err)18(or )-101(of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.554 0 Td (EINTR)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.351 0 Td [(if )-101(a )-101(signal )-101(interr)7(upted )-101(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.992 0 Td (wait)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj -39.35 -1.25 Td [(Also, )-109(some )-109(early )-109(versions )-109(of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 13.22 0 Td (pclose)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.959 0 Td [(blocked )-109(or )-109(ignor)18(ed )-109(the )-109(signals)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 14.111 0 Td (SIGINT)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 4.209 0 Td (SIGQUIT)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.3585 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 5.309 0 Td (nd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -40.807 -1.25 Td (SIGHUP)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td (during the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 4.925 0 Td (wait)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 3.763 0 Td (his 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)-199(a )-199(backgr)18(ound )-199(job )-199(sends )-199(its )-199(output )-199(to )-199(the )-199(contr)16(olling )-199(terminal?)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(This )-323(is )-323(an )-323(option )-323(that )-323(we )-323(can )-323(allow )-323(or )-323(disallow)]TJ 0.8232 Tc 23.43 0 Td (.N)Tj 0 Tc 1.904 0 Td [(ormally)111(,)-573(we)-573(use )-323(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.1 0 Td (stty)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.4 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (1)Tj 0.5 0.04 Td (\))Tj -38.667 -1.24 Td [(command )-216(to )-216(change )-216(this )-216(option.)-717(\(W)92(e\325ll )-216(see )-216(in )-216(Chapter )-216(18 )-216(how )-216(we )-216(can )-216(change )-216(this)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(option fr)18(om a pr)18(ogram.\) )-250(The)-250(following example shows how this works:)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5915 368.8779 Tm ($)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (cat temp.foo &)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 12.4 0 Td [(execute in backgr)18(ound)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -13.6 -1.189 Td [([1] )-2400(1719)]TJ 0.6 Tc 0 -1.189 TD ($h)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (ello, world)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 11.8 0 Td [(the output fr)18(om the backgr)18(ound job appears after the pr)18(ompt)]TJ T* [(we pr)18(ess RETURN)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -13.6 -1.189 Td [([1] +)-1200(Done )-3600(cat)-600(temp.foo &)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD ($)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (stty tostop)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 12.4 0 Td [(disable ability of backgr)18(ound jobs to output to contr)18(olling terminal)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -13.6 -1.189 Td ($)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (cat temp.foo &)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 12.4 0 Td [(try it again in the backgr)18(ound)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -13.6 -1.189 Td [([1] )-2400(1721)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD ($)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 13.6 0 Td [(we pr)18(ess RETURN and \336nd the job is stopped)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -13.6 -1.189 Td [([1] + Stopped\(SIGTTOU\))-3600(cat temp.foo &)]TJ T* ($)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (fg %1)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 12.4 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.76 0 Td [(sume stopped job in the for)18(egr)18(ound)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -14.36 -1.189 Td (cat temp.foo)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 13.6 0 Td [(the shell tells us which job is now in the for)18(egr)18(ound)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -13.6 -1.189 Td (hello, world)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 13.6 0 Td [(and her)18(e)-250(is)-250(its output)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5925 222.4866 Tm [(When )-97(we )-97(disallow )-97(backgr)18(ound )-97(jobs )-97(fr)18(om )-97(writing )-97(to )-97(the )-97(contr)20(olling )-97(terminal,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 35.146 0 Td (cat)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.147 0 Td (will)Tj -37.293 -1.2 Td [(block )-26(when )-26(it )-26(tries )-26(to )-26(write )-26(to )-26(its )-26(standar)]TJ 0.2761 Tc 18.038 0 Td (do)Tj 0 Tc 1.433 0 Td [(utput, )-26(because )-26(the )-26(terminal )-26(driver )-26(identi\336es)]TJ -19.471 -1.2 Td [(the )-63(write )-63(as )-63(coming )-63(fr)17(om )-63(a )-63(backgr)18(ound )-63(pr)18(ocess )-63(and )-63(sends )-63(the )-63(job )-63(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 31.592 0 Td (SIGTTOU)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.513 0 Td (signal.)Tj -36.106 -1.2 Td [(As )-112(with )-112(the )-112(pr)19(evious )-111(example, )-111(when )-111(we )-111(use )-111(the )-111(shell\325s)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 25.574 0 Td (fg)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.561 0 Td [(command )-111(to )-111(bring )-111(the )-111(job)]TJ -27.136 -1.2 Td [(into the for)18(egr)18(ound, the job completes.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td (Figur)Tj 0.65 Tc 2.383 0 Td (e9)Tj 0 Tc 1.629 0 Td [(.9 )-400(summarizes )-400(some )-400(of )-400(the )-400(featur)18(es )-400(of )-400(job )-400(contr)18(ol )-400(that )-400(we\325ve )-400(been)]TJ -5.812 -1.2 Td [(describing. )-298(The)-298(solid )-48(lines )-48(thr)18(ough )-48(the )-48(terminal )-48(driver )-48(box )-48(mean )-48(that )-48(the )-48(terminal )-48(I/O)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(and )-108(the )-108(terminal-generated )-108(signals )-108(ar)]TJ 0.358 Tc 16.944 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.337 0 Td [(lways )-108(connected )-108(fr)18(om )-108(the )-108(for)18(egr)18(ound )-108(pr)18(ocess)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47254 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (294)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Pr)18(ocess )-250(Relationships)]TJ 39.241 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(9)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5911 658.2605 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.902 TD (pid_t getpgid\(pid_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 12 0 Td (pid)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.762 -1.902 Td [(Returns: pr)18(ocess gr)18(oup ID if OK,)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 14.702 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 6195.25 cm 0 0 m 0 478 l 3900 478 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 603.5876 Tm (If)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 0.92 0 Td (pid)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.528 0 Td [(is 0, the pr)18(ocess gr)18(oup ID of the calling pr)18(ocess is r)18(eturned. )-250(Thus)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9989 0 0 8.9989 172.5794 585.8194 Tm (getpgid\(0\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5845 566.7518 Tm (is equivalent to)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9989 0 0 8.9989 172.5794 548.984 Tm (getpgrp\(\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 147.5824 529.9164 Tm [(Each )-50(pr)18(ocess )-50(gr)18(oup )-50(can )-50(have )-50(a )-50(pr)16(ocess )-50(gr)18(oup )-50(leader)]TJ 0.5504 Tc 23.329 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.413 0 Td [(he )-50(leader )-50(is )-50(identi\336ed )-50(by )-50(its)]TJ -26.542 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ocess gr)18(oup ID being equal to its pr)18(ocess ID.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(It )-5(is )-5(possible )-5(for )-5(a )-5(pr)18(ocess )-5(gr)18(oup )-5(leader )-5(to )-5(cr)18(eate )-5(a )-5(pr)18(ocess )-5(gr)18(oup, )-5(cr)18(eate )-5(pr)18(ocesses )-5(in)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(the )-150(gr)18(oup, )-150(and )-150(then )-150(terminate.)-650(The )-150(pr)18(ocess )-150(gr)20(oup )-150(still )-150(exists, )-150(as )-150(long )-150(as )-150(at )-150(least )-150(one)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(pr)18(ocess )-218(is )-218(in )-218(the )-218(gr)18(oup, )-218(r)17(egar)18(dless )-218(of )-218(whether )-218(the )-218(gr)18(oup )-218(leader )-218(terminates.)-718(This )-218(is)]TJ T* [(called )-168(the )-168(pr)18(ocess )-168(gr)18(oup )-168(lifetime)]TJ 0.0833 Tc 15.108 0 Td (\321t)Tj 0 Tc 1.409 0 Td [(he )-168(period )-168(of )-168(time )-168(that )-168(begins )-168(when )-168(the )-168(gr)20(oup )-168(is)]TJ -16.517 -1.2 Td [(cr)18(eated )-34(and )-34(ends )-34(when )-34(the )-34(last )-34(r)19(emaining )-34(pr)18(ocess )-34(leaves )-34(the )-34(gr)19(oup. )-284(The)-284(last )-34(r)18(emaining)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ocess in the pr)18(ocess gr)18(oup can either terminate or enter some other pr)18(ocess gr)18(oup.)]TJ 0.2941 Tc 1.8 -1.2 Td (Ap)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.673 0 Td (ro)Tj 0 Tc 0.923 0 Td [(cess )-44(joins )-44(an )-44(existing )-44(pr)18(ocess )-44(gr)18(oup )-44(or )-44(cr)17(eates )-44(a )-44(new )-44(pr)18(ocess )-44(gr)18(oup )-44(by )-44(calling)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.396 -1.2 Td (setpgid)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5201 Tc (.\()Tj 0 Tc 5.303 0 Td [(In )-20(the )-20(next )-20(section, )-20(we\325ll )-20(see )-20(that)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 14.731 0 Td (setsid)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.87 0 Td [(also )-20(cr)18(eates )-20(a )-20(new )-20(pr)18(ocess )-20(gr)18(oup.\))]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9989 0 0 8.9989 147.5829 402.8317 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.902 TD (int setpgid\(pid_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 10.8 0 Td (pid)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,p)Tj 0 Tc 3.078 0 Td (id_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3 0 Td (pgid)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.973 -1.902 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 3641.25 cm 0 0 m 0 478 l 3900 478 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9982 0 0 9.9982 129.5767 348.1773 Tm [(This )-78(function )-78(sets )-78(the )-78(pr)18(ocess )-78(gr)18(oup )-78(ID )-78(to)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 19.242 0 Td (pgid)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.106 0 Td [(in )-78(the )-78(pr)18(ocess )-78(whose )-78(pr)18(ocess )-78(ID )-78(equals)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf -21.348 -1.2 Td (pid)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.6846 Tc (.I)Tj 0.4346 Tc 2.55 0 Td (ft)Tj 0 Tc 1.094 0 Td [(he )-185(two )-185(ar)18(guments )-185(ar)]TJ 0.4346 Tc 9.678 0 Td (ee)Tj 0 Tc 1.393 0 Td [(qual, )-185(the )-185(pr)18(ocess )-185(speci\336ed )-185(by)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 14.102 0 Td (pid)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.712 0 Td [(becomes )-184(a )-184(pr)17(ocess)]TJ -30.528 -1.2 Td [(gr)18(oup )-5(leader)]TJ 0.5047 Tc 5.619 0 Td (.I)Tj 0 Tc 1.092 0 Td (f)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 0.588 0 Td (pid)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.533 0 Td [(is )-5(0, )-5(the )-5(pr)18(ocess )-5(ID )-5(of )-5(the )-5(caller )-5(is )-5(used.)-505(Also, )-5(if)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 21.225 0 Td (pgid)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.033 0 Td [(is )-5(0, )-5(the )-5(pr)19(ocess)]TJ -32.089 -1.2 Td (ID speci\336ed by)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 6.904 0 Td (pid)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.528 0 Td [(is used as the pr)18(ocess gr)18(oup ID.)]TJ 0.5662 Tc -6.632 -1.2 Td (Ap)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.945 0 Td (ro)Tj 0 Tc 0.923 0 Td [(cess )-316(can )-316(set )-316(the )-316(pr)17(ocess )-316(gr)18(oup )-316(ID )-316(of )-316(only )-316(itself )-316(or )-316(any )-316(of )-316(its )-316(childr)17(en.)]TJ -4.668 -1.2 Td [(Furthermor)18(e, )-64(it )-64(can\325t )-64(change )-64(the )-64(pr)17(ocess )-64(gr)18(oup )-64(ID )-64(of )-64(one )-64(of )-64(its )-64(childr)18(en 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550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 169.6396 135.7817 Tm (Figure 15.33)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.195 0 Td [(IPC between par)18(ent and child using memory mapped I/O of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 27.14 0 Td (/dev/zero)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47263 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(15.2)]TJ 41.434 0 Td (Pipes)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.399 0 Td (539)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 172.7896 670.2598 Tm (exit\(0\);)Tj 0.6 Tc -2.4 -1.189 Td (}e)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (lse {)Tj 27 0 Td (/* child */)Tj -26.4 -1.189 Td [(close\(fd[1]\); )-1200(/*)-600(close write end */)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD (if \(fd[0] != STDIN_FILENO\) {)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(dup2\(fd[0], STDIN_FILENO\) != STDIN_FILENO\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_sys\("dup2 error to stdin"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td [(close\(fd[0]\); )-1200(/*)-600(don\325t need this after dup2 */)]TJ -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj 0 -1.902 TD (/* get arguments for execl\(\) */)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (if \(\(pager = getenv\("PAGER"\)\) == NULL\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (pager = DEF_PAGER;)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(\(argv0 = strrchr\(pager, \325/\325\)\) != NULL\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td [(argv0++; )-4200(/*)-600(step past rightmost slash */)]TJ -2.4 -1.189 Td (else)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td [(argv0 = pager;)-1200(/* no slash in pager */)]TJ -2.4 -1.902 Td (if \(execl\(pager, argv0, \(char *\)0\) < 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_sys\("execl error for %s", pager\);)Tj -4.8 -1.189 Td (})Tj 0 -1.189 TD (exit\(0\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 4493.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 253.5976 433.307 Tm (Figure 15.6)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.695 0 Td [(Copy \336le to pager pr)18(ogram)]TJ 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 147.5825 409.3099 Tm (Befor)Tj 0.4045 Tc 2.346 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.327 0 Td (alling)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.916 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(,)-404(we)-404(c)]TJ -0.018 Tc 5.216 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(ate )-155(a )-155(pipe.)-655(After )-155(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.998 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.4046 Tc (,t)Tj 0 Tc 3.381 0 Td [(he )-155(par)18(ent )-155(closes )-155(its )-155(r)20(ead)]TJ -27.84 -1.2 Td [(end, )-91(and )-91(the )-91(child )-91(closes )-91(its )-91(write )-91(end.)-591(The )-91(child )-91(then )-91(calls)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 27.267 0 Td (dup2)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.741 0 Td [(to )-91(have )-91(its )-91(standar)19(d)]TJ -30.008 -1.2 Td [(input )-117(be )-117(the )-117(r)18(ead )-117(end )-117(of )-117(the )-117(pipe.)-617(When )-117(the )-117(pager )-117(pr)18(ogram )-117(is )-117(executed, )-117(its )-117(standar)15(d)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(input will be the r)18(ead end of the pipe.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(When )-53(we )-53(duplicate )-53(one )-53(descriptor )-53(onto )-53(another )-53(\()]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 22.088 0 Td (fd[0])Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.304 0 Td [(onto )-53(standar)]TJ 0.3035 Tc 5.624 0 Td (di)Tj 0 Tc 1.206 0 Td [(nput )-53(in )-53(the)]TJ -34.021 -1.2 Td [(child\), )-47(we )-47(have )-47(to )-47(be )-47(car)18(eful )-47(that )-47(the )-47(descriptor )-47(doesn\325t )-47(alr)18(eady )-47(have )-47(the )-47(desir)18(ed )-47(value.)]TJ T* [(If )-177(the )-177(descriptor )-177(alr)18(eady )-177(had )-177(the )-177(desir)18(ed )-177(value )-177(and )-177(we )-177(called)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 28.99 0 Td (dup2)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.827 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.12 0 Td (close)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.4267 Tc (,t)Tj 0 Tc 4.003 0 Td (he)Tj -37.939 -1.2 Td [(single )-92(copy )-92(of )-92(the )-92(descriptor )-92(would )-92(be )-92(closed.)-592(\(Recall )-92(the )-92(operation )-92(of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 32.398 0 Td (dup2)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.742 0 Td [(when )-92(its)]TJ -35.14 -1.2 Td [(two )-54(ar)18(guments )-54(ar)]TJ 0.3044 Tc 7.922 0 Td (ee)Tj 0 Tc 1.262 0 Td [(qual, )-54(discussed )-54(in )-54(Section )-54(3.12.\))-554(In )-54(this )-54(pr)18(ogram, )-54(if )-54(standar)]TJ 0.3043 Tc 26.498 0 Td (di)Tj 0 Tc 1.206 0 Td (nput)Tj -36.888 -1.2 Td [(had )-110(not )-110(been )-110(opened )-110(by )-110(the )-110(shell, )-110(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 17.616 0 Td (fopen)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.36 0 Td [(at )-110(the )-110(beginning )-110(of )-110(the )-110(pr)18(ogram )-110(should)]TJ -20.975 -1.2 Td [(have )-188(used )-188(descriptor )-188(0, )-188(the )-188(lowest )-188(unused )-188(descriptor)]TJ 0.4382 Tc 24.599 0 Td (,s)Tj 0 Tc 1.112 0 Td (o)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.984 0 Td (fd[0])Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.438 0 Td [(should )-188(never )-188(equal)]TJ -30.134 -1.2 Td (standar)Tj 0.4736 Tc 3.32 0 Td (di)Tj 0 Tc 1.376 0 Td [(nput. )-474(Nevertheless,)-473(whenever )-224(we )-224(call)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 18.218 0 Td (dup2)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.874 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.167 0 Td (close)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.474 0 Td [(to )-224(duplicate )-224(one)]TJ -31.428 -1.2 Td [(descriptor )-278(onto )-278(another)]TJ 0.5277 Tc 10.903 0 Td (,w)Tj 0 Tc 1.612 0 Td [(e\325ll )-278(always )-278(compar)]TJ 0.5276 Tc 8.85 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.333 0 Td [(he )-278(descriptors )-278(\336rst, )-278(as )-278(a )-278(defensive)]TJ -22.698 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ogramming measur)18(e.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(Note )-61(how )-61(we )-61(try )-61(to )-61(use )-61(the )-61(envir)18(onment )-61(variable)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 22.566 0 Td (PAGER)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.311 0 Td [(to )-61(obtain )-61(the )-61(name )-61(of )-61(the)]TJ -27.677 -1.2 Td [(user )176(\325s)-319(pager )-69(pr)18(ogram. )-319(If)-319(this )-69(doesn\325t )-69(work, )-69(we )-69(use )-69(a )-69(default.)-569(This )-69(is )-69(a )-69(common )-69(usage)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(of envir)18(onment variables.)]TJ ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5141.25 2173.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 50 50 l 0 50 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /TT1 1 Tf 9.9982 0 0 9.9982 93.5832 188.5251 Tm (Example)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.6 -2.4 Td [(Recall )-259(the )-259(\336ve )-259(functions)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.874 0 Td (TELL_WAIT)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 6.159 0 Td (TELL_PARENT)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 7.359 0 Td (TELL_CHILD)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 6.759 0 Td (WAIT_PARENT)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (,)Tj -32.15 -1.2 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.149 0 Td (WAIT_CHILD)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.456 0 Td [(fr)18(om )-206(Section )-206(8.9.)-706(In )-206(Figur)]TJ 0.4557 Tc 12.207 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.435 0 Td [(0.24, )-206(we )-206(showed )-206(an )-206(implementation)]TJ -22.246 -1.2 Td [(using signals.)-500(Figur)]TJ 0.25 Tc 8.907 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (5.7 shows an implementation using pipes.)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47264 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (362)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td (Signals )Tj 36.187 0 Td [(Chapter)-3054(10)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 172.7896 670.2598 Tm (err_sys\("signal\(SIGQUIT\) error"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.902 Td (sigemptyset\(&zeromask\);)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (sigemptyset\(&newmask\);)Tj T* (sigaddset\(&newmask, SIGQUIT\);)Tj 0 -1.902 TD (/*)Tj 0.6 Tc 0.6 -1.189 Td (*B)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (lock SIGQUIT and save current signal mask.)Tj -1.8 -1.189 Td (*/)Tj -0.6 -1.189 Td (if \(sigprocmask\(SIG_BLOCK, &newmask, &oldmask\) < 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_sys\("SIG_BLOCK error"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.902 Td (while \(quitflag == 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (sigsuspend\(&zeromask\);)Tj -2.4 -1.902 Td (/*)Tj 0.6 Tc 0.6 -1.189 Td (*S)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (IGQUIT has been caught and is now blocked; do whatever.)Tj -1.8 -1.189 Td (*/)Tj -0.6 -1.189 Td (quitflag = 0;)Tj T* (/*)Tj 0.6 Tc 0.6 -1.189 Td (*R)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (eset signal mask which unblocks SIGQUIT.)Tj -1.8 -1.189 Td (*/)Tj -0.6 -1.189 Td (if \(sigprocmask\(SIG_SETMASK, &oldmask, NULL\) < 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_sys\("SIG_SETMASK error"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.902 Td (exit\(0\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 4023.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 199.1081 386.2326 Tm (Figure 10.23)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.195 0 Td (Using)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.881 0 Td (sigsuspend)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.25 0 Td (to wait for a global variable to be set)Tj 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5846 362.2355 Tm [(Sample output fr)18(om this pr)18(ogram is)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9989 0 0 8.9989 147.5825 345.5375 Tm ($)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (./a.out)Tj -1.2 -1.189 Td (\366C)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 12 0 Td (type the interrupt character)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -12 -1.189 Td (interrupt)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 0 -1.189 TD (\366C)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 12 0 Td (type the interrupt character again)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -12 -1.189 Td (interrupt)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 0 -1.189 TD (\366C)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 12 0 Td (and again)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -12 -1.189 Td (interrupt)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 0 -1.189 TD (\366\\)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td ($)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 10.2 0 Td (now terminate with the quit character)Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5141.25 2647.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 50 50 l 0 50 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 183.567 241.0356 Tm [(For )-22(portability )-22(between )-22(non-POSIX )-22(systems )-22(that )-22(support )-22(ISO )-22(C )-22(and )-22(POSIX.1 )-22(systems, )-22(the )-22(only)]TJ 0 -1.25 TD [(thing )-402(we )-402(should )-402(do )-402(within )-402(a )-402(signal )-402(handler )-402(is )-402(assign )-402(a )-402(value )-402(to )-402(a )-402(variable )-402(of )-402(type)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf T* (sig_atomic_t)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.0833 Tc 7.283 0 Td (\321n)Tj 0 Tc 1.665 0 Td [(othing )-70(else.)-569(POSIX.1 )-70(goes )-70(further )-70(and )-70(speci\336es )-70(a )-70(list )-70(of )-70(functions )-70(that )-70(ar)21(e)]TJ -8.948 -1.25 Td [(safe )-48(to )-48(call )-48(fr)18(om )-48(within )-48(a )-48(signal )-48(handler )-48(\(Figur)]TJ 0.2985 Tc 20.867 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.277 0 Td [(0.4\), )-48(but )-48(if )-48(we )-48(do )-48(this, )-48(our )-48(code )-48(may )-48(not )-48(r)3(un)]TJ -22.144 -1.25 Td [(corr)18(ectly on non-POSIX systems.)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 9.9982 0 0 9.9982 93.5831 177.0471 Tm (Example)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.6 -2.04 Td [(As )-200(another )-200(example )-200(of )-200(signals, )-200(we )-200(show )-200(how )-200(signals )-200(can )-200(be )-200(used )-200(to )-200(synchr)15(onize )-200(a)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(par)18(ent )-34(and )-34(child.)-534(Figur)]TJ 0.284 Tc 10.512 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.263 0 Td [(0.24 )-34(shows )-34(implementations )-34(of )-34(the )-34(\336ve )-34(r)18(outines)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 21.575 0 Td (TELL_WAIT)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -33.35 -1.2 Td (TELL_PARENT)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 7.1 0 Td (TELL_CHILD)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 6.5 0 Td (WAIT_PARENT)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 7.6 0 Td (nd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.443 0 Td (WAIT_CHILD)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.25 0 Td [(fr)18(om Section 8.9.)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47265 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (248)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Pr)18(ocess )-250(Contr)18(ol )]TJ 39.241 0 Td [(Chapter)-500(8)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 668.9599 Tm [(mean )-88(that )-88(the )-88(race )-88(condition )-88(doesn\325t )-88(exist; )-88(it )-88(simply )-88(means )-88(that )-88(we )-88(can\325t )-88(see )-88(it )-88(on )-88(this)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(particular system.\))-500(The following actual output shows how the r)18(esults can vary:)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5911 640.2616 Tm ($)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (./a.out)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -1.2 -1.189 Td (ooutput from child)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (utput from parent)Tj T* ($)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (./a.out)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -1.2 -1.189 Td (ooutput from child)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (utput from parent)Tj 0 -1.189 TD ($)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (./a.out)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -1.2 -1.189 Td (output from child)Tj T* (output from parent)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.092 Tc 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 536.6678 Tm [(We )-194(n)]TJ 0 Tc 2.229 0 Td [(eed )-10(to )-10(change )-10(the )-10(pr)18(ogram )-10(in )-10(Figur)]TJ 0.2596 Tc 15.643 0 Td (e8)Tj 0 Tc 1.239 0 Td [(.12 )-10(to )-10(use )-10(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.053 0 Td (TELL)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.66 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.953 0 Td (WAIT)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.66 0 Td [(functions. )-260(The)]TJ -32.435 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ogram in Figur)]TJ 0.25 Tc 7.614 0 Td (e8)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td [(.13 does this.)-500(The lines pr)18(eceded by a plus sign ar)]TJ 0.25 Tc 22.013 0 Td (en)Tj 0 Tc 1.311 0 Td (ew lines.)Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 5175.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9989 0 0 8.9989 140.3832 507.938 Tm (#include "apue.h")Tj 0 -1.783 TD (static void charatatime\(char *\);)Tj 0 -1.783 TD (int)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (main\(void\))Tj 0 -1.189 TD ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td [(pid_t )-1200(pid;)]TJ 3 Tc -3.6 -1.783 Td (+T)Tj 0 Tc 4.2 0 Td (ELL_WAIT\(\);)Tj -4.2 -1.189 Td (+)Tj 3.6 -1.189 Td (if \(\(pid = fork\(\)\) < 0\) {)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_sys\("fork error"\);)Tj 0.6 Tc -2.4 -1.189 Td (}e)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (lse if \(pid == 0\) {)Tj 5.4 Tc -5.4 -1.189 Td (+W)Tj 0 Tc 6.6 0 Td [(AIT_PARENT\(\); )-3000(/*)-600(parent goes first */)]TJ -0.6 -1.189 Td (charatatime\("output from child\\n"\);)Tj 0.6 Tc -2.4 -1.189 Td (}e)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (lse {)Tj 0.6 -1.189 Td (charatatime\("output from parent\\n"\);)Tj 5.4 Tc -6 -1.189 Td (+T)Tj 0 Tc 6.6 0 Td (ELL_CHILD\(pid\);)Tj -3 -1.189 Td (})Tj T* (exit\(0\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj 0 -1.783 TD (static void)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (charatatime\(char *str\))Tj T* ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td [(char )-1800(*ptr;)]TJ T* [(int )-2400(c;)]TJ 0 -1.783 TD (setbuf\(stdout, NULL\);)Tj 19.2 0 Td (/* set unbuffered */)Tj -19.2 -1.189 Td (for \(ptr = str; \(c = *ptr++\) != 0; \))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (putc\(c, stdout\);)Tj -4.8 -1.189 Td (})Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 1875.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 212.3778 171.5171 Tm (Figure 8.13)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.695 0 Td (Modi\336cation of Figur)Tj 0.25 Tc 9.45 0 Td (e8)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (.12 to avoid race condition)Tj 9.9982 0 0 9.9982 129.5769 147.5214 Tm [(When )-9(we )-9(r)8(un )-9(this )-9(pr)18(ogram, )-9(the )-9(output )-9(is )-9(as )-9(we )-9(expect; )-9(ther)20(e)-259(is)-259(no)-259(i)1(ntermixing )-9(of )-9(output)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(fr)18(om the two pr)18(ocesses.)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47266 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(14.3)]TJ 36.622 0 Td (Recor)Tj 0.5 Tc 2.514 0 Td (dL)Tj 0 Tc 1.722 0 Td (ocking)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.975 0 Td (499)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5911 668.9599 Tm [(This )-3(pr)18(ogram )-3(cr)17(eates )-3(a )-3(\336le )-3(and )-3(enables )-3(mandatory )-3(locking )-3(for )-3(the )-3(\336le.)-503(The )-3(pr)14(ogram)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(then )-3(splits )-3(into )-3(par)18(ent )-3(and )-3(child, )-3(with )-3(the )-3(par)18(ent )-3(obtaining )-3(a )-3(write )-3(lock )-3(on )-3(the )-3(entir)]TJ 0.2533 Tc 36.643 0 Td (e\336)Tj 0 Tc 1.337 0 Td (le.)Tj -37.98 -1.2 Td [(The )-87(child )-87(\336rst )-87(sets )-87(its )-87(descriptor )-87(to )-87(be )-87(nonblocking )-87(and )-87(then )-87(attempts )-87(to )-87(obtain )-87(a )-87(r)20(ead)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(lock )-102(on )-102(the )-102(\336le, )-102(expecting )-102(to )-102(get )-102(an )-102(err)16(or)]TJ 0.6022 Tc 18.502 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.465 0 Td [(his )-102(lets )-102(us )-102(see )-102(whether )-102(the )-102(system )-102(r)17(eturns)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -19.967 -1.2 Td (EACCES)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.915 0 Td (or)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.256 0 Td (EAGAIN)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.565 Tc (.N)Tj 0 Tc 5.246 0 Td [(ext, )-65(the )-65(child )-65(r)18(ewinds )-65(the )-65(\336le )-65(and )-65(tries )-65(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 18.852 0 Td (read)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.715 0 Td [(fr)18(om )-65(the )-65(\336le.)-565(If)]TJ -31.984 -1.2 Td [(mandatory )-92(locking )-92(is )-92(pr)18(ovided, )-92(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 16.307 0 Td (read)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.742 0 Td [(should )-92(r)18(eturn)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.503 0 Td (EACCES)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.942 0 Td (or)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.283 0 Td (EAGAIN)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.942 0 Td [(\(since )-92(the)]TJ -34.718 -1.2 Td [(descriptor )-49(is )-49(nonblocking\).)-549(Otherwise, )-49(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 19.316 0 Td (read)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 2.699 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(turns )-49(the )-49(data )-49(that )-49(it )-49(r)19(ead. )-299(Running)]TJ -22.871 -1.2 Td [(this pr)18(ogram under Solaris 10 \(which supports mandatory locking\) gives us)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 129.5924 568.2659 Tm ($)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (./a.out temp.lock)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -1.2 -1.189 Td (read_lock of already-locked region returns 11)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (read failed \(mandatory locking works\): Resource temporarily unavailabl\ e)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5924 528.8683 Tm [(If )-81(we )-81(look )-81(at )-81(either )-81(the )-81(system\325s )-81(headers )-81(or )-81(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 21.591 0 Td (intro)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(\(2\) )-81(manual )-81(page, )-81(we )-81(see )-81(that )-81(an)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.591 -1.2 Td (errno)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td (of 1)Tj 0.25 Tc 1.574 0 Td (1c)Tj 0 Tc 1.194 0 Td [(orr)18(esponds to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.357 0 Td (EAGAIN)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.5 Tc (.U)Tj 0 Tc 5.128 0 Td [(nder Fr)18(eeBSD 8.0, we get)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 129.592 500.17 Tm ($)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (./a.out temp.lock)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -1.2 -1.189 Td (read_lock of already-locked region returns 35)Tj T* (read OK \(no mandatory locking\), buf = ab)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.592 460.7724 Tm [(Her)18(e, an)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.999 0 Td (errno)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td [(of 35 corr)18(esponds to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.18 0 Td (EAGAIN)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.5 Tc (.M)Tj 0 Tc 5.296 0 Td (andatory locking is not supported.)Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5141.25 4608.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 50 50 l 0 50 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /TT2 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 93.5888 431.9482 Tm (Example)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.6 -2.16 Td [(Let\325s )-79(r)18(eturn )-79(to )-79(the )-79(\336rst )-79(question )-79(posed )-79(in )-79(this )-79(section: )-79(what )-79(happens )-79(when )-79(two )-79(people)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(edit )-97(the )-97(same )-97(\336le )-97(at )-97(the )-97(same )-97(time?)-597(The )-97(normal )-97(UNIX )-97(System )-97(text )-97(editors )-97(do )-97(not )-97(use)]TJ -0.018 Tc T* (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (cor)Tj 0.2513 Tc 1.367 0 Td (dl)Tj 0 Tc 1.153 0 Td [(ocking, )-1(so )-1(the )-1(answer )-1(is )-1(still )-1(that )-1(the )-1(\336nal )-1(r)18(esult )-1(of )-1(the )-1(\336le )-1(corr)18(esponds )-1(to )-1(the )-1(last)]TJ -3.376 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ocess that wr)18(ote the \336le.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(Some )-47(versions )-47(of )-47(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.592 0 Td (vi)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.497 0 Td [(editor )-47(use )-47(advisory )-47(r)19(ecor)]TJ 0.2967 Tc 11.155 0 Td (dl)Tj 0 Tc 1.199 0 Td [(ocking. )-297(Even)-296(if )-47(we )-47(wer)]TJ 0.2968 Tc 10.526 0 Td (eu)Tj 0 Tc 1.379 0 Td (sing)Tj -37.147 -1.2 Td [(one )-121(of )-121(these )-121(versions )-121(of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.214 0 Td (vi)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.3707 Tc (,i)Tj 0.3706 Tc 2.112 0 Td (ts)Tj 0 Tc 1.121 0 Td [(till )-121(doesn\325t )-121(pr)18(event )-121(users )-121(fr)18(om )-121(r)8(unning )-121(another )-121(editor)]TJ -14.447 -1.2 Td [(that doesn\325t use advisory r)18(ecor)]TJ 0.25 Tc 13.597 0 Td (dl)Tj 0 Tc 1.152 0 Td (ocking.)Tj -12.949 -1.2 Td [(If )-195(the )-195(system )-195(pr)18(ovides )-195(mandatory )-195(r)16(ecor)]TJ 0.4455 Tc 18.393 0 Td (dl)Tj 0 Tc 1.347 0 Td [(ocking, )-196(we )-196(could )-196(modify )-196(our )-196(favorite)]TJ -21.54 -1.2 Td [(editor )-20(to )-20(use )-20(it )-20(\(if )-20(we )-20(have )-20(the )-20(editor)-72(\325s )-20(sour)18(ce )-20(code\).)-520(Not )-20(having )-20(the )-20(sour)18(ce )-20(code )-20(for )-20(the)]TJ T* [(editor)74(,)-271(we)-271(might )-21(try )-21(the )-21(following.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 15.835 0 Td [(We )-205(w)]TJ 0 Tc 2.492 0 Td [(rite )-21(our )-21(own )-21(pr)18(ogram )-21(that )-21(is )-21(a )-21(fr)18(ont )-21(end )-21(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 19.223 0 Td (vi)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj -37.55 -1.2 Td [(This )-318(pr)18(ogram )-318(immediately )-318(calls)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 15.58 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.5679 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 3.718 0 Td [(nd )-318(the )-318(par)18(ent )-318(just )-318(waits )-318(for )-318(the )-318(child )-318(to)]TJ -19.298 -1.2 Td [(complete. )-347(The)-347(child )-97(opens )-97(the )-97(\336le )-97(speci\336ed )-97(on )-97(the )-97(command )-97(line, )-97(enables )-97(mandatory)]TJ T* [(locking, )-234(obtains )-234(a )-234(write )-234(lock )-234(on )-234(the )-234(entir)]TJ 0.4837 Tc 19.357 0 Td (e\336)Tj 0 Tc 1.568 0 Td [(le, )-234(and )-234(then )-234(executes)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.367 0 Td (vi)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.7337 Tc (.W)Tj 0 Tc 3.184 0 Td (hile)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.127 0 Td (vi)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.684 0 Td (is)Tj -0.008 Tc -38.285 -1.2 Td (ru)Tj 0 Tc 0.99 0 Td [(nning, )-12(the )-12(\336le )-12(is )-12(write )-12(locked, )-12(so )-12(other )-12(users )-12(can\325t )-12(modify )-12(it.)-514(When)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 29.964 0 Td (vi)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.462 0 Td [(terminates, )-12(the)]TJ -32.416 -1.2 Td [(par)18(ent\325s)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.817 0 Td (wait)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 2.65 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(turns and our fr)18(ont end terminates.)]TJ 0.4037 Tc -5.523 -1.2 Td (As)Tj 0 Tc 1.606 0 Td [(mall )-154(fr)18(ont-end )-154(pr)19(ogram )-154(of )-154(this )-154(type )-154(can )-154(be )-154(written, )-154(but )-154(it )-154(doesn\325t )-154(work.)-650(The)]TJ -3.406 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(oblem )-7(is )-7(that )-7(it )-7(is )-7(common )-7(practice )-7(for )-7(editors )-7(to )-7(r)18(ead )-7(their )-7(input )-7(\336le )-7(and )-7(then )-7(close )-7(it.)]TJ 0.2713 Tc T* (Al)Tj 0 Tc 1.34 0 Td [(ock )-21(is )-21(r)18(eleased )-21(on )-21(a )-21(\336le )-21(whenever )-21(a 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dif)18(\336cult to debug because they tend to work \324)37(\324most of the time.\325)37(\325)]TJ 0.4214 Tc 1.8 -1.2 Td (Ap)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.8 0 Td (ro)Tj 0 Tc 0.923 0 Td [(cess )-171(that )-171(wants )-171(to )-171(wait )-171(for )-171(a )-171(child )-171(to )-171(terminate )-171(must )-171(call )-171(one )-171(of )-171(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 32.076 0 Td (wait)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -36.6 -1.2 Td [(functions. )-292(If)]TJ 0.292 Tc 5.885 0 Td (ap)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.393 0 Td (ro)Tj 0 Tc 0.923 0 Td [(cess )-42(wants )-42(to )-42(wait )-42(for )-42(its )-42(par)18(ent )-42(to )-42(terminate, )-42(as )-42(in )-42(the )-42(pr)18(ogram )-42(fr)19(om)]TJ -8.201 -1.2 Td (Figur)Tj 0.25 Tc 2.383 0 Td (e8)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (.8, a loop of the following form could be used:)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5919 544.2673 Tm (while \(getppid\(\) != 1\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (sleep\(1\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.593 515.5691 Tm [(The )-155(pr)18(oblem )-155(with )-155(this )-155(type )-155(of )-155(loop, )-155(called)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 19.991 0 Td (polling)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(,)-405(is)-405(that )-155(it )-155(wastes )-155(CPU )-155(time, )-155(as )-155(the)]TJ -19.991 -1.2 Td (caller is awakened every second to test the condition.)Tj -0.092 Tc 1.8 -1.2 Td [(To )-299(a)]TJ 0 Tc 1.932 0 Td [(void )-115(race )-115(conditions )-115(and )-115(to )-115(avoid )-115(polling, )-115(some )-115(form )-115(of )-115(signaling )-115(is )-115(r)23(equir)18(ed)]TJ -3.732 -1.2 Td [(between )-48(multiple )-48(pr)18(ocesses. )-298(Signals)-298(can )-48(be )-48(used )-48(for )-48(this )-48(purpose, )-48(and )-48(we )-48(describe )-48(one)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(way )-32(to )-32(do )-32(this )-32(in )-32(Section )-32(10.16.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 14.33 0 Td (Va)Tj 0 Tc 1.13 0 Td [(rious )-32(forms )-32(of )-32(interpr)18(ocess )-32(communication)]TJ 19.417 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (IPC)Tj 1.65 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.615 -0.04 Td (can)Tj -37.474 -1.2 Td (also be used.)Tj -0.092 Tc 6.16 0 Td (We)Tj 0 Tc 1.387 0 Td (\325ll discuss some of these options in Chapters 15 and 17.)Tj -5.747 -1.2 Td [(For )-32(a )-32(par)18(ent )-32(and )-32(child )-32(r)18(elationship, )-32(we )-32(often )-32(have )-32(the )-32(following )-32(scenario.)-531(After )-32(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.8 -1.2 Td (fork)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.4086 Tc (,b)Tj 0 Tc 3.612 0 Td [(oth )-159(the )-159(par)18(ent )-159(and )-159(the )-159(child )-159(have )-159(something )-159(to )-159(do.)-655(For )-158(example, )-158(the )-158(par)17(ent)]TJ -3.612 -1.2 Td [(could )-35(update )-35(a )-35(r)17(ecor)18(d)-285(in)-285(a)-285(l)-1(og )-35(\336le )-35(with )-35(the )-35(child\325s )-35(pr)18(ocess )-35(ID, )-35(and )-35(the )-35(child )-35(might )-35(have)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(to )-13(cr)18(eate )-13(a )-13(\336le )-13(for )-13(the )-13(par)20(ent. )-263(In)-262(this )-13(example, )-13(we )-13(r)19(equir)]TJ 0.2627 Tc 24.809 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.068 0 Td [(hat )-13(each )-13(pr)18(ocess )-13(tell )-13(the )-13(other)]TJ -25.876 -1.2 Td [(when )-183(it )-183(has 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cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 1629.24 5918 576 72 re S Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 1629.24 5702 576 216 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 0.25 Tc 13.9983 0 0 13.9983 182.952 579.1705 Tm (...)Tj 0 Tc 6.9992 0 0 6.9992 147.5485 607.9666 Tm (fd 0:)Tj 0 -1.029 TD (fd 1:)Tj T* (fd 2:)Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1845.25 6134.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -216 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 6.9987 0 0 6.9987 170.3893 622.288 Tm (fd)Tj -0.572 -0.714 Td (\337ags)Tj 4.471 0.714 Td (\336le)Tj -0.923 -0.714 Td (pointer)Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 1341.24 4118 1008 1080 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 141.486 522.9145 Tm [(child pr)18(ocess table entry)]TJ ET q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 1629.24 4622 576 72 re S Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 1629.24 4550 576 72 re S Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 1629.24 4478 576 72 re S Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 1629.24 4262 576 216 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 0.25 Tc 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\337ags)Tj ET q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2925.24 5558 720 144 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9947 0 0 7.9947 298.311 560.8697 Tm [(curr)18(ent \336le of)18(fset)]TJ ET q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2925.24 5414 720 144 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9942 0 0 7.9942 301.9625 546.4464 Tm (v-node pointer)Tj ET q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2925.24 4910 720 144 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9938 0 0 7.9938 302.0243 496.0529 Tm (\336le status \337ags)Tj ET q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2925.24 4766 720 144 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9933 0 0 7.9933 298.2574 481.6352 Tm [(curr)18(ent \336le of)18(fset)]TJ ET q 0.099916 0 0 0.099916 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2925.24 4622 720 144 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9928 0 0 7.9928 301.9082 467.2193 Tm (v-node pointer)Tj 1.406 24.925 Td (\336le table)Tj 6.9937 0 0 6.9937 427.4961 652.4525 Tm (v-node information)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.52 -2.057 Td (v_data)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -2.383 -4.114 Td (i-node information)Tj 0.796 -2.057 Td [(curr)18(ent \336le size)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 1.287 -1.543 Td (i_vnode)Tj ET q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4221.25 6638.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -288 l 720 -288 l 720 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4221.25 6206.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -396 l 720 -396 l 720 0 l 0 0 l 720 0 l S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4221.25 6458.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4297.25 6458.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4373.25 6458.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4449.25 6458.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4525.25 6458.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4601.25 6458.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4677.25 6458.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4753.25 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6026.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4905.25 6026.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4221.25 5918.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4297.25 5918.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4373.25 5918.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4449.25 5918.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4525.25 5918.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4601.25 5918.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4677.25 5918.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4753.25 5918.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4829.25 5918.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4905.25 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0.0998741 0 0 0.0998741 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4753.25 4082.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998741 0 0 0.0998741 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4829.25 4082.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998741 0 0 0.0998741 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4905.25 4082.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998741 0 0 0.0998741 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4221.25 3650.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998741 0 0 0.0998741 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4297.25 3650.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998741 0 0 0.0998741 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4373.25 3650.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998741 0 0 0.0998741 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4449.25 3650.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998741 0 0 0.0998741 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4525.25 3650.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998741 0 0 0.0998741 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4601.25 3650.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998741 0 0 0.0998741 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4677.25 3650.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998741 0 0 0.0998741 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4753.25 3650.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998741 0 0 0.0998741 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4829.25 3650.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998741 0 0 0.0998741 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4905.25 3650.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998741 0 0 0.0998741 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4221.25 3542.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998741 0 0 0.0998741 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4297.25 3542.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998741 0 0 0.0998741 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4373.25 3542.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998741 0 0 0.0998741 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4449.25 3542.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998741 0 0 0.0998741 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4525.25 3542.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998741 0 0 0.0998741 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4601.25 3542.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998741 0 0 0.0998741 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4677.25 3542.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998741 0 0 0.0998741 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4753.25 3542.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998741 0 0 0.0998741 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4829.25 3542.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998741 0 0 0.0998741 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4905.25 3542.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.9986808 0 0 0.9986808 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 422.124 385.16 cm 0 0 m -5.328 5.184 l -2.232 7.056 l f Q Q q 0.0998681 0 0 0.0998681 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4221.2402 3851.6001 cm 0 0 m -53.28 51.84 l -22.32 70.56 l h S Q Q q 0.0998681 0 0 0.0998681 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4293.2402 4028 cm 0 0 m -90 0 l -150 0 -162.6 -28.32 -127.8 -84.96 c -75.6 -169.92 l S Q Q q 0.9986209 0 0 0.9986209 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 496.284 426.2 cm 0 0 m 4.032 -6.192 l 0.648 -7.344 l f Q Q q 0.0998621 0 0 0.0998621 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4962.8398 4262 cm 0 0 m 40.32 -61.92 l 6.48 -73.44 l h S Q Q q 0.0998621 0 0 0.0998621 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4869.2402 3488 cm 0 0 m 180 0 l 300 0 315.96 127.92 227.88 383.76 c 95.76 767.52 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9885 0 0 7.9885 435.4365 666.0801 Tm (v-node table)Tj ET q 0.998561 0 0 0.998561 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 288.924 660.2 cm 0 0 m -3.024 -6.768 l -5.832 -4.536 l f Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2889.24 6602 cm 0 0 m -30.24 -67.68 l -58.32 -45.36 l h S Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2133.24 6098 cm 0 0 m 180 0 l 300 0 425.28 83.04 555.84 249.12 c 751.68 498.24 l S Q Q q 0.9985011 0 0 0.9985011 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 288.924 586.04 cm 0 0 m -7.344 1.152 l -5.976 4.464 l f Q Q q 0.0998501 0 0 0.0998501 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2889.24 5860.3999 cm 0 0 m -73.44 11.52 l -59.76 44.64 l h S Q Q q 0.0998501 0 0 0.0998501 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2133.24 6026 cm 0 0 m 180 0 l 300 0 424.92 -27.12 554.76 -81.36 c 749.52 -162.72 l S Q Q q 0.9984412 0 0 0.9984412 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 288.924 506.84 cm 0 0 m -4.608 5.832 l -1.296 7.272 l f Q Q q 0.0998441 0 0 0.0998441 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2889.24 5068.3999 cm 0 0 m -46.08 58.32 l -12.96 72.72 l h S Q Q q 0.0998441 0 0 0.0998441 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2133.24 5954 cm 0 0 m 180 0 l 300 0 425.52 -146.52 556.56 -439.56 c 753.12 -879.12 l S Q Q q 0.9983813 0 0 0.9983813 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 288.924 656.6 cm 0 0 m 0.288 -7.416 l -3.24 -6.696 l f Q Q q 0.0998381 0 0 0.0998381 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2889.24 6566 cm 0 0 m 2.88 -74.16 l -32.4 -66.96 l h S Q Q q 0.0998381 0 0 0.0998381 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2133.24 4658 cm 0 0 m 180 0 l 300 0 425.76 316.8 557.28 950.4 c 754.56 1900.8 l S Q Q q 0.9983214 0 0 0.9983214 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 288.924 583.16 cm 0 0 m -0.432 -7.416 l -3.888 -6.336 l f Q Q q 0.0998321 0 0 0.0998321 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2889.24 5831.6001 cm 0 0 m -4.32 -74.16 l -38.88 -63.36 l h S Q Q q 0.0998321 0 0 0.0998321 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2133.24 4586 cm 0 0 m 180 0 l 300 0 425.64 206.4 556.92 619.2 c 753.84 1238.4 l S Q Q q 0.9982615 0 0 0.9982615 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 288.924 503.96 cm 0 0 m -2.88 -6.84 l -5.76 -4.68 l f Q Q q 0.0998261 0 0 0.0998261 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2889.24 5039.6001 cm 0 0 m -28.8 -68.4 l 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0.0998082 0 0 0.0998082 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4185.2402 4262 cm 0 0 m -51.84 53.28 l -20.88 71.28 l h S Q Q q 0.0998082 0 0 0.0998082 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3573.24 4694 cm 0 0 m 180 0 l 300 0 401.4 -70.92 484.2 -212.76 c 608.4 -425.52 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9842 0 0 7.9842 201.3849 317.5706 Tm (Figure 8.2)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.195 0 Td [(Sharing of open \336les between par)18(ent and child after)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 23.109 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9802 0 0 9.9802 147.3082 291.2228 Tm [(If )-366(both )-366(par)18(ent )-366(and )-366(child )-366(write )-366(to )-366(the )-366(same )-366(descriptor)]TJ 0.6158 Tc 26.305 0 Td (,w)Tj 0 Tc 1.7 0 Td [(ithout )-366(any )-366(form )-366(of)]TJ -29.805 -1.2 Td [(synchr)18(onization, )-209(such )-209(as )-209(having )-209(the )-209(par)18(ent)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 20.439 0 Td (wait)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.859 0 Td [(for )-209(the )-209(child, )-209(their )-209(output )-209(will )-209(be)]TJ -23.298 -1.2 Td [(intermixed )-22(\(assuming )-22(it\325s )-22(a )-22(descriptor )-22(that )-22(was )-22(open )-22(befor)]TJ 0.2716 Tc 25.941 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.077 0 Td (he)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.333 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(\). )-272(Although)-271(this )-22(is)]TJ -28.35 -1.2 Td [(possible )167(\321 )167(we)-251(saw it in Figur)]TJ 0.25 Tc 12.72 0 Td (e8)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td [(.2 )167(\321 )167(it\325s)-251(not the normal mode of operation.)]TJ -12.149 -1.2 Td (Ther)Tj 0.25 Tc 2.051 0 Td (ea)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.229 0 Td [(re )-36(t)]TJ 0 Tc 1.432 0 Td (wo normal cases for handling the descriptors after a)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 23.223 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj -27.935 -1.68 Td [(1. )-633(The)-253(par)18(ent )-3(waits )-3(for )-3(the )-3(child )-3(to )-3(complete.)-503(In )-3(this )-3(case, )-3(the )-3(par)18(ent )-3(does )-3(not )-3(need)]TJ 1.633 -1.2 Td [(to )-247(do )-247(anything )-247(with )-247(its )-247(descriptors.)-747(When )-247(the )-247(child )-247(terminates, )-247(any )-247(of )-247(the)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(shar)18(ed )-15(descriptors )-15(that )-15(the 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14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(18.1)]TJ 28.7243 Tc 5.388 0 Td (1N)Tj 0 Tc 30.055 0 Td [(oncanonical )-250(Mode)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 10.39 0 Td (707)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 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2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9989 0 0 8.9989 129.5844 501.0389 Tm (#include "apue.h")Tj 0 -1.189 TD (#include )Tj 0 -1.783 TD (int)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (main\(void\))Tj 0 -1.189 TD ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td [(struct termios)-1200(term;)]TJ 0 -1.783 TD (if \(tcgetattr\(STDIN_FILENO, &term\) < 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_sys\("tcgetattr error"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.783 Td (switch \(term.c_cflag & CSIZE\) {)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (case CS5:)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (printf\("5 bits/byte\\n"\);)Tj T* (break;)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (case CS6:)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (printf\("6 bits/byte\\n"\);)Tj T* (break;)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (case CS7:)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (printf\("7 bits/byte\\n"\);)Tj T* (break;)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (case CS8:)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (printf\("8 bits/byte\\n"\);)Tj T* (break;)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (default:)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (printf\("unknown bits/byte\\n"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj 0 -1.783 TD [(term.c_cflag &= \367CSIZE;)-3000(/* zero out the bits */)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(term.c_cflag |= CS8;)-4800(/* set 8 bits/byte */)]TJ T* (if \(tcsetattr\(STDIN_FILENO, TCSANOW, &term\) < 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_sys\("tcsetattr error"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.783 Td (exit\(0\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 1592.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 226.9152 144.422 Tm [(Figure 18.1)37(1)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 6.158 0 Td (Example of)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 5.26 0 Td (tcgetattr)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.65 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.943 0 Td (tcsetattr)Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5141.25 1384.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 50 50 l 0 50 l 0 0 l S Q Q EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47275 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (992)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td (Index)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 129.5922 670.9597 Tm (unlink)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(function, )-250(1)55(14, 1)55(16)]TJ 7.93 0.09 Td (\320)Tj -0.055 Tc 0.583 -0.09 Td (11)Tj 0 Tc 0.945 0 Td (9, 121)Tj 2.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (122, 125, 141,)Tj -13.942 -1.25 Td (169)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (170, 331, 366, 452, 497, 553, 637, 639, 641,)Tj -2.167 -1.25 Td (823, 826)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td [(827, 837, 909, 91)55(1, 937, 942)]TJ -5.516 -1.25 Td (de\336nition of,)Tj -0.055 Tc 6.192 0 Td (11)Tj 0 Tc 0.945 0 Td (7)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -8.487 -1.25 Td (unlinkat)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(function, )-250(1)55(16)]TJ 5.985 0.09 Td (\320)Tj -0.055 Tc 0.583 -0.09 Td (11)Tj 0 Tc 0.945 0 Td (9, 331, 452)Tj -11.38 -1.25 Td (de\336nition of,)Tj -0.055 Tc 6.192 0 Td (11)Tj 0 Tc 0.945 0 Td (7)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -8.487 -1.25 Td (un_lock)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(function, )-250(489,)-250(759)]TJ 8.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (760, 762, 768,)Tj -10.54 -1.25 Td (770)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (771, 773, 777)Tj 5.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (778, 780, 897)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -11.033 -1.25 Td (unlockpt)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(function, )-250(723)]TJ 6.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (725)Tj -10.49 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(723)]TJ -1.35 -1.25 Td [(Unrau, R.,)-500(174, 531, 950)]TJ 0 -1.25 TD [(unr)18(eliable signals,)-500(326)]TJ 10.097 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (327)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -10.681 -1.25 Td (unsetenv)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(function, )-250(212,)-250(442)]TJ -3.867 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(212)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (update)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram, )-250(81)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.017 -1.25 Td (update_jobno)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.617 0 Td [(function, )-250(814,)-250(819, 832, 843)]TJ -6.267 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(819)]TJ -1.35 -1.25 Td [(Upstart, )-250(290)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf T* (uptime)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram, )-250(614)]TJ 6.191 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (615, 617, 619)Tj 5.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (620,)Tj -14.258 -1.25 Td (622)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (623, 628)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.1666 Tc -4.866 -1.25 Td (__)Tj 0 Tc 1.367 0 Td (USE_BSD)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(473)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -5.983 -1.25 Td (USER)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.817 0 Td [(envir)18(onment variable,)-500(210, 288)]TJ -2.817 -1.25 Td [(user ID,)-500(16, 255)]TJ 7.095 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (260)Tj -6.329 -1.25 Td [(ef)18(fective, )-250(98)]TJ 5.544 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (99, 101)Tj 3.083 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td [(102, 106, 1)55(10, 126, 140,)]TJ -8.444 -1.25 Td (228, 233, 253, 256)Tj 7.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (260, 276, 286, 288, 337, 381,)Tj -8.166 -1.25 Td (558, 562, 568, 573, 586)Tj 9.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (587, 637, 640, 809, 918)Tj -0.018 Tc -11.517 -1.25 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(al, )-250(39)]TJ 2.624 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (40, 43, 98)Tj 4.083 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (99, 102, 221, 228, 233,)Tj -7.38 -1.25 Td (252)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (253, 256)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (260, 270, 276, 286, 288, 337,)Tj -6.333 -1.25 Td (381, 585, 924)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -2.7 -1.25 Td (USHRT_MAX)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.817 0 Td [(constant, )-250(37)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -5.817 -1.25 Td (usleep)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(function, )-250(532,)-250(934)]TJ -4.017 -1.25 Td [(UTC \(Coor)18(dinated Universal T)55(ime\), )-250(20,)-250(189, 192,)]TJ 2.7 -1.25 Td (196)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -2.7 -1.25 Td (utime)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.417 0 Td [(function, )-250(127,)-250(331, 910)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -3.417 -1.25 Td (UTIME_NOW)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.817 0 Td [(constant, )-250(126)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -5.817 -1.25 Td (utimensat)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.817 0 Td [(function, )-250(125)]TJ 6.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (128, 331, 452, 910)Tj -11.09 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(126)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (UTIME_OMIT)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(126)]TJ 6.063 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (127)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -13.063 -1.25 Td (utimes)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(function, )-250(125)]TJ 6.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (128, 141, 331, 452, 910)Tj -9.29 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(127)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (utmp)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.817 0 Td [(\336le, )-250(186)]TJ 3.708 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (187, 276, 312, 734, 923, 930)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -7.108 -1.25 Td (utmp)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.817 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e, )-250(187)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -2.817 -1.25 Td (utmpx)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.417 0 Td [(\336le, )-250(187)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -3.417 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.817 0 Td (header)Tj 0.5 Tc 2.972 0 Td (,3)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (0)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -10.039 -1.25 Td (utsname)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e, )-250(187)]TJ 6.302 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (188, 196)Tj -11.502 -1.25 Td [(UUCP \(Unix-to-Unix Copy\),)-500(188)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf T* (uucp)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.817 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram, )-250(500)]TJ -2.817 -4.75 Td [(V7, )-250(329,)-250(726)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf T* (va_arg)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(function, )-250(758)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.017 -1.25 Td (va_end)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(function, )-250(758,)-250(899)]TJ 8.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (903)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 13.36 64.75 Td (va_list)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(data type,)-500(758, 899)]TJ 8.482 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (903)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -13.682 -1.25 Td (/var/account/acct)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 10.617 0 Td [(\336le, )-250(269)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -10.617 -1.25 Td (/var/adm/pacct)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 8.817 0 Td [(\336le, )-250(269)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -8.817 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.017 0 Td (header)Tj 0.5 Tc 2.972 0 Td (,1)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (62)Tj -11.239 -1.25 Td (variables)Tj 1.35 -1.25 Td [(automatic, )-250(205,)-250(215, 217, 219, 226)]TJ T* [(global, )-250(219)]TJ -0.018 Tc T* (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (gister)Tj 0.5 Tc 2.397 0 Td (,2)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (17)Tj -4.503 -1.25 Td [(static, )-250(219)]TJ T* [(volatile, )-250(217,)-250(219, 340, 357)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (/var/log/account/pacct)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 13.617 0 Td [(\336le, )-250(269)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -13.617 -1.25 Td (/var/log/wtmp)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 8.217 0 Td [(\336le, )-250(187)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -8.217 -1.25 Td (/var/run/utmp)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 8.217 0 Td [(\336le, )-250(187)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -8.217 -1.25 Td (va_start)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(function, )-250(758,)-250(899)]TJ 8.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (903)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -13.84 -1.25 Td (VDISCARD)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(constant, )-250(678)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -5.217 -1.25 Td (vdprintf)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(function, )-250(161,)-250(452)]TJ -3.867 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(161)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (VDSUSP)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(constant, )-250(678)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.017 -1.25 Td (VEOF)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.817 0 Td [(constant, )-250(678)]TJ 6.063 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (679, 704)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -9.463 -1.25 Td (VEOL)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.817 0 Td [(constant, )-250(678,)-250(704)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -2.817 -1.25 Td (VEOL2)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(678)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -3.417 -1.25 Td (VERASE)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(constant, )-250(678)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.017 -1.25 Td (VERASE2)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(678)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.617 -1.25 Td (vfork)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.417 0 Td [(function, )-250(229,)-250(234)]TJ 8.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (236, 283, 921)Tj 5.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (922)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -18.207 -1.25 Td (vfprintf)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(function, )-250(161,)-250(452)]TJ -3.867 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(161)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (vfscanf)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(function, )-250(163)]TJ -3.267 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(163)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (vfwprintf)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.817 0 Td [(function, )-250(452)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -5.817 -1.25 Td (vi)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.617 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram, )-250(377,)-250(497, 499, 672, 71)55(1)]TJ 14.136 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (713, 943)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -16.336 -1.25 Td (VINTR)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(678)]TJ 6.063 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (679)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -10.063 -1.25 Td (vipw)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.817 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram, )-250(179)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -2.817 -1.25 Td (VKILL)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(678)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -3.417 -1.25 Td (VLNEXT)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(constant, )-250(678)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.017 -1.25 Td (VMIN)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.817 0 Td [(constant, )-250(703)]TJ 6.063 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (705, 707)Tj -9.463 -1.25 Td [(v-node, )-250(74)]TJ 4.949 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (76, 78, 136, 312, 642, 907, 950)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -5.533 -1.25 Td (vnode)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.417 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e, )-250(31)55(1)]TJ 6.247 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (312)Tj -0.111 Tc -10.247 -1.25 Td (Vo)Tj 0 Tc 1.157 0 Td [(,)-250(K.)-250(P)129(., )-250(135,)-250(174, 949)]TJ 8.784 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (950, 953)Tj -10.524 -1.25 Td [(volatile variables,)-500(217, 219, 340, 357)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -0 -1.25 Td (vprintf)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(function, )-250(161,)-250(452)]TJ -3.267 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(161)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (VQUIT)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(678)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -3.417 -1.25 Td (vread)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.417 0 Td [(function, )-250(525)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -3.417 -1.25 Td (VREPRINT)Tj 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200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 668.9599 Tm [(If )-372(we )-372(compile )-372(and 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volaval = 98, statval = 99)Tj T* (after longjmp:)Tj T* (globval = 95, autoval = 2, regival = 3, volaval = 98, statval = 99)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5921 504.5697 Tm [(Note )-134(that )-134(the )-134(optimizations )-134(don\325t )-134(af)17(fect )-134(the )-134(global, )-134(static, )-134(and )-134(volatile )-134(variables; )-134(their)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(values )-17(after )-17(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.083 0 Td (longjmp)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.467 0 Td (ar)Tj 0.2671 Tc 0.877 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.072 0 Td [(he )-17(last )-17(values )-17(that )-17(they )-17(assumed.)-517(The)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 17.109 0 Td (setjmp)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.6 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (3)Tj 0.5 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.6 -0.04 Td (manual)Tj -35.641 -1.2 Td [(page )-121(on )-121(one )-121(system )-121(states )-121(that )-121(variables )-121(stor)19(ed )-121(in )-121(memory )-121(will )-121(have )-121(values )-121(as )-121(of )-121(the)]TJ T* [(time )-199(of )-199(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.593 0 Td (longjmp)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.4494 Tc (,w)Tj 0 Tc 5.733 0 Td [(her)18(eas )-199(variables )-199(in )-199(the )-199(CPU )-199(and )-199(\337oating-point )-199(r)18(egisters )-199(ar)15(e)]TJ -0.018 Tc -11.327 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(stor)18(ed )-31(to )-31(their )-31(values )-31(when)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 12.453 0 Td (setjmp)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.881 0 Td [(was )-31(called.)-531(This )-31(is )-31(indeed )-31(what )-31(we )-31(see )-31(when )-31(we)]TJ -0.008 Tc -17.19 -1.2 Td (ru)Tj 0.3789 Tc 0.99 0 Td (nt)Tj 0 Tc 1.287 0 Td [(he )-129(pr)18(ogram )-129(in )-129(Figur)]TJ 0.3789 Tc 9.312 0 Td (e7)Tj 0 Tc 1.358 0 Td [(.13. )-379(W)55(ithout )-129(optimization, )-129(all )-129(\336ve )-129(variables )-129(ar)]TJ 0.3788 Tc 21.181 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.282 0 Td [(tor)18(ed )-129(in)]TJ -35.409 -1.2 Td [(memory )-88(\(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.138 0 Td (register)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.138 0 Td [(hint )-88(is )-88(ignor)18(ed )-88(for)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.565 0 Td (regival)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(\). )-338(When)-338(we )-88(enable )-88(optimization,)]TJ -19.841 -1.2 Td (both)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.307 0 Td (autoval)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.5 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.993 0 Td (regival)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.5 0 Td [(go )-50(into )-50(r)18(egisters, )-50(even )-50(though )-50(the )-50(former )-50(wasn\325t )-50(declar)20(ed)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -13.3 -1.2 Td (register)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.251 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 5.801 0 Td [(nd )-1(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.082 0 Td (volatile)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.051 0 Td [(variable )-1(stays )-1(in )-1(memory)]TJ 0.501 Tc 11.061 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.364 0 Td [(he )-1(important )-1(thing )-1(to )-1(r)18(ealize)]TJ -26.359 -1.2 Td [(with )-287(this )-287(example )-287(is )-287(that )-287(you )-287(must )-287(use )-287(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 21.517 0 Td (volatile)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.336 0 Td [(attribute )-286(if )-286(you\325r)]TJ 0.5365 Tc 7.856 0 Td (ew)Tj 0 Tc 1.849 0 Td (riting)Tj -36.559 -1.2 Td [(portable )-76(code )-76(that )-76(uses )-76(nonlocal )-76(jumps.)-576(Anything )-76(else )-76(can )-76(change )-76(fr)22(om )-76(one )-76(system )-76(to)]TJ T* (the next.)Tj 1.8 -1.2 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0 0 9.9988 147.5823 259.9688 Tm (We)Tj 0 Tc 1.387 0 Td [(\325ll )-53(r)18(eturn )-53(to )-53(these )-53(two )-53(functions,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 14.691 0 Td (setjmp)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.903 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.996 0 Td (longjmp)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(,)-303(in)-303(C)-1(hapter )-53(10 )-53(when )-53(we)]TJ -23.778 -1.2 Td (discuss signal handlers and their signal versions:)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 21.845 0 Td (sigsetjmp)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.65 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.943 0 Td (siglongjmp)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj /TT2 1 Tf -0.04 Tc -33.038 -2.88 Td (Po)Tj 0 Tc 1.238 0 Td [(tential Pr)20(ob)10(lem with A)30(utomatic V)60(ariab)10(les)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 2.362 -2.16 Td [(Having )-153(looked )-153(at )-153(the )-153(way )-153(stack )-153(frames )-153(ar)]TJ 0.4026 Tc 19.417 0 Td (eu)Tj 0 Tc 1.485 0 Td [(sually )-153(handled, )-153(it )-153(is )-153(worth )-153(looking )-153(at )-153(a)]TJ -20.902 -1.2 Td [(potential )-68(err)18(or )-68(in )-68(dealing )-68(with )-68(automatic )-68(variables.)-568(The )-68(basic )-68(r)6(ule 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)-89(calling)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.576 0 Td (lseek)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.34 0 Td [(followed )-90(by )-90(a )-90(call )-90(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.636 0 Td (read)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.3396 Tc (,w)Tj 0 Tc 3.824 0 Td [(ith )-90(the)]TJ -36.074 -1.2 Td (following exceptions.)Tj 0.883 Tc 1.8 -2.4 Td (\245T)Tj 0 Tc 2.102 0 Td [(her)18(e)-250(is)-250(no)-250(way to interr)8(upt the two operations that occur when we call)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 31.277 0 Td (pread)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj 0.883 Tc -33.379 -1.6 Td (\245T)Tj 0 Tc 2.102 0 Td [(he curr)18(ent \336le of)18(fset is not updated.)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47283 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(6.2)]TJ 37.396 0 Td (Passwor)Tj 0.5 Tc 3.709 0 Td (dF)Tj 0 Tc 1.667 0 Td (ile)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.061 0 Td (179)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 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668.9599 Tm (\245T)Tj 0 Tc 2.102 0 Td (her)Tj 0.3434 Tc 1.438 0 Td (ea)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.322 0 Td [(re )-129(s)]TJ 0 Tc 1.623 0 Td [(everal )-93(alternatives )-93(to )-93(using)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 12.569 0 Td (/dev/null)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.744 0 Td [(to )-93(pr)18(event )-93(a )-93(particular )-93(user)]TJ -23.309 -1.2 Td [(fr)18(om )-169(logging )-169(in )-169(to )-169(a )-169(system.)-669(For )-169(example,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 20.205 0 Td (/bin/false)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.419 0 Td [(is )-169(often )-169(used )-169(as )-169(the)]TJ -26.625 -1.2 Td [(login )-275(shell.)-776(It )-275(simply )-275(exits )-275(with )-275(an )-275(unsuccessful )-275(\(nonzer)18(o\) )-275(status; )-275(the )-275(shell)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(evaluates )-95(the )-95(exit )-95(status )-95(as )-95(false.)-593(It )-95(is )-95(also )-95(common )-95(to )-95(see)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 26.633 0 Td (/bin/true)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.745 0 Td [(used )-95(to)]TJ -32.377 -1.2 Td [(disable )-39(an )-39(account; )-39(it )-39(simply )-39(exits )-39(with )-39(a 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)-19(user )-19(ID )-19(and )-19(gr)18(oup )-19(ID )-19(can )-19(access )-19(ar)]TJ 0.2691 Tc 23.708 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.074 0 Td [(hose )-19(that )-19(ar)]TJ 0.2692 Tc 5.18 0 Td (er)Tj 0 Tc 1.125 0 Td [(eadable )-19(or)]TJ -31.088 -1.2 Td [(writable )-4(by )-4(the )-4(world.)-506(\(This )-4(appr)18(oach )-4(assumes )-4(that )-4(ther)]TJ 0.2543 Tc 25.006 0 Td (ea)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.233 0 Td [(re )-40(n)]TJ 0.2543 Tc 1.692 0 Td (o\336)Tj 0 Tc 1.405 0 Td [(les )-4(speci\336cally)]TJ -29.337 -1.2 Td [(owned by user ID 65534 or gr)18(oup ID 65534, which should be the case.\))]TJ 0.883 Tc -1.489 -1.6 Td (\245S)Tj 0 Tc 2.014 0 Td [(ome )-489(systems )-489(that )-489(pr)19(ovide )-489(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 15.709 0 Td (finger)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.6 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (1)Tj 0.5 0.04 Td (\))Tj 1.072 -0.04 Td [(command )-489(support )-489(additional)]TJ -21.739 -1.2 Td [(information )-34(in )-34(the )-34(comment )-34(\336eld.)-532(Each )-33(of )-33(these )-33(\336elds )-33(is )-33(separated )-33(by 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(Shell: /bin/sh)Tj -19.2 -1.189 Td [(Office: )-600(SF)-600(5-121, )-600(555-1111)-2400(Home Phone:)-1200(555-2222)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD (On since Mon Jan 19 03:57 \(EST\) on ttyv0 \(messages off\))Tj 0 -1.189 TD (No Mail.)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 162.4807 350.359 Tm [(Even )-32(if )-32(your )-32(system )-32(doesn\325t )-32(support )-32(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 18.154 0 Td (finger)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.882 0 Td [(command, )-32(these )-32(\336elds )-32(can )-32(still)]TJ -22.036 -1.2 Td [(go )-335(into )-335(the )-335(comment )-335(\336eld, )-335(since )-335(that )-335(\336eld )-335(is )-335(simply )-335(a )-335(comment )-335(and )-335(not)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(interpr)18(eted by system utilities.)]TJ -1.489 -1.8 Td [(Some )-273(systems )-273(pr)18(ovide )-273(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 12.897 0 Td (vipw)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.923 0 Td [(command )-273(to )-273(allow )-273(administrators )-273(to )-273(edit )-273(the)]TJ -17.62 -1.2 Td (passwor)Tj 0.3465 Tc 3.706 0 Td (d\336)Tj 0 Tc 1.562 0 Td [(le. )-346(The)]TJ /TT0 1 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*getpwuid\(uid_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 18 0 Td (uid)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -18 -1.902 Td (struct passwd *getpwnam\(const char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (name)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 21.18 -1.902 Td [(Both r)18(eturn: pointer if OK,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.933 0 Td (NULL)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td [(on err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 1758.25 cm 0 0 m 0 649 l 3900 649 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 162.3005 Tm (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.07 0 Td (getpwuid)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.196 0 Td [(function )-146(is )-146(used )-146(by )-146(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.015 0 Td (ls)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.2 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (1)Tj 0.5 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.729 -0.04 Td [(pr)18(ogram )-146(to )-146(map )-146(the )-146(numerical )-146(user )-146(ID)]TJ -21.043 -1.2 Td [(contained )-30(in )-30(an )-30(i-node )-30(into )-30(a )-30(user)-74(\325s )-30(login )-30(name.)-531(The)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 23.765 0 Td (getpwnam)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.08 0 Td [(function )-30(is )-30(used 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Tf 11.395 0 Td (read)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 2.704 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(turns )-54(up )-54(to )-54(the )-54(number )-54(of )-54(bytes )-54(r)17(equested. )-304(If)]TJ -14.955 -1.2 Td (no data is available,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 9 0 Td (read)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 2.65 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(turns 0 immediately)111(.)]TJ -16.106 -2.04 Td [(Realize )-113(in )-113(all )-113(these )-113(cases )-113(that )-113(MIN )-113(is )-113(only )-113(a )-113(minimum.)-616(If )-113(the )-113(pr)18(ogram )-113(r)18(equests )-113(mor)16(e)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(than )-94(MIN )-94(bytes )-94(of )-94(data, )-94(it\325s )-94(possible )-94(to )-94(r)18(eceive )-94(up )-94(to )-94(the )-94(r)18(equested )-94(amount.)-594(This )-94(also)]TJ T* (applies to cases C and D, in which MIN is 0.)Tj 1.8 -1.2 Td (Figur)Tj 0.2551 Tc 2.383 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.234 0 Td [(8.19 )-5(summarizes )-5(the )-5(four )-5(cases )-5(for )-5(noncanonical )-5(input.)-505(In )-5(this )-5(\336gur)16(e,)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 30.953 0 Td (nbytes)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -36.37 -1.2 Td (is the thir)Tj 0.25 Tc 4.178 0 Td (da)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.361 0 Td (rg)Tj 0 Tc 0.933 0 Td (ument to)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 4.245 0 Td (read)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td [(\(the maximum number of bytes to r)18(eturn\).)]TJ 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 265.381 476.9714 Tm [(MIN )-250(> )-250(0)]TJ 16.497 0 Td [(MIN )-250(== )-250(0)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2151.25 4730.25 cm 0 0 m 2668 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 167.3039 439.9472 Tm [(TIME )-250(> )-250(0)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 6.719 3.125 Td (A:)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.278 0 Td (read)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 2.65 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (turns)Tj 2.58 0.04 Td ([)Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (MIN,)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 2.614 0 Td (nbytes)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.63 0.04 Td (])Tj -9.791 -1.29 Td (befor)Tj 0.25 Tc 2.288 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.055 0 Td [(imer expir)18(es;)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -5.215 -1.25 Td (read)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 2.65 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (turns [1, MIN\))Tj -1.634 -1.25 Td [(if timer expir)18(es.)]TJ -3.15 -1.75 Td [(\(TIME = interbyte timer)74(.)]TJ 0 -1.25 TD [(Caller can block inde\336nitely)111(.\))]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 16.8 6.75 Td (C:)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.222 0 Td (read)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 2.65 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (turns)Tj 2.58 0.04 Td ([)Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (1,)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1 0 Td (nbytes)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.63 0.04 Td (])Tj -8.121 -1.29 Td (befor)Tj 0.25 Tc 2.288 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.055 0 Td [(imer expir)18(es;)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -5.271 -1.25 Td (read)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 2.65 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (turns 0)Tj -1.578 -1.25 Td [(if timer expir)18(es.)]TJ -3.15 -1.75 Td (\(TIME =)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.946 0 Td (read)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td [(timer)74(.\))]TJ ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2151.25 4070.25 cm 0 0 m 2668 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 167.2939 388.93 Tm [(TIME )-250(== )-250(0)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 6.719 1.25 Td (B)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (:)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.167 0 Td (read)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 2.65 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (turns)Tj 2.58 0.04 Td ([)Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (MIN,)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 2.614 0 Td (nbytes)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.63 0.04 Td (])Tj -9.68 -1.29 Td (when available.)Tj -3.15 -1.75 Td [(\(Caller can block inde\336nitely)111(.\))]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 16.8 3 Td (D)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (:)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.333 0 Td (read)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 2.65 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (turns)Tj 2.58 0.04 Td ([)Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (0,)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1 0 Td (nbytes)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.63 0.04 Td (])Tj -8.232 -1.29 Td [(immediately)111(.)]TJ ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2151.25 3710.25 cm 0 0 m 2668 0 l 2668 1020 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3495.25 3710.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1020 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2151.25 3710.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1020 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 240.0104 350.9158 Tm (Figure 18.19)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.195 0 Td (Four cases for noncanonical input)Tj -13.253 -3.25 Td [(Be )-7(awar)]TJ 0.2569 Tc 3.558 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.062 0 Td [(hat )-7(POSIX.1 )-7(allows )-7(the )-7(subscripts)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 15.119 0 Td (VMIN)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.657 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.95 0 Td (VTIME)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.257 0 Td [(to )-7(have )-7(the )-7(same )-7(values )-7(as)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.998 0 Td (VEOF)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -39.6 -1.25 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.243 0 Td (VEOL)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5499 Tc (,r)Tj 0 Tc 3.577 0 Td (espectively)Tj 0.7999 Tc 4.824 0 Td (.I)Tj 0 Tc 1.387 0 Td [(ndeed, )-300(Solaris )-300(does )-300(this )-300(for )-300(backwar)]TJ 0.55 Tc 17.454 0 Td (dc)Tj 0 Tc 1.605 0 Td [(ompatibility )-300(with )-300(older)]TJ -31.09 -1.25 Td [(versions )-512(of )-512(System )-512(V)]TJ 1.0116 Tc 10.656 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.875 0 Td [(his )-512(cr)18(eates )-512(a )-512(portability )-512(pr)20(oblem, )-511(however)]TJ 1.0115 Tc 21.096 0 Td (.I)Tj 0.7615 Tc 1.598 0 Td (ng)Tj 0 Tc 1.9 0 Td [(oing )-511(fr)18(om)]TJ -37.125 -1.25 Td [(noncanonical )-19(to )-19(canonical )-19(mode, )-19(we )-19(must )-19(now )-19(r)20(estor)18(e)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 24.38 0 Td (VEOF)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.669 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.962 0 Td (VEOL)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.669 0 Td [(as )-19(well.)-518(If)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.795 0 Td (VMIN)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.669 0 Td (equals)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -39.143 -1.25 Td (VEOF)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.886 0 Td [(and )-236(we )-236(don\325t )-236(r)18(estor)]TJ 0.4861 Tc 9.336 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.291 0 Td [(heir )-236(values, )-236(when )-236(we )-236(set)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 12.309 0 Td (VMIN)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.886 0 Td [(to )-236(its )-236(typical )-236(value )-236(of )-236(1, )-236(the)]TJ -28.708 -1.25 Td [(end-of-\336le )-100(character )-100(becomes )-100(Contr)19(ol)]TJ 16.891 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(A. )-350(The)-349(easiest )-100(way )-100(ar)19(ound )-100(this )-100(pr)18(oblem )-100(is )-100(to )-100(save )-100(the)]TJ -17.224 -1.25 Td [(entir)18(e)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 2.823 0 Td (termios)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.489 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)]TJ 0.289 Tc 3.49 0 Td (ew)Tj 0 Tc 1.602 0 Td [(hen )-39(going )-39(into )-39(noncanonical )-39(mode )-39(and )-39(r)19(estor)18(e)-289(it)-289(when )-39(going )-39(back)]TJ -12.404 -1.25 Td (to canonical mode.)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 9.9976 0 0 9.9976 93.5777 230.9446 Tm (Example)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.6 -2.4 Td [(The )-77(pr)18(ogram )-77(in )-77(Figur)]TJ 0.3274 Tc 9.77 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.306 0 Td [(8.20 )-77(de\336nes )-77(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.299 0 Td (tty_cbreak)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.327 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.02 0 Td (tty_raw)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.527 0 Td [(functions )-77(that )-77(set)]TJ -31.251 -1.2 Td [(the )-173(terminal )-173(in)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 7.277 0 Td [(cbr)18(eak )-173(mode)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 5.475 0 Td (and)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 2.116 0 Td [(raw )-173(mode)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 0.6731 Tc (.\()Tj 0 Tc 5.345 0 Td [(The )-173(terms)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 5.027 0 Td [(cbr)18(eak)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 2.941 0 Td (and)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 2.116 0 Td (raw)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.978 0 Td [(come )-173(fr)18(om )-173(the)]TJ -0.111 Tc -32.276 -1.2 Td (Ve)Tj 0 Tc 1.09 0 Td [(rsion )-6(7 )-6(terminal )-6(driver)75(.\) )-256(W)]TJ 0.2557 Tc 11.911 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.179 0 Td [(an )-6(r)18(eset )-6(the )-6(terminal )-6(to )-6(its )-6(original )-6(state )-6(\(the )-6(state )-6(befor)20(e)]TJ -14.18 -1.2 Td (either of these functions was called\) by calling the function)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 26.217 0 Td (tty_reset)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj -24.417 -1.2 Td [(If )-77(we\325ve )-77(called)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.902 0 Td (tty_cbreak)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(,)-327(we)-327(need )-77(to )-77(call)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 13.746 0 Td (tty_reset)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.727 0 Td (befor)Tj 0.3268 Tc 2.288 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (alling)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.838 0 Td (tty_raw)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj -34.55 -1.2 Td [(The )-264(same )-264(goes )-264(for )-264(calling)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 12.765 0 Td (tty_cbreak)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.514 0 Td [(after )-264(calling)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.016 0 Td (tty_raw)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.7641 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 5.827 0 Td [(his )-264(impr)18(oves )-264(the)]TJ -31.122 -1.2 Td [(chances that the terminal will be left in a usable state if we encounter\ any err)18(ors.)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47289 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(B.2)]TJ 32.558 0 Td (Standar)Tj 0.5 Tc 3.421 0 Td (dE)Tj 0 Tc 1.722 0 Td [(rr)18(or )-250(Routines)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 8.132 0 Td (903)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 151.1909 670.2598 Tm (va_end\(ap\);)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (exit\(2\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj 0 -2.021 TD (/*)Tj 0.6 Tc 0.6 -1.189 Td (*N)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (onfatal error unrelated to a system call.)Tj 0.6 Tc -1.8 -1.189 Td (*P)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (rint a message and return.)Tj -1.8 -1.189 Td (*/)Tj -0.6 -1.189 Td (void)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (log_msg\(const char *fmt, ...\))Tj T* ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td [(va_list )-2400(ap;)]TJ 0 -2.021 TD (va_start\(ap, fmt\);)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (log_doit\(0, 0, LOG_ERR, fmt, ap\);)Tj T* (va_end\(ap\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj 0 -2.021 TD (/*)Tj 0.6 Tc 0.6 -1.189 Td (*F)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (atal error unrelated to a system call.)Tj 0.6 Tc -1.8 -1.189 Td (*P)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (rint a message and terminate.)Tj -1.8 -1.189 Td (*/)Tj -0.6 -1.189 Td (void)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (log_quit\(const char *fmt, ...\))Tj T* ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td [(va_list )-2400(ap;)]TJ 0 -2.021 TD (va_start\(ap, fmt\);)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (log_doit\(0, 0, LOG_ERR, fmt, ap\);)Tj T* (va_end\(ap\);)Tj T* (exit\(2\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj 0 -2.021 TD (/*)Tj 0.6 Tc 0.6 -1.189 Td (*F)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (atal error related to a system call.)Tj 0.6 Tc -1.8 -1.189 Td (*E)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (rror number passed as an explicit parameter.)Tj 0.6 Tc -1.8 -1.189 Td (*P)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (rint a message and terminate.)Tj -1.8 -1.189 Td (*/)Tj -0.6 -1.189 Td (void)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (log_exit\(int error, const char *fmt, ...\))Tj 0 -1.189 TD ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td [(va_list )-2400(ap;)]TJ 0 -2.021 TD (va_start\(ap, fmt\);)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (log_doit\(1, error, LOG_ERR, fmt, ap\);)Tj T* (va_end\(ap\);)Tj T* (exit\(2\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj 0 -2.021 TD (/*)Tj 0.6 Tc 0.6 -1.189 Td (*P)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (rint a message and return to caller.)Tj 0.6 Tc -1.8 -1.189 Td (*C)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (aller specifies "errnoflag" and "priority".)Tj -1.8 -1.189 Td (*/)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47290 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(B.2)]TJ 32.558 0 Td (Standar)Tj 0.5 Tc 3.421 0 Td (dE)Tj 0 Tc 1.722 0 Td [(rr)18(or )-250(Routines)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 8.132 0 Td (899)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5911 668.9599 Tm (Figur)Tj 0.25 Tc 2.383 0 Td (eB)Tj 0 Tc 1.34 0 Td [(.2 summarizes the dif)18(fer)18(ences between the various err)18(or functions.)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1683.25 6502.25 cm 0 0 m 3125 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 175.8029 642.1229 Tm [(Function )-1685(Adds)-250(string fr)18(om)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 13.752 0 Td (strerror)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.5 Tc (?P)Tj 0 Tc 7.348 0 Td (arameter to)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 5.329 0 Td (strerror)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.092 Tc 6.3 0 Td (Te)Tj 0 Tc 1 0 Td (rminate?)Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1683.25 6382.25 cm 0 0 m 3125 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1683.25 6362.25 cm 0 0 m 3125 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 172.313 628.0869 Tm (err_dump)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 12.136 0 Td (yes)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 12.662 0 Td [(errno )-4766(abort\(\);)]TJ -24.797 -1.25 Td (err_exit)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 12.136 0 Td (yes )Tj 10.138 0 Td [(explicit)-250(parameter)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.89 0 Td (exit)Tj 2.4 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.6 -0.04 Td (1)Tj 0.6 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.6 -0.04 Td (;)Tj -37.364 -1.25 Td (err_msg)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 12.302 0 Td (no)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 20.862 0 Td (return;)Tj -33.164 -1.25 Td (err_quit)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 12.302 0 Td (no)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 20.862 0 Td (exit)Tj 2.4 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.6 -0.04 Td (1)Tj 0.6 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.6 -0.04 Td (;)Tj -37.364 -1.25 Td (err_ret)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 12.136 0 Td (yes)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 12.662 0 Td [(errno )-4766(return;)]TJ -24.797 -1.25 Td (err_sys)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 12.136 0 Td (yes)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 12.662 0 Td [(errno )-4766(exit)]TJ 10.767 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.6 -0.04 Td (1)Tj 0.6 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.6 -0.04 Td (;)Tj -37.364 -1.25 Td (err_cont)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 12.136 0 Td (yes )Tj 10.138 0 Td [(explicit)-250(parameter)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.89 0 Td (return;)Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1683.25 5642.25 cm 0 0 m 3125 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 172.3026 556.0665 Tm (log_msg)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 12.302 0 Td (no)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 20.862 0 Td (return;)Tj -33.164 -1.25 Td (log_quit)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 12.302 0 Td (no)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 20.863 0 Td (exit)Tj 2.4 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.6 -0.04 Td (2)Tj 0.6 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.6 -0.04 Td (;)Tj -37.364 -1.25 Td (log_ret)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 12.136 0 Td (yes)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 12.662 0 Td [(errno )-4766(return;)]TJ -24.797 -1.25 Td (log_sys)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 12.136 0 Td (yes)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 12.662 0 Td [(errno )-4766(exit)]TJ 10.767 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.6 -0.04 Td (2)Tj 0.6 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.6 -0.04 Td (;)Tj -37.364 -1.25 Td (log_exit)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 12.136 0 Td (yes )Tj 10.138 0 Td [(explicit)-250(parameter)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.89 0 Td (exit)Tj 2.4 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.6 -0.04 Td (2)Tj 0.6 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.6 -0.04 Td (;)Tj ET q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1683.25 5122.25 cm 0 0 m 3125 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4316.25 5122.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1380 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3338.25 5122.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1380 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2167.25 5122.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1380 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4808.25 5122.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1380 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1683.25 5122.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1380 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9976 0 0 7.9976 251.9244 494.0518 Tm (Figure B.2)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.362 0 Td (Our standar)Tj 0.25 Tc 5.354 0 Td (de)Tj 0 Tc 1.34 0 Td [(rr)18(or functions)]TJ 9.997 0 0 9.997 147.5557 464.0608 Tm (Figur)Tj 0.25 Tc 2.383 0 Td (eB)Tj 0 Tc 1.34 0 Td [(.3 shows the err)18(or functions that output to standar)]TJ 0.25 Tc 22.201 0 Td (de)Tj 0 Tc 1.34 0 Td [(rr)18(or)74(.)]TJ ET q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 4570.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9968 0 0 8.9968 129.5534 447.3379 Tm (#include "apue.h")Tj 0 -1.189 TD [(#include )-3600(/* for definition of errno */)]TJ T* [(#include )-3000(/* ISO C variable aruments */)]TJ 0 -2.021 TD (static void err_doit\(int, int, const char *, va_list\);)Tj T* (/*)Tj 0.6 Tc 0.6 -1.189 Td (*N)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (onfatal error related to a system call.)Tj 0.6 Tc -1.8 -1.189 Td (*P)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (rint a message and return.)Tj -1.8 -1.189 Td (*/)Tj -0.6 -1.189 Td (void)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (err_ret\(const char *fmt, ...\))Tj T* ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td [(va_list )-2400(ap;)]TJ 0 -2.021 TD (va_start\(ap, fmt\);)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (err_doit\(1, errno, fmt, ap\);)Tj T* (va_end\(ap\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj 0 -2.021 TD (/*)Tj 0.6 Tc 0.6 -1.189 Td (*F)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (atal error related to a system call.)Tj 0.6 Tc -1.8 -1.189 Td (*P)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (rint a message and terminate.)Tj -1.8 -1.189 Td (*/)Tj -0.6 -1.189 Td (void)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (err_sys\(const char *fmt, ...\))Tj T* ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td [(va_list )-2400(ap;)]TJ 0 -2.021 TD (va_start\(ap, fmt\);)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (err_doit\(1, errno, fmt, ap\);)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47291 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (758)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5 Tc 3.5 0 Td (AD)Tj 0 Tc 2.052 0 Td [(atabase )-250(Library)]TJ 36.689 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(20)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 6690.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 134.9919 659.4594 Tm [(94 )-2400(db->nhash)]TJ 0.6 Tc 11.4 0 Td (=N)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (HASH_DEF;/* hash table size */)Tj -13.2 -1.189 Td [(95 )-2400(db->hashoff)]TJ 0.6 Tc 11.4 0 Td (=H)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (ASH_OFF; /* offset in index file of hash table */)Tj -13.2 -1.189 Td [(96 )-2400(strcpy\(db->name,)-600(pathname\);)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(97 )-2400(strcat\(db->name,)-600(".idx"\);)]TJ 0 -2.259 TD [(98 )-2400(if)-600(\(oflag & O_CREAT\) {)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(99 )-4800(va_list)-600(ap;)]TJ -0.6 -2.259 Td [(100 )-4800(va_start\(ap,)-600(oflag\);)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(101 )-4800(mode)]TJ 0.6 Tc 10.2 0 Td (=v)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (a_arg\(ap, int\);)Tj -12 -1.189 Td [(102 )-4800(va_end\(ap\);)]TJ 0 -2.259 TD [(103 )-4800(/*)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD (104 )Tj 7.8 0 Td [(*)-600(Open index file and data file.)]TJ -7.8 -1.189 Td (105 )Tj 7.8 0 Td (*/)Tj -7.8 -1.189 Td [(106 )-4800(db->idxfd)]TJ 0.6 Tc 13.2 0 Td (=o)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (pen\(db->name, oflag, mode\);)Tj -15 -1.189 Td [(107 )-4800(strcpy\(db->name)]TJ 0.6 Tc 16.8 0 Td (+l)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (en, ".dat"\);)Tj -18.6 -1.189 Td [(108 )-4800(db->datfd)]TJ 0.6 Tc 13.2 0 Td (=o)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (pen\(db->name, oflag, mode\);)Tj -15 -1.189 Td [(109 )-2400(})-600(else {)]TJ T* [(110 )-4800(/*)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD (111 )Tj 7.8 0 Td [(*)-600(Open index file and data file.)]TJ -7.8 -1.189 Td (112 )Tj 7.8 0 Td (*/)Tj -7.8 -1.189 Td [(113 )-4800(db->idxfd)]TJ 0.6 Tc 13.2 0 Td (=o)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (pen\(db->name, oflag\);)Tj -15 -1.189 Td [(114 )-4800(strcpy\(db->name)]TJ 0.6 Tc 16.8 0 Td (+l)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (en, ".dat"\);)Tj -18.6 -1.189 Td [(115 )-4800(db->datfd)]TJ 0.6 Tc 13.2 0 Td (=o)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (pen\(db->name, oflag\);)Tj -15 -1.189 Td [(116 )-2400(})]TJ 0 -2.259 TD [(117 )-2400(if)-600(\(db->idxfd < 0 || db->datfd < 0\) {)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(118 )-4800(_db_free\(db\);)]TJ T* [(119 )-4800(return\(NULL\);)]TJ T* [(120 )-2400(})]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 3380.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 313.9403 Tm [([94 )167(\320 )167(97])]TJ -0.092 Tc 5 0 Td [(We )-305(c)]TJ 0 Tc 2.202 0 Td [(ontinue )-121(to )-121(initialize )-121(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.995 0 Td (DB)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.571 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e. )-371(The)-371(pathname )-121(passed )-121(in )-121(by )-121(the)]TJ -14.769 -1.2 Td [(caller )-148(speci\336es )-148(the )-148(pr)18(e\336x )-148(of )-148(the )-148(database )-148(\336lenames.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 24.196 0 Td [(We )-332(a)]TJ 0 Tc 2.285 0 Td [(ppend )-148(the )-148(suf)18(\336x)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -26.48 -1.2 Td (.idx)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td [(to cr)18(eate the name for the database index \336le.)]TJ -7.65 -1.6 Td [([98 )167(\320 )167(108])-1168(If )-57(the )-57(caller )-57(wants )-57(to )-57(cr)20(eate )-56(the )-56(database )-56(\336les, )-56(we )-56(use )-56(the )-56(variable )-56(ar)14(gument)]TJ 5 -1.2 Td [(functions )-93(fr)18(om)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.956 0 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.343 0 Td [(to )-93(\336nd )-93(the )-93(optional )-93(thir)]TJ 0.3428 Tc 10.687 0 Td (da)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.454 0 Td (rg)Tj 0 Tc 0.933 0 Td [(ument. )-343(Then)-343(we)]TJ -26.372 -1.2 Td (use)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.982 0 Td (open)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.876 0 Td [(to )-226(cr)18(eate )-226(and )-226(open )-226(the )-226(index )-226(\336le )-226(and )-226(data )-226(\336le.)-726(Note )-226(that )-226(the)]TJ -4.859 -1.2 Td [(\336lename )-68(of )-68(the )-68(data )-68(\336le )-68(starts )-68(with )-68(the )-68(same )-68(pr)18(e\336x )-68(as )-68(the )-68(index )-68(\336le )-68(but )-68(has)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0 -1.2 TD (.dat)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td [(as a suf)18(\336x instead.)]TJ -7.65 -1.6 Td [([109 )167(\320 )167(1)54(16] )-472(If)-378(the )-127(caller )-127(doesn\325t )-127(specify )-127(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 19.482 0 Td (O_CREAT)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.577 0 Td [(\337ag, )-127(then )-127(we\325r)]TJ 0.3772 Tc 6.606 0 Td (eo)Tj 0 Tc 1.402 0 Td [(pening )-127(existing)]TJ -27.067 -1.2 Td [(database \336les.)-500(In this case, we simply call)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 18.716 0 Td (open)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td [(with two ar)18(guments.)]TJ -26.366 -1.6 Td [([1)55(17 )167(\320 )167(120])-723(If )-99(an )-99(err)18(or )-99(occurs )-99(while )-99(we )-99(ar)]TJ 0.3491 Tc 18.561 0 Td (eo)Tj 0 Tc 1.374 0 Td [(pening )-99(or )-99(cr)18(eating )-99(either )-99(database )-99(\336le, )-99(we)]TJ -14.935 -1.2 Td (call)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.962 0 Td (_db_free)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.236 0 Td [(to )-186(clean )-186(up )-186(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.501 0 Td (DB)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.636 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)]TJ 0.4356 Tc 3.49 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.415 0 Td [(nd )-186(then )-186(r)19(eturn)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.231 0 Td (NULL)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.836 0 Td [(to )-186(the)]TJ -31.305 -1.2 Td (caller)Tj 0.6517 Tc 2.326 0 Td (.I)Tj 0.4017 Tc 1.239 0 Td (fo)Tj 0 Tc 1.281 0 Td (ne)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.463 0 Td (open)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.802 0 Td [(succeeded )-152(and )-152(one )-152(failed,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 12.236 0 Td (_db_free)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.202 0 Td [(will )-152(take )-152(car)]TJ 0.4018 Tc 5.693 0 Td (eo)Tj 0 Tc 1.427 0 Td (f)Tj -33.667 -1.2 Td [(closing the open \336le descriptor)74(,)-250(as)-250(we)-250(shall see shortly)111(.)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47292 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (226)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Pr)18(ocess )-250(Envir)18(onment )]TJ 39.241 0 Td [(Chapter)-500(7)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 11.9993 0 0 11.9993 129.5922 668.9599 Tm [(Ex)10(er)20(cises)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 129.5922 647.9611 Tm (7.1)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.602 0 Td [(On )-91(an )-91(Intel )-91(x86 )-91(system )-91(under )-91(Linux, )-91(if )-91(we )-91(execute )-91(the )-91(pr)18(ogram )-91(that )-91(prints )-91(\324)37(\324hello, )-91(world\325)32(\325)]TJ 0 -1.222 TD [(and )-154(do )-154(not )-154(call)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 7.446 0 Td (exit)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.804 0 Td (or)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.345 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0 Td (en)Tj 0 Tc 1.488 0 Td (ot)Tj -38.128 -1.2 Td [(stor)18(ed )-97(in )-97(the )-97(pr)17(ogram )-97(\336le )-97(on )-97(disk, )-97(because )-97(the )-97(kernel )-97(sets )-97(the )-97(contents )-97(to )-97(0 )-97(befor)]TJ 0.3474 Tc 36.787 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.152 0 Td (he)Tj -37.939 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ogram )-53(starts )-53(r)7(unning. )-303(The)-304(only )-53(portions )-53(of )-53(the )-53(pr)16(ogram )-53(that )-53(need )-53(to )-53(be )-53(saved )-53(in )-53(the)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ogram \336le ar)]TJ 0.25 Tc 6.61 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.055 0 Td (he text segment and the initialized data.)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47295 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (162)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td (Standar)Tj 0.5 Tc 3.421 0 Td (dI)Tj 0 Tc 1.448 0 Td [(/O )-250(Library)]TJ 34.372 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(5)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5911 668.9599 Tm [(Refer )-304(to )-304(Section )-304(7.3 )-304(of )-304(Kernighan )-304(and )-304(Ritchie)]TJ 22.446 0.04 Td ([)Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (1988)Tj 2 0.04 Td (])Tj 0.887 -0.04 Td [(for )-304(additional )-304(details )-304(on)]TJ -27.466 -1.2 Td [(handling )-331(variable-length )-331(ar)18(gument )-331(lists )-331(with )-331(ISO )-331(Standar)]TJ 0.5816 Tc 27.371 0 Td (dC)Tj 0.8316 Tc 1.902 0 Td (.B)Tj 0.5816 Tc 1.693 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.561 0 Td (war)Tj 0.5816 Tc 1.711 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.387 0 Td [(hat )-332(the)]TJ -35.623 -1.2 Td [(variable-length )-77(ar)18(gument )-77(list )-77(r)18(outines )-77(pr)18(ovided )-77(with )-77(ISO )-77(C)]TJ 0.0833 Tc 26.83 0 Td (\321t)Tj 0 Tc 1.409 0 Td (he)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.388 0 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.327 0 Td (header)Tj -35.954 -1.2 Td [(and )-26(its )-26(associated )-26(r)17(outines )167(\321 )167(dif)17(fer )-26(fr)18(om )-26(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 19.682 0 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 6.876 0 Td (ro)Tj 0 Tc 0.923 0 Td [(utines )-26(that )-26(wer)]TJ 0.2765 Tc 6.682 0 Td (ep)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.356 0 Td (ro)Tj 0 Tc 0.923 0 Td (vided)Tj -36.443 -1.2 Td (with older UNIX systems.)Tj /TT1 1 Tf -3.6 -3.12 Td (Formatted Input)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.6 -2.16 Td [(Formatted input is handled by the thr)18(ee)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 17.885 0 Td (scanf)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td (functions.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 140.3918 551.4669 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.902 TD (int scanf\(const char *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 18.6 0 Td (format)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,.)Tj 0 Tc 4.466 0 Td (..\);)Tj -23.066 -1.902 Td (int fscanf\(FILE *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 15.6 0 Td (fp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 2.578 0 Td (onst char *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 12 0 Td (format)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,.)Tj 0 Tc 4.466 0 Td (..\);)Tj -34.644 -1.902 Td (int sscanf\(const char *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 19.2 0 Td (buf)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 3.097 0 Td (onst char *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 12 0 Td (format)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,.)Tj 0 Tc 4.466 0 Td (..\);)Tj 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)-103(r)18(esults )-103(that )-103(ar)]TJ 0.3531 Tc 24.268 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.256 0 Td [(tor)18(ed )-103(in)]TJ -35.435 -1.2 Td [(unsigned )-311(types )-311(can )-311(optionally )-311(be )-311(signed )-311(on )-311(input.)-811(For )-311(example,)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 31.686 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5614 Tc (1w)Tj 0 Tc 2.444 0 Td [(ill )-311(scan )-311(as)]TJ -34.13 -1.2 Td [(4294967295 )-239(into )-239(an )-239(unsigned )-239(integer)]TJ 0.739 Tc 16.945 0 Td (.F)Tj 0 Tc 1.545 0 Td (igur)Tj 0.489 Tc 1.827 0 Td (e5)Tj 0 Tc 1.468 0 Td [(.10 )-239(summarizes )-239(the )-239(conversion )-239(types)]TJ -21.785 -1.2 Td (supported by the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 7.832 0 Td (scanf)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td (family of functions.)Tj -9.282 -1.2 Td [(The )-88(optional)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.033 0 Td (m)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.938 0 Td [(character )-88(between )-88(the )-88(\336eld )-88(width )-88(and )-88(the )-88(length )-88(modi\336er )-88(is )-88(called)]TJ -8.77 -1.2 Td (the)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.784 0 Td [(assignment-allocation )-147(character)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 0.6466 Tc (.I)Tj 0.3966 Tc 14.183 0 Td (tc)Tj 0 Tc 1.167 0 Td [(an )-146(be )-146(used )-146(with )-146(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.634 0 Td (%c)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.846 0 Td (%s)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.3965 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 2.346 0 Td (nd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.589 0 Td (%[)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.596 0 Td (conversion)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47296 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (188)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(System )-250(Data )-250(Files )-250(and )-250(Information)]TJ 39.241 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(6)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5911 664.2601 Tm (struct utsname {)Tj 1.2 -1.189 Td [(char )-600(sysname[];)-2400(/* name of the operating system */)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(char )-600(nodename[];)-1800(/* name of this node */)]TJ T* [(char )-600(release[];)-2400(/* current 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0 Td (hows the stack frames.)Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 1878 5286 576 360 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 196.2165 549.774 Tm (stack frame)Tj 0.583 -1.25 Td (for)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.524 0 Td (main)Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1878.25 5286.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -144 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2454.25 5286.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -144 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2598 5286 576 360 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 268.1917 549.741 Tm (stack frame)Tj 0.583 -1.25 Td (for)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.524 0 Td (main)Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2598 4926 576 360 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 268.1756 513.7167 Tm (stack frame)Tj -0.017 -1.25 Td (for)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.524 0 Td (sleep2)Tj ET q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2598 4566 576 360 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9976 0 0 7.9976 268.1595 477.6967 Tm (stack frame)Tj -0.317 -1.25 Td (for)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.524 0 Td (sig_int)Tj ET q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2598.25 4566.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -144 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3174.25 4566.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -144 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 3318 5286 576 360 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9971 0 0 7.9971 340.1175 549.6421 Tm (stack frame)Tj 0.583 -1.25 Td (for)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.524 0 Td (main)Tj ET q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 3318 4926 576 360 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9966 0 0 7.9966 340.0971 513.6242 Tm (stack frame)Tj -0.017 -1.25 Td (for)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.524 0 Td (sleep2)Tj ET q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 3318 4566 576 360 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9962 0 0 7.9962 340.0767 477.6107 Tm (stack frame)Tj -0.317 -1.25 Td (for)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.524 0 Td (sig_int)Tj ET q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 3318 4206 576 360 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9957 0 0 7.9957 340.0563 441.6015 Tm (stack frame)Tj -0.617 -1.25 Td (for)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.524 0 Td (sig_alrm)Tj ET q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3318.25 4206.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -144 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3894.25 4206.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -144 l S Q Q q 0.9994002 0 0 0.9994002 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 393 510.6 cm 0 0 m 4.32 -6.048 l 1.008 -7.344 l f Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3930 5106 cm 0 0 m 43.2 -60.48 l 10.08 -73.44 l h S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3858.01 4386 cm 0 0 m 88.86 122.78 136.7 270.48 136.7 422.05 c 136.7 500.6 123.84 578.63 98.64 653.03 c S Q Q BT /TT1 1 Tf 7.9947 0 0 7.9947 397.5375 450.9423 Tm (longjmp)Tj ET q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 4146 5286 576 360 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9942 0 0 7.9942 422.7355 549.4442 Tm (stack frame)Tj 0.583 -1.25 Td (for)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.524 0 Td (main)Tj ET q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 4146 4926 576 360 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9938 0 0 7.9938 422.7101 513.4393 Tm (stack frame)Tj -0.017 -1.25 Td (for)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.524 0 Td (sleep2)Tj ET q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4146.25 4926.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -144 l S Q Q q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4722.25 4926.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -144 l S Q Q q 0.9991603 0 0 0.9991603 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 475.8 546.6 cm 0 0 m 3.456 -6.552 l -0.072 -7.416 l f Q Q q 0.099916 0 0 0.099916 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4758 5466 cm 0 0 m 34.56 -65.52 l -0.72 -74.16 l h S Q Q q 0.099916 0 0 0.099916 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4686.0098 5106 cm 0 0 m 59.25 66.03 92.02 151.63 92.02 240.35 c 92.02 257.01 90.86 273.66 88.56 290.16 c S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 7.9928 0 0 7.9928 481.4305 531.3615 Tm (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (turn to)Tj /TT1 1 Tf -0.114 -1.25 Td (main)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -41.79 5.3 Td (bottom)Tj 0.026 -1.25 Td (of stack)Tj ET q 0.9991004 0 0 0.9991004 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 173.4 507 cm 0 0 m -1.8 7.2 l 1.8 7.2 l f Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1734 5070 cm 0 0 m -18 72 l 18 72 l h S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1734.25 5286.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -144 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9923 0 0 7.9923 269.4452 581.6813 Tm [(pr)18(ocessing)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 0.562 -1.25 Td (SIGINT)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 8.438 1.25 Td [(pr)18(ocessing)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 0.262 -1.25 Td (SIGALRM)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 11.434 1.25 Td (after)Tj /TT1 1 Tf -1.083 -1.25 Td (longjmp)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -22.428 -23.905 Td [(Figure C.1)37(1)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 5.88 0 Td (Stack frames befor)Tj 0.25 Tc 8.153 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (nd after)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 3.726 0 Td (longjmp)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9904 0 0 9.9904 160.0957 351.862 Tm (The)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 2.175 0 Td (longjmp)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.701 0 Td [(fr)18(om)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 2.64 0 Td (sig_alrm)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.301 0 Td [(back )-251(to)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 3.927 0 Td (sleep2)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.101 0 Td [(ef)18(fectively )-251(aborts )-251(the )-251(call )-251(to)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf -22.844 -1.2 Td (sig_int)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5 Tc (.F)Tj -0.018 Tc 5.506 0 Td (ro)Tj 0.25 Tc 0.923 0 Td (mt)Tj 0 Tc 1.459 0 Td (his point,)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 4.393 0 Td (sleep2)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 3.85 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(turns to main \(r)18(ecall Figur)]TJ 0.25 Tc 11.556 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (0.8\).)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -32.837 -1.84 Td (10.4)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.092 Tc 3.065 0 Td [(We )-218(a)]TJ 0 Tc 2.171 0 Td [(gain )-34(have )-34(a )-34(race )-34(condition, )-34(this )-34(time )-34(between )-34(the )-34(\336rst )-34(call )-34(to)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 27.117 0 Td (alarm)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.284 0 Td [(and )-34(the)]TJ -32.571 -1.2 Td [(call )-279(to)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 3.457 0 Td (setjmp)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.7795 Tc (.I)Tj 0.5295 Tc 4.966 0 Td (ft)Tj 0 Tc 1.189 0 Td [(he )-279(pr)18(ocess )-280(is )-280(blocked )-280(by )-280(the )-280(kernel )-280(between )-280(these )-280(two)]TJ -9.612 -1.2 Td [(function )-132(calls, )-132(the )-132(alarm )-132(goes )-132(of)18(f, )-132(the )-132(signal )-132(handler )-132(is )-132(called, )-132(and)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 30.638 0 Td (longjmp)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.582 0 Td (is)Tj -35.22 -1.2 Td [(called. )-300(But)-300(since)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 7.775 0 Td (setjmp)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.9 0 Td [(was )-50(never )-50(called, )-50(the )-50(buf)19(fer)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 12.688 0 Td (env_alrm)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.1 0 Td [(is )-50(not )-50(set.)-550(The)]TJ -29.463 -1.2 Td [(operation )-61(of)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 5.767 0 Td (longjmp)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.511 0 Td [(is )-61(unde\336ned )-61(if )-61(its )-61(jump )-61(buf)18(fer )-61(has )-61(not )-61(been )-61(initialized )-61(by)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf -10.278 -1.2 Td (setjmp)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -3.065 -1.84 Td (10.5)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.065 0 Td [(See )-120(\324)37(\324Implementing )-120(Softwar)]TJ 0.3701 Tc 12.473 0 Td (eT)Tj 0 Tc 1.407 0 Td [(imers\325)37(\325)-370(by)-370(Don )-120(Libes )-120(\()]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 0.3701 Tc (CU)Tj 0 Tc 11.989 0 Td [(sers )-120(Journal)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 0.3701 Tc (,v)Tj 0 Tc 6.111 0 Td [(ol. )-120(8, )-120(no.)]TJ -0.055 Tc -31.98 -1.2 Td (11)Tj 0.5312 Tc 0.945 0 Td (,N)Tj 0 Tc 1.612 0 Td (ov)Tj 0.5312 Tc 1 0 Td (.1)Tj 0 Tc 1.281 0 Td [(990\) )-281(for )-281(an )-281(example.)]TJ 0.5311 Tc 10.563 0 Td (Ac)Tj 0 Tc 1.753 0 Td [(opy )-281(of )-281(this )-281(paper )-281(is )-281(available )-281(online )-281(at)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf -17.154 -1.2 Td (http://www.kohala.com/start/libes.timers.txt)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -3.065 -1.84 Td (10.7)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.065 0 Td [(If )-24(we )-24(simply )-24(called)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 8.741 0 Td (_exit)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.2741 Tc (,t)Tj 0 Tc 3.85 0 Td [(he )-24(termination )-24(status )-24(of )-24(the )-24(pr)18(ocess )-24(would )-24(not )-24(show)]TJ -12.591 -1.2 Td (that it was terminated by the)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 12.977 0 Td (SIGABRT)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td (signal.)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -20.492 -1.84 Td (10.8)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.065 0 Td [(If )-50(the )-50(signal )-50(was )-50(sent )-50(by )-50(a )-50(pr)18(ocess )-50(owned )-50(by )-50(some )-50(other )-50(user)]TJ 0.3002 Tc 27.424 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 0.876 0 Td [(he )-50(pr)18(ocess )-50(has )-50(to)]TJ -28.301 -1.2 Td [(be )-27(set-user)18(-ID )-27(to )-27(either )-27(r)18(oot )-27(or )-27(to )-27(the )-27(owner )-27(of )-27(the )-27(r)18(eceiving )-27(pr)18(ocess, )-27(or )-27(the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 33.535 0 Td (kill)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -33.535 -1.2 Td [(attempt )-133(won\325t )-133(work.)-632(Ther)18(efor)18(e, )-133(the )-133(r)18(eal )-133(user )-133(ID )-133(pr)18(ovides )-133(mor)]TJ 0.3827 Tc 28.544 0 Td (ei)Tj 0 Tc 1.153 0 Td [(nformation )-133(to)]TJ -29.696 -1.2 Td [(the r)18(eceiver of the signal.)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47302 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(10.9)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 30.886 0 Td (kill)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.9 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.193 0 Td (raise)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td (Functions)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.354 0 Td (337)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5911 658.2605 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.902 TD (int kill\(pid_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 9 0 Td (pid)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 3.078 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (signo)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -13.878 -1.902 Td (int raise\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 8.4 0 Td (signo)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 16.851 -1.902 Td [(Both r)18(eturn: 0 if OK,)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 9.213 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 6024.25 cm 0 0 m 0 649 l 3900 649 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 588.8693 Tm (The call)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9989 0 0 8.9989 147.5823 572.1717 Tm (raise\(signo\);)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 554.1739 Tm (is equivalent to the call)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9989 0 0 8.9989 147.5823 537.4755 Tm (kill\(getpid\(\), signo\);)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 519.4777 Tm (Ther)Tj 0.25 Tc 2.051 0 Td (ea)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.229 0 Td [(re )-36(f)]TJ 0 Tc 1.439 0 Td [(our dif)18(fer)18(ent conditions for the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 13.891 0 Td (pid)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.528 0 Td [(ar)18(gument to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.678 0 Td (kill)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -25.816 -2.16 Td (pid)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.778 0 Td (>)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.915 Tc 1.1 0 Td (0T)Tj 0 Tc 4.028 0 Td [(he signal is sent to the pr)18(ocess whose pr)18(ocess ID is)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 22.521 0 Td (pid)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -29.427 -1.96 Td (pid)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.778 0 Td (==)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.315 Tc 1.7 0 Td (0T)Tj 0 Tc 3.428 0 Td [(he )-209(signal )-209(is )-209(sent )-209(to )-209(all )-209(pr)18(ocesses )-209(whose )-209(pr)18(ocess )-209(gr)14(oup )-209(ID )-209(equals )-209(the)]TJ -0.613 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ocess )-75(gr)18(oup )-75(ID )-75(of )-75(the )-75(sender )-75(and )-75(for )-75(which )-75(the )-75(sender )-75(has )-75(permission)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(to )-498(send )-498(the )-498(signal.)-998(Note )-498(that )-498(the )-498(term)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 20.867 0 Td [(all )-498(pr)18(ocesses)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 6.163 0 Td [(excludes )-498(an)]TJ -27.03 -1.2 Td [(implementation-de\336ned )-573(set )-573(of )-573(system )-573(pr)18(ocesses. )-823(For)-823(most )-573(UNIX)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(systems, )-163(this )-163(set )-163(of )-163(system )-163(pr)18(ocesses )-163(includes )-163(the )-163(kernel )-163(pr)18(ocesses )-163(and)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf T* (init)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td (\(pid 1\).)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -8.943 -1.96 Td (pid)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.778 0 Td (<)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.915 Tc 1.1 0 Td (0T)Tj 0 Tc 4.028 0 Td [(he )-209(signal )-209(is )-209(sent )-209(to )-209(all )-209(pr)18(ocesses )-209(whose )-209(pr)18(ocess )-209(gr)18(oup )-209(ID )-209(equals )-209(the)]TJ -0.613 -1.2 Td [(absolute )-23(value )-23(of)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 7.859 0 Td (pid)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.551 0 Td [(and )-24(for )-24(which )-24(the )-24(sender )-24(has )-24(permission )-24(to )-24(send )-24(the)]TJ -9.411 -1.2 Td [(signal. )-343(Again,)-342(the )-93(set )-93(of )-93(all )-93(pr)18(ocesses )-93(excludes )-93(certain )-93(system )-93(pr)20(ocesses,)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(as described earlier)74(.)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf -6.293 -1.96 Td (pid)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.778 0 Td (==)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.7 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.766 Tc (1T)Tj 0 Tc 3.428 0 Td [(he )-52(signal )-52(is )-52(sent )-52(to )-52(all )-52(pr)18(ocesses )-52(on )-52(the )-52(system )-52(for )-52(which )-52(the )-52(sender )-52(has)]TJ -0.613 -1.2 Td [(permission )-162(to )-162(send )-162(the )-162(signal.)-662(As )-162(befor)18(e, )-162(the )-162(set )-162(of )-162(pr)17(ocesses )-162(excludes)]TJ T* [(certain system pr)18(ocesses.)]TJ -4.493 -2.16 Td [(As )-304(we\325ve )-304(mentioned, )-304(a )-304(pr)18(ocess )-304(needs )-304(permission )-304(to )-304(send )-304(a )-304(signal )-304(to )-304(another)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ocess. )-287(The)-287(super)8(user )-37(can )-37(send )-37(a )-37(signal )-37(to )-37(any )-37(pr)17(ocess. )-287(For)-287(other )-37(users, )-37(the )-37(basic )-37(r)8(ule)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(is )-19(that )-19(the )-19(r)18(eal )-19(or )-19(ef)18(fective )-19(user )-19(ID )-19(of )-19(the )-19(sender )-19(has )-19(to )-19(equal )-19(the )-19(r)21(eal )-19(or )-19(ef)18(fective )-19(user )-19(ID)]TJ T* [(of )-77(the )-77(r)17(eceiver)]TJ 0.5774 Tc 6.356 0 Td (.I)Tj 0.3274 Tc 1.164 0 Td (ft)Tj 0 Tc 0.986 0 Td [(he )-77(implementation )-77(supports)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 13.023 0 Td (_POSIX_SAVED_IDS)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.927 0 Td [(\(as )-77(POSIX.1 )-77(now)]TJ -0.018 Tc -31.457 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(quir)18(es\), )-20(the )-20(saved )-20(set-user)18(-ID )-20(of )-20(the )-20(r)18(eceiver )-20(is )-20(checked )-20(instead )-20(of )-20(its )-20(ef)18(fective )-20(user )-20(ID.)]TJ -0.856 -1.2 Td [(One )-293(special )-293(case )-293(for )-293(the )-293(permission )-293(testing )-293(also )-293(exists: )-293(if )-293(the )-293(signal )-293(being )-293(sent )-293(is)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf T* (SIGCONT)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (,ap)Tj -0.018 Tc 6.051 0 Td (ro)Tj 0 Tc 0.923 0 Td [(cess can send it to any other pr)18(ocess in the same session.)]TJ -5.174 -1.2 Td [(POSIX.1 )-52(de\336nes )-52(signal )-52(number )-52(0 )-52(as )-52(the )-52(null )-52(signal.)-552(If )-52(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 26.086 0 Td (signo)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.469 0 Td [(ar)18(gument )-52(is )-52(0, )-52(then)]TJ -30.355 -1.2 Td [(the )-6(normal )-6(err)18(or )-6(checking )-6(is )-6(performed )-6(by)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 19.049 0 Td (kill)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.2562 Tc (,b)Tj 0 Tc 3.459 0 Td [(ut )-6(no )-6(signal )-6(is )-6(sent.)-506(This )-6(technique )-6(is)]TJ -22.509 -1.2 Td [(often )-63(used )-63(to )-63(determine )-63(if )-63(a )-63(speci\336c )-63(pr)18(ocess )-63(still )-63(exists.)-567(If )-63(we )-63(send )-63(the )-63(pr)18(ocess )-63(the )-63(null)]TJ T* [(signal )-206(and )-206(it )-206(doesn\325t )-206(exist,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 12.766 0 Td (kill)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 2.856 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (turns)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 2.786 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.456 Tc (1a)Tj 0 Tc 2.005 0 Td (nd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.649 0 Td (errno)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.456 0 Td [(is )-206(set )-206(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.184 0 Td (ESRCH)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.706 Tc (.B)Tj 0.456 Tc 4.567 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.435 0 Td [(war)18(e,)]TJ -36.56 -1.2 Td (however)Tj 0.4546 Tc 3.806 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 1.031 0 Td [(hat )-205(UNIX )-205(systems )-205(r)18(ecycle )-205(pr)18(ocess )-205(IDs )-205(after )-205(some )-205(amount )-205(of )-205(time, )-205(so )-205(the)]TJ -4.837 -1.2 Td [(existence )-125(of )-125(a )-125(pr)18(ocess )-125(with )-125(a )-125(given )-125(pr)18(ocess )-125(ID )-125(does )-125(not )-125(necessarily )-125(mean )-125(that )-125(it\325s )-125(the)]TJ T* [(pr)18(ocess that you think it is.)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47303 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (288)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Pr)18(ocess )-250(Relationships)]TJ 39.241 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(9)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 668.9599 Tm (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(sult )-283(to )-283(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.503 0 Td (pw_passwd)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.933 0 Td [(\336eld )-283(fr)18(om )-283(our )-283(shadow )-283(passwor)]TJ 0.5333 Tc 15.005 0 Td (d\336)Tj 0 Tc 1.749 0 Td [(le )-283(entry)]TJ 0.7833 Tc 3.53 0 Td (.I)Tj 0.5333 Tc 1.37 0 Td (ft)Tj 0 Tc 1.192 0 Td [(he )-283(login)]TJ -35.14 -1.2 Td [(attempt )-67(fails )-67(because )-67(of )-67(an )-67(invalid )-67(passwor)]TJ 0.3169 Tc 19.461 0 Td (d\()Tj 0 Tc 1.261 0 Td [(after )-67(a )-67(few )-67(tries\),)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.944 0 Td (login)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.317 0 Td (calls)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.267 0 Td (exit)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.717 0 Td (with)Tj -36.967 -1.2 Td [(an )-47(ar)18(gument )-47(of )-47(1.)-547(This )-47(termination )-47(will )-47(be )-47(noticed )-47(by )-47(the )-47(par)18(ent )-47(\()]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 29.655 0 Td (init)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(\), )-47(and )-47(it )-47(will )-47(do)]TJ -29.655 -1.2 Td (another)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.69 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.68 0 Td [(followed )-30(by )-30(an)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.963 0 Td (exec)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.68 0 Td (of)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.159 0 Td (getty)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.2803 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 3.954 0 Td [(tarting )-30(the )-30(pr)17(ocedur)]TJ 0.2803 Tc 8.962 0 Td (eo)Tj 0 Tc 1.305 0 Td [(ver )-30(again )-30(for )-30(this)]TJ -31.394 -1.2 Td (terminal.)Tj 1.8 -1.2 Td [(This )-170(is )-170(the )-170(traditional )-170(authentication )-170(pr)18(ocedur)]TJ 0.4201 Tc 21.187 0 Td (eu)Tj 0 Tc 1.502 0 Td [(sed )-170(on )-170(UNIX )-170(systems.)-670(Modern)]TJ -24.49 -1.2 Td [(UNIX )-106(systems, )-106(however)]TJ 0.3557 Tc 10.896 0 Td (,h)Tj 0 Tc 1.188 0 Td [(ave )-106(evolved )-106(to )-106(support )-106(multiple )-106(authentication )-106(pr)20(ocedur)18(es.)]TJ -12.084 -1.2 Td [(For )-32(example, )-32(Fr)18(eeBSD, )-32(Linux, )-32(Mac )-32(OS )-32(X, )-32(and )-32(Solaris )-32(all )-32(support )-32(a )-32(mor)]TJ 0.2819 Tc 31.45 0 Td (e\337)Tj 0 Tc 1.369 0 Td [(exible )-32(scheme)]TJ -32.819 -1.2 Td [(known )-94(as )-94(P)92(AM )-94(\(Pluggable )-94(Authentication )-94(Modules\).)]TJ -0.092 Tc 24.478 0 Td (PA)Tj 0.3439 Tc 1.29 0 Td (Ma)Tj 0 Tc 1.79 0 Td [(llows )-94(an )-94(administrator )-94(to)]TJ -27.558 -1.2 Td (con\336gur)Tj 0.376 Tc 3.713 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.181 0 Td [(he )-126(authentication )-126(methods )-126(to )-126(be )-126(used )-126(to )-126(access )-126(services )-126(that )-126(ar)]TJ 0.376 Tc 28.77 0 Td (ew)Tj 0 Tc 1.689 0 Td [(ritten )-126(to)]TJ -35.353 -1.2 Td [(use the P)92(AM library)111(.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(If )-205(our )-205(application )-205(needs )-205(to )-205(verify )-205(that )-205(a )-205(user )-205(has )-205(the )-205(appr)18(opriate )-205(permission )-205(to)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(perform )-431(a )-431(task, )-431(we )-431(can )-431(either )-431(har)]TJ 0.6815 Tc 17.127 0 Td (dc)Tj 0 Tc 1.736 0 Td [(ode )-431(the )-431(authentication )-431(mechanism )-431(in )-431(the)]TJ -18.863 -1.2 Td [(application )-366(or )-366(use )-366(the )-366(P)93(AM )-366(library )-366(to )-366(give )-366(us )-366(the )-366(equivalent )-366(functionality)]TJ 0.8657 Tc 36.21 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.729 0 Td (he)Tj -37.939 -1.2 Td [(advantage )-402(to )-402(using )-402(P)91(AM )-402(is )-402(that )-402(administrators )-402(can )-402(con\336gur)]TJ 0.6525 Tc 29.585 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.742 0 Td [(if)18(fer)18(ent )-402(ways )-402(to)]TJ -31.327 -1.2 Td [(authenticate users for dif)18(fer)18(ent tasks, based on the local site policies.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(If we log in corr)18(ectly)111(,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.496 0 Td (login)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td (will)Tj 0.883 Tc -12.746 -1.92 Td (\245C)Tj 0 Tc 2.198 0 Td [(hange to our home dir)18(ectory \()]TJ /TT0 1 Tf (chdir)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (\))Tj 0.883 Tc -2.198 -1.6 Td (\245C)Tj 0 Tc 2.198 0 Td (hange the ownership of our terminal device \()Tj /TT0 1 Tf (chown)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(\))-250(so)-250(we)-250(own it)]TJ 0.883 Tc -2.198 -1.6 Td (\245C)Tj 0 Tc 2.198 0 Td [(hange )-19(the )-19(access )-19(permissions )-19(for )-19(our )-19(terminal )-19(device )-19(so )-19(we )-19(have )-19(permission )-19(to)]TJ -0.018 Tc -0.709 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(ad fr)18(om and write to it)]TJ 0.883 Tc -2.345 -1.6 Td (\245S)Tj 0 Tc 2.014 0 Td [(et our gr)18(oup IDs by calling)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 12.131 0 Td (setgid)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.943 0 Td (initgroups)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.883 Tc -19.938 -1.6 Td (\245I)Tj 0 Tc 1.826 0 Td [(nitialize )-154(the )-154(envir)18(onment )-154(with )-154(all )-154(the )-154(information )-154(that)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 25.372 0 Td (login)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.404 0 Td [(has: )-154(our )-154(home)]TJ -29.113 -1.2 Td [(dir)18(ectory )-68(\()]TJ /TT0 1 Tf (HOME)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(\), )-68(shell )-68(\()]TJ /TT0 1 Tf (SHELL)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(\), )-68(user )-68(name )-68(\()]TJ /TT0 1 Tf (USER)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 22.627 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.011 0 Td (LOGNAME)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(\), )-68(and )-68(a )-68(default)]TJ -24.638 -1.2 Td (path \()Tj /TT0 1 Tf (PATH)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (\))Tj 0.883 Tc -1.489 -1.6 Td (\245C)Tj 0 Tc 2.198 0 Td (hange to our user ID \()Tj /TT0 1 Tf (setuid)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (\)a)Tj 0 Tc 14.393 0 Td (nd invoke our login shell, as in)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 180.4812 325.0805 Tm (execl\("/bin/sh", "-sh", \(char *\)0\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 183.5911 305.0817 Tm [(The )-2(minus )-2(sign )-2(as )-2(the )-2(\336rst )-2(character )-2(of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 17.333 0 Td (argv[0])Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.452 0 Td [(is )-2(a )-2(\337ag )-2(to )-2(all )-2(the )-2(shells )-2(that )-2(indicates )-2(they )-2(ar)16(e)]TJ -21.785 -1.25 Td [(being )-63(invoked )-63(as )-63(a )-63(login )-63(shell.)-563(The )-63(shells )-63(can )-63(look )-63(at )-63(this )-63(character )-63(and )-63(modify )-63(their )-63(start-up)]TJ 0 -1.25 TD [(accor)18(dingly)111(.)]TJ 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5932 267.084 Tm (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.156 0 Td (login)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.482 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram )-232(r)18(eally )-232(does )-232(mor)]TJ 0.4825 Tc 11.665 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.288 0 Td [(han )-232(we\325ve )-232(described )-232(her)17(e. )-482(It)-483(optionally)]TJ -20.392 -1.2 Td [(prints )-138(the )-138(message-of-the-day )-138(\336le, )-138(checks )-138(for )-138(new )-138(mail, )-138(and )-138(performs )-138(other )-138(tasks.)-635(In)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD (this chapter)Tj 0.25 Tc 5.126 0 Td (,w)Tj 0 Tc 1.334 0 Td (e\325r)Tj 0.25 Tc 1.134 0 Td (ei)Tj 0 Tc 1.02 0 Td [(nter)18(ested only in the featur)18(es that we\325ve described.)]TJ -6.814 -1.2 Td [(Recall )-149(fr)18(om )-149(our )-149(discussion )-149(of )-149(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 15.655 0 Td (setuid)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.999 0 Td [(function )-149(in )-149(Section )-149(8.1)]TJ 0.3989 Tc 10.165 0 Td (1t)Tj 0 Tc 1.225 0 Td [(hat )-149(since )-149(it )-149(is)]TJ -32.843 -1.2 Td [(called )-204(by )-204(a )-204(super)8(user )-204(pr)16(ocess,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 14.437 0 Td (setuid)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.054 0 Td [(changes )-204(all )-204(thr)17(ee )-204(user )-204(IDs: )-204(the )-204(r)18(eal )-204(user )-204(ID,)]TJ -18.491 -1.2 Td [(ef)18(fective )-110(user )-110(ID, )-110(and )-110(saved )-110(set-user)17(-ID. )-360(The)-361(call )-110(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 23.949 0 Td (setgid)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.96 0 Td [(that )-110(was )-110(done )-110(earlier 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r)18(equest to arrive.)]TJ -1.633 -1.6 Td [(2. )-633(When)]TJ 0.4859 Tc 4.762 0 Td (ap)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.587 0 Td (ro)Tj 0 Tc 0.923 0 Td [(cess )-236(wants )-236(to )-236(execute )-236(a )-236(dif)19(fer)18(ent )-236(pr)18(ogram. )-486(This)-486(is )-236(common )-236(for)]TJ -5.639 -1.2 Td [(shells. )-327(In)-328(this )-77(case, )-77(the )-77(child )-77(does )-77(an)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 16.998 0 Td (exec)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.728 0 Td [(\(which )-77(we )-77(describe )-77(in )-77(Section )-77(8.10\))]TJ -19.726 -1.2 Td [(right after it r)18(eturns fr)18(om the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 13.012 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47308 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (228)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Pr)18(ocess )-250(Contr)18(ol )]TJ 39.241 0 Td [(Chapter)-500(8)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 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9.9994 129.5922 668.9599 Tm [(kernel )-46(and )-46(is )-46(known )-46(as )-46(a )-46(system )-46(pr)19(ocess. )-296(Pr)18(ocess )-46(ID )-46(1 )-46(is )-46(usually )-46(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 31.021 0 Td (init)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.696 0 Td [(pr)18(ocess )-46(and)]TJ -33.716 -1.2 Td [(is )-12(invoked )-12(by )-12(the )-12(kernel )-12(at )-12(the )-12(end )-12(of )-12(the )-12(bootstrap )-12(pr)21(ocedur)18(e. )-262(The)-262(pr)18(ogram )-12(\336le )-12(for )-12(this)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ocess )-80(was)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.714 0 Td (/etc/init)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.73 0 Td [(in )-80(older )-80(versions )-80(of )-80(the )-80(UNIX )-80(System )-80(and )-80(is)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 20.353 0 Td (/sbin/init)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.33 0 Td (in)Tj -38.127 -1.2 Td [(newer )-146(versions.)-646(This )-146(pr)18(ocess )-146(is )-146(r)18(esponsible )-146(for )-146(bringing )-146(up )-146(a )-146(UNIX )-146(system )-146(after )-146(the)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(kernel )-81(has )-81(been )-81(bootstrapped.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 14.115 0 Td (init)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.731 0 Td [(usually )-81(r)18(eads )-81(the )-81(system-dependent )-81(initialization)]TJ -16.846 -1.2 Td [(\336les )167(\321 )167(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.893 0 Td (/etc/rc*)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.34 0 Td [(\336les )-290(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.821 0 Td (/etc/inittab)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.74 0 Td [(and )-290(the )-290(\336les )-290(in)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.913 0 Td (/etc/init.d)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (\321and)Tj -29.707 -1.2 Td [(brings )-49(the )-49(system )-49(to )-49(a )-49(certain )-49(state, )-49(such )-49(as )-49(multiuser)]TJ 0.5494 Tc 23.867 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.412 0 Td (he)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.36 0 Td (init)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.699 0 Td [(pr)18(ocess )-49(never )-49(dies.)-550(It)]TJ -29.339 -1.2 Td [(is )-211(a )-211(normal )-211(user )-211(pr)16(ocess, )-212(not )-212(a )-212(system )-212(pr)18(ocess )-212(within )-212(the )-212(kernel, )-212(like )-212(the )-212(swapper)78(,)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(although )-184(it )-184(does )-184(r)8(un )-184(with )-184(super)8(user )-184(privileges.)-684(Later )-184(in )-184(this )-184(chapter)]TJ 0.4337 Tc 31.932 0 Td (,w)Tj 0 Tc 1.518 0 Td [(e\325ll )-184(see )-184(how)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -33.45 -1.2 Td (init)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td [(becomes the par)18(ent pr)18(ocess of any orphaned child pr)18(ocess.)]TJ 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 183.5891 540.9675 Tm [(In )-59(Mac )-59(OS )-59(X )-59(10.4, )-59(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.029 0 Td (init)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.709 0 Td [(pr)18(ocess )-59(was )-59(r)18(eplaced )-59(with )-59(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 13.801 0 Td (launchd)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.509 0 Td [(pr)18(ocess, )-59(which )-59(performs)]TJ -31.048 -1.25 Td [(the )-30(same )-30(set )-30(of )-30(tasks )-30(as)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.618 0 Td (init)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.2805 Tc (,b)Tj 0 Tc 3.483 0 Td [(ut )-30(has )-30(expanded )-30(functionality)]TJ 0.5304 Tc 13.215 0 Td (.S)Tj 0 Tc 1.305 0 Td [(ee )-30(Section )-30(5.10 )-30(in )-30(Singh)]TJ 10.712 0.04 Td ([)Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (2006)Tj 2 0.04 Td (])Tj -41.667 -1.29 Td (for a discussion of how)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 10.505 0 Td (launchd)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td 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identi\336ers.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5909 417.275 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -2.14 TD (pid_t getpid\(void\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 22.821 -2.14 Td [(Returns: pr)18(ocess ID of calling pr)18(ocess)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -22.821 -2.14 Td (pid_t getppid\(void\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 19.706 -2.14 Td [(Returns: par)18(ent pr)18(ocess ID of calling pr)18(ocess)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -19.706 -2.14 Td (uid_t getuid\(void\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 22.318 -2.14 Td [(Returns: r)18(eal user ID of calling pr)18(ocess)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -22.318 -2.14 Td (uid_t geteuid\(void\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 20.254 -2.14 Td [(Returns: ef)18(fective user ID of calling pr)18(ocess)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -20.254 -2.14 Td (gid_t getgid\(void\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 21.536 -2.14 Td [(Returns: r)18(eal gr)18(oup ID of calling pr)18(ocess)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.536 -2.14 Td (gid_t getegid\(void\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 19.472 -2.14 Td [(Returns: ef)18(fective gr)18(oup ID of calling pr)18(ocess)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 1817.25 cm 0 0 m 0 2446 l 3900 2446 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 162.1605 Tm [(Note )-25(that )-25(none )-25(of )-25(these )-25(functions )-25(has )-25(an )-25(err)18(or )-25(r)18(eturn. )-275(W)92(e\325ll )-25(r)18(eturn )-25(to )-25(the )-25(par)18(ent )-25(pr)18(ocess)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(ID )-84(in )-84(the )-84(next )-84(section )-84(when )-84(we )-84(discuss )-84(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 19.766 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.734 0 Td [(function. )-333(The)]TJ -0.018 Tc 6.548 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(al )-83(and )-83(ef)18(fective )-83(user)]TJ -29.904 -1.2 Td [(and gr)18(oup IDs wer)]TJ 0.25 Tc 8.351 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.34 0 Td (iscussed in Section 4.4.)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47309 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(7.1)55(1)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 25.486 0 Td (getrlimit)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.9 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.193 0 Td (setrlimit)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.9 0 Td (Functions)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.354 0 Td (221)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 668.9599 Tm [(Thr)18(ee r)8(ules govern the changing of the r)18(esour)18(ce limits.)]TJ 1.8 -2.4 Td [(1. )-633(A)-250(pr)18(ocess can change its soft limit to a value less than or equal to its har\ )]TJ 0.25 Tc 33.291 0 Td (dl)Tj 0 Tc 1.152 0 Td (imit.)Tj -34.443 -1.6 Td [(2. )-633(A)-400(pr)18(ocess )-150(can )-150(lower )-150(its )-150(har)]TJ 0.4001 Tc 14.278 0 Td (dl)Tj 0 Tc 1.302 0 Td [(imit )-150(to )-150(a )-150(value )-150(gr)18(eater )-150(than )-150(or )-150(equal )-150(to )-150(its )-150(soft)]TJ -13.947 -1.2 Td [(limit. )-250(This)-250(lowering of the har)]TJ 0.25 Tc 13.441 0 Td (dl)Tj 0 Tc 1.152 0 Td [(imit is irr)18(eversible for normal users.)]TJ -16.226 -1.6 Td [(3. )-633(Only)]TJ 0.25 Tc 4.098 0 Td (as)Tj 0 Tc 1.174 0 Td [(uper)8(user pr)18(ocess can raise a har)]TJ 0.25 Tc 14.09 0 Td (dl)Tj 0 Tc 1.152 0 Td (imit.)Tj -22.314 -2.4 Td (An in\336nite limit is speci\336ed by the constant)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 19.473 0 Td (RLIM_INFINITY)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj -17.673 -1.2 Td (The)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 2.138 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.76 0 Td [(sour)18(ce)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 3.02 0 Td [(ar)18(gument )-214(takes )-214(on )-214(one )-214(of )-214(the )-214(following )-214(values.)-712(Figur)]TJ 0.4637 Tc 25.317 0 Td (e7)Tj 0 Tc 1.443 0 Td [(.15 )-214(shows)]TJ -34.477 -1.2 Td [(which )-265(limits )-265(ar)]TJ 0.5149 Tc 7.146 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.605 0 Td [(e\336ned )-265(by )-265(the )-265(Single )-265(UNIX )-265(Speci\336cation )-265(and )-265(supported )-265(by )-265(each)]TJ -8.751 -1.2 Td (implementation.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0 -2.4 TD (RLIMIT_AS)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 11.4 0 Td [(The )-320(maximum )-320(size )-320(in )-320(bytes )-320(of )-320(a )-320(pr)18(ocess\325s )-320(total )-320(available)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD (memory)Tj 0.54 Tc 3.631 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.403 0 Td [(his )-40(af)18(fects )-40(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.375 0 Td (sbrk)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.69 0 Td [(function )-40(\(Section )-40(1.1)55(1\) )-40(and )-40(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -14.099 -1.2 Td (mmap)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td (function \(Section 14.8\).)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -14.05 -1.6 Td (RLIMIT_CORE)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 11.4 0 Td [(The )-3(maximum )-3(size )-3(in )-3(bytes )-3(of )-3(a )-3(cor)]TJ 0.2531 Tc 15.656 0 Td (e\336)Tj 0 Tc 1.337 0 Td [(le. )-253(A)-253(limit )-3(of )-3(0 )-3(pr)18(events)]TJ -16.993 -1.2 Td [(the cr)18(eation of a cor)]TJ 0.25 Tc 8.678 0 Td (e\336)Tj 0 Tc 1.334 0 Td (le.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -21.412 -1.6 Td (RLIMIT_CPU)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 11.4 0 Td [(The )-202(maximum )-202(amount )-202(of )-202(CPU )-202(time )-202(in )-202(seconds.)-699(When )-202(the)]TJ T* [(soft )-331(limit )-331(is )-331(exceeded, )-331(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 13.066 0 Td (SIGXCPU)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.781 0 Td [(signal )-331(is )-331(sent )-331(to )-331(the)]TJ -17.847 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ocess.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -11.4 -1.6 Td (RLIMIT_DATA)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 11.4 0 Td [(The )-123(maximum )-123(size )-123(in 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-1.6 Td (RLIMIT_MSGQUEUE)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 11.4 0 Td [(The )-54(maximum )-54(amount )-54(of )-54(memory )-54(in )-54(bytes )-54(that )-54(a )-54(pr)18(ocess )-54(can)]TJ T* (allocate for POSIX message queues.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -11.4 -1.6 Td (RLIMIT_NICE)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 11.4 0 Td [(The )-54(limit )-54(to )-54(which )-54(a )-54(pr)19(ocess\325s )-54(nice )-54(value )-54(\(Section )-54(8.16\) )-54(can )-54(be)]TJ T* [(raised to af)18(fect its scheduling priority)111(.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -11.4 -1.6 Td (RLIMIT_NOFILE)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 11.4 0 Td [(The )-170(maximum )-170(number )-170(of )-170(open )-170(\336les )-170(per )-170(pr)20(ocess. )-420(Changing)]TJ T* [(this )-83(limit )-83(af)18(fects )-83(the )-83(value )-83(r)18(eturned )-83(by )-83(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 19.36 0 Td (sysconf)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.533 0 Td (function)Tj -23.893 -1.2 Td [(for )-739(its)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.294 0 Td (_SC_OPEN_MAX)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.189 0 Td [(ar)18(gument )-739(\(Section )-739(2.5.4\).)-1240(See)]TJ -12.483 -1.2 Td (Figur)Tj 0.25 Tc 2.383 0 Td (e2)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (.17 also.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -15.012 -1.6 Td (RLIMIT_NPROC)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 11.4 0 Td [(The )-216(maximum )-216(number )-216(of )-216(child )-216(pr)18(ocesses )-216(per )-216(r)19(eal )-216(user )-216(ID.)]TJ T* [(Changing )-859(this )-859(limit )-859(af)18(fects )-859(the )-859(value )-859(r)18(eturned )-859(for)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf T* (_SC_CHILD_MAX)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.05 0 Td (by the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.996 0 Td (sysconf)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td (function \(Section 2.5.4\).)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -26.896 -1.6 Td (RLIMIT_NPTS)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 11.4 0 Td [(The )-71(maximum )-71(number )-71(of )-71(pseudo )-71(terminals )-71(\(Chapter )-71(19\) )-71(that)]TJ 0.25 Tc T* (au)Tj 0 Tc 1.353 0 Td (ser can have open at one time.)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47310 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (40)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3 0 Td [(UNIX )-250(Standar)18(dization )-250(and 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0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 163.9202 668.9599 Tm [(with )-66(a )-66(key )-66(of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.268 0 Td (IPC_PRIVATE)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5663 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 8.029 0 Td [(he )-66(server )-66(also )-66(has )-66(its )-66(own )-66(queue, )-66(with )-66(a )-66(key )-66(or)]TJ -14.298 -1.2 Td [(identi\336er )-111(known )-111(to )-111(all )-111(clients.)-613(The )-111(client )-111(sends )-111(its )-111(\336rst )-111(r)18(equest )-111(to )-111(the )-111(server)-78(\325s)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(well-known )-80(queue, )-80(and )-80(this )-80(r)18(equest )-80(must )-80(contain )-80(the )-80(message )-80(queue )-80(ID )-80(of )-80(the)]TJ T* [(client\325s )-94(queue.)-594(The )-94(server )-94(sends )-94(its )-94(\336rst )-94(r)18(esponse )-94(to )-94(the )-94(client\325s )-94(queue, )-94(and )-94(all)]TJ T* (futur)Tj 0.25 Tc 2.242 0 Td (er)Tj 0 Tc 1.106 0 Td [(equests and r)18(esponses ar)]TJ 0.25 Tc 10.951 0 Td (ee)Tj 0 Tc 1.208 0 Td (xchanged on this queue.)Tj -15.507 -2.16 Td [(One )-114(pr)18(oblem )-114(with )-114(this )-114(technique )-114(is )-114(that )-114(each )-114(client-speci\336c )-114(queue )-114(usually )-114(has)]TJ T* [(only )-112(a )-112(single )-112(message )-112(on )-112(it: )-112(a )-112(r)18(equest )-112(for )-112(the )-112(server )-112(or )-112(a )-112(r)18(esponse )-112(for )-112(a )-112(client.)]TJ T* [(This )-43(seems )-43(wasteful )-43(of )-43(a )-43(limited )-43(systemwide )-43(r)19(esour)18(ce )-43(\(a )-43(message )-43(queue\), )-43(and )-43(a)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(FIFO )-258(can )-258(be )-258(used )-258(instead.)-758(Another )-258(pr)18(oblem )-258(is )-258(that )-258(the )-258(server )-258(has )-258(to )-258(r)14(ead)]TJ T* [(messages )-434(fr)18(om )-434(multiple )-434(queues.)-932(Neither)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 20.522 0 Td (select)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.284 0 Td (nor)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.206 0 Td (poll)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.084 0 Td [(works )-433(with)]TJ -30.096 -1.2 Td (message queues.)Tj -3.433 -2.4 Td [(Either )-36(of )-36(these )-36(two )-36(techniques )-36(using )-36(message )-36(queues )-36(can )-36(be )-36(implemented )-36(using )-36(shar)20(ed)]TJ T* [(memory segments and a synchr)18(onization method \(a semaphor)18(e)-250(or)-250(r)18(ecor)]TJ 0.25 Tc 31.762 0 Td (dl)Tj 0 Tc 1.152 0 Td (ocking\).)Tj -31.114 -1.2 Td [(The )-117(pr)18(oblem )-117(with )-117(this )-117(type )-117(of )-117(client\320server )-117(r)18(elationship )-117(\(the )-117(client )-117(and )-117(the )-117(server)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(being )-74(unr)18(elated )-74(pr)18(ocesses\) )-74(is )-74(for )-74(the )-74(server )-74(to )-74(identify )-74(the )-74(client )-74(accurately)]TJ 0.5742 Tc 33.487 0 Td (.U)Tj 0 Tc 1.602 0 Td [(nless )-74(the)]TJ -35.089 -1.2 Td [(server )-37(is )-37(performing )-37(a )-37(nonprivileged )-37(operation, )-37(it )-37(is )-37(essential )-37(that )-37(the )-37(server )-37(know )-37(who)]TJ T* [(the )-257(client )-257(is.)-757(This )-257(is )-257(r)18(equir)18(ed, )-257(for )-257(example, )-257(if )-257(the )-257(server )-257(is )-257(a )-257(set-user)18(-ID )-257(pr)16(ogram.)]TJ T* [(Although )-74(all )-74(these )-74(forms )-74(of )-74(IPC )-74(go )-74(thr)21(ough )-73(the )-73(kernel, )-73(ther)17(e)-323(is)-323(no)-323(f)-1(acility )-73(pr)18(ovided )-73(by)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(them to have the kernel identify the sender)74(.)]TJ -0.055 Tc 1.8 -1.2 Td (Wi)Tj 0 Tc 1.236 0 Td [(th )-14(message )-14(queues, )-14(if )-14(a )-14(single )-14(queue )-14(is )-14(used )-14(between )-14(the )-14(client )-14(and )-14(the )-14(server )-14(\(so)]TJ -3.036 -1.2 Td (that only a single message is on the queue at a time, for example\), the\ )Tj /TT0 1 Tf 30.833 0 Td (msg_lspid)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.65 0 Td (of the)Tj -36.484 -1.2 Td [(queue )-142(contains )-142(the )-142(pr)18(ocess )-142(ID )-142(of )-142(the )-142(other )-142(pr)15(ocess. )-392(But)-393(when )-142(writing )-142(the )-142(server)]TJ 0.3925 Tc 37.045 0 Td (,w)Tj 0 Tc 1.476 0 Td (e)Tj -38.521 -1.2 Td [(want )-73(the )-73(ef)18(fective )-73(user )-73(ID )-73(of )-73(the )-73(client, )-73(not )-73(its )-73(pr)17(ocess )-73(ID.)-573(Ther)18(e)-323(is)-323(no)-323(portable )-73(way )-73(to)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(obtain )-39(the )-39(ef)18(fective )-39(user )-39(ID, )-39(given )-39(the )-39(pr)18(ocess )-39(ID.)-538(\(Naturally)]TJ 0.2889 Tc 27.039 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 0.865 0 Td [(he )-39(kernel )-39(maintains )-39(both)]TJ -27.904 -1.2 Td [(values in the pr)18(ocess table entry)]TJ 0.2503 Tc 14.044 0 Td (,b)Tj 0 Tc 1.053 0 Td [(ut other than r)8(ummaging ar)18(ound thr)18(ough the kernel\325s)]TJ -15.098 -1.2 Td [(memory)111(,)-250(we)-250(can\325t obtain one, given the other)74(.\))]TJ -0.092 Tc 1.8 -1.2 Td (We)Tj 0 Tc 1.387 0 Td [(\325ll )-67(use )-67(the )-67(following )-67(technique )-67(in )-67(Section )-67(17.2 )-67(to )-67(allow )-67(the )-67(server )-67(to )-67(identify )-67(the)]TJ -3.187 -1.2 Td [(client. )-315(The)-316(same )-65(technique )-65(can )-65(be )-65(used )-65(with )-65(FIFOs, )-65(message )-65(queues, )-65(semaphor)18(es, )-65(and)]TJ T* [(shar)18(ed )-43(memory)]TJ 0.5434 Tc 6.897 0 Td (.F)Tj 0 Tc 1.349 0 Td [(or )-43(the )-43(following )-43(description, )-43(assume )-43(that )-43(FIFOs )-43(ar)]TJ 0.2935 Tc 22.475 0 Td (eb)Tj 0 Tc 1.326 0 Td [(eing )-43(used, )-43(as )-43(in)]TJ -32.048 -1.2 Td (Figur)Tj 0.307 Tc 2.383 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.286 0 Td [(5.23. )-307(The)-307(client )-57(must )-57(cr)18(eate )-57(its )-57(own )-57(FIFO )-57(and )-57(set )-57(the )-57(\336le )-57(access )-57(permissions )-57(of)]TJ -3.669 -1.2 Td [(the )-99(FIFO )-99(so )-99(that )-99(only )-99(user)19(-r)18(ead )-99(and )-99(user)18(-write )-99(ar)]TJ 0.3489 Tc 22.386 0 Td (eo)Tj 0 Tc 1.374 0 Td [(n. )-349(W)]TJ 0.349 Tc 2.339 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.328 0 Td [(ssume )-99(that )-99(the )-99(server )-99(has)]TJ -27.427 -1.2 Td [(super)8(user )-79(privileges )-79(\(or )-79(else )-79(it )-79(pr)18(obably )-79(wouldn\325t )-79(car)]TJ 0.3292 Tc 24.005 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.308 0 Td [(bout )-79(the )-79(client\325s )-79(tr)8(ue )-79(identity\),)]TJ -25.313 -1.2 Td [(so )-46(the )-46(server )-46(can )-46(still )-46(r)18(ead )-46(and )-46(write )-46(to )-46(this )-46(FIFO.)-545(When )-46(the )-46(server )-46(r)18(eceives )-46(the )-46(client\325s)]TJ T* [(\336rst )-113(r)18(equest )-113(on )-113(the )-113(server)-74(\325s )-113(well-known )-113(FIFO )-113(\(which )-113(must )-113(contain )-113(the )-113(identity )-113(of )-113(the)]TJ T* [(client-speci\336c )-96(FIFO\), )-96(the )-96(server )-96(calls )-96(either)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 19.552 0 Td (stat)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.746 0 Td (or)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.287 0 Td (fstat)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.346 0 Td [(on )-96(the )-96(client-speci\336c )-96(FIFO.)]TJ -26.929 -1.2 Td [(The )-54(server )-54(assumes )-54(that )-54(the )-54(ef)17(fective )-54(user )-54(ID )-54(of )-54(the )-54(client )-54(is )-54(the )-54(owner )-54(of )-54(the )-54(FIFO )-54(\(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf T* (st_uid)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.01 0 Td [(\336eld )-160(of )-160(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.481 0 Td (stat)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.81 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e\). )-410(The)-409(server )-160(veri\336es )-160(that )-160(only )-160(the )-160(user)20(-r)18(ead )-160(and)]TJ -12.3 -1.2 Td [(user)18(-write )-172(permissions )-172(ar)]TJ 0.4224 Tc 11.603 0 Td (ee)Tj 0 Tc 1.38 0 Td [(nabled. )-422(As)-423(another )-172(check, )-172(the )-172(server )-172(should )-172(look )-172(at )-172(the)]TJ -12.983 -1.2 Td [(thr)18(ee )-62(times )-62(associated )-62(with )-62(the )-62(FIFO )-62(\(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 18.749 0 Td (st_atime)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 5.362 0 Td (st_mtime)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.3119 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 5.862 0 Td (nd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.505 0 Td (st_ctime)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.112 0 Td (\336elds)Tj -36.59 -1.2 Td [(of )-48(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 2.863 0 Td (stat)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.698 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e\) )-48(to )-48(verify )-48(that )-48(they )-48(ar)]TJ 0.2984 Tc 13.839 0 Td (er)Tj 0 Tc 1.154 0 Td [(ecent )-48(\(no )-48(older )-48(than )-48(15 )-48(or )-48(30 )-48(seconds, )-48(for)]TJ -20.555 -1.2 Td [(example\). )-347(If)]TJ 0.3474 Tc 5.947 0 Td (am)Tj 0 Tc 1.73 0 Td [(alicious )-97(client )-97(can )-97(cr)18(eate )-97(a )-97(FIFO )-97(with )-97(someone )-97(else )-97(as )-97(the )-97(owner )-97(and)]TJ -7.677 -1.2 Td [(set )-44(the )-44(\336le\325s )-44(permission )-44(bits )-44(to )-44(user)20(-r)18(ead )-44(and )-44(user)18(-write )-44(only)]TJ 0.2937 Tc 26.999 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 0.87 0 Td [(hen )-44(the )-44(system )-44(has )-44(other)]TJ -27.869 -1.2 Td [(fundamental security pr)18(oblems.)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47316 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(15.9)]TJ 36.454 0 Td [(Shar)18(ed )-250(Memory)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 9.379 0 Td (573)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5911 668.9599 Tm (\245)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.489 0 Td (shm_lpid)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 5.3 0 Td (shm_nattch)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 6.5 0 Td (shm_atime)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 6.4 0 Td (nd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.443 0 Td (shm_dtime)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.65 0 Td (ar)Tj 0.25 Tc 0.877 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (ll set to 0.)Tj -28.888 -1.6 Td (\245)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.489 0 Td (shm_ctime)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.65 0 Td [(is set to the curr)18(ent time.)]TJ -7.139 -1.6 Td (\245)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.489 0 Td (shm_segsz)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.65 0 Td (is set to the)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 5.203 0 Td (size)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 1.75 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (quested.)Tj -14.948 -1.8 Td (The)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 2.466 0 Td (size)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.292 0 Td [(parameter )-542(is )-542(the )-542(size )-542(of )-542(the )-542(shar)20(ed )-542(memory )-542(segment )-542(in )-542(bytes.)]TJ -6.557 -1.2 Td [(Implementations )-34(will )-34(usually )-34(r)17(ound )-34(up )-34(this )-34(size )-34(to )-34(a )-34(multiple )-34(of )-34(the )-34(system\325s )-34(page )-34(size,)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(but )-209(if )-209(an )-209(application )-209(speci\336es)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 14.201 0 Td (size)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.959 0 Td [(as )-209(a )-209(value )-209(other )-209(than )-209(an )-209(integral )-209(multiple )-209(of )-209(the)]TJ -16.16 -1.2 Td [(system\325s )-60(page )-60(size, )-60(the )-60(r)18(emainder )-60(of )-60(the )-60(last )-60(page )-60(will )-60(be )-60(unavailable )-60(for )-60(use.)-560(If )-60(a )-60(new)]TJ T* [(segment )-138(is )-138(being )-138(cr)18(eated )-138(\(typically )-138(by )-138(the )-138(server\), )-138(we )-138(must )-138(specify )-138(its)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 32.498 0 Td (size)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.6378 Tc (.I)Tj 0 Tc 2.725 0 Td [(f)-388(we)-388(a)]TJ -0.018 Tc (re)Tj -35.222 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(fer)18(encing )-1(an )-1(existing )-1(segment )-1(\(a )-1(client\), )-1(we )-1(can )-1(specify)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 24.45 0 Td (size)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.75 0 Td [(as 0.)-500(When a new segment)]TJ -27.057 -1.2 Td [(is cr)18(eated, the contents of the segment ar)]TJ 0.25 Tc 17.899 0 Td (ei)Tj 0 Tc 1.02 0 Td [(nitialized with zer)18(os.)]TJ -17.119 -1.2 Td (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.924 0 Td (shmctl)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td [(function is the catchall for various shar)18(ed memory operations.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5909 518.2689 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.902 TD (int shmctl\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 9 0 Td (shmid)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 4.245 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (cmd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 3.485 0 Td (truct shmid_ds *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (buf)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 11.082 0 Td (\);)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -2.761 -1.902 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 4795.25 cm 0 0 m 0 478 l 3900 478 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 147.5823 466.0041 Tm (The)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 2.028 0 Td (cmd)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.039 0 Td [(ar)18(gument )-104(speci\336es )-104(one )-104(of )-104(the )-104(following )-104(\336ve )-104(commands )-104(to )-104(be )-104(performed,)]TJ -5.867 -1.2 Td (on the segment speci\336ed by)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 12.537 0 Td (shmid)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -10.737 -2.04 Td (IPC_STAT)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6 0 Td [(Fetch )-328(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.931 0 Td (shmid_ds)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.378 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)]TJ 0.5784 Tc 3.49 0 Td (ef)Tj 0 Tc 1.39 0 Td [(or )-328(this )-328(segment, )-328(storing )-328(it )-328(in )-328(the)]TJ -15.19 -1.2 Td [(str)8(uctur)]TJ 0.25 Tc 3.49 0 Td (ep)Tj 0 Tc 1.33 0 Td (ointed to by)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 5.566 0 Td (buf)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -16.386 -1.72 Td (IPC_SET)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6 0 Td [(Set )-123(the )-123(following )-123(thr)18(ee )-123(\336elds )-123(fr)18(om )-123(the )-123(str)8(uctur)]TJ 0.3732 Tc 21.268 0 Td (ep)Tj 0 Tc 1.453 0 Td [(ointed )-123(to )-123(by)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 5.936 0 Td (buf)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.67 0 Td (in)Tj -30.327 -1.2 Td (the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.656 0 Td (shmid_ds)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.069 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)]TJ 0.2686 Tc 3.49 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.248 0 Td [(ssociated )-19(with )-19(this )-19(shar)18(ed )-19(memory )-19(segment:)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -11.462 -1.2 Td (shm_perm.uid)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.549 0 Td (shm_perm.gid)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.0992 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 9.049 0 Td (nd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.292 0 Td (shm_perm.mode)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.3493 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 10.012 0 Td (his)Tj -29.903 -1.2 Td [(command )-94(can )-94(be )-94(executed )-94(only )-94(by )-94(a )-94(pr)15(ocess )-94(whose )-94(ef)18(fective )-94(user )-94(ID)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD (equals)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.423 0 Td (shm_perm.cuid)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.366 0 Td (or)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.506 0 Td (shm_perm.uid)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.766 0 Td [(or )-315(by )-315(a )-315(pr)18(ocess )-315(with)]TJ -21.06 -1.2 Td [(super)8(user privileges.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -6 -1.72 Td (IPC_RMID)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6 0 Td [(Remove )-150(the )-150(shar)18(ed )-150(memory )-150(segment )-150(set )-150(fr)18(om )-150(the )-150(system.)-650(Since )-150(an)]TJ T* [(attachment )-266(count )-266(is )-266(maintained )-266(for )-266(shar)18(ed 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21.499 0 Td (shm_perm.cuid)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.76 0 Td (or)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -30.259 -1.2 Td (shm_perm.uid)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.45 0 Td [(or by a pr)18(ocess with super)8(user privileges.)]TJ -0.09 Tc -15.25 -2.04 Td (Tw)Tj 0.3737 Tc 1.357 0 Td (oa)Tj 0 Tc 1.42 0 Td [(dditional )-124(commands )-124(ar)]TJ 0.3737 Tc 10.546 0 Td (ep)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.454 0 Td (ro)Tj 0 Tc 0.923 0 Td [(vided )-124(by )-124(Linux )-124(and )-124(Solaris, )-124(but )-124(ar)]TJ 0.3736 Tc 15.785 0 Td (en)Tj 0 Tc 1.435 0 Td [(ot )-124(part )-124(of )-124(the)]TJ -32.919 -1.2 Td (Single UNIX Speci\336cation.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.8 -2.04 Td (SHM_LOCK)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.2 0 Td [(Lock )-97(the )-97(shar)18(ed )-97(memory )-97(segment )-97(in )-97(memory)]TJ 0.597 Tc 20.574 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.46 0 Td [(his )-97(command )-97(can)]TJ -22.034 -1.2 Td [(be executed only by the super)8(user)74(.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -7.2 -1.72 Td (SHM_UNLOCK)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.2 0 Td [(Unlock )-444(the )-444(shar)18(ed )-444(memory )-444(segment.)-946(This )-444(command )-444(can )-444(be)]TJ T* [(executed only by the super)8(user)74(.)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47317 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (568)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Interpr)18(ocess )-250(Communication)]TJ 38.741 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(15)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 668.9599 Tm [(Note that the optional ar)18(gument is the actual union, not a pointer to the union.)]TJ 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 183.589 648.9611 Tm [(Usually )-249(our )-249(application )-249(must )-249(de\336ne )-249(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 19.331 0 Td (semun)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.499 0 Td [(union. )-499(However)74(,)-499(on)-499(F)]TJ -0.018 Tc 10.59 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(eBSD )-249(8.0, )-249(this )-249(is)]TJ -34.277 -1.25 Td (de\336ned for us in)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 7.541 0 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.591 617.9629 Tm (The)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.953 0 Td (cmd)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.964 0 Td [(ar)18(gument )-29(speci\336es )-29(one )-29(of )-29(the )-29(following )-29(ten )-29(commands )-29(to )-29(be )-29(performed )-29(on)]TJ -5.718 -1.2 Td [(the )-121(set )-121(speci\336ed )-121(by)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 9.142 0 Td (semid)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.6206 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 3.818 0 Td [(he )-121(\336ve )-121(commands )-121(that )-121(r)18(efer )-121(to )-121(one )-121(particular )-121(semaphor)21(e)]TJ -12.959 -1.2 Td [(value )-59(use)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 4.563 0 Td (semnum)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.756 0 Td [(to )-59(specify )-59(one )-59(member )-59(of )-59(the )-59(set.)-559(The )-59(value )-59(of)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 21.36 0 Td (semnum)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.756 0 Td [(is )-59(between )-59(0)]TJ -33.434 -1.2 Td (and)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.943 0 Td (nsems)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 2.668 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 0.716 0 Td (1)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 1.291 0 Td (nclusive.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -4.817 -1.8 Td (IPC_STAT)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6 0 Td [(Fetch )-142(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.559 0 Td (semid_ds)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.192 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)]TJ 0.3923 Tc 3.49 0 Td (ef)Tj 0 Tc 1.204 0 Td [(or )-142(this )-142(set, )-142(storing )-142(it )-142(in )-142(the )-142(str)6(uctur)18(e)]TJ -14.445 -1.2 Td (pointed to by)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 6.167 0 Td [(ar)18(g.buf)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -12.167 -1.6 Td (IPC_SET)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6 0 Td [(Set )-30(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.277 0 Td (sem_perm.uid)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 7.73 0 Td (sem_perm.gid)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.28 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 8.23 0 Td (nd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.473 0 Td (sem_perm.mode)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 8.08 0 Td (\336elds)Tj -28.79 -1.2 Td [(fr)18(om )-190(the )-190(str)9(uctur)]TJ 0.4397 Tc 7.895 0 Td (ep)Tj 0 Tc 1.52 0 Td [(ointed )-190(to )-190(by)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 6.135 0 Td [(ar)18(g.buf)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 3.302 0 Td [(in )-190(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.139 0 Td (semid_ds)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.24 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e)]TJ -27.231 -1.2 Td [(associated )-189(with )-189(this )-189(set.)-690(This )-189(command )-189(can )-189(be )-189(executed )-189(only )-189(by )-189(a)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(pr)18(ocess )-710(whose )-710(ef)18(fective )-710(user )-710(ID )-710(equals)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 21.499 0 Td (sem_perm.cuid)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 8.76 0 Td (or)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -30.259 -1.2 Td (sem_perm.uid)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.45 0 Td [(or by a pr)18(ocess with super)8(user privileges.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -13.45 -1.6 Td (IPC_RMID)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6 0 Td [(Remove )-495(the )-495(semaphor)]TJ 0.7454 Tc 10.89 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.648 0 Td [(et )-495(fr)18(om )-495(the )-495(system.)-997(This )-495(r)18(emoval )-495(is)]TJ -12.538 -1.2 Td [(immediate. )-393(Any)-393(other )-143(pr)18(ocess )-143(still )-143(using )-143(the )-143(semaphor)]TJ 0.3931 Tc 25.392 0 Td (ew)Tj 0 Tc 1.706 0 Td [(ill )-143(get )-143(an)]TJ -27.098 -1.2 Td [(err)18(or )-212(of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.996 0 Td (EIDRM)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.462 0 Td [(on )-212(its )-212(next )-212(attempted )-212(operation )-212(on )-212(the )-212(semaphor)15(e.)]TJ -7.458 -1.2 Td [(This )-22(command )-22(can )-22(be )-22(executed )-22(only )-22(by )-22(a )-22(pr)18(ocess )-22(whose )-22(ef)18(fective )-22(user)]TJ T* [(ID )-129(equals)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.726 0 Td (sem_perm.cuid)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 8.179 0 Td (or)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.32 0 Td (sem_perm.uid)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.579 0 Td [(or )-129(by )-129(a )-129(pr)17(ocess )-129(with)]TJ -21.805 -1.2 Td [(super)8(user privileges.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -6 -1.6 Td (GETVAL)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (Return the value of)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.757 0 Td (semval)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td (for the member)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 7.083 0 Td (semnum)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -25.69 -1.6 Td (SETVAL)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6 0 Td [(Set )-337(the )-337(value )-337(of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.383 0 Td (semval)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.187 0 Td [(for )-337(the )-337(member)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 8.095 0 Td (semnum)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.8372 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 5.146 0 Td [(he )-337(value )-337(is)]TJ -25.812 -1.2 Td (speci\336ed by)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 5.543 0 Td [(ar)18(g.val)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -11.543 -1.6 Td (GETPID)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (Return the value of)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.757 0 Td (sempid)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td (for the member)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 7.083 0 Td (semnum)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -25.69 -1.6 Td (GETNCNT)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (Return the value of)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.757 0 Td (semncnt)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td (for the member)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 7.083 0 Td (semnum)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -26.29 -1.6 Td (GETZCNT)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (Return the value of)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.757 0 Td (semzcnt)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td (for the member)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 7.083 0 Td (semnum)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -26.29 -1.6 Td (GETALL)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6 0 Td [(Fetch )-99(all )-99(the )-99(semaphor)]TJ 0.3492 Tc 10.296 0 Td (ev)Tj 0 Tc 1.393 0 Td [(alues )-99(in )-99(the )-99(set.)-600(These )-99(values )-99(ar)]TJ 0.3493 Tc 14.698 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.252 0 Td [(tor)18(ed )-99(in)]TJ -27.639 -1.2 Td (the array pointed to by)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 10.4 0 Td [(ar)18(g.array)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -16.4 -1.6 Td (SETALL)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6 0 Td [(Set )-184(all )-184(the )-184(semaphor)]TJ 0.4339 Tc 9.493 0 Td (ev)Tj 0 Tc 1.478 0 Td [(alues )-184(in )-184(the )-184(set )-184(to )-184(the )-184(values )-184(pointed )-184(to )-184(by)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf -10.971 -1.2 Td [(ar)18(g.array)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj -7.8 -1.8 Td [(For )-91(all )-91(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.989 0 Td (GET)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.141 0 Td [(commands )-91(other )-91(than)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.214 0 Td (GETALL)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.341 Tc (,t)Tj 0 Tc 4.517 0 Td [(he )-91(function )-91(r)18(eturns )-91(the )-91(corr)18(esponding)]TJ -21.861 -1.2 Td [(value. )-269(For)-269(the )-19(r)18(emaining )-19(commands, )-19(the )-19(r)19(eturn )-19(value )-19(is )-19(0 )-19(if )-19(the )-19(call )-19(succeeds.)-519(On )-19(err)21(or)74(,)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td (the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.637 0 Td (semctl)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td (function sets)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 5.86 0 Td (errno)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td [(and r)18(eturns)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 5.379 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (1.)Tj -18.176 -1.2 Td [(The )-13(function)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.908 0 Td (semop)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.263 0 Td [(atomically )-13(performs )-13(an )-13(array )-13(of )-13(operations )-13(on )-13(a )-13(semaphor)]TJ 0.2634 Tc 25.807 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.166 0 Td (et.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5922 194.4883 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.783 TD (int semop\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 8.4 0 Td (semid)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 4.134 0 Td (truct sembuf)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 7.8 0 Td (semoparray)Tj /TT0 1 Tf ([], size_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 11.266 0 Td (nops)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -4.749 -1.783 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 1579.25 cm 0 0 m 0 456 l 3900 456 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 145.5825 Tm (The)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.984 0 Td (semoparray)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.976 0 Td [(ar)18(gument )-60(is )-60(a )-60(pointer )-60(to )-60(an )-60(array )-60(of )-60(semaphor)]TJ 0.3095 Tc 20.789 0 Td (eo)Tj 0 Tc 1.334 0 Td [(perations, )-59(r)18(epr)18(esented)]TJ -29.082 -1.2 Td (by)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.359 0 Td (sembuf)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(es:)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47318 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf -0.037 Tc 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (11)Tj 0 Tc 0.963 0 Td (0)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.5 0 Td [(Files )-250(and )-250(Dir)18(ectories )]TJ 39.278 0 Td [(Chapter)-500(4)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 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Tf 11.755 0 Td [(\337ag )-105(set\) )-105(change)]TJ -31.92 -1.2 Td (the owners of the symbolic link itself, not the \336le pointed to by the\ symbolic link.)Tj 1.8 -1.2 Td (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.041 0 Td (fchown)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.967 0 Td [(function )-117(changes )-117(the )-117(ownership )-117(of )-117(the )-117(open )-117(\336le )-117(r)20(efer)18(enced )-117(by )-117(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 30.415 0 Td (fd)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -38.222 -1.2 Td [(ar)18(gument. )-293(Since)-293(it )-43(operates )-43(on )-43(a )-43(\336le )-43(that )-43(is )-43(alr)18(eady )-43(open, )-43(it )-43(can\325t )-43(be )-43(used )-43(to )-43(change )-43(the)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD (ownership of a symbolic link.)Tj 1.8 -1.2 Td (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.03 0 Td (fchownat)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.156 0 Td [(function )-106(behaves )-106(like )-106(either)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 12.883 0 Td (chown)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.356 0 Td (or)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.297 0 Td (lchown)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.956 0 Td [(when )-106(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 4.577 0 Td (pathname)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -35.056 -1.2 Td [(ar)18(gument )-301(is )-301(absolute )-301(or )-301(when )-301(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 16.852 0 Td (fd)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.329 0 Td [(ar)18(gument )-300(has )-300(the )-300(value)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.839 0 Td (AT_FDCWD)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.351 0 Td [(and )-300(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf -35.37 -1.2 Td (pathname)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.509 0 Td [(ar)18(gument )-314(is )-314(r)17(elative. )-565(In)-564(these )-315(cases,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 17.946 0 Td (fchownat)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.365 0 Td [(acts )-315(like)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.44 0 Td (lchown)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.165 0 Td [(if )-315(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -36.424 -1.2 Td (AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 11.953 0 Td [(\337ag )-303(is )-303(set )-303(in )-303(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 8.635 0 Td (\337ag)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.042 0 Td [(ar)18(gument, )-303(or )-303(it )-303(acts )-303(like)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 12.192 0 Td (chown)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.553 0 Td (if)Tj -38.376 -1.2 Td (the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.895 0 Td (AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 11.908 0 Td [(\337ag )-258(is )-258(clear)]TJ 0.7582 Tc 5.43 0 Td (.W)Tj 0 Tc 2.008 0 Td [(hen )-258(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 4.046 0 Td (fd)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.286 0 Td [(ar)18(gument )-258(is )-258(set )-258(to )-258(the )-258(\336le)]TJ -26.575 -1.2 Td [(descriptor )-228(of )-228(an )-228(open )-228(dir)18(ectory )-228(and )-228(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 19.133 0 Td (pathname)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.422 0 Td [(ar)18(gument )-228(is )-228(a )-228(r)18(elative )-228(pathname,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -23.556 -1.2 Td (fchownat)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.05 0 Td (evaluates the)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 6.054 0 Td (pathname)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 4.194 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(lative to the open dir)18(ectory)111(.)]TJ -14.354 -1.2 Td (Historically)Tj 0.7341 Tc 5.076 0 Td (,B)Tj 0 Tc 1.595 0 Td (SD)Tj 1.299 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(based )-484(systems )-484(have )-484(enfor)18(ced )-484(the )-484(r)18(estriction )-484(that )-484(only )-484(the)]TJ -10.103 -1.2 Td [(super)8(user )-14(can )-14(change )-14(the )-14(ownership )-14(of )-14(a )-14(\336le.)-514(This )-14(is )-14(to )-14(pr)18(event )-14(users )-14(fr)18(om )-14(giving )-14(away)]TJ T* [(their )-233(\336les )-233(to )-233(others, )-233(ther)18(eby )-233(defeating )-233(any )-233(disk )-233(space )-233(quota )-233(r)14(estrictions. )-483(System)]TJ -0.129 Tc 38.157 0 Td (V,)Tj 0 Tc -38.157 -1.2 Td (however)Tj 0.25 Tc 3.806 0 Td (,h)Tj 0 Tc 1.082 0 Td (as allowed all users to change the ownership of any \336les they own.)Tj 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 183.5903 456.9726 Tm [(POSIX.1 )-1222(allows )-1222(either )-1222(form )-1222(of )-1222(operation, )-1222(depending )-1222(on )-1222(the )-1222(value )-1222(of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0 -1.25 TD (_POSIX_CHOWN_RESTRICTED)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj -0.055 Tc 0 -1.875 TD (Wi)Tj 0 Tc 1.236 0 Td [(th )-88(Solaris )-88(10, )-88(this )-88(functionality )-88(is )-88(a )-88(con\336guration )-88(option, )-88(whose )-88(default )-88(value )-88(is )-88(to )-88(enfor)16(ce)]TJ -1.236 -1.25 Td [(the )-227(r)18(estriction. )-477(Fr)18(eeBSD )-227(8.0, )-227(Linux )-227(3.2.0, )-227(and )-227(Mac )-227(OS )-227(X )-227(10.6.8 )-227(always )-227(enfor)18(ce )-227(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 39 0 Td (chown)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.018 Tc -39 -1.25 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (striction.)Tj 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5934 390.9765 Tm [(Recall )-87(fr)18(om )-87(Section )-87(2.6 )-87(that )-87(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 14.401 0 Td (_POSIX_CHOWN_RESTRICTED)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 14.138 0 Td [(constant )-88(can )-88(optionally)]TJ -28.539 -1.2 Td [(be )-202(de\336ned )-202(in )-202(the )-202(header)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.965 0 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.452 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 7.202 0 Td [(nd )-202(can )-202(always )-202(be )-202(queried )-202(using )-202(either )-202(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -19.167 -1.2 Td (pathconf)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.378 0 Td [(function )-328(or )-328(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.77 0 Td (fpathconf)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.978 0 Td [(function. )-578(Also)]TJ -0.018 Tc 7.403 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(call )-328(that )-328(this )-328(option )-328(can)]TJ -27.385 -1.2 Td [(depend )-92(on )-92(the )-92(r)17(efer)18(enced )-92(\336le; )-92(it )-92(can )-92(be )-92(enabled )-92(or )-92(disabled )-92(on )-92(a )-92(per )-92(\336le )-92(system )-92(basis.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 0 -1.2 TD (We)Tj 0 Tc 1.387 0 Td [(\325ll )-260(use )-260(the )-260(phrase )-260(\324)35(\324if)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.43 0 Td (_POSIX_CHOWN_RESTRICTED)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 14.311 0 Td [(is )-261(in )-261(ef)19(fect,\325)37(\325)-511(to)-511(m)1(ean )-261(\324)37(\324if )-261(it)]TJ -26.127 -1.2 Td [(applies )-49(to )-49(the )-49(particular )-49(\336le )-49(that )-49(we\325r)]TJ 0.2994 Tc 16.665 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.104 0 Td [(alking )-49(about,\325)]TJ 0.2994 Tc 6.094 0 Td (\325r)Tj 0 Tc 0.954 0 Td [(egar)18(dless )-49(of )-49(whether )-49(this )-49(actual)]TJ -24.819 -1.2 Td [(constant is de\336ned in the header)74(.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td (If)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.92 0 Td (_POSIX_CHOWN_RESTRICTED)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 14.05 0 Td [(is in ef)18(fect for the speci\336ed \336le, then)]TJ -14.97 -1.92 Td [(1. )-633(Only)]TJ 0.25 Tc 4.098 0 Td (as)Tj 0 Tc 1.174 0 Td [(uper)8(user pr)18(ocess can change the user ID of the \336le.)]TJ -5.272 -1.6 Td [(2. )-633(A)-300(nonsuper)8(user )-50(pr)18(ocess )-50(can )-50(change )-50(the )-50(gr)18(oup )-50(ID )-50(of )-50(the )-50(\336le )-50(if )-50(the )-50(pr)13(ocess )-50(owns)]TJ 1.633 -1.2 Td [(the )-51(\336le )-51(\(the )-51(ef)18(fective )-51(user )-51(ID )-51(equals )-51(the )-51(user )-51(ID )-51(of )-51(the )-51(\336le\),)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 26.593 0 Td (owner)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.801 0 Td [(is )-50(speci\336ed )-50(as)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf -29.393 -1.2 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-254(or)-254(equals )-4(the )-4(user )-4(ID )-4(of )-4(the )-4(\336le, )-4(and)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 17.37 0 Td [(gr)18(oup)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 2.625 0 Td [(equals )-4(either )-4(the )-4(ef)18(fective )-4(gr)18(oup )-4(ID)]TJ -19.995 -1.2 Td [(of the pr)18(ocess or one of the pr)18(ocess\325s supplementary gr)18(oup IDs.)]TJ -3.433 -1.92 Td [(This )-80(means )-80(that )-80(when)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.31 0 Td (_POSIX_CHOWN_RESTRICTED)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 14.13 0 Td [(is )-80(in )-80(ef)18(fect, )-80(you )-80(can\325t )-80(change )-80(the)]TJ -24.44 -1.2 Td [(user )-110(ID )-110(of )-110(your )-110(\336les.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 10.089 0 Td (Yo)Tj 0.3599 Tc 1.121 0 Td (uc)Tj 0 Tc 1.407 0 Td [(an )-110(change )-110(the )-110(gr)18(oup )-110(ID )-110(of )-110(\336les )-110(that )-110(you )-110(own, )-110(but )-110(only )-110(to)]TJ -12.617 -1.2 Td [(gr)18(oups that you belong to.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(If )-315(these )-315(functions )-315(ar)]TJ 0.5652 Tc 9.664 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.488 0 Td [(alled )-315(by )-315(a )-315(pr)17(ocess )-315(other )-315(than )-315(a )-315(super)8(user )-315(pr)18(ocess, )-315(on)]TJ -12.952 -1.2 Td [(successful r)18(eturn, both the set-user)18(-ID and the set-gr)18(oup-ID bits ar)]TJ 0.25 Tc 29.254 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.173 0 Td [(lear)18(ed.)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47319 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(16.5)]TJ 37.602 0 Td [(Data )-250(T)90(ransfer)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 8.231 0 Td (619)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 151.1909 670.2598 Tm (hint.ai_addr = NULL;)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (hint.ai_next = NULL;)Tj T* (if \(\(err = getaddrinfo\(host, "ruptime", &hint, &ailist\)\) != 0\) {)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (syslog\(LOG_ERR, "ruptimed: getaddrinfo error: %s",)Tj 1.2 -1.189 Td (gai_strerror\(err\)\);)Tj -1.2 -1.189 Td (exit\(1\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj T* (for \(aip = ailist; aip != NULL; aip = aip->ai_next\) {)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(\(sockfd = initserver\(SOCK_STREAM, aip->ai_addr,)Tj 1.2 -1.189 Td (aip->ai_addrlen, QLEN\)\) >= 0\) {)Tj 1.2 -1.189 Td (serve\(sockfd\);)Tj T* (exit\(0\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj 0 -1.189 TD (exit\(1\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 5050.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 187.5255 488.9403 Tm (Figure 16.18)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.195 0 Td [(Server pr)18(ogram illustrating command writing dir)18(ectly to socket)]TJ 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5846 464.9432 Tm [(Instead )-73(of )-73(using)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.562 0 Td (popen)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.323 0 Td [(to )-73(r)8(un )-73(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.799 0 Td (uptime)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.923 0 Td [(command )-73(and )-73(r)18(eading )-73(the )-73(output )-73(fr)18(om )-73(the)]TJ -19.607 -1.2 Td [(pipe )-252(connected )-252(to )-252(the )-252(command\325s )-252(standar)]TJ 0.5019 Tc 19.704 0 Td (do)Tj 0 Tc 1.659 0 Td [(utput, )-252(we )-252(use)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.033 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.902 0 Td [(to )-252(cr)18(eate )-252(a )-252(child)]TJ -31.299 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ocess )-3(and )-3(then )-3(use)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.475 0 Td (dup2)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.653 0 Td [(to )-3(arrange )-3(that )-3(the )-3(child\325s )-3(copy )-3(of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 15.118 0 Td (STDIN_FILENO)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.453 0 Td [(is )-3(open )-3(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -34.699 -1.2 Td (/dev/null)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.905 0 Td [(and )-255(that )-255(both)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.949 0 Td (STDOUT_FILENO)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.305 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.198 0 Td (STDERR_FILENO)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.305 0 Td (ar)Tj 0.505 Tc 0.877 0 Td (eo)Tj 0 Tc 1.53 0 Td [(pen )-255(to )-255(the)]TJ -34.069 -1.2 Td [(socket )-230(endpoint.)-730(When )-230(we )-230(execute)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 16.977 0 Td (uptime)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.4805 Tc (,t)Tj 0 Tc 4.656 0 Td [(he )-230(command )-230(writes )-230(the )-230(r)18(esults )-230(to )-230(its)]TJ -21.634 -1.2 Td (standar)Tj 0.449 Tc 3.32 0 Td (do)Tj 0 Tc 1.606 0 Td [(utput, )-199(which )-199(is )-199(connected )-199(to )-199(the )-199(socket, )-199(and )-199(the )-199(data )-199(is )-199(sent )-199(back )-199(to )-199(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.926 -1.2 Td (ruptime)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td (client command.)Tj -2.65 -1.2 Td [(The )-120(par)18(ent )-120(can )-120(safely )-120(close )-120(the )-120(\336le )-120(descriptor )-120(connected )-120(to )-120(the )-120(client, )-120(because )-120(the)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(child )-61(still )-61(has )-61(it )-61(open.)-561(The )-61(par)18(ent )-61(waits )-61(for )-61(the )-61(child )-61(to )-61(complete )-61(befor)]TJ 0.3106 Tc 31.714 0 Td (ep)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.391 0 Td (ro)Tj 0 Tc 0.923 0 Td [(ceeding, )-61(so)]TJ -34.027 -1.2 Td [(that )-184(the )-184(child )-184(doesn\325t )-184(become )-184(a )-184(zombie.)-685(Since )-184(it )-184(shouldn\325t )-184(take )-184(too )-184(long )-184(to )-184(r)8(un )-184(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0 -1.2 TD (uptime)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.962 0 Td [(command, )-112(the )-112(par)18(ent )-112(can )-112(af)19(for)18(d)-362(to)-362(w)1(ait )-112(for )-112(the )-112(child )-112(to )-112(exit )-112(befor)]TJ 0.3617 Tc 29.975 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.341 0 Td (ccepting)Tj -35.277 -1.2 Td [(the next connect r)17(equest. )-250(This)-251(strategy might not be appr)18(opriate if the child takes a long)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(time, however)74(.)]TJ ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5141.25 3210.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 50 50 l 0 50 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9982 0 0 9.9982 147.5734 292.1464 Tm [(The )-219(pr)18(evious )-219(examples )-219(have )-219(used )-219(connection-oriented )-219(sockets.)-719(But )-219(how )-219(do )-219(we)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(choose )-45(the )-45(appr)18(opriate )-45(type?)-545(When )-45(do )-45(we )-45(use )-45(a )-45(connection-oriented )-45(socket, )-45(and )-45(when)]TJ T* [(do )-68(we )-68(use )-68(a )-68(connectionless )-68(socket?)-568(The )-68(answer )-68(depends )-68(on )-68(how )-68(much )-68(work )-68(we )-68(want)]TJ T* [(to do and how much tolerance we have for err)18(ors.)]TJ -0.055 Tc 1.8 -1.2 Td (Wi)Tj 0 Tc 1.236 0 Td [(th )-5(a )-5(connectionless )-5(socket, )-5(packets )-5(can )-5(arrive )-5(out )-5(of )-5(or)19(der)74(,)-255(so)-255(if)-255(w)]TJ 0.2548 Tc (ec)Tj 0 Tc 29.957 0 Td [(an\325t )-5(\336t )-5(all )-5(our)]TJ -32.993 -1.2 Td [(data )-232(in )-232(one )-232(packet, )-232(we )-232(will )-232(have )-232(to )-232(worry )-232(about )-232(or)14(dering )-232(in )-232(our )-232(application.)-734(The)]TJ T* [(maximum )-133(packet )-133(size )-133(is )-133(a )-133(characteristic )-133(of )-133(the )-133(communication )-133(pr)15(otocol. )-383(Also,)-383(with )-133(a)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(connectionless )-54(socket, )-54(the )-54(packets )-54(can )-54(be )-54(lost.)-554(If )-54(our )-54(application )-54(can\325t )-54(tolerate )-54(this )-54(loss,)]TJ T* (we should use connection-oriented sockets.)Tj -0.092 Tc 1.8 -1.2 Td (To)Tj 0 Tc 1.067 0 Td [(lerating )-4(packet )-4(loss )-4(means )-4(that )-4(we )-4(have )-4(two )-4(choices.)-504(If )-4(we )-4(intend )-4(to )-4(have )-4(r)22(eliable)]TJ -2.867 -1.2 Td [(communication )-545(with )-545(our )-545(peer)73(,)-795(we)-795(h)-1(ave )-546(to )-546(number )-546(our )-546(packets )-546(and )-546(r)20(equest)]TJ -0.018 Tc -0 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(transmission )-172(fr)18(om )-172(the )-172(peer )-172(application )-172(when )-172(we )-172(detect )-172(a )-172(missing )-172(packet.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 34.574 0 Td [(We )-356(a)]TJ 0 Tc 2.309 0 Td (lso)Tj -37.739 -1.2 Td [(have )-116(to )-116(identify )-116(duplicate )-116(packets )-116(and )-116(discar)]TJ 0.3664 Tc 20.481 0 Td (dt)Tj 0 Tc 1.303 0 Td [(hem, )-116(since )-116(a )-116(packet )-116(might )-116(be )-116(delayed)]TJ -21.785 -1.2 Td [(and appear to be lost, but show up after we have r)18(equested r)18(etransmission.)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47320 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(19.3)]TJ 27.958 0 Td [(Opening )-250(Pseudo-T)92(erminal )-250(Devices)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 17.875 0 Td (725)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 129.5922 670.2598 Tm (int)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (ptym_open\(char *pts_name, int pts_namesz\))Tj T* ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td [(char )-1800(*ptr;)]TJ T* [(int )-2400(fdm,)-600(err;)]TJ 0 -2.021 TD (if \(\(fdm = posix_openpt\(O_RDWR\)\) < 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (return\(-1\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td [(if \(grantpt\(fdm\) < 0\))-4200(/* grant access to slave */)]TJ 2.4 -1.189 Td (goto errout;)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td [(if \(unlockpt\(fdm\) < 0\))-3600(/* clear slave\325s lock flag */)]TJ 2.4 -1.189 Td (goto errout;)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td [(if \(\(ptr = ptsname\(fdm\)\) == NULL\))-1800(/* get slave\325s name */)]TJ 2.4 -1.189 Td (goto errout;)Tj -2.4 -2.021 Td (/*)Tj 0.6 Tc 0.6 -1.189 Td (*R)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td [(eturn name of slave.)-1200(Null terminate to handle)]TJ 0.6 Tc -1.8 -1.189 Td (*c)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (ase where strlen\(ptr\) > pts_namesz.)Tj -1.8 -1.189 Td (*/)Tj -0.6 -1.189 Td (strncpy\(pts_name, ptr, pts_namesz\);)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (pts_name[pts_namesz - 1] = \325\\0\325;)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (return\(fdm\); )Tj 14.4 0 Td [(/*)-600(return fd of master */)]TJ -16.8 -1.189 Td (errout:)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err = errno;)Tj T* (close\(fdm\);)Tj T* (errno = err;)Tj T* (return\(-1\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj 0 -2.021 TD (int)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (ptys_open\(char *pts_name\))Tj 0 -1.189 TD ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (int fds;)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (#if defined\(SOLARIS\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (int err, setup;)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (#endif)Tj 2.4 -2.021 Td (if \(\(fds = open\(pts_name, O_RDWR\)\) < 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (return\(-1\);)Tj -4.8 -2.021 Td (#if defined\(SOLARIS\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (/*)Tj 0.6 Tc 0.6 -1.189 Td (*C)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (heck if stream is already set up by autopush facility.)Tj -1.8 -1.189 Td (*/)Tj -0.6 -1.189 Td (if \(\(setup = ioctl\(fds, I_FIND, "ldterm"\)\) < 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (goto errout;)Tj -2.4 -2.021 Td (if \(setup == 0\) {)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(ioctl\(fds, I_PUSH, "ptem"\) < 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (goto errout;)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(ioctl\(fds, I_PUSH, "ldterm"\) < 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (goto errout;)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47321 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (780)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5 Tc 3.5 0 Td (AD)Tj 0 Tc 2.052 0 Td [(atabase )-250(Library)]TJ 36.689 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(20)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 6690.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 129.5922 659.4594 Tm [(751 )-2400(/*)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(752 )-3000(*)-600(We read lock the free list so that we don\325t read)]TJ T* [(753 )-3000(*)]TJ 0.6 Tc 6.6 0 Td (ar)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (ecord in the middle of its being deleted.)Tj -8.4 -1.189 Td [(754 )-3000(*/)]TJ T* [(755 )-2400(if)-600(\(readw_lock\(db->idxfd, FREE_OFF, SEEK_SET, 1\) < 0\))]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(756 )-4800(err_dump\("db_nextrec:)-600(readw_lock error"\);)]TJ 0 -2.259 TD [(757 )-2400(do)-600({)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(758 )-4800(/*)]TJ T* (759 )Tj 7.8 0 Td [(*)-600(Read next sequential index record.)]TJ -7.8 -1.189 Td (760 )Tj 7.8 0 Td (*/)Tj -7.8 -1.189 Td [(761 )-4800(if)-600(\(_db_readidx\(db, 0\) < 0\) {)]TJ T* (762 )Tj 9.6 0 Td (ptr)Tj 0.6 Tc 2.4 0 Td (=N)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td [(ULL; )-2400(/*)-600(end of index file, EOF */)]TJ -13.8 -1.189 Td (763 )Tj 9.6 0 Td [(goto)-600(doreturn;)]TJ -9.6 -1.189 Td [(764 )-4800(})]TJ 0 -2.259 TD [(765 )-4800(/*)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD (766 )Tj 7.8 0 Td [(*)-600(Check if key is all blank \(empty record\).)]TJ -7.8 -1.189 Td (767 )Tj 7.8 0 Td (*/)Tj -7.8 -1.189 Td [(768 )-4800(ptr)]TJ 0.6 Tc 9.6 0 Td (=d)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (b->idxbuf;)Tj -11.4 -1.189 Td [(769 )-4800(while)-600(\(\(c = *ptr++\) != 0)-1200(&& )-600(c)-600(== SPACE\))]TJ T* (770 )Tj 9.6 0 Td [(;)-1800(/* skip until null byte or nonblank */)]TJ -9.6 -1.189 Td [(771 )-2400(})-600(while \(c == 0\);)-1800(/* loop until a nonblank key is found */)]TJ 0 -2.259 TD [(772 )-2400(if)-600(\(key != NULL\))]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(773 )-4800(strcpy\(key,)-600(db->idxbuf\); )-1800(/*)-600(return key */)]TJ T* [(774 )-2400(ptr)]TJ 0.6 Tc 7.2 0 Td (=_)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td [(db_readdat\(db\); )-600(/*)-600(return pointer to data buffer */)]TJ -9 -1.189 Td [(775 )-2400(db->cnt_nextrec++;)]TJ 0 -2.259 TD [(776 )-1200(doreturn:)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(777 )-2400(if)-600(\(un_lock\(db->idxfd, FREE_OFF, SEEK_SET, 1\) < 0\))]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(778 )-4800(err_dump\("db_nextrec:)-600(un_lock error"\);)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(779 )-2400(return\(ptr\);)]TJ T* [(780 )-1200(})]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 3059.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 281.8442 Tm [([751 )167(\320 )167(756])]TJ -0.092 Tc 5 0 Td [(We )-230(\336)]TJ 0 Tc 2.288 0 Td [(rst )-46(need )-46(to )-46(r)19(ead )-46(lock )-46(the )-46(fr)18(ee )-46(list )-46(so )-46(that )-46(no )-46(other )-46(pr)18(ocesses )-46(can )-46(r)21(emove)]TJ 0.25 Tc -2.288 -1.2 Td (ar)Tj 0 Tc 1.127 0 Td (ecor)Tj 0.25 Tc 1.846 0 Td (dw)Tj 0 Tc 1.695 0 Td (hile we ar)Tj 0.25 Tc 4.333 0 Td (er)Tj 0 Tc 1.106 0 Td (eading it.)Tj -15.107 -1.84 Td [([757 )167(\320 )167(771])]TJ -0.092 Tc 5 0 Td [(We )-271(c)]TJ 0 Tc 2.168 0 Td (all)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.419 0 Td (_db_readidx)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.937 0 Td [(to )-87(r)18(ead )-87(the )-87(next )-87(r)17(ecor)18(d. )-337(W)]TJ 0.3373 Tc 12.057 0 Td (ep)Tj 0 Tc 1.417 0 Td [(ass )-87(in )-87(an )-87(of)18(fset )-87(of )-87(0 )-87(to)]TJ -23.999 -1.2 Td (tell)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.682 0 Td (_db_readidx)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.895 0 Td [(to )-45(continue )-45(r)18(eading )-45(fr)18(om )-45(the )-45(curr)18(ent )-45(of)17(fset. )-295(Since)-295(we )-45(ar)18(e)]TJ -0.018 Tc -8.577 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(ading )-188(the )-188(index )-188(\336le )-188(sequentially)111(,)-438(we)-438(can )-188(come )-188(acr)18(oss )-188(r)18(ecor)18(ds )-188(that )-188(have)]TJ -0.856 -1.2 Td [(been )-96(deleted.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 6.561 0 Td [(We )-280(w)]TJ 0 Tc 2.567 0 Td [(ant )-96(to )-96(r)18(eturn )-96(only )-96(valid )-96(r)17(ecor)18(ds, )-96(so )-96(we )-96(skip )-96(any )-96(r)18(ecor)18(d)]TJ -9.129 -1.2 Td [(whose )-49(key )-49(is )-49(all )-49(spaces )-49(\(r)18(ecall )-49(that)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 15.67 0 Td (_db_dodelete)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.499 0 Td [(clears )-49(a )-49(key )-49(by )-49(setting )-49(it)]TJ -23.169 -1.2 Td (to all spaces\).)Tj -5 -1.84 Td [([772 )167(\320 )167(780])-668(When )-255(we )-255(\336nd )-255(a )-255(valid )-255(key)110(,)-505(we)-505(c)-1(opy )-255(it )-255(to )-255(the )-255(caller)-75(\325s )-255(buf)18(fer )-255(if )-255(one )-255(was)]TJ 5 -1.2 Td [(supplied. )-307(Then)-308(we )-57(r)18(ead )-58(the )-58(data )-58(r)19(ecor)]TJ 0.3076 Tc 17.329 0 Td (da)Tj 0 Tc 1.419 0 Td [(nd )-58(set )-58(the )-58(r)18(eturn )-58(value )-58(to )-58(point )-58(to)]TJ -18.748 -1.2 Td [(the )-252(internal )-252(buf)18(fer )-252(containing )-252(the )-252(data )-252(r)15(ecor)18(d. )-502(W)]TJ 0.5025 Tc 23.294 0 Td (ei)Tj 0 Tc 1.272 0 Td [(ncr)18(ement )-252(a )-252(statistics)]TJ -24.567 -1.2 Td (counter)Tj 0.25 Tc 3.301 0 Td (,u)Tj 0 Tc 1.103 0 Td [(nlock the fr)18(ee list, and r)18(eturn the pointer to the data r)18(ecor)18(d.)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47322 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (778)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5 Tc 3.5 0 Td (AD)Tj 0 Tc 2.052 0 Td [(atabase )-250(Library)]TJ 36.689 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(20)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 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100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 129.5922 659.4594 Tm [(441 )-2400(/*)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(442 )-3000(*)-600(Read the free list pointer.)-1200(Its value becomes the)]TJ T* [(443 )-3000(*)-600(chain ptr field of the deleted index record.)-1200(This means)]TJ T* [(444 )-3000(*)-600(the deleted record becomes the head of the free list.)]TJ T* [(445 )-3000(*/)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(446 )-2400(freeptr)]TJ 0.6 Tc 9.6 0 Td (=_)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (db_readptr\(db, FREE_OFF\);)Tj -11.4 -1.783 Td [(447 )-2400(/*)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(448 )-3000(*)-600(Save the contents of index record chain ptr,)]TJ T* [(449 )-3000(*)-600(before it\325s rewritten by _db_writeidx.)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(450 )-3000(*/)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(451 )-2400(saveptr)]TJ 0.6 Tc 9.6 0 Td (=d)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (b->ptrval;)Tj -11.4 -1.783 Td [(452 )-2400(/*)]TJ T* [(453 )-3000(*)-600(Rewrite the index record.)-1200(This also rewrites the length)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(454 )-3000(*)-600(of the index record, the data offset, and the data length,)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(455 )-3000(*)-600(none of which has changed, but that\325s OK.)]TJ T* [(456 )-3000(*/)]TJ T* [(457 )-2400(_db_writeidx\(db,)-600(db->idxbuf, db->idxoff, SEEK_SET, freeptr\);)]TJ 0 -1.783 TD [(458 )-2400(/*)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(459 )-3000(*)-600(Write the new free list pointer.)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(460 )-3000(*/)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(461 )-2400(_db_writeptr\(db,)-600(FREE_OFF, db->idxoff\);)]TJ 0 -1.783 TD [(462 )-2400(/*)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(463 )-3000(*)-600(Rewrite the chain ptr that pointed to this record being)]TJ T* [(464 )-3000(*)-600(deleted. )-600(Recall)-600(that _db_find_and_lock sets db->ptroff to)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(465 )-3000(*)-600(point to this chain ptr.)-1200(We set this chain ptr to the)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(466 )-3000(*)-600(contents of the deleted record\325s chain ptr, saveptr.)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(467 )-3000(*/)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(468 )-2400(_db_writeptr\(db,)-600(db->ptroff, saveptr\);)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(469 )-2400(if)-600(\(un_lock\(db->idxfd, FREE_OFF, SEEK_SET, 1\) < 0\))]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(470 )-4800(err_dump\("_db_dodelete:)-600(un_lock error"\);)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(471 )-1200(})]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 3123.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 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Td (dg)Tj 0 Tc 1.436 0 Td [(iven )-19(its )-19(key)]TJ 0.5189 Tc 4.976 0 Td (.W)Tj 0.2689 Tc 1.677 0 Td (e\336)Tj 0 Tc 1.353 0 Td [(rst )-19(try )-19(to)]TJ -30.168 -1.2 Td [(\336nd )-266(the )-266(r)17(ecor)18(d)-516(by)-516(c)-1(alling)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 12.665 0 Td (_db_find_and_lock)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.7664 Tc (.I)Tj 0.5164 Tc 11.553 0 Td (ft)Tj 0 Tc 1.175 0 Td [(he )-266(r)18(ecor)]TJ 0.5164 Tc 3.8 0 Td (dc)Tj 0 Tc 1.571 0 Td [(an\325t )-266(be)]TJ -30.766 -1.2 Td [(found, )-158(we )-158(set )-158(the )-158(r)18(eturn )-158(value )-158(\()]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 14.836 0 Td (ptr)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.4081 Tc (\)t)Tj 0 Tc 2.867 0 Td (o)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.954 0 Td (NULL)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.808 0 Td [(and )-158(incr)18(ement )-158(the )-158(count )-158(of)]TJ -21.465 -1.2 Td [(unsuccessful )-141(r)18(ecor)]TJ 0.3906 Tc 8.268 0 Td (ds)Tj 0 Tc 1.426 0 Td [(ear)18(ches. )-391(Because)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.106 0 Td (_db_find_and_lock)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 10.591 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(turns )-141(with)]TJ -29.246 -1.2 Td [(the database index \336le locked, we can\325t r)18(eturn until we unlock it.)]TJ -5 -1.6 Td [([219 )167(\320 )167(229])-668(If )-36(the )-36(r)18(ecor)18(d)-286(is)-286(found, )-36(we )-36(call)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 18.373 0 Td (_db_readdat)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.886 0 Td [(to )-36(r)18(ead )-36(the )-36(corr)18(esponding )-36(data)]TJ -0.018 Tc -20.259 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (cor)Tj 0.4539 Tc 1.367 0 Td (da)Tj 0 Tc 1.565 0 Td [(nd )-204(incr)18(ement )-204(the )-204(count )-204(of )-204(the )-204(successful )-204(r)19(ecor)]TJ 0.4539 Tc 21.659 0 Td (ds)Tj 0 Tc 1.489 0 Td [(ear)18(ches. )-454(Befor)18(e)]TJ -0.018 Tc -26.936 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(turning, )-116(we )-116(unlock )-116(the )-116(index )-116(\336le )-116(by )-116(calling)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 20.151 0 Td (un_lock)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.6156 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 5.679 0 Td [(hen )-116(we )-116(r)18(eturn )-116(a)]TJ -26.685 -1.2 Td [(pointer to the r)18(ecor)]TJ 0.25 Tc 8.452 0 Td (df)Tj 0 Tc 1.194 0 Td (ound \(or)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 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0.5 Tc (.I)Tj 0.25 Tc 4.087 0 Td (nt)Tj 0 Tc 1.158 0 Td (his example, our)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 7.59 0 Td (umask)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td (was 02.)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -18.687 -1.84 Td (4.8)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.092 Tc 2.602 0 Td [(We )-184(c)]TJ 0 Tc 2.081 0 Td (an\325t use)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.692 0 Td (du)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (,b)Tj 0 Tc 2.253 0 Td [(ecause it r)18(equir)18(es either the name of the \336le, as in)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 173.6102 195.0882 Tm (du tempfile)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 155.6113 179.2289 Tm [(or a dir)18(ectory name, as in)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 173.6102 164.67 Tm (du .)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 155.6113 148.8108 Tm [(But )-25(when )-25(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.229 0 Td (unlink)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.875 0 Td [(function )-25(r)18(eturns, )-25(the )-25(dir)18(ectory )-25(entry )-25(for)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 17.816 0 Td (tempfile)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.075 0 Td [(is )-25(gone.)]TJ -32.995 -1.2 Td (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.099 0 Td [(du )267(.)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 2.558 0 Td [(command )-174(just )-174(shown )-174(would )-174(not )-174(account )-174(for )-174(the )-174(space )-174(still )-174(taken )-174(by)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47329 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(21.5)]TJ 38.014 0 Td [(Sour)18(ce )-250(Code)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 7.819 0 Td (837)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 6690.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 129.5922 659.4594 Tm [(754 )-4800(if)-600(\(nr < 0\) {)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD (755 )Tj 9.6 0 Td [(log_ret\("can\325t)-600(read %s", name\);)]TJ -9.6 -1.189 Td (756 )Tj 9.6 0 Td [(goto)-600(defer;)]TJ -9.6 -1.189 Td [(757 )-4800(})]TJ 0 -1.783 TD [(758 )-4800(/*)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD (759 )Tj 7.8 0 Td [(*)-600(Read the response from the printer.)]TJ -7.8 -1.189 Td (760 )Tj 7.8 0 Td (*/)Tj -7.8 -1.189 Td [(761 )-4800(if)-600(\(printer_status\(sockfd, jp\)\) {)]TJ T* (762 )Tj 9.6 0 Td (unlink\(name\);)Tj -9.6 -1.189 Td (763 )Tj 9.6 0 Td [(sprintf\(name,)-600("%s/%s/%d", SPOOLDIR, REQDIR, jp->jobid\);)]TJ -9.6 -1.189 Td (764 )Tj 9.6 0 Td (unlink\(name\);)Tj -9.6 -1.189 Td (765 )Tj 9.6 0 Td (free\(jp\);)Tj -9.6 -1.189 Td (766 )Tj 9.6 0 Td (jp)Tj 0.6 Tc 1.8 0 Td (=N)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (ULL;)Tj -13.2 -1.189 Td [(767 )-4800(})]TJ T* [(768 )-1200(defer:)]TJ T* [(769 )-4800(close\(fd\);)]TJ T* [(770 )-4800(if)-600(\(sockfd >= 0\))]TJ T* (771 )Tj 9.6 0 Td (close\(sockfd\);)Tj -9.6 -1.189 Td [(772 )-4800(if)-600(\(jp != NULL\) {)]TJ T* (773 )Tj 9.6 0 Td (replace_job\(jp\);)Tj -9.6 -1.189 Td (774 )Tj 9.6 0 Td [(nanosleep\(&ts,)-600(NULL\);)]TJ -9.6 -1.189 Td [(775 )-4800(})]TJ T* [(776 )-2400(})]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(777 )-1200(})]TJ 0 -1.783 TD [(778 )-1200(/*)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(779 )-1800(*)-600(Read data from the printer, possibly increasing the buffer.)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(780 )-1800(*)-600(Returns offset of end of data in buffer or -1 on failure.)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(781 )-1800(*)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(782 )-1800(*)-600(LOCKING: none.)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(783 )-1800(*/)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(784 )-1200(ssize_t)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(785 )-1200(readmore\(int)-600(sockfd, char **bpp, int off, int *bszp\))]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 3123.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 288.2634 Tm [([754 )167(\320 )167(757])-668(When )-144(we )-144(r)19(each )-144(the )-144(end )-144(of )-144(the )-144(\336le,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 21.438 0 Td (read)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.794 0 Td [(will )-144(r)18(eturn )-144(0.)-643(However)]TJ 0.3938 Tc 10.706 0 Td (,i)Tj 0 Tc 0.935 0 Td (f)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.727 0 Td (read)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -31.6 -1.2 Td [(fails, we log an err)18(or message and jump to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 18.95 0 Td (defer)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj -23.95 -1.6 Td [([758 )167(\320 )167(767])-668(After )-119(sending )-119(the )-119(\336le )-119(to )-119(the )-119(printer)72(,)-369(we)-369(c)-1(all)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 25.266 0 Td (printer_status)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.769 0 Td [(to )-119(r)18(ead )-119(the)]TJ -29.035 -1.2 Td [(printer )176(\325s)]TJ -0.018 Tc 4.193 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(sponse )-98(to )-98(our )-98(r)18(equest. )-348(On)-348(success,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 16.169 0 Td (printer_status)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 8.748 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(turns )-98(a)]TJ -30.822 -1.2 Td (nonzer)Tj 0.4021 Tc 3.066 0 Td (ov)Tj 0 Tc 1.513 0 Td [(alue )-152(and )-152(we )-152(delete )-152(the )-152(data )-152(and )-152(contr)18(ol )-152(\336les.)-653(Then )-152(we )-152(fr)18(ee )-152(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.579 -1.2 Td (job)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.05 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e, set its pointer to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.831 0 Td (NULL)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 3.4 0 Td [(nd fall thr)18(ough to the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.689 0 Td (defer)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td (label.)Tj -35.22 -1.6 Td [([768 )167(\320 )167(777])-668(At )-59(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.109 0 Td (defer)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.309 0 Td [(label, )-59(we )-59(close )-59(the )-59(\336le )-59(descriptor )-59(for )-59(the )-59(open )-59(data )-59(\336le.)-559(If )-59(the)]TJ -6.418 -1.2 Td [(socket )-200(descriptor )-200(is )-200(valid, )-200(we )-200(close )-200(it.)-698(On )-200(err)18(or)74(,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 22.907 0 Td (jp)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.65 0 Td [(will )-200(point )-200(to )-200(the )-200(job)]TJ -24.557 -1.2 Td [(str)8(uctur)]TJ 0.3411 Tc 3.49 0 Td (ef)Tj 0 Tc 1.153 0 Td [(or )-91(the )-91(job )-91(we )-91(ar)]TJ 0.3412 Tc 7.216 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.146 0 Td [(rying )-91(to )-91(print, )-91(so )-91(we )-91(place )-91(the )-91(job )-91(back )-91(on )-91(the)]TJ -13.005 -1.2 Td [(head )-30(of )-30(the )-30(pending )-30(job )-30(list )-30(and )-30(delay )-30(for )-30(1 )-30(minute.)-532(On )-30(success,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 28.875 0 Td (jp)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.48 0 Td (is)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.995 0 Td (NULL)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (,)Tj -31.35 -1.2 Td (so we simply go back to the top of the loop to get the next job to print\ .)Tj -5 -1.6 Td [([778 )167(\320 )167(785])-668(The)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.029 0 Td (readmore)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.155 0 Td [(function )-105(is )-105(used )-105(to )-105(r)18(ead )-105(part )-105(of )-105(the )-105(r)16(esponse )-105(message )-105(fr)17(om)]TJ -7.185 -1.2 Td [(the printer)74(.)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47330 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(17.3)]TJ 34.529 0 Td [(Unique )-250(Connections)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 11.304 0 Td (641)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 151.1909 670.2598 Tm (len = offsetof\(struct sockaddr_un, sun_path\) + strlen\(un.sun_path\);)Tj 0 -1.902 TD [(unlink\(un.sun_path\); )-4200(/*)-600(in case it already exists */)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD (if \(bind\(fd, \(struct sockaddr *\)&un, len\) < 0\) {)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (rval = -2;)Tj T* (goto errout;)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj T* (if \(chmod\(un.sun_path, CLI_PERM\) < 0\) {)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (rval = -3;)Tj T* (do_unlink = 1;)Tj T* (goto errout;)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj 0 -1.902 TD (/* fill socket address structure with server\325s address */)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (memset\(&sun, 0, sizeof\(sun\)\);)Tj T* (sun.sun_family = AF_UNIX;)Tj T* (strcpy\(sun.sun_path, name\);)Tj T* (len = offsetof\(struct sockaddr_un, sun_path\) + strlen\(name\);)Tj T* (if \(connect\(fd, \(struct sockaddr *\)&sun, len\) < 0\) {)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (rval = -4;)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (do_unlink = 1;)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (goto errout;)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj T* (return\(fd\);)Tj -2.4 -1.902 Td (errout:)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err = errno;)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (close\(fd\);)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (if \(do_unlink\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (unlink\(un.sun_path\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (errno = err;)Tj T* (return\(rval\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 3359.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 257.0651 319.9006 Tm (Figure 17.10)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.195 0 Td (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.924 0 Td (cli_conn)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.05 0 Td (function)Tj -0.092 Tc 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5848 295.9035 Tm [(We )-301(c)]TJ 0 Tc 2.198 0 Td (all)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.449 0 Td (socket)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.967 0 Td [(to )-117(cr)18(eate )-117(the )-117(client\325s )-117(end )-117(of )-117(a )-117(UNIX )-117(domain )-117(socket.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 24.002 0 Td [(We )-301(t)]TJ 0 Tc 2.08 0 Td [(hen )-117(\336ll )-117(in )-117(a)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -33.696 -1.2 Td (sockaddr_un)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.85 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)]TJ 0.25 Tc 3.49 0 Td (ew)Tj 0 Tc 1.563 0 Td (ith a client-speci\336c name.)Tj -0.092 Tc -10.103 -1.2 Td [(We )-274(d)]TJ 0 Tc 2.338 0 Td [(on\325t )-90(let )-90(the )-90(system )-90(choose )-90(a )-90(default )-90(addr)18(ess )-90(for )-90(us, )-90(because )-90(the )-90(server )-90(would)]TJ -4.138 -1.2 Td [(be )-30(unable )-30(to )-30(distinguish )-30(one )-30(client )-30(fr)16(om )-30(another )-30(\(if )-30(we )-30(don\325t )-30(explicitly )-30(bind )-30(a )-30(name )-30(to )-30(a)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(UNIX )-72(domain )-72(socket, )-72(the )-72(kernel )-72(implicitly )-72(binds )-72(an )-72(addr)20(ess )-72(to )-72(it )-72(on )-72(our )-72(behalf )-72(and )-72(no)]TJ T* [(\336le )-191(is )-191(cr)18(eated )-191(in )-191(the )-191(\336le )-191(system )-191(to )-191(r)20(epr)18(esent )-191(the )-191(socket\).)-690(Instead, )-191(we )-191(bind )-191(our )-191(own)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(addr)18(ess )167(\321 )167(a)-449(step )-198(we )-198(usually )-198(don\325t )-198(take )-198(when )-198(developing )-198(a )-198(client )-198(pr)15(ogram )-198(that )-198(uses)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td (sockets.)Tj 1.8 -1.2 Td [(The )-92(last )-92(\336ve )-92(characters )-92(of )-92(the )-92(pathname )-92(we )-92(bind )-92(ar)]TJ 0.3425 Tc 23.381 0 Td (em)Tj 0 Tc 1.704 0 Td [(ade )-93(fr)18(om )-93(the )-93(pr)18(ocess )-93(ID )-93(of)]TJ -26.886 -1.2 Td [(the )-32(client.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 4.865 0 Td [(We )-216(c)]TJ 0 Tc 2.113 0 Td (all)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.364 0 Td (unlink)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.2823 Tc (,j)Tj 0 Tc 4.366 0 Td [(ust )-32(in )-32(case )-32(the )-32(pathname )-32(alr)17(eady )-32(exists.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 18.163 0 Td [(We )-216(t)]TJ 0 Tc 1.995 0 Td [(hen )-32(call)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.733 0 Td (bind)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -36.6 -1.2 Td [(to )-68(assign )-68(a )-68(name )-68(to )-68(the )-68(client\325s )-68(socket.)-569(This )-68(cr)18(eates )-68(a )-68(socket )-68(\336le )-68(in )-68(the )-68(\336le )-68(system )-68(with)]TJ T* [(the )-23(same )-23(name )-23(as )-23(the )-23(bound )-23(pathname.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 18.184 0 Td [(We )-207(c)]TJ 0 Tc 2.104 0 Td (all)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.355 0 Td (chmod)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.273 0 Td [(to )-23(turn )-23(of)]TJ 0.2726 Tc 4.184 0 Td (fa)Tj 0 Tc 1.106 0 Td [(ll )-23(permissions )-23(other)]TJ -30.205 -1.2 Td [(than )-44(user)18(-r)18(ead, )-44(user)18(-write, )-44(and )-44(user)18(-execute. )-294(In)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 21.631 0 Td (serv_accept)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.2939 Tc (,t)Tj 0 Tc 7.47 0 Td [(he )-44(server )-44(checks )-44(these)]TJ -29.101 -1.2 Td [(permissions and the user ID of the socket to verify the client\325s iden\ tity)111(.)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47331 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (170)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td (Standar)Tj 0.5 Tc 3.421 0 Td (dI)Tj 0 Tc 1.448 0 Td [(/O )-250(Library)]TJ 34.372 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(5)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 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cm 2.8 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2823.25 5640.25 cm 0 0 m 27 -24 l S Q Q q 0.099916 0 0 0.099916 0 0 cm 2.8 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2452.25 5981.25 cm 0 0 m -34 31 l S Q Q q 0.9991004 0 0 0.9991004 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 267 604.8 cm 0 0 m -3.672 -6.408 l -6.264 -3.888 l f Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2670 6048 cm 0 0 m -36.72 -64.08 l -62.64 -38.88 l h S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 2.8 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2220.25 5580.25 cm 0 0 m 400 416 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 4.8471 5.041 -5.041 4.8471 226.1588 566.3151 Tm (\336rst data block)Tj ET q 0.9990404 0 0 0.9990404 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 310.2 604.8 cm 0 0 m -5.4 -5.112 l -7.2 -1.944 l f Q Q q 0.099904 0 0 0.099904 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3102 6048 cm 0 0 m -54 -51.12 l -72 -19.44 l h S Q Q q 0.099904 0 0 0.099904 0 0 cm 2.8 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2274.25 5580.25 cm 0 0 m 765 432 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 6.0877 3.4409 -3.4409 6.0877 242.985 569.7675 Tm (second data block)Tj ET q 0.9989805 0 0 0.9989805 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 432.6 604.8 cm 0 0 m 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0.9985011 0 0 0.9985011 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 232.8 536.4 cm 0 0 m 6.912 -2.808 l 4.824 -5.688 l f Q Q q 0.0998501 0 0 0.0998501 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2328 5364 cm 0 0 m 69.12 -28.08 l 48.24 -56.88 l h S Q Q q 0.0998501 0 0 0.0998501 0 0 cm 2.8 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3325.2 5328 cm 0 0 m -219.6 -90 l -366 -150 -499.2 -168 -619.2 -144 c -739.2 -120 -831.24 -84.72 -895.32 -38.16 c -991.44 31.68 l S Q Q q 0.9984412 0 0 0.9984412 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 222 536.4 cm 0 0 m 5.112 -5.4 l 1.944 -7.2 l f Q Q q 0.0998441 0 0 0.0998441 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2220 5364 cm 0 0 m 51.12 -54 l 19.44 -72 l h S Q Q q 0.0998441 0 0 0.0998441 0 0 cm 2.8 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4189.2002 5040 cm 0 0 m -651.6 -18 l -1086 -30 -1387.2 -24 -1555.2 0 c -1723.2 24 -1833.6 82.92 -1886.4 176.76 c -1965.6 317.52 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9871 0 0 7.9871 202.8311 462.6499 Tm (Figure 4.14)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.695 0 Td [(Cylinder gr)18(oup\325s i-nodes and data blocks in mor)]TJ 0.25 Tc 21.438 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.34 0 Td (etail)Tj 9.9838 0 0 9.9838 129.3893 433.8965 Tm [(Note the following points fr)18(om Figur)]TJ 0.25 Tc 16.381 0 Td (e4)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (.14.)Tj 0.883 Tc -17.61 -1.92 Td (\245T)Tj 0 Tc 2.012 0 Td [(wo )-69(dir)18(ectory )-69(entries )-69(point )-69(to )-69(the )-69(same )-69(i-node )-69(entry)]TJ 0.5694 Tc 22.896 0 Td (.E)Tj 0 Tc 1.43 0 Td [(very )-69(i-node )-69(has )-69(a )-69(link )-69(count)]TJ -24.85 -1.2 Td [(that )-139(contains )-139(the )-139(number )-139(of )-139(dir)16(ectory )-139(entries )-139(that )-139(point )-139(to )-139(it.)-639(Only )-139(when )-139(the )-139(link)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(count )-85(goes )-85(to )-85(0 )-85(can )-85(the )-85(\336le )-85(be )-85(deleted )-85(\(ther)18(eby )-85(r)18(eleasing )-85(the )-85(data )-85(blocks )-85(associated)]TJ T* [(with )-46(the )-46(\336le\).)-546(This )-46(is )-46(why )-46(the )-46(operation )-46(of )-46(\324)37(\324unlinking )-46(a )-46(\336le\325)]TJ 0.2962 Tc 26.985 0 Td (\325d)Tj 0 Tc 1.185 0 Td [(oes )-46(not )-46(always )-46(mean)]TJ -0.037 Tc -28.17 -1.2 Td (\324\324)Tj 0 Tc 0.519 0 Td [(deleting )-30(the )-30(blocks )-30(associated )-30(with )-30(the )-30(\336le.\325)]TJ 0.5299 Tc 19.326 0 Td (\325T)Tj 0 Tc 1.421 0 Td [(his )-30(is )-30(why )-30(the )-30(function )-30(that )-30(r)19(emoves)]TJ 0.3083 Tc -21.266 -1.2 Td (ad)Tj 0 Tc 1.419 0 Td [(ir)18(ectory )-58(entry )-58(is )-58(called)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.316 0 Td (unlink)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.3082 Tc (,n)Tj 0 Tc 4.74 0 Td [(ot )-58(delete.)-558(In )-58(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.576 0 Td (stat)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.708 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e, )-58(the )-58(link )-58(count)]TJ -26.759 -1.2 Td [(is )-76(contained )-76(in )-76(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.64 0 Td (st_nlink)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.126 0 Td (member)Tj 0.576 Tc 3.598 0 Td (.I)Tj 0 Tc 1.163 0 Td [(ts )-76(primitive )-76(system )-76(data )-76(type )-76(is)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 14.534 0 Td (nlink_t)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj -33.061 -1.2 Td [(These )-39(types )-39(of )-39(links )-39(ar)]TJ 0.2889 Tc 10.019 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.212 0 Td [(alled )-39(har)]TJ 0.2889 Tc 3.92 0 Td (dl)Tj 0 Tc 1.191 0 Td [(inks. )-289(Recall)-289(fr)18(om )-39(Section )-39(2.5.2 )-39(that )-39(the )-39(POSIX.1)]TJ -16.341 -1.2 Td (constant)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.98 0 Td (LINK_MAX)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.05 0 Td (speci\336es the maximum value for a \336le\325s link count.)Tj 0.883 Tc -10.519 -1.6 Td (\245T)Tj 0 Tc 2.102 0 Td [(he )-208(other )-208(type )-208(of )-208(link )-208(is )-208(called )-208(a)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 15.445 0 Td [(symbolic )-208(link)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 0.7081 Tc (.W)Tj 0 Tc 7.454 0 Td [(ith )-208(a )-208(symbolic )-208(link, )-208(the )-208(actual)]TJ -23.512 -1.2 Td [(contents )-131(of )-131(the )-131(\336le)]TJ 0.0833 Tc 8.577 0 Td (\321t)Tj 0 Tc 1.409 0 Td [(he )-131(data )-131(blocks)]TJ 0.0833 Tc 6.658 0 Td (\321s)Tj 0 Tc 1.507 0 Td (tor)Tj 0.3813 Tc 1.249 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.186 0 Td [(he )-131(name )-131(of )-131(the )-131(\336le )-131(that )-131(the )-131(symbolic)]TJ -20.587 -1.2 Td [(link )-117(points )-117(to.)-618(In )-117(the )-117(following )-117(example, )-117(the )-117(\336lename )-117(in )-117(the )-117(dir)18(ectory )-117(entry )-117(is )-117(the)]TJ T* [(thr)18(ee-character string)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.715 0 Td (lib)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.05 0 Td [(and the 7 bytes of data in the \336le ar)18(e)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 16.225 0 Td (usr/lib)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (:)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9854 0 0 8.9854 162.2251 250.2942 Tm [(lrwxrwxrwx )-600(1)-600(root )-3000(7)-600(Sep 25 07:14 lib -> usr/lib)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9838 0 0 9.9838 144.2542 232.3233 Tm [(The )-20(\336le )-20(type )-20(in )-20(the )-20(i-node )-20(would )-20(be)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 16.188 0 Td (S_IFLNK)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.47 0 Td [(so )-20(that )-20(the )-20(system )-20(knows )-20(that )-20(this )-20(is )-20(a)]TJ -20.657 -1.2 Td (symbolic link.)Tj 0.883 Tc -1.489 -1.6 Td (\245T)Tj 0 Tc 2.102 0 Td [(he )-97(i-node )-97(contains )-97(all )-97(the )-97(information )-97(about )-97(the )-97(\336le: )-97(the )-97(\336le )-97(type, )-97(the )-97(\336le\325s )-97(access)]TJ -0.613 -1.2 Td [(permission )-17(bits, )-17(the )-17(size )-17(of )-17(the )-17(\336le, )-17(pointers )-17(to )-17(the )-17(\336le\325s )-17(data )-17(blocks, )-17(and )-17(so )-17(on.)-510(Most)]TJ T* [(of )-3(the )-3(information )-3(in )-3(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.067 0 Td (stat)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.653 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e)-253(is)-253(o)-1(btained )-3(fr)18(om )-3(the )-3(i-node.)-503(Only )-3(two )-3(items)]TJ -13.72 -1.2 Td [(of )-9(inter)18(est )-9(ar)]TJ 0.2595 Tc 5.559 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.163 0 Td [(tor)18(ed )-9(in )-9(the )-9(dir)18(ectory )-9(entry: )-9(the )-9(\336lename )-9(and )-9(the )-9(i-node )-9(number)]TJ 0.5095 Tc 28.356 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.372 0 Td (he)Tj -36.45 -1.2 Td [(other )-65(items)]TJ 0.0833 Tc 5.129 0 Td (\321t)Tj 0 Tc 1.409 0 Td [(he )-65(length )-65(of )-65(the )-65(\336lename )-65(and )-65(the )-65(length )-65(of )-65(the )-65(dir)17(ectory )-65(r)18(ecor)]TJ 0.0833 Tc 27.838 0 Td (d\321a)Tj -0.018 Tc 2.278 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc -36.655 -1.2 Td [(not of inter)18(est to this discussion.)-500(The data type for the i-node number is)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 32.038 0 Td (ino_t)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47334 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 465.375 708 Tm (Index)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.525 0 Td (991)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 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4.017 0 Td [(versus other techniques,)-500(522)]TJ -5.367 -1.25 Td [(timing comparison, mutex,)-500(571)]TJ -0.018 Tc 1.35 -1.25 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (cor)Tj 0.25 Tc 1.367 0 Td (dl)Tj 0 Tc 1.152 0 Td [(ocking, )-250(571)]TJ -3.375 -1.25 Td (semaphor)Tj 0.25 Tc 4.392 0 Td (el)Tj 0 Tc 1.02 0 Td [(ocking, )-250(571,)-250(583)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -6.762 -1.25 Td (TIOCGWINSZ)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(710)]TJ 6.063 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td [(71)55(1, 719, 730, 897)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -13.063 -1.25 Td (TIOCPKT)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(740)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.617 -1.25 Td (TIOCREMOTE)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(741)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -6.417 -1.25 Td (TIOCSCTTY)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.817 0 Td [(constant, )-250(297)]TJ 6.063 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (298, 727)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (728)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -16.63 -1.25 Td (TIOCSIG)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(741)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.617 -1.25 Td (TIOCSIGNAL)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(741)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -6.417 -1.25 Td (TIOCSWINSZ)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(710,)-250(718, 728, 741)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -6.417 -1.25 Td (tip)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.217 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram, )-250(713)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -2.217 -1.25 Td (tm)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.617 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e, )-250(191,)-250(194, 408, 919)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.617 -1.25 Td (TMPDIR)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(envir)18(onment variable,)-500(21)55(1)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.017 -1.25 Td (tmpfile)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(function, )-250(167)]TJ 6.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (171, 366, 452)Tj -9.89 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(167)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (TMP_MAX)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(38,)-250(168)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.617 -1.25 Td (tmpnam)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(function, )-250(38,)-250(167)]TJ 7.54 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (171, 442)Tj -10.79 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(167)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (tms)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.217 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e, )-250(280)]TJ 6.302 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (281)Tj -0.018 Tc -9.102 -1.25 Td (TO)Tj 0 Tc 1.381 0 Td [(CTT)18(OU err)18(or)]TJ 0.5 Tc 5.849 0 Td (,6)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (5, 250, 953)Tj -0.092 Tc -8.48 -1.25 Td (To)Tj 0 Tc 1.067 0 Td [(rvalds, L.,)-500(35)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.067 -1.25 Td (TOSTOP)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(constant, )-250(676,)-250(691)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.017 -1.25 Td (touch)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.417 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram, )-250(127)]TJ -3.417 -1.25 Td [(tracing system calls,)-500(497)]TJ T* [(transactions, database,)-500(952)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf T* (TRAP_BRKPT)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(353)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -6.417 -1.25 Td (TRAP_TRACE)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(353)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -6.417 -1.25 Td (tread)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.417 0 Td [(function, )-250(800,)-250(805)]TJ 8.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (806, 825, 838)Tj 5.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (839)Tj -16.857 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(805)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (treadn)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(function, )-250(800,)-250(806, 824)]TJ -2.667 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(806)]TJ -0.09 Tc -1.35 -1.25 Td (Tr)Tj 0 Tc 0.918 0 Td (ickey)Tj 0.25 Tc 2.215 0 Td (,H)Tj 0 Tc 1.332 0 Td [(., )-250(229,)-250(952)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.465 -1.25 Td (truncate)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(function, )-250(1)55(12, 121, 125, 474)]TJ -3.867 -1.25 Td (de\336nition of,)Tj -0.055 Tc 6.192 0 Td (11)Tj 0 Tc 0.945 0 Td (2)Tj -8.487 -1.25 Td [(tr)8(uncation)]TJ 1.35 -1.25 Td [(\336le, )-250(1)55(12)]TJ T* [(\336lename, )-250(65)]TJ 5.652 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (66)Tj -6.235 -1.25 Td [(pathname, )-250(65)]TJ 6.286 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (66)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -8.22 -1.25 Td (truss)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.417 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram, )-250(497)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -3.417 -1.25 Td (ttcompat)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(STREAMS module,)-500(716, 726)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -5.217 -1.25 Td (tty)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.217 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e, )-250(31)55(1)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -2.217 -1.25 Td (tty_atexit)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.417 0 Td [(function, )-250(705,)-250(731, 897)]TJ -5.067 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(708)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (tty_cbreak)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.417 0 Td [(function, )-250(704,)-250(709, 897)]TJ -5.067 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(705)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (ttymon)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram, )-250(290)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.017 -1.25 Td (ttyname)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(function, )-250(137,)-250(276, 442, 452, 695)]TJ 14.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (696, 699)Tj 8.11 65 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(695, 698)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (TTY_NAME_MAX)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(40,)-250(43, 49)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -7.617 -1.25 Td (ttyname_r)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.817 0 Td [(function, )-250(443,)-250(452)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -5.817 -1.25 Td (tty_raw)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(function, )-250(704,)-250(709, 713, 731, 897)]TJ -3.267 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(706)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (tty_reset)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.817 0 Td [(function, )-250(704,)-250(709, 897)]TJ -4.467 -1.25 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-2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 4888.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 232.5761 472.7913 Tm (Figure 1.4)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.195 0 Td (Copy standar)Tj 0.25 Tc 5.982 0 Td (di)Tj 0 Tc 1.152 0 Td (nput to standar)Tj 0.25 Tc 6.804 0 Td (do)Tj 0 Tc 1.407 0 Td (utput)Tj 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 448.7941 Tm (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.983 0 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.309 0 Td (header)Tj 0.3093 Tc 2.972 0 Td (,i)Tj 0 Tc 0.85 0 Td [(ncluded )-59(by)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.349 0 Td (apue.h)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.3093 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 4.659 0 Td [(nd )-59(the )-59(two )-59(constants)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.677 0 Td (STDIN_FILENO)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -31.8 -1.2 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.128 0 Td (STDOUT_FILENO)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.235 0 Td (ar)Tj 0.4351 Tc 0.877 0 Td (ep)Tj 0 Tc 1.515 0 Td [(art )-185(of )-185(the )-185(POSIX )-185(standar)]TJ 0.4352 Tc 11.466 0 Td (d\()Tj 0 Tc 1.379 0 Td [(about )-185(which )-185(we\325ll )-185(have )-185(a )-185(lot)]TJ -25.601 -1.2 Td [(mor)18(e)-302(to)-302(say )-52(in )-52(the )-52(next )-52(chapter\).)-551(This )-52(header )-52(contains )-52(function )-52(pr)18(ototypes )-52(for )-52(many )-52(of)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td (the UNIX system services, such as the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 16.957 0 Td (read)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.943 0 Td (write)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td (functions that we call.)Tj -23 -1.2 Td [(The )-135(constants)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.599 0 Td (STDIN_FILENO)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.585 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.078 0 Td (STDOUT_FILENO)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.185 0 Td (ar)Tj 0.3854 Tc 0.877 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.475 0 Td [(e\336ned )-135(in)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.4 0 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -33 -1.2 Td [(and )-109(specify )-109(the )-109(\336le )-109(descriptors )-109(for )-109(standar)]TJ 0.3587 Tc 19.266 0 Td (di)Tj 0 Tc 1.261 0 Td [(nput )-109(and )-109(standar)]TJ 0.3587 Tc 7.842 0 Td (do)Tj 0 Tc 1.516 0 Td [(utput. )-359(These)-358(values)]TJ -29.885 -1.2 Td (ar)Tj 0.2611 Tc 0.877 0 Td (e0a)Tj 0 Tc 2.001 0 Td [(nd )-11(1, )-11(r)18(espectively)111(,)-261(as)-261(r)18(equir)18(ed )-11(by )-11(POSIX.1, )-11(but )-11(we\325ll )-11(use )-11(the )-11(names )-11(for )-11(r)16(eadability)111(.)]TJ -1.078 -1.2 Td [(In )-87(Section )-87(3.9, )-87(we\325ll )-87(examine )-87(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 14.927 0 Td (BUFFSIZE)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.137 0 Td [(constant )-87(in )-87(detail, )-87(seeing )-87(how )-87(various)]TJ -21.864 -1.2 Td [(values )-176(af)18(fect )-176(the )-176(ef)18(\336ciency )-176(of )-176(the )-176(pr)17(ogram. )-426(Regar)18(dless )-176(of )-176(the )-176(value )-176(of )-176(this )-176(constant,)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td (however)Tj 0.25 Tc 3.806 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 0.826 0 Td [(his pr)18(ogram still copies any r)18(egular \336le.)]TJ -2.832 -1.2 Td (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.957 0 Td (read)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.683 0 Td [(function )-33(r)18(eturns )-33(the )-33(number )-33(of )-33(bytes )-33(that )-33(ar)]TJ 0.2827 Tc 19.582 0 Td (er)Tj 0 Tc 1.139 0 Td [(ead, )-33(and )-33(this )-33(value )-33(is )-33(used)]TJ -27.16 -1.2 Td [(as )-104(the )-104(number )-104(of )-104(bytes )-104(to )-104(write.)-604(When )-104(the )-104(end )-104(of )-104(the )-104(input )-104(\336le )-104(is )-104(encounter)21(ed,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 36.6 0 Td (read)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.018 Tc -36.6 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(turns )-92(0 )-92(and )-92(the )-92(pr)16(ogram )-92(stops.)-592(If )-92(a )-92(r)18(ead )-92(err)18(or )-92(occurs,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 24.79 0 Td (read)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 2.742 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (turns)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 2.672 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1. )-342(Most)-343(of )-92(the)]TJ -31.916 -1.2 Td [(system functions r)18(eturn)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 10.735 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (1w)Tj 0 Tc 2.133 0 Td [(hen an err)18(or occurs.)]TJ -11.068 -1.2 Td [(If we compile the pr)18(ogram into the standar)]TJ 0.25 Tc 18.965 0 Td (dn)Tj 0 Tc 1.443 0 Td (ame \()Tj /TT0 1 Tf (a.out)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (\)a)Tj 0 Tc 6.528 0 Td (nd execute it as)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9989 0 0 8.9989 147.5817 265.1861 Tm (./a.out > data)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5838 248.258 Tm (standar)Tj 0.4973 Tc 3.32 0 Td (di)Tj 0 Tc 1.399 0 Td [(nput )-247(is )-247(the )-247(terminal, )-247(standar)]TJ 0.4973 Tc 13.52 0 Td (do)Tj 0 Tc 1.654 0 Td [(utput )-247(is )-247(r)17(edir)18(ected )-247(to )-247(the )-247(\336le)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 14.266 0 Td (data)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.4974 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 3.647 0 Td (nd)Tj -37.807 -1.2 Td (standar)Tj 0.2721 Tc 3.32 0 Td (de)Tj 0 Tc 1.362 0 Td [(rr)18(or )-22(is )-22(also )-22(the )-22(terminal.)-522(If )-22(this )-22(output )-22(\336le )-22(doesn\325t )-22(exist, )-22(the )-22(shell )-22(cr)17(eates )-22(it )-22(by)]TJ -4.682 -1.2 Td [(default. )-268(The)-267(pr)18(ogram )-18(copies )-18(lines )-18(that )-18(we )-18(type )-18(to )-18(the )-18(standar)]TJ 0.2676 Tc 27.291 0 Td (do)Tj 0 Tc 1.425 0 Td [(utput )-18(until )-18(we )-18(type )-18(the)]TJ -28.716 -1.2 Td [(end-of-\336le character \(usually Contr)18(ol)]TJ 16.385 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td (D\).)Tj -14.918 -1.2 Td [(If we r)8(un)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9989 0 0 8.9989 147.5815 184.6359 Tm (./a.out < infile > outfile)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5836 167.7079 Tm (then the \336le named)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.786 0 Td (infile)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td (will be copied to the \336le named)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 14.15 0 Td (outfile)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5141.25 1677.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 50 50 l 0 50 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9982 0 0 9.9982 147.5734 143.7021 Tm [(In Chapter 3, we describe the unbuf)18(fer)18(ed I/O functions in mor)]TJ 0.25 Tc 27.611 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.34 0 Td (etail.)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47340 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(5.6)]TJ 29.496 0 Td [(Reading )-250(and )-250(W)74(riting )-250(a )-250(Str)18(eam)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 16.337 0 Td (151)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 668.9599 Tm [(The )-179(function)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.239 0 Td (getchar)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.629 0 Td [(is )-179(de\336ned )-179(to )-179(be )-179(equivalent )-179(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 14.109 0 Td (getc\(stdin\))Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.6791 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 8.142 0 Td [(he )-179(dif)18(fer)18(ence)]TJ -33.12 -1.2 Td (between)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 4.001 0 Td (getc)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.669 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.962 0 Td (fgetc)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.269 0 Td [(is )-19(that)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 2.987 0 Td (getc)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.669 0 Td [(can )-19(be )-19(implemented )-19(as )-19(a )-19(macr)18(o, )-19(wher)19(eas)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 18.444 0 Td (fgetc)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -36 -1.2 Td [(cannot be implemented as a macr)18(o. )-250(This)-250(means thr)18(ee things.)]TJ 1.8 -1.92 Td [(1. )-633(The)-306(ar)18(gument )-56(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.404 0 Td (getc)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.706 0 Td [(should )-56(not )-56(be )-56(an )-56(expr)16(ession )-56(with )-56(side )-56(ef)18(fects, )-56(because )-56(it)]TJ -10.478 -1.2 Td (could be evaluated mor)Tj 0.25 Tc 10.437 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.055 0 Td (han once.)Tj -13.125 -1.6 Td [(2. )-633(Since)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.216 0 Td (fgetc)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.263 0 Td [(is )-13(guaranteed )-13(to )-13(be )-13(a )-13(function, )-13(we )-13(can )-13(take )-13(its )-13(addr)22(ess. )-263(This)-262(allows)]TJ -5.846 -1.2 Td [(us to pass the addr)18(ess of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.04 0 Td (fgetc)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td [(as an ar)18(gument to another function.)]TJ -15.923 -1.6 Td [(3. )-633(Calls)-282(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.285 0 Td (fgetc)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.282 0 Td [(pr)18(obably )-32(take )-32(longer )-32(than )-32(calls )-32(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 15.193 0 Td (getc)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(,)-282(as)-282(it)-282(u)-1(sually )-32(takes )-32(mor)18(e)]TJ -22.127 -1.2 Td (time to call a function.)Tj -1.633 -2.04 Td [(These )-52(thr)18(ee )-52(functions )-52(r)18(eturn )-52(the )-52(next )-52(character )-52(as )-52(an)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 23.794 0 Td [(unsigned )298(char)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 7.805 0 Td [(converted )-52(to)]TJ -33.399 -1.2 Td (an)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.399 0 Td (int)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.5667 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 3.23 0 Td [(he )-67(r)18(eason )-67(for )-67(specifying )-67(unsigned )-67(is )-67(so )-67(that )-67(the )-67(high-or)21(der )-67(bit, )-67(if )-67(set, )-67(doesn\325t)]TJ -4.628 -1.2 Td [(cause )-64(the )-64(r)18(eturn )-64(value )-64(to )-64(be )-64(negative.)-566(The )-64(r)18(eason )-64(for )-64(r)18(equiring )-64(an )-64(integer )-64(r)18(eturn )-64(value)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(is )-144(so )-144(that )-144(all )-144(possible )-144(character )-144(values )-144(can )-144(be )-144(r)18(eturned, )-144(along )-144(with )-144(an )-144(indication )-144(that)]TJ T* [(either )-106(an )-106(err)18(or )-106(occurr)18(ed )-106(or )-106(the )-106(end )-106(of )-106(\336le )-106(has )-106(been )-106(encounter)20(ed. )-356(The)-356(constant)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 35.971 0 Td (EOF)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.156 0 Td (in)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -38.127 -1.2 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.661 0 Td [(is )-11(r)18(equir)18(ed )-11(to )-11(be )-11(a )-11(negative )-11(value.)-511(Its )-11(value )-11(is )-11(often)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 22.989 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1. )-261(This)]TJ -0.018 Tc 3.981 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(pr)18(esentation)]TJ -33.487 -1.2 Td [(also )-281(means )-281(that )-281(we )-281(cannot )-281(stor)]TJ 0.5306 Tc 14.982 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.336 0 Td [(he )-281(r)18(eturn )-281(value )-281(fr)19(om )-281(these )-281(thr)18(ee )-281(functions )-281(in )-281(a)]TJ -16.318 -1.2 Td (character variable and later compar)Tj 0.25 Tc 15.674 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.055 0 Td (his value with the constant)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 12.135 0 Td (EOF)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj -27.064 -1.2 Td [(Note )-49(that )-49(these )-49(functions )-49(r)18(eturn )-49(the )-49(same )-49(value )-49(whether )-49(an )-49(err)18(or )-49(occurs )-49(or )-49(the )-49(end)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(of )-24(\336le )-24(is )-24(r)17(eached. )-274(T)]TJ 0.2745 Tc 8.56 0 Td (od)Tj 0 Tc 1.431 0 Td [(istinguish )-24(between )-24(the )-24(two, )-24(we )-24(must )-24(call )-24(either)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 21.268 0 Td (ferror)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.875 0 Td (or)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.216 0 Td (feof)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5904 411.4753 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -2.021 TD (int ferror\(FILE *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (fp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -0 -2.021 Td (int feof\(FILE *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (fp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 10.531 -2.021 Td [(Both r)18(eturn: nonzer)]TJ 0.25 Tc 8.643 0 Td (o\()Tj 0 Tc 1.129 0 Td [(tr)8(ue\) if condition is tr)8(ue, 0 \(false\) otherwise)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -20.303 -2.021 Td (void clearerr\(FILE *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (fp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 3342.25 cm 0 0 m 0 863 l 3900 863 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 319.5017 Tm (In most implementations, two \337ags ar)Tj 0.25 Tc 16.753 0 Td (em)Tj 0 Tc 1.612 0 Td [(aintained for each str)18(eam in the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 14.19 0 Td (FILE)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td (object:)Tj 0.75 Tc -33.405 -1.8 Td (\245A)Tj 0.25 Tc 2.134 0 Td (ne)Tj 0 Tc 1.311 0 Td [(rr)18(or \337ag)]TJ 0.75 Tc -3.445 -1.2 Td (\245A)Tj 0.25 Tc 2.134 0 Td (ne)Tj 0 Tc 1.311 0 Td (nd-of-\336le \337ag)Tj -5.245 -1.8 Td (Both \337ags ar)Tj 0.25 Tc 5.53 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.173 0 Td [(lear)18(ed by calling)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.551 0 Td (clearerr)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj -12.454 -1.2 Td [(After r)18(eading fr)18(om a str)18(eam, we can push back 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)-24(for )-24(r)18(ead\320write )-24(with )-24(the )-24(append )-24(\337ag, )-24(can )-24(you )-24(still)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 23.135 0 Td (read)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.674 0 Td [(fr)18(om )-24(anywher)]TJ 0.2737 Tc 6.323 0 Td (ei)Tj 0 Tc 1.044 0 Td (n)Tj -40.149 -1.222 Td [(the )-195(\336le )-195(using)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.554 0 Td (lseek)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.6954 Tc (?C)Tj 0 Tc 4.848 0 Td [(an )-195(you )-195(use)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.629 0 Td (lseek)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.445 0 Td [(to )-195(r)18(eplace )-195(existing )-195(data )-195(in )-195(the )-195(\336le?)]TJ -0.074 Tc 16.891 0 Td (Wr)Tj 0 Tc 1.321 0 Td [(ite )-195(a)]TJ -38.69 -1.222 Td [(pr)18(ogram to verify this.)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47343 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(4.8)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 36.403 0 Td (umask)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td (Function)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.93 0 Td (105)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 668.9599 Tm [(If we r)8(un this pr)18(ogram, we can see how the permission bits have been set.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5911 655.4709 Tm ($)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (umask)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 16.4 0 Td [(\336rst print the curr)18(ent \336le mode cr)18(eation mask)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -17.6 -1.189 Td (002)Tj 0 -1.189 TD ($)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (./a.out)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -1.2 -1.189 Td ($)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (ls -l foo bar)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -1.2 -1.189 Td [(-rw------- )-600(1)-600(sar )]TJ 18 0 Td [(0)-600(Dec )-600(7)-600(21:20 bar)]TJ -18 -1.189 Td [(-rw-rw-rw- )-600(1)-600(sar )]TJ 18 0 Td [(0)-600(Dec )-600(7)-600(21:20 foo)]TJ -18 -1.189 Td ($)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (umask)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 16.4 0 Td [(see if the \336le mode cr)18(eation mask changed)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -17.6 -1.189 Td (002)Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5141.25 5746.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 50 50 l 0 50 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 147.5823 555.3434 Tm [(Most )-130(users )-130(of )-130(UNIX )-130(systems )-130(never )-130(deal )-130(with )-130(their)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 23.485 0 Td (umask)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.38 0 Td [(value. )-380(It)-381(is )-130(usually )-130(set)]TJ -28.665 -1.2 Td [(once, )-227(on )-227(login, )-227(by )-227(the )-227(shell\325s )-227(start-up )-227(\336le, )-227(and )-227(never )-227(changed.)-727(Nevertheless, )-227(when)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(writing )-321(pr)18(ograms )-321(that )-321(cr)17(eate )-321(new )-321(\336les, )-321(if )-321(we )-321(want )-321(to )-321(ensur)]TJ 0.5714 Tc 29.07 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.376 0 Td [(hat )-321(speci\336c )-321(access)]TJ -30.446 -1.2 Td [(permission )-205(bits )-205(ar)]TJ 0.4555 Tc 8.298 0 Td (ee)Tj 0 Tc 1.414 0 Td [(nabled, )-205(we )-205(must )-205(modify )-205(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 13.7 0 Td (umask)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.455 0 Td [(value )-205(while )-205(the )-205(pr)18(ocess )-205(is)]TJ -0.008 Tc -26.866 -1.2 Td (ru)Tj 0 Tc 0.99 0 Td [(nning. 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Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 277.798 318.5527 Tm [(Mask bit)-2703(Meaning)]TJ ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2738.25 3146.25 cm 0 0 m 1015 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2738.25 3126.25 cm 0 0 m 1015 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 283.5639 304.5369 Tm (0400)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.623 0 Td [(user)18(-r)18(ead)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.623 -1.25 Td (0200)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.623 0 Td [(user)18(-write)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.623 -1.25 Td (0100)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.623 0 Td [(user)18(-execute)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.623 -1.25 Td (0040)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.623 0 Td [(gr)18(oup-r)18(ead)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.623 -1.25 Td (0020)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.623 0 Td [(gr)18(oup-write)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.623 -1.25 Td (0010)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.623 0 Td [(gr)18(oup-execute)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.623 -1.25 Td (0004)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.623 0 Td [(other)18(-r)18(ead)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.623 -1.25 Td (0002)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.623 0 Td [(other)18(-write)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.623 -1.25 Td (0001)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.623 0 Td [(other)18(-execute)]TJ ET q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2738.25 2206.25 cm 0 0 m 1015 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3146.25 2206.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1060 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3753.25 2206.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1060 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2738.25 2206.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1060 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9976 0 0 7.9976 235.6533 202.5492 Tm (Figure 4.10)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.695 0 Td (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.924 0 Td (umask)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td (\336le access permission bits)Tj 9.997 0 0 9.997 147.5561 182.1553 Tm [(The )-390(Single )-390(UNIX )-390(Speci\336cation )-390(r)18(equir)18(es )-390(that )-390(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 23.835 0 Td (umask)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.64 0 Td [(command )-390(support )-390(a)]TJ -29.275 -1.2 Td [(symbolic )-208(mode )-208(of )-208(operation.)-708(Unlike )-208(the )-208(octal )-208(format, )-208(the )-208(symbolic )-208(format )-208(speci\336es)]TJ T* [(which )-192(permissions )-192(ar)19(e)-442(to)-442(be)-442(a)1(llowed )-192(\(i.e., )-192(clear )-192(in )-192(the )-192(\336le )-192(cr)18(eation )-192(mask\) )-192(instead )-192(of)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(which )-56(ones )-56(ar)17(e)-306(to)-306(be)-306(d)-1(enied )-56(\(i.e., )-56(set )-56(in )-56(the )-56(\336le )-56(cr)18(eation )-56(mask\).)-559(Compar)]TJ 0.3064 Tc 32.135 0 Td (eb)Tj 0 Tc 1.338 0 Td [(oth )-56(forms )-56(of)]TJ -33.473 -1.2 Td [(the command, shown below)92(.)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47344 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(13.3)]TJ 37.573 0 Td [(Coding )-250(Rules)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 8.26 0 Td (467)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 163.9202 668.9599 Tm [(terminal )-299(device, )-299(ther)18(e)-549(is)-549(nowher)]TJ 0.5488 Tc 15.419 0 Td (ef)Tj 0 Tc 1.361 0 Td [(or )-299(output )-299(to )-299(be )-299(displayed, )-299(nor )-299(is )-299(ther)19(e)]TJ -16.78 -1.2 Td [(anywher)18(e)-413(to)-413(r)18(eceive )-163(input )-163(fr)18(om )-163(an )-163(interactive )-163(user)]TJ 0.663 Tc 23.395 0 Td (.E)Tj 0 Tc 1.524 0 Td [(ven )-163(if )-163(the )-163(daemon )-163(was)]TJ -24.919 -1.2 Td [(started )-24(fr)18(om )-24(an )-24(interactive )-24(session, )-24(the )-24(daemon )-24(r)10(uns )-24(in )-24(the )-24(backgr)18(ound, )-24(and )-24(the)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(login )-78(session )-78(can )-78(terminate )-78(without )-78(af)18(fecting )-78(the )-78(daemon.)-576(If )-78(other )-78(users )-78(log )-78(in)]TJ T* [(on )-308(the )-308(same )-308(terminal )-308(device, )-308(we )-308(wouldn\325t )-308(want )-308(output )-308(fr)18(om )-308(the )-308(daemon)]TJ T* [(showing )-160(up )-160(on )-160(the )-160(terminal, )-160(and )-160(the )-160(users )-160(wouldn\325t )-160(expect )-160(their )-160(input )-160(to )-160(be)]TJ -0.018 Tc T* (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 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Tc 1.164 0 Td [(plit )-11(into )-11(multiple )-11(header )-11(\336les.)-511(For )-11(example, )-11(in )-11(the)]TJ -15.306 -1.2 Td [(Ubuntu )-96(12.04 )-96(Linux )-96(distribution,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 15.173 0 Td (/usr/include/dirent.h)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 12.946 0 Td [(declar)18(es )-96(the )-96(function)]TJ -28.119 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ototypes )-13(and )-13(includes)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.989 0 Td (bits/dirent.h)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.2629 Tc (,w)Tj 0 Tc 9.147 0 Td [(hich )-13(de\336nes )-13(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.255 0 Td (dirent)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.863 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)]TJ 0.2628 Tc 3.49 0 Td (e\()Tj 0 Tc 1.075 0 Td (and)Tj -35.818 -1.2 Td [(is actually stor)18(ed in)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.862 0 Td (/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (\).)Tj 0.883 Tc -10.351 -1.84 Td (\245T)Tj 0 Tc 2.102 0 Td [(he )-340(declaration )-340(of )-340(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.651 0 Td (main)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.99 0 Td [(function )-340(uses )-340(the )-340(style )-340(supported )-340(by )-340(the )-340(ISO )-340(C)]TJ -14.254 -1.2 Td [(standar)18(d. )-250(\(W)92(e\325ll have mor)18(e)-250(to)-250(say about the ISO C standar)18(d)-250(in)-250(the next chapter)74(.\))]TJ 0.883 Tc -1.489 -1.84 Td (\245W)Tj 0.2508 Tc 2.397 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.056 0 Td [(ake )-1(an )-1(ar)18(gument )-1(fr)18(om )-1(the )-1(command )-1(line,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 18.547 0 Td (argv[1])Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(,)-251(as)-251(the )-1(name )-1(of )-1(the )-1(dir)19(ectory)]TJ -20.51 -1.2 Td [(to )-174(list.)-673(In )-174(Chapter )-174(7, )-174(we\325ll )-174(look )-174(at )-174(how )-174(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 20.489 0 Td (main)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.824 0 Td [(function )-174(is )-174(called )-174(and )-174(how )-174(the)]TJ -23.312 -1.2 Td (command)Tj 4.449 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(line ar)18(guments and envir)18(onment variables ar)]TJ 0.25 Tc 19.883 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td [(ccessible to the pr)18(ogram.)]TJ 0.883 Tc -27.383 -1.84 Td (\245B)Tj 0 Tc 2.1 0 Td [(ecause )-257(the )-257(actual )-257(format )-257(of )-257(dir)18(ectory )-257(entries )-257(varies )-257(fr)20(om )-257(one )-257(UNIX )-257(system )-257(to)]TJ -0.611 -1.2 Td [(another)74(,)-262(we)-262(use )-12(the )-12(functions)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 13.232 0 Td (opendir)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 4.712 0 Td (readdir)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.2618 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 5.212 0 Td (nd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.455 0 Td (closedir)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.062 0 Td [(to )-12(manipulate )-12(the)]TJ -29.672 -1.2 Td [(dir)18(ectory)111(.)]TJ 0.883 Tc -1.489 -1.84 Td (\245T)Tj 0 Tc 2.102 0 Td (he)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.335 0 Td (opendir)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.474 0 Td [(function )-24(r)18(eturns )-24(a )-24(pointer )-24(to )-24(a)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 13.629 0 Td (DIR)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.074 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e, )-24(and )-24(we )-24(pass )-24(this )-24(pointer)]TJ -22.124 -1.2 Td [(to )-104(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 2.967 0 Td (readdir)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.554 0 Td [(function. )-354(W)]TJ 0.3543 Tc 5.469 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.444 0 Td [(on\325t )-104(car)]TJ 0.3543 Tc 3.407 0 Td (ew)Tj 0 Tc 1.667 0 Td [(hat\325s )-104(in )-104(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.433 0 Td (DIR)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.154 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e. )-354(W)]TJ 0.3543 Tc 5.731 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.159 0 Td [(hen )-104(call)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -33.988 -1.2 Td (readdir)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.572 0 Td [(in )-122(a )-122(loop, )-122(to )-122(r)18(ead )-122(each )-122(dir)18(ectory )-122(entry)]TJ 0.6224 Tc 17.31 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.485 0 Td (he)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.433 0 Td (readdir)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.572 0 Td [(function )-122(r)18(eturns )-122(a)]TJ -29.373 -1.2 Td [(pointer )-8(to )-8(a)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.367 0 Td (dirent)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.858 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)]TJ 0.2583 Tc 3.49 0 Td (eo)Tj -0.074 Tc 1.283 0 Td [(r, )-156(w)]TJ 0 Tc 1.663 0 Td [(hen )-8(it\325s )-8(\336nished )-8(with )-8(the )-8(dir)17(ectory)]TJ 0.2583 Tc 15.162 0 Td (,an)Tj 0 Tc 1.849 0 Td [(ull )-8(pointer)74(.)]TJ -32.672 -1.2 Td [(All )-326(we )-326(examine )-326(in )-326(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.542 0 Td (dirent)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.176 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e)-576(is)-576(the )-326(name )-326(of )-326(each )-326(dir)18(ectory )-326(entry)]TJ -15.718 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0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 177.2094 670.2598 Tm (printf\("pw_passwd = %s\\n", ptr->pw_passwd == NULL ||)Tj 1.2 -1.189 Td [(ptr->pw_passwd[0] == 0 ?)-1200("\(null\)" : ptr->pw_passwd\);)]TJ -1.2 -1.189 Td (exit\(0\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1556.25 6334.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1596.25 6334.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 215.8361 617.3249 Tm (Figure C.6)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.417 0 Td (Print encrypted passwor)Tj 0.25 Tc 10.877 0 Td (du)Tj 0 Tc 1.464 0 Td [(nder Fr)18(eeBSD and Mac OS X)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 586.9286 Tm (6.5)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.602 0 Td [(The )-63(pr)18(ogram )-63(shown )-63(in )-63(Figur)]TJ 0.3128 Tc 13.007 0 Td (eC)Tj 0 Tc 1.501 0 Td [(.7 )-63(prints )-63(the )-63(date )-63(in )-63(a )-63(format )-63(similar )-63(to )-63(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 19.49 0 Td (date)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -33.998 -1.2 Td (command.)Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1556.25 5678.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1596.25 5678.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9984 0 0 8.9984 155.592 558.1975 Tm (#include "apue.h")Tj 0 -1.189 TD (#include )Tj 0 -2.259 TD (int)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (main\(void\))Tj T* ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td [(time_t )-3000(caltime;)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(struct tm)-1800(*tm;)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(char )-4200(line[MAXLINE];)]TJ 0 -2.259 TD (if \(\(caltime = time\(NULL\)\) == -1\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_sys\("time error"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(\(tm = localtime\(&caltime\)\) == NULL\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_sys\("localtime error"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(strftime\(line, MAXLINE, "%a %b %d %X %Z %Y\\n", tm\) == 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_sys\("strftime error"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (fputs\(line, stdout\);)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (exit\(0\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1556.25 3630.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1596.25 3630.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 221.7208 346.9537 Tm (Figure C.7)Tj 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)-104(value )-104(fr)15(om)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 17.105 0 Td (printf)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.954 0 Td [(\(the )-104(number )-104(of )-104(characters )-104(output\))]TJ -21.059 -1.2 Td [(becomes )-56(the )-56(r)18(eturn )-56(value )-56(of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 12.803 0 Td (main)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.5557 Tc (.T)Tj 0.3057 Tc 3.727 0 Td (ov)Tj 0 Tc 1.417 0 Td [(erify )-56(this )-56(theory)]TJ 0.3057 Tc 7.061 0 Td (,c)Tj 0 Tc 1 0 Td [(hange )-56(the )-56(length )-56(of )-56(the)]TJ -26.007 -1.2 Td [(string )-82(printed )-82(and )-82(see )-82(if )-82(the )-82(new )-82(length )-82(matches )-82(the )-82(r)19(eturn )-82(value.)-582(Note )-82(that )-82(not)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(all )-4(systems )-4(exhibit )-4(this )-4(pr)18(operty)]TJ 0.5041 Tc 14.045 0 Td (.A)Tj 0 Tc 1.532 0 Td [(lso )-4(note )-4(that )-4(if )-4(you )-4(enable )-4(the )-4(ISO )-4(C )-4(extensions)]TJ -15.578 -1.2 Td (in)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.123 0 Td (gcc)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (,t)Tj 0 Tc 2.626 0 Td [(hen the r)18(eturn value is always 0, as r)18(equir)18(ed by the 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/T1_0 1 Tf 3.703 0 Td (Sunday week number: [00)Tj 11.636 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (53])Tj /TT0 1 Tf -15.923 -1.25 Td (%w)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.703 0 Td (weekday: [0 = Sunday)Tj 0.25 Tc 9.72 0 Td (,0)Tj 0 Tc 1.083 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (6])Tj /TT0 1 Tf -15.089 -1.25 Td (%W)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.703 0 Td (Monday week number: [00)Tj 12 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (53])Tj /TT0 1 Tf -16.286 -1.25 Td (%x)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.703 0 Td (locale\325s date)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -3.703 -1.25 Td (%X)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.703 0 Td (locale\325s time)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -3.703 -1.25 Td (%y)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.703 0 Td (last two digits of year: [00)Tj 11.471 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (99])Tj /TT0 1 Tf -15.758 -1.25 Td (%Y)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.703 0 Td (year)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -3.703 -1.25 Td (%%)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.703 0 Td [(translates to a per)18(cent sign)]TJ ET q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2161.25 2065.25 cm 0 0 m 2170 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2517.25 2065.25 cm 0 0 m 0 3160 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4331.25 2065.25 cm 0 0 m 0 3160 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2161.25 2065.25 cm 0 0 m 0 3160 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9976 0 0 7.9976 237.4088 188.5034 Tm (Figure 6.12)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.695 0 Td (Conversion speci\336ers for)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 11.285 0 Td (strptime)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.092 Tc 9.997 0 0 9.997 147.556 164.5106 Tm [(We )-210(m)]TJ 0 Tc 2.546 0 Td [(entioned )-26(that )-26(the )-26(thr)17(ee )-26(functions )-26(in )-26(Figur)]TJ 0.2762 Tc 18.304 0 Td (e6)Tj 0 Tc 1.255 0 Td [(.9 )-26(with )-26(dashed )-26(lines )-26(wer)]TJ 0.2762 Tc 10.852 0 Td (ea)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.255 0 Td (ff)Tj 0 Tc 0.648 0 Td (ected)Tj -36.661 -1.2 Td [(by )-79(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.154 0 Td (TZ)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.529 0 Td [(envir)18(onment )-79(variable:)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.174 0 Td (localtime)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 5.979 0 Td (mktime)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.3292 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 4.679 0 Td (nd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.522 0 Td (strftime)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.5792 Tc (.I)Tj 0.3292 Tc 5.966 0 Td (fd)Tj 0 Tc 1.273 0 Td [(e\336ned, )-79(the)]TJ -34.278 -1.2 Td [(value )-24(of )-24(this )-24(envir)19(onment )-24(variable )-24(is )-24(used )-24(by )-24(these )-24(functions )-24(instead )-24(of )-24(the )-24(default )-24(time)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47350 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (190)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(System )-250(Data )-250(Files )-250(and )-250(Information)]TJ 39.241 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(6)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5911 668.9599 Tm [(When )-292(the )-292(clock )-292(ID )-292(is )-292(set )-292(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 14.031 0 Td (CLOCK_REALTIME)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5418 Tc (,t)Tj 0 Tc 9.518 0 Td (he)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.603 0 Td (clock_gettime)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 8.342 0 Td (function)Tj -35.293 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ovides )-100(similar )-100(functionality )-100(to )-100(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 16.651 0 Td (time)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.75 0 Td [(function, )-100(except )-100(with)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.886 0 Td (clock_gettime)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.3503 Tc (,w)Tj 0 Tc 9.234 0 Td (e)Tj -38.521 -1.2 Td [(might be able to get a higher)18(-r)18(esolution time value if the system supports it.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 1.8 -1.2 Td [(We )-383(c)]TJ 0 Tc 2.28 0 Td [(an )-199(use )-199(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.322 0 Td (clock_getres)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.649 0 Td [(function )-199(to )-199(determine )-199(the )-199(r)18(esolution )-199(of )-199(a )-199(given)]TJ -17.05 -1.2 Td (system clock.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5914 603.0638 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.783 TD (int clock_getres\(clockid_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 16.2 0 Td (clock_id)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 5.058 0 Td (truct timespec *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (tsp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.593 -1.783 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 5665.25 cm 0 0 m 0 456 l 3900 456 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 147.5823 551.7338 Tm (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.013 0 Td (clock_getres)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.539 0 Td [(function )-89(initializes )-89(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.378 0 Td (timespec)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.139 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)]TJ 0.3393 Tc 3.49 0 Td (ep)Tj 0 Tc 1.419 0 Td [(ointed )-89(to )-89(by )-89(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf -31.779 -1.2 Td (tsp)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.526 0 Td [(ar)18(gument )-54(to )-54(the )-54(r)18(esolution )-54(of )-54(the )-54(clock )-54(corr)18(esponding )-54(to )-54(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 27.306 0 Td (clock_id)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.562 0 Td [(ar)18(gument. )-304(For)]TJ -32.393 -1.2 Td [(example, )-45(if )-45(the )-45(r)18(esolution )-45(is )-45(1 )-45(millisecond, )-45(then )-45(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 23.085 0 Td (tv_sec)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.895 0 Td [(\336eld )-45(will )-45(contain )-45(0 )-45(and )-45(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -26.98 -1.2 Td (tv_nsec)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td (\336eld will contain the value 1000000.)Tj -0.092 Tc -2.65 -1.2 Td [(To )-184(s)]TJ 0 Tc 1.741 0 Td (et the time for a particular clock, we can call the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 21.324 0 Td (clock_settime)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 8.05 0 Td (function.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9989 0 0 8.9989 147.5823 485.8417 Tm (#include )Tj T* (int clock_settime\(clockid_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 16.8 0 Td (clock_id)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 5.058 0 Td (onst struct timespec *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (tsp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.993 -1.783 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 4493.25 cm 0 0 m 0 456 l 3900 456 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf -0.092 Tc 9.9982 0 0 9.9982 129.5767 434.5218 Tm [(We )-356(n)]TJ 0 Tc 2.391 0 Td [(eed )-172(the )-172(appr)18(opriate )-172(privileges )-172(to )-172(change )-172(a )-172(clock\325s )-172(time.)-673(Some )-172(clocks, )-172(however)74(,)]TJ -2.391 -1.2 Td (can\325t be modi\336ed.)Tj 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 183.5669 402.5275 Tm [(Historically)111(,)-329(on)-329(implementations )-79(derived )-79(fr)18(om )-79(System )-79(V)]TJ 0.3291 Tc 25.269 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 0.905 0 Td (he)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.39 0 Td (stime)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (2)Tj 0.5 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.662 -0.04 Td [(function )-79(was )-79(called )-79(to)]TJ -32.059 -1.25 Td [(set the system time, wher)18(eas BSD-derived systems used)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 24.919 0 Td (settimeofday)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.2 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (2)Tj 0.5 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (.)Tj -0.111 Tc 9.9982 0 0 9.9982 147.5738 371.5331 Tm (Ve)Tj 0 Tc 1.09 0 Td [(rsion )-357(4 )-357(of )-357(the )-357(Single )-357(UNIX )-357(Speci\336cation )-357(speci\336es )-357(that )-357(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 28.91 0 Td (gettimeofday)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -31.8 -1.2 Td [(function )-29(is )-29(now )-29(obsolescent.)-528(However)]TJ 0.2788 Tc 17.149 0 Td (,al)Tj 0 Tc 1.599 0 Td [(ot )-29(of )-29(pr)18(ograms )-29(still )-29(use )-29(it, )-29(because )-29(it )-29(pr)20(ovides)]TJ -18.747 -1.2 Td [(gr)18(eater r)18(esolution \(up to a micr)18(osecond\) than the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 21.823 0 Td (time)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td (function.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9984 0 0 8.9984 147.574 329.6407 Tm (#include )Tj T* (int gettimeofday\(struct timeval *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 25.2 0 Td (tp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,v)Tj 0 Tc 2.633 0 Td (oid *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 8.4 0 Td (tzp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -4.732 -1.783 Td (Returns: 0 always)Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 2931.25 cm 0 0 m 0 456 l 3900 456 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9976 0 0 9.9976 129.5689 278.3332 Tm [(The )-66(only )-66(legal )-66(value )-66(for)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 11.06 0 Td (tzp)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.593 0 Td (is)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.031 0 Td (NULL)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.3163 Tc (;o)Tj 0 Tc 3.512 0 Td [(ther )-66(values )-66(r)18(esult )-66(in )-66(unspeci\336ed )-66(behavior)]TJ 0.5662 Tc 18.554 0 Td (.S)Tj 0 Tc 1.341 0 Td (ome)Tj -37.092 -1.2 Td [(platforms )-159(support )-159(the )-159(speci\336cation )-159(of )-159(a )-159(time )-159(zone )-159(thr)18(ough )-159(the )-159(use )-159(of)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 32.427 0 Td (tzp)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.4086 Tc (,b)Tj 0 Tc 2.489 0 Td [(ut )-159(this )-159(is)]TJ -34.916 -1.2 Td (implementation speci\336c and not de\336ned by the Single UNIX Speci\336\ cation.)Tj 1.8 -1.2 Td (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.925 0 Td (gettimeofday)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.451 0 Td [(function )-1(stor)18(es )-1(the )-1(curr)18(ent )-1(time )-1(as )-1(measur)20(ed )-1(fr)18(om )-1(the )-1(Epoch )-1(in)]TJ -11.175 -1.2 Td [(the )-88(memory )-88(pointed )-88(to )-88(by)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 12.234 0 Td (tp)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5876 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 2.284 0 Td [(his )-88(time )-88(is )-88(r)19(epr)18(esented )-88(as )-88(a)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 12.655 0 Td (timeval)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.538 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e, )-88(which)]TJ -31.71 -1.2 Td [(stor)18(es seconds and micr)18(oseconds.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(Once )-33(we )-33(have )-33(the )-33(integer )-33(value )-33(that )-33(counts )-33(the )-33(number )-33(of )-33(seconds )-33(since )-33(the )-33(Epoch,)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(we )-38(normally )-38(call )-38(a )-38(function )-38(to )-38(convert )-38(it )-38(to )-38(a )-38(br)14(oken-down )-38(time )-38(str)7(uctur)18(e, )-38(and )-38(then )-38(call)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(another )-170(function )-170(to )-170(generate )-170(a )-170(human-r)18(eadable )-170(time )-170(and )-170(date.)-674(Figur)]TJ 0.4204 Tc 31.813 0 Td (e6)Tj 0 Tc 1.399 0 Td [(.9 )-170(shows )-170(the)]TJ -0.018 Tc -33.212 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(lationships between the various time functions.)-501(\(The thr)18(ee functions in this \336gur)]TJ 0.2502 Tc 35.681 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.055 0 Td (hat)Tj -37.592 -1.2 Td (ar)Tj 0.3465 Tc 0.877 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.249 0 Td [(hown )-96(with )-96(dashed )-96(lines)-84(\321)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 12.057 0 Td (localtime)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 5.996 0 Td (mktime)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.3464 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 4.696 0 Td (nd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.539 0 Td (strftime)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.0833 Tc 4.883 0 Td (\321a)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.583 0 Td [(re )-132(a)]TJ 0 Tc 1.702 0 Td [(ll )-96(af)18(fected)]TJ -34.585 -1.2 Td [(by )-166(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.329 0 Td (TZ)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.616 0 Td [(envir)18(onment )-166(variable, )-166(which )-166(we )-166(describe )-166(later )-166(in )-166(this )-166(section.)-666(The )-166(dotted)]TJ -4.945 -1.2 Td [(lines show how the calendar time is obtained fr)18(om time-r)18(elated str)8(uctur)18(es.\))]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47351 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(19.6)]TJ 32.654 0 Td [(Using )-250(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.018 0 Td (pty)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.3 0 Td [(Pr)18(ogram)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 5.861 0 Td (737)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 668.9599 Tm [(In )-320(this )-320(example, )-320(we )-320(assume )-320(that )-320(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 18.278 0 Td (SHELL)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.57 0 Td [(variable )-320(is )-320(the )-320(Korn )-320(shell )-320(\(pr)18(obably)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.848 -1.2 Td (/bin/ksh)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(\). )-335(As)-335(we )-85(mentioned )-85(earlier)74(,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 17.607 0 Td (script)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.935 0 Td [(copies )-85(only )-85(what )-85(is )-85(output )-85(by )-85(the )-85(new)]TJ -21.542 -1.2 Td [(shell )-51(\(and )-51(any )-51(pr)18(ocesses )-51(that )-51(it )-51(invokes\), )-51(but )-51(since )-51(the )-51(line )-51(discipline )-51(module )-51(above )-51(the)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(PTY )-214(slave )-214(normally )-214(has )-214(echo )-214(enabled, )-214(most )-214(of )-214(what )-214(we )-214(type )-214(is )-214(also )-214(written )-214(to )-214(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf T* (typescript)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.25 0 Td (\336le.)Tj /TT1 1 Tf -9.85 -3.36 Td [(Running Copr)20(ocesses)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 3.6 -2.4 Td [(In )-2(Figur)]TJ 0.2516 Tc 3.554 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.231 0 Td [(5.18, )-2(the )-2(copr)18(ocess )-2(couldn\325t )-2(use )-2(the )-2(standar)]TJ 0.2516 Tc 19.076 0 Td (dI)Tj 0 Tc 1.2 0 Td [(/O )-1(functions, )-1(because )-1(standar)17(d)]TJ -25.059 -1.2 Td [(input )-1(and )-1(standar)]TJ 0.2512 Tc 7.918 0 Td (do)Tj 0 Tc 1.408 0 Td [(utput )-1(do )-1(not )-1(r)17(efer )-1(to )-1(a )-1(terminal, )-1(so )-1(the )-1(standar)]TJ 0.2513 Tc 20.44 0 Td (dI)Tj 0 Tc 1.199 0 Td [(/O )-1(functions )-1(tr)17(eat)]TJ -30.966 -1.2 Td [(them as fully buf)18(fer)18(ed. )-250(If)-250(we r)8(un the copr)18(ocess under)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 23.915 0 Td (pty)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.05 0 Td [(by r)18(eplacing the line)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5902 523.7385 Tm (if \(execl\("./add2", "add2", \(char *\)0\) < 0\))Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5913 506.8094 Tm (with)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5902 491.1806 Tm (if \(execl\("./pty", "pty", "-e", "add2", \(char *\)0\) < 0\))Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5913 474.2515 Tm [(the pr)18(ogram now works, even if the copr)18(ocess uses standar)]TJ 0.25 Tc 26.113 0 Td (dI)Tj 0 Tc 1.198 0 Td (/O.)Tj -25.511 -1.2 Td (Figur)Tj 0.2747 Tc 2.383 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.254 0 Td [(9.15 )-25(shows )-25(the )-25(arrangement )-25(of )-25(pr)18(ocesses )-25(when )-25(we )-25(r)8(un )-25(the )-25(copr)18(ocess )-25(with )-25(a)]TJ -5.437 -1.2 Td [(pseudo )-70(terminal )-70(as )-70(its )-70(input )-70(and )-70(output.)-571(It )-70(is )-70(an )-70(expansion )-70(of )-70(Figur)]TJ 0.3203 Tc 30.663 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.299 0 Td [(9.6, )-70(showing )-70(all)]TJ -31.962 -1.2 Td [(the )-272(pr)18(ocess )-272(connections )-272(and )-272(data )-272(\337ow)]TJ 0.772 Tc 18.064 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.635 0 Td [(he )-272(box )-272(labeled )-272(\324)37(\324driving )-272(pr)18(ogram\325)37(\325)-522(is)-522(the)]TJ -19.699 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ogram fr)18(om Figur)]TJ 0.25 Tc 8.88 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (5.18, with the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 6.17 0 Td (execl)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td [(changed as described pr)18(eviously)111(.)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 1650.12 3622.8 959.758 252 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 183.418 373.0752 Tm [(driving pr)18(ogram)]TJ ET q 0.99988 0 0 0.99988 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 289.788 374.88 cm 0 0 m -7.2 -1.8 l -7.2 1.8 l f Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2897.8799 3748.8 cm 0 0 m -72 -18 l -72 18 l h S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2610.25 3749.25 cm 0 0 m 216 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 265.7402 378.0519 Tm (fork)Tj 0 -1.25 TD (exec)Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2897.88 3622.8 432 252 re S Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 304.115 378.0293 Tm (pty)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.532 -1.25 Td [(par)18(ent)]TJ ET q 0.99976 0 0 0.99976 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 361.788 374.88 cm 0 0 m -7.2 -1.8 l -7.2 1.8 l f Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3617.8799 3748.8 cm 0 0 m -72 -18 l -72 18 l h S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3330.25 3749.25 cm 0 0 m 216 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9976 0 0 7.9976 337.6867 368.0096 Tm (fork)Tj ET q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 3617.88 3622.8 432 252 re S Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9971 0 0 7.9971 376.0526 377.9839 Tm (pty)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.209 -1.25 Td (child)Tj ET q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 4337.88 3622.8 432 252 re S Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9966 0 0 7.9966 445.6008 377.9612 Tm (add2)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -1.275 -1.25 Td [(\(copr)18(ocess\))]TJ ET q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 1650.12 3010.8 576 252 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9962 0 0 7.9962 178.7382 316.7679 Tm (terminal)Tj -1.225 -1.25 Td (line discipline)Tj ET q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 1650.12 2542.8 576 252 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9957 0 0 7.9957 177.728 269.9742 Tm (terminal)Tj -0.929 -1.25 Td (device driver)Tj ET q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 4265.88 3010.8 576 252 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9952 0 0 7.9952 440.1358 316.7299 Tm (terminal)Tj -1.225 -1.25 Td (line discipline)Tj ET q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 4265.88 2542.8 576 252 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9947 0 0 7.9947 437.5271 264.9451 Tm (PTY slave)Tj ET q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 3185.88 2542.8 576 252 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9942 0 0 7.9942 326.5888 264.9292 Tm (PTY master)Tj ET q 0.9992802 0 0 0.9992802 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 433.788 374.88 cm 0 0 m -6.48 3.6 l -4.032 6.192 l f Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4337.8799 3748.8 cm 0 0 m -64.8 36 l -40.32 61.92 l h S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3329.8799 3784.8 cm 0 0 m 144 117 l 240 195 360 234 504 234 c 648 234 767.16 189.84 861.48 101.52 c 1002.96 -30.96 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9938 0 0 7.9938 361.9056 403.4052 Tm (fork)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.9 0 Td (exec)Tj ET q 0.9992203 0 0 0.9992203 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 184.236 279.48 cm 0 0 m -1.8 7.2 l 1.8 7.2 l f Q Q q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1842.36 2794.8 cm 0 0 m -18 72 l 18 72 l h S Q Q q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1842.25 3011.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -144 l S Q Q q 0.9991603 0 0 0.9991603 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 203.388 301.08 cm 0 0 m 1.8 -7.2 l -1.8 -7.2 l f Q Q q 0.099916 0 0 0.099916 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2033.88 3010.8 cm 0 0 m 18 -72 l -18 -72 l h S Q Q q 0.099916 0 0 0.099916 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2034.25 2939.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -144 l S Q Q q 0.9991004 0 0 0.9991004 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 445.812 279.48 cm 0 0 m -1.8 7.2 l 1.8 7.2 l f Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4458.1201 2794.8 cm 0 0 m -18 72 l 18 72 l h S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4458.25 3011.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -144 l S Q Q q 0.9990404 0 0 0.9990404 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 465.036 301.08 cm 0 0 m 1.8 -7.2 l -1.8 -7.2 l f Q Q q 0.099904 0 0 0.099904 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4650.3599 3010.8 cm 0 0 m 18 -72 l -18 -72 l h S Q Q q 0.099904 0 0 0.099904 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4650.25 2939.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -144 l S Q Q q 0.9989805 0 0 0.9989805 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 184.236 326.28 cm 0 0 m -1.8 7.2 l 1.8 7.2 l f Q Q q 0.099898 0 0 0.099898 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1842.36 3262.8 cm 0 0 m -18 72 l 18 72 l h S Q Q q 0.099898 0 0 0.099898 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1842.25 3623.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -288 l S Q Q q 0.9989206 0 0 0.9989206 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 203.388 362.28 cm 0 0 m 1.8 -7.2 l -1.8 -7.2 l f Q Q q 0.0998921 0 0 0.0998921 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2033.88 3622.8 cm 0 0 m 18 -72 l -18 -72 l h S Q Q q 0.0998921 0 0 0.0998921 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2034.25 3551.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -288 l S Q Q q 0.9988606 0 0 0.9988606 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 448.188 326.28 cm 0 0 m -1.8 7.2 l 1.8 7.2 l f Q Q q 0.0998861 0 0 0.0998861 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4481.8799 3262.8 cm 0 0 m -18 72 l 18 72 l h S Q Q q 0.0998861 0 0 0.0998861 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4482.25 3623.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -288 l S Q Q q 0.9988007 0 0 0.9988007 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 462.588 362.28 cm 0 0 m 1.8 -7.2 l -1.8 -7.2 l f Q Q q 0.0998801 0 0 0.0998801 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4625.8799 3622.8 cm 0 0 m 18 -72 l -18 -72 l h S Q Q q 0.0998801 0 0 0.0998801 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4626.25 3551.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -288 l S Q Q q 0.9987408 0 0 0.9987408 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 337.812 279.48 cm 0 0 m 1.368 7.272 l 4.608 5.76 l f Q Q q 0.0998741 0 0 0.0998741 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3378.1201 2794.8 cm 0 0 m 13.68 72.72 l 46.08 57.6 l h S Q Q q 0.0998741 0 0 0.0998741 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3762.25 3623.25 cm 0 0 m -354 -763 l S Q Q q 0.9986808 0 0 0.9986808 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 318.588 362.28 cm 0 0 m 4.68 -5.76 l 1.44 -7.272 l f Q Q q 0.0998681 0 0 0.0998681 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3185.8799 3622.8 cm 0 0 m 46.8 -57.6 l 14.4 -72.72 l h S Q Q q 0.0998681 0 0 0.0998681 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3216.25 3557.25 cm 0 0 m 353 -762 l S Q Q q 0.9986209 0 0 0.9986209 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 445.812 239.88 cm 0 0 m -1.8 7.2 l 1.8 7.2 l f Q Q q 0.0998621 0 0 0.0998621 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4458.1201 2398.8 cm 0 0 m -18 72 l 18 72 l h S Q Q q 0.0998621 0 0 0.0998621 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4458.25 2543.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -72 l S Q Q q 0.998561 0 0 0.998561 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 357.036 254.28 cm 0 0 m 1.8 -7.2 l -1.8 -7.2 l f Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3570.3601 2542.8 cm 0 0 m 18 -72 l -18 -72 l h S Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3570.25 2471.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -72 l S Q Q q 0.9985011 0 0 0.9985011 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 357.036 239.88 cm 0 0 m 7.2 1.8 l 7.2 -1.8 l f Q Q q 0.0998501 0 0 0.0998501 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3570.3601 2398.8 cm 0 0 m 72 18 l 72 -18 l h S Q Q q 0.0998501 0 0 0.0998501 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4458.25 2399.25 cm 0 0 m -816 0 l S Q Q q 0.9984412 0 0 0.9984412 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 465.036 254.28 cm 0 0 m 1.8 -7.2 l -1.8 -7.2 l f Q Q q 0.0998441 0 0 0.0998441 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4650.3599 2542.8 cm 0 0 m 18 -72 l -18 -72 l h S Q Q q 0.0998441 0 0 0.0998441 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4650.25 2471.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -144 l S Q Q q 0.9983813 0 0 0.9983813 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 337.812 232.68 cm 0 0 m -1.8 7.2 l 1.8 7.2 l f Q Q q 0.0998381 0 0 0.0998381 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3378.1201 2326.8 cm 0 0 m -18 72 l 18 72 l h S Q Q q 0.0998381 0 0 0.0998381 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3378.25 2543.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -144 l S Q Q q 0.9983214 0 0 0.9983214 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 465.036 232.68 cm 0 0 m -7.2 -1.8 l -7.2 1.8 l f Q Q q 0.0998321 0 0 0.0998321 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4650.3599 2326.8 cm 0 0 m -72 -18 l -72 18 l h S Q Q q 0.0998321 0 0 0.0998321 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3378.25 2327.25 cm 0 0 m 1200 0 l S Q Q q 0.9982615 0 0 0.9982615 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 304.188 340.68 cm 0 0 m -1.8 7.2 l 1.8 7.2 l f Q Q q 0.0998261 0 0 0.0998261 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3041.8799 3406.8 cm 0 0 m -18 72 l 18 72 l h S Q Q q 0.0998261 0 0 0.0998261 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3042.25 3623.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -144 l S Q Q q 0.9982016 0 0 0.9982016 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 241.836 362.28 cm 0 0 m 1.8 -7.2 l -1.8 -7.2 l f Q Q q 0.0998202 0 0 0.0998202 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2418.3601 3622.8 cm 0 0 m 18 -72 l -18 -72 l h S Q Q q 0.0998202 0 0 0.0998202 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2418.25 3551.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -144 l S Q Q q 0.9981417 0 0 0.9981417 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 241.836 340.68 cm 0 0 m 7.2 1.8 l 7.2 -1.8 l f Q Q q 0.0998142 0 0 0.0998142 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2418.3601 3406.8 cm 0 0 m 72 18 l 72 -18 l h S Q Q q 0.0998142 0 0 0.0998142 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3042.25 3407.25 cm 0 0 m -553 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9847 0 0 7.9847 262.6193 343.2603 Tm (pipe2)Tj ET q 0.9980818 0 0 0.9980818 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 390.588 362.28 cm 0 0 m 1.8 -7.2 l -1.8 -7.2 l f Q Q q 0.0998082 0 0 0.0998082 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3905.8799 3622.8 cm 0 0 m 18 -72 l -18 -72 l h S Q Q q 0.0998082 0 0 0.0998082 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3906.25 3551.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -216 l S Q Q q 0.9980219 0 0 0.9980219 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 222.612 333.48 cm 0 0 m -1.8 7.2 l 1.8 7.2 l f Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2226.1201 3334.8 cm 0 0 m -18 72 l 18 72 l h S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2226.25 3623.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -216 l S Q Q q 0.997962 0 0 0.997962 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 390.588 333.48 cm 0 0 m -7.2 -1.8 l -7.2 1.8 l f Q Q q 0.0997962 0 0 0.0997962 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3905.8799 3334.8 cm 0 0 m -72 -18 l -72 18 l h S Q Q q 0.0997962 0 0 0.0997962 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2226.25 3335.25 cm 0 0 m 1608 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9832 0 0 7.9832 262.572 326.0346 Tm (pipe1)Tj ET q 0.9979021 0 0 0.9979021 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 193.812 254.28 cm 0 0 m 1.8 -7.2 l -1.8 -7.2 l f Q Q q 0.0997902 0 0 0.0997902 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1938.12 2542.8 cm 0 0 m 18 -72 l -18 -72 l h S Q Q q 0.9978423 0 0 0.9978423 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 193.812 232.68 cm 0 0 m -1.8 7.2 l 1.8 7.2 l f Q Q q 0.0997842 0 0 0.0997842 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1938.12 2326.8 cm 0 0 m -18 72 l 18 72 l h S Q Q q 0.0997842 0 0 0.0997842 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1938.25 2471.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -72 l S Q Q q 0.0997842 0 0 0.0997842 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2154.1201 2200.8 cm 0 0 m 0 -69.59 -96.71 -126 -216 -126 c -335.29 -126 -432 -69.59 -432 0 c -432 69.59 -335.29 126 -216 126 c -96.71 126 0 69.59 0 0 c h S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9823 0 0 7.9823 178.5073 222.8248 Tm (user at a)Tj -0.01 -1.25 Td (terminal)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.12 -3.43 Td (Figure 19.15)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.195 0 Td [(Running a copr)18(ocess with a pseudo terminal as its input and output)]TJ 9.9778 0 0 9.9778 147.2729 159.1265 Tm [(This )-23(example )-23(shows )-23(the )-23(need )-23(for )-23(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 16.582 0 Td (-e)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.474 0 Td [(\(no )-23(echo\) )-23(option )-23(for )-23(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.766 0 Td (pty)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.074 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram. )-273(The)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -32.694 -1.2 Td (pty)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.072 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram )-22(is )-22(not )-22(r)8(unning )-22(interactively)]TJ 0.2719 Tc 16.112 0 Td (,b)Tj 0 Tc 1.075 0 Td [(ecause )-22(its )-22(standar)]TJ 0.2719 Tc 7.834 0 Td (di)Tj 0 Tc 1.174 0 Td [(nput )-22(is )-22(not )-22(connected )-22(to)]TJ 0.4039 Tc -28.266 -1.2 Td (at)Tj 0 Tc 1.23 0 Td [(erminal. )-404(In)-404(Figur)]TJ 0.4039 Tc 8.031 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.383 0 Td [(9.1)55(1, )-154(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.14 0 Td (interactive)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.004 0 Td [(\337ag )-154(defaults )-154(to )-154(false, )-154(since )-154(the )-154(call )-154(to)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47352 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(19.2)]TJ 39.439 0 Td (Overview)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.394 0 Td (719)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2670 6386 1152 252 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 293.2104 649.401 Tm (window manager)Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2670 5846 1152 252 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 292.4849 595.3685 Tm (terminal emulator)Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 4182 5846 432 252 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 431.4543 595.3328 Tm (shell)Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 3341.76 4766 576 252 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 342.3298 487.323 Tm (PTY master)Tj ET q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 4110 5234 576 252 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9976 0 0 7.9976 424.6846 539.0782 Tm (terminal)Tj -1.225 -1.25 Td (line discipline)Tj ET q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 4110 4766 576 252 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9971 0 0 7.9971 422.076 487.2645 Tm (PTY slave)Tj ET q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 1878 5846 432 252 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9966 0 0 7.9966 201.0475 595.19 Tm (shell)Tj ET q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2574.24 4766 576 252 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9962 0 0 7.9962 265.5325 487.2061 Tm (PTY master)Tj ET q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 1806 5234 576 252 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9957 0 0 7.9957 194.307 538.9489 Tm (terminal)Tj -1.225 -1.25 Td (line discipline)Tj ET q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 1806 4766 576 252 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9952 0 0 7.9952 191.7129 487.1476 Tm (PTY slave)Tj ET q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1662.25 4478.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1662.25 4552.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1662.25 4627.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1662.25 4701.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1662.25 4775.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1662.25 4850.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1662.25 4924.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1662.25 4998.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1662.25 5073.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1662.25 5147.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1662.25 5222.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1662.25 5296.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1662.25 5371.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1662.25 5445.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1662.25 5520.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1662.25 5594.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l 36 36 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1733.25 5630.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1804.25 5630.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1876.25 5630.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1946.25 5630.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2017.25 5630.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2089.25 5630.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l 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0.997962 0 0 0.997962 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 218.976 476.6 cm 0 0 m 1.8 -7.2 l -1.8 -7.2 l f Q Q q 0.0997962 0 0 0.0997962 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2189.76 4766 cm 0 0 m 18 -72 l -18 -72 l h S Q Q q 0.0997962 0 0 0.0997962 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2190.25 4694.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -72 l S Q Q q 0.9979021 0 0 0.9979021 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 276.576 462.2 cm 0 0 m -1.8 7.2 l 1.8 7.2 l f Q Q q 0.0997902 0 0 0.0997902 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2765.76 4622 cm 0 0 m -18 72 l 18 72 l h S Q Q q 0.0997902 0 0 0.0997902 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2766.25 4766.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -72 l S Q Q q 0.9978423 0 0 0.9978423 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 218.976 462.2 cm 0 0 m 7.2 1.8 l 7.2 -1.8 l f Q Q q 0.0997842 0 0 0.0997842 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2189.76 4622 cm 0 0 m 72 18 l 72 -18 l h S Q Q q 0.0997842 0 0 0.0997842 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2766.25 4622.25 cm 0 0 m -504 0 l S Q Q q 0.9977824 0 0 0.9977824 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 324.6 638.6 cm 0 0 m 1.8 -7.2 l -1.8 -7.2 l f Q Q q 0.0997782 0 0 0.0997782 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3246 6386 cm 0 0 m 18 -72 l -18 -72 l h S Q Q q 0.9977225 0 0 0.9977225 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 324.6 609.8 cm 0 0 m -1.8 7.2 l 1.8 7.2 l f Q Q q 0.0997723 0 0 0.0997723 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3246 6098 cm 0 0 m -18 72 l 18 72 l h S Q Q q 0.0997723 0 0 0.0997723 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3246.25 6314.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -144 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9813 0 0 7.9813 214.2181 421.6122 Tm (Figure 19.4)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.695 0 Td [(Arrangement of pr)18(ocesses for windowing system)]TJ 9.9766 0 0 9.9766 129.2973 392.8796 Tm [(pr)18(ocess )-44(gr)18(oup )-44(of )-44(the )-44(PTY )-44(slave.)-544(If )-44(the )-44(application )-44(needs )-44(to )-44(r)18(edraw )-44(the )-44(scr)18(een )-44(when )-44(the)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(window )-171(is )-171(r)18(esized, )-171(it )-171(can )-171(catch )-171(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 16.595 0 Td (SIGWINCH)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.221 0 Td [(signal, )-171(issue )-171(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.764 0 Td [(TIOCGWINSZ )179(ioctl)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf -29.579 -1.2 Td [(command to get the new scr)18(een dimensions, and r)18(edraw the scr)18(een.)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf -3.6 -3.24 Td (script)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 3.878 0 Td [(Pr)20(ogram)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf -0.278 -2.4 Td (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.926 0 Td (script)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.6 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (1)Tj 0.5 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.585 -0.04 Td [(pr)18(ogram )-2(that )-2(is )-2(supplied )-2(with )-2(most )-2(UNIX )-2(systems )-2(makes )-2(a )-2(copy )-2(in )-2(a )-2(\336le)]TJ -6.943 -1.2 Td [(of )-6(everything )-6(that )-6(is )-6(input )-6(and )-6(output )-6(during )-6(a )-6(terminal )-6(session.)-506(The )-6(pr)18(ogram )-6(does )-6(this)]TJ T* [(by )-354(placing )-354(itself )-354(between )-354(the )-354(terminal )-354(and )-354(a )-354(new )-354(invocation )-354(of )-354(our )-354(login )-354(shell.)]TJ T* (Figur)Tj 0.6378 Tc 2.383 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.617 0 Td [(9.5 )-388(details )-388(the )-388(interactions )-388(involved )-388(in )-388(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 21.399 0 Td (script)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.238 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram. )-638(Her)18(e, )-388(we)]TJ -29.636 -1.2 Td [(speci\336cally )-121(show )-121(that )-121(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.917 0 Td (script)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.971 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram )-121(is )-121(normally )-121(r)8(un )-121(fr)18(om )-121(a )-121(login )-121(shell, )-121(which)]TJ -15.888 -1.2 Td (then waits for)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 6.368 0 Td (script)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td (to terminate.)Tj -8.418 -1.2 Td (While)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.985 0 Td (script)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.942 0 Td [(is )-92(r)8(unning, )-92(everything )-92(output )-92(by )-92(the )-92(terminal )-92(line )-92(discipline )-92(above)]TJ -8.727 -1.2 Td [(the )-269(PTY )-269(slave )-269(is )-269(copied )-269(to )-269(the )-269(script )-269(\336le )-269(\(usually )-269(called)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 27.262 0 Td (typescript)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(\). )-519(Since)-520(our)]TJ -27.262 -1.2 Td [(keystr)18(okes )-273(ar)]TJ 0.5232 Tc 6.123 0 Td (en)Tj 0 Tc 1.584 0 Td [(ormally )-273(echoed )-273(by )-273(that )-273(line )-273(discipline )-273(module, )-273(the )-273(script )-273(\336le )-273(also)]TJ -7.707 -1.2 Td [(contains )-25(our )-25(input.)-524(The )-25(script )-25(\336le )-25(won\325t )-25(contain )-25(any )-25(passwor)18(ds )-25(that )-25(we )-25(enter)]TJ 0.2748 Tc 34.419 0 Td (,h)Tj 0 Tc 1.107 0 Td [(owever)74(,)]TJ -35.526 -1.2 Td [(since passwor)18(ds ar)18(en\325t echoed.)]TJ 7.9813 0 0 7.9813 183.1715 170.9994 Tm [(While )-39(writing )-39(the )-39(\336rst )-39(edition )-39(of )-39(this )-39(book, )-39(Rich )-39(Stevens )-39(used )-39(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 29.472 0 Td (script)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.889 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram )-39(to )-39(captur)18(e)]TJ -33.362 -1.25 Td [(the )-261(output )-261(of )-261(the )-261(example )-261(pr)16(ograms. )-511(This)-512(avoided )-261(typographical )-261(err)18(ors )-261(that )-261(could )-261(have)]TJ 0 -1.25 Td [(occurr)18(ed )-205(if )-205(he )-205(had )-205(copied )-205(the )-205(pr)18(ogram )-205(output )-205(by )-205(hand.)-705(The )-205(drawback )-205(to )-205(using)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 38.15 0 Td (script)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (,)Tj -38.15 -1.25 Td [(however)74(,)-250(is)-250(having to deal with contr)18(ol characters that ar)]TJ 0.25 Tc 25.095 0 Td (ep)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.33 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (sent in the script \336le.)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47353 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (708)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.092 Tc 3.5 0 Td (Te)Tj 0 Tc 1 0 Td [(rminal )-250(I/O)]TJ 37.741 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(18)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 129.5922 670.2598 Tm (void)Tj 0 -1.189 TD [(tty_atexit\(void\) )-4200(/*)-600(can be set up by atexit\(tty_atexit\) */)]TJ T* ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(ttysavefd >= 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (tty_reset\(ttysavefd\);)Tj -4.8 -1.189 Td (})Tj 0 -2.14 TD (struct termios *)Tj 0 -1.189 TD [(tty_termios\(void\) )-3600(/*)-600(let caller see original tty state */)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (return\(&save_termios\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 5499.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 237.6035 533.8749 Tm (Figure 18.20)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.195 0 Td [(Set terminal mode to cbr)18(eak or raw)]TJ 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5846 497.8792 Tm [(Our de\336nition of cbr)18(eak mode is the following:)]TJ 0.883 Tc 1.8 -2.04 Td (\245N)Tj 0 Tc 2.32 0 Td [(oncanonical )-214(mode.)-714(As )-214(we )-214(mentioned )-214(at )-214(the )-214(beginning )-214(of )-214(this )-214(section, )-214(this)]TJ -0.831 -1.2 Td [(mode )-227(turns )-227(of)]TJ 0.4769 Tc 6.664 0 Td (fs)Tj 0 Tc 1.234 0 Td [(ome )-227(input )-227(character )-227(pr)18(ocessing. )-477(It)-477(does )-227(not )-227(turn )-227(of)]TJ 0.477 Tc 24.359 0 Td (fs)Tj 0 Tc 1.234 0 Td (ignal)Tj -33.491 -1.2 Td [(handling, )-257(so )-257(the )-257(user )-257(can )-257(always )-257(type )-257(one )-257(of )-257(the )-257(characters )-257(that )-257(triggers )-257(a)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(terminal-generated )-132(signal.)-632(Be )-132(awar)]TJ 0.3818 Tc 16.077 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.187 0 Td [(hat )-132(the )-132(caller )-132(should )-132(catch )-132(these )-132(signals;)]TJ -17.264 -1.2 Td [(otherwise, )-110(ther)18(e\325s )-110(a )-110(chance )-110(that )-110(the )-110(signal )-110(will )-110(terminate )-110(the )-110(pr)17(ogram, )-110(and )-110(the)]TJ T* [(terminal will be left in cbr)18(eak mode.)]TJ 0 -1.68 TD [(As )-241(a )-241(general )-241(r)8(ule, )-241(whenever )-241(we )-241(write )-241(a )-241(pr)18(ogram )-241(that )-241(changes )-241(the )-241(terminal)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(mode, )-65(we )-65(should )-65(catch )-65(most )-65(signals.)-565(This )-65(allows )-65(us )-65(to )-65(r)17(eset )-65(the )-65(terminal )-65(mode)]TJ T* (befor)Tj 0.25 Tc 2.288 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.055 0 Td (erminating.)Tj 0.883 Tc -4.832 -1.6 Td (\245E)Tj 0 Tc 2.1 0 Td [(cho of)18(f.)]TJ 0.883 Tc -2.1 -1.6 Td (\245O)Tj 0 Tc 2.275 0 Td [(ne )-4(byte )-4(at )-4(a )-4(time )-4(input.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 10.705 0 Td [(To )-188(d)]TJ 0.2536 Tc 1.932 0 Td (ot)Tj 0 Tc 1.126 0 Td [(his, )-4(we )-4(set )-4(MIN )-4(to )-4(1 )-4(and )-4(TIME )-4(to )-4(0.)-504(This )-4(is )-4(case)]TJ 0.25 Tc -14.548 -1.2 Td (Bf)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.194 0 Td (ro)Tj 0.25 Tc 0.923 0 Td (mF)Tj 0 Tc 1.689 0 Td (igur)Tj 0.25 Tc 1.827 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td [(8.19. )-250(A)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.528 0 Td (read)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td [(won\325t r)18(eturn until at least one byte is available.)]TJ -0.092 Tc -16.329 -2.04 Td [(We )-184(d)]TJ 0 Tc 2.248 0 Td (e\336ne raw mode as follows:)Tj 0.883 Tc -0.448 -2.04 Td (\245N)Tj 0 Tc 2.32 0 Td [(oncanonical )-371(mode.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 9.57 0 Td [(We )-555(a)]TJ 0 Tc 2.508 0 Td [(lso )-371(turn )-371(of)]TJ 0.6213 Tc 5.271 0 Td (fp)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.555 0 Td (ro)Tj 0 Tc 0.923 0 Td [(cessing )-371(of )-371(the )-371(signal-generating)]TJ -20.658 -1.2 Td [(characters )-411(\()]TJ /TT0 1 Tf (ISIG)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.6606 Tc (\)a)Tj 0 Tc 9.376 0 Td [(nd )-411(the )-411(extended )-411(input )-411(character )-411(pr)20(ocessing )-411(\()]TJ /TT0 1 Tf (IEXTEN)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (\).)Tj -9.376 -1.2 Td [(Additionally)111(,)-250(we)-250(d)-1(isable a BREAK character fr)16(om generating a signal, by turning)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(of)18(f)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 1.444 0 Td (BRKINT)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj 0.883 Tc -2.933 -1.48 Td (\245E)Tj 0 Tc 2.1 0 Td [(cho of)18(f.)]TJ 0.883 Tc -2.1 -1.6 Td (\245W)Tj 0.4814 Tc 2.397 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.571 0 Td [(isable )-231(the )-231(CR-to-NL )-231(mapping )-231(on )-231(input )-231(\()]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 19.048 0 Td (ICRNL)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(\), )-231(input )-231(parity )-231(detection)]TJ -21.528 -1.2 Td (\()Tj /TT0 1 Tf (INPCK)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(\), )-196(the )-196(stripping )-196(of )-196(the )-196(eighth )-196(bit )-196(on )-196(input )-196(\()]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 23.503 0 Td (ISTRIP)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(\), )-196(and )-196(output )-196(\337ow)]TJ -23.503 -1.2 Td [(contr)18(ol \()]TJ /TT0 1 Tf (IXON)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (\).)Tj 0.883 Tc -1.489 -1.6 Td (\245E)Tj 0 Tc 2.1 0 Td (ight-bit characters \()Tj /TT0 1 Tf (CS8)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (\), and parity checking is disabled \()Tj /TT0 1 Tf (PARENB)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (\).)Tj 0.883 Tc -2.1 -1.6 Td (\245A)Tj 0 Tc 2.267 0 Td [(ll output pr)18(ocessing is disabled \()]TJ /TT0 1 Tf (OPOST)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (\).)Tj 0.883 Tc -2.267 -1.6 Td (\245O)Tj 0 Tc 2.275 0 Td (ne byte at a time input \(MIN = 1, TIME = 0\).)Tj -4.075 -2.04 Td [(The pr)18(ogram in Figur)]TJ 0.25 Tc 9.538 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td [(8.21 tests raw and cbr)18(eak modes.)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47354 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(18.1)]TJ 28.7243 Tc 5.388 0 Td (1N)Tj 0 Tc 30.055 0 Td [(oncanonical )-250(Mode)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 10.39 0 Td (709)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 6690.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 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)-55(buf)19(fer)]TJ 0.3048 Tc 29.115 0 Td (,b)Tj 0 Tc 1.108 0 Td [(ecause )-55(we )-55(have)]TJ -32.022 -1.2 Td (no way to determine its size.)Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5141.25 6570.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 50 50 l 0 50 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf -0.09 Tc 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 147.5823 630.5243 Tm (Tw)Tj 0.4716 Tc 1.357 0 Td (of)Tj 0 Tc 1.351 0 Td [(unctions )-222(that )-222(ar)]TJ 0.4716 Tc 7.352 0 Td (em)Tj 0 Tc 1.834 0 Td (or)Tj 0.4717 Tc 0.923 0 Td (ei)Tj 0 Tc 1.242 0 Td [(nter)18(esting )-222(for )-222(a )-222(UNIX )-222(system )-222(ar)20(e)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 16.087 0 Td (isatty)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.4717 Tc (,w)Tj 0 Tc 5.156 0 Td (hich)Tj -0.018 Tc -37.101 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(turns )-51(tr)8(ue )-51(if )-51(a )-51(\336le )-51(descriptor )-51(r)18(efers )-51(to )-51(a )-51(terminal )-51(device, )-51(and)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 27.172 0 Td (ttyname)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.3015 Tc (,w)Tj 0 Tc 5.586 0 Td [(hich )-51(r)18(eturns)]TJ -33.614 -1.2 Td [(the pathname of the terminal device that is open on a \336le descriptor)74(.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9989 0 0 8.9989 147.5823 587.4295 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -2.14 TD (int isatty\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 9 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.606 -2.14 Td [(Returns: 1 \(tr)8(ue\) if terminal device, 0 \(false\) otherwise)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -15.606 -2.14 Td (char *ttyname\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 10.8 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.665 -2.14 Td (Returns: pointer to pathname of terminal,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 18.648 0 Td (NULL)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td [(on err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 5059.25 cm 0 0 m 0 906 l 3900 906 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /TT1 1 Tf 9.9982 0 0 9.9982 93.5832 468.3757 Tm [(Example )195(\321)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 5.28 0 Td (isatty)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 3.878 0 Td (Function)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -5.558 -2.4 Td (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.933 0 Td (isatty)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.859 0 Td [(function )-9(is )-9(trivial )-9(to )-9(implement, )-9(as )-9(we )-9(show )-9(in )-9(Figur)]TJ 0.2594 Tc 23.231 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.238 0 Td [(8.13. )-259(W)]TJ 0.2594 Tc 3.417 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.162 0 Td [(imply )-9(try)]TJ -34.841 -1.2 Td [(one )-85(of )-85(the )-85(terminal-speci\336c )-85(functions )-85(\(that )-85(doesn\325t )-85(change )-85(anything )-85(if )-85(it )-85(succeeds\) )-85(and)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(look at the r)18(eturn value.)]TJ ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 4132.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9978 0 0 8.9978 129.5689 403.6621 Tm [(#include )-1800()]TJ 0 -2.14 TD (int)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (isatty\(int fd\))Tj 0 -1.189 TD ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td [(struct termios)-1200(ts;)]TJ 0 -2.14 TD (return\(tcgetattr\(fd, &ts\) != -1\); /* true if no error \(is a tty\) *\ /)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj ET q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 3176.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9976 0 0 7.9976 219.91 301.5475 Tm (Figure 18.13)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.195 0 Td (Implementation of POSIX.1)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 12.404 0 Td (isatty)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td (function)Tj -0.092 Tc 9.997 0 0 9.997 147.5559 271.5565 Tm [(We )-184(t)]TJ 0 Tc 1.963 0 Td (est our)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.273 0 Td (isatty)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td [(function with the pr)18(ogram in Figur)]TJ 0.25 Tc 15.491 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (8.14.)Tj ET q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 2644.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9968 0 0 8.9968 129.5534 254.8452 Tm (#include "apue.h")Tj 0 -2.021 TD (int)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (main\(void\))Tj T* ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (printf\("fd 0: %s\\n", isatty\(0\) ? "tty" : "not a tty"\);)Tj T* (printf\("fd 1: %s\\n", isatty\(1\) ? "tty" : "not a tty"\);)Tj T* (printf\("fd 2: %s\\n", isatty\(2\) ? "tty" : "not a tty"\);)Tj T* (exit\(0\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj ET q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 1570.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9966 0 0 7.9966 254.9369 140.9868 Tm (Figure 18.14)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.092 Tc 6.195 0 Td (Te)Tj 0 Tc 1 0 Td (st the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.637 0 Td (isatty)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td (function)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47360 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(18.9)]TJ -0.092 Tc 33.471 0 Td (Te)Tj 0 Tc 1 0 Td [(rminal )-250(Identi\336cation)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 11.362 0 Td (699)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 668.9599 Tm [(number )-160(and )-160(matching )-160(i-node )-160(number)]TJ 0.4096 Tc 17.253 0 Td (,w)Tj 0 Tc 1.494 0 Td [(e\325ve )-159(located )-159(the )-159(desir)18(ed )-159(dir)18(ectory )-159(entry)]TJ 0.6595 Tc 17.956 0 Td (.W)Tj 0 Tc 1.817 0 Td (e)Tj -38.521 -1.2 Td [(could )-169(also )-169(verify )-169(that )-169(the )-169(two )-169(entries )-169(have )-169(matching)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 24.742 0 Td (st_rdev)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.619 0 Td [(\336elds )-169(\(the )-169(major )-169(and)]TJ -29.361 -1.2 Td [(minor )-328(device )-328(numbers )-328(for )-328(the )-328(terminal )-328(device\) )-328(and )-328(that )-328(the )-328(dir)18(ectory )-328(entry )-328(is )-328(a)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(character )-216(special )-216(\336le.)-715(However)]TJ 0.4656 Tc 14.423 0 Td (,s)Tj 0 Tc 1.14 0 Td [(ince )-216(we\325ve )-216(alr)19(eady )-216(veri\336ed )-216(that )-216(the )-216(\336le )-216(descriptor)]TJ -15.562 -1.2 Td [(ar)18(gument )-133(is )-133(both )-133(a )-133(terminal )-133(device )-133(and )-133(a )-133(character )-133(special )-133(\336le, )-133(and )-133(since )-133(a )-133(matching)]TJ T* [(device )-94(number )-94(and )-94(i-node )-94(number )-94(pair )-94(is )-94(unique )-94(on )-94(a )-94(UNIX )-94(system, )-94(ther)13(e)-344(is)-344(no)-344(n)-1(eed)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td (for the additional comparisons.)Tj 1.8 -1.2 Td [(The )-67(name )-67(of )-67(our )-67(terminal )-67(might )-67(r)18(eside )-67(in )-67(a )-67(subdir)18(ectory )-67(in)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 26.926 0 Td (/dev)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.567 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 3.83 0 Td [(hus, )-67(we )-67(might)]TJ -32.556 -1.2 Td [(need )-90(to )-90(sear)18(ch )-90(the )-90(entir)]TJ 0.3402 Tc 10.632 0 Td (e\336)Tj 0 Tc 1.424 0 Td [(le )-90(system )-90(tr)18(ee )-90(under)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.554 0 Td (/dev)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.5902 Tc (.W)Tj 0.3402 Tc 4.148 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.243 0 Td [(kip )-90(several )-90(dir)18(ectories )-90(that)]TJ -27.001 -1.2 Td [(might )-65(pr)18(oduce )-65(incorr)18(ect )-65(or )-65(odd)]TJ 14.153 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(looking )-65(r)18(esults:)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.173 0 Td (/dev/.)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 4.165 0 Td (/dev/..)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.3153 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 5.265 0 Td (nd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.508 0 Td (/dev/fd)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.5653 Tc (.W)Tj 0 Tc 5.923 0 Td (e)Tj -38.521 -1.2 Td [(also )-141(skip )-141(the )-141(aliases)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.493 0 Td (/dev/stdin)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 6.641 0 Td (/dev/stdout)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.3909 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 7.741 0 Td (nd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.584 0 Td (/dev/stderr)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.3909 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 7.665 0 Td [(ince )-141(they )-141(ar)18(e)]TJ -33.123 -1.2 Td (symbolic links to \336les in)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 10.926 0 Td (/dev/fd)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj -0.092 Tc -9.126 -1.2 Td [(We )-184(c)]TJ 0 Tc 2.081 0 Td [(an test this implementation with the pr)18(ogram shown in Figur)]TJ 0.25 Tc 27.072 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (8.16.)Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 5178.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9989 0 0 8.9989 129.5844 508.238 Tm (#include "apue.h")Tj 0 -1.902 TD (int)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (main\(void\))Tj 0 -1.189 TD ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (char *name;)Tj 0 -1.902 TD (if \(isatty\(0\)\) {)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (name = ttyname\(0\);)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (if \(name == NULL\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (name = "undefined";)Tj 0.6 Tc -4.8 -1.189 Td (}e)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (lse {)Tj 0.6 -1.189 Td (name = "not a tty";)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj T* (printf\("fd 0: %s\\n", name\);)Tj 0 -1.902 TD (if \(isatty\(1\)\) {)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (name = ttyname\(1\);)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (if \(name == NULL\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (name = "undefined";)Tj 0.6 Tc -4.8 -1.189 Td (}e)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (lse {)Tj 0.6 -1.189 Td (name = "not a tty";)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj 0 -1.189 TD (printf\("fd 1: %s\\n", name\);)Tj 0 -1.902 TD (if \(isatty\(2\)\) {)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (name = ttyname\(2\);)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (if \(name == NULL\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (name = "undefined";)Tj 0.6 Tc -4.8 -1.189 Td (}e)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (lse {)Tj 0.6 -1.189 Td (name = "not a tty";)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj T* (printf\("fd 2: %s\\n", name\);)Tj 0 -1.902 TD (exit\(0\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 1504.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 252.5985 134.3738 Tm (Figure 18.16)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.092 Tc 6.195 0 Td (Te)Tj 0 Tc 1 0 Td (st the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.637 0 Td (ttyname)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td (function)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47361 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (696)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.092 Tc 3.5 0 Td (Te)Tj 0 Tc 1 0 Td [(rminal )-250(I/O)]TJ 37.741 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(18)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 668.9599 Tm [(When we r)8(un the pr)18(ogram fr)18(om Figur)]TJ 0.25 Tc 16.795 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (8.14, we get the following output:)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5909 652.2609 Tm ($)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (./a.out)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -1.2 -1.189 Td (fd 0: tty)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (fd 1: tty)Tj T* (fd 2: tty)Tj T* ($)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (./a.out /dev/null)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -1.2 -1.189 Td (fd 0: not a tty)Tj T* (fd 1: tty)Tj T* (fd 2: not a tty)Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5141.25 5714.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 50 50 l 0 50 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /TT2 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 93.5888 535.3358 Tm [(Example )195(\321)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 5.28 0 Td (ttyname)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 4.478 0 Td (Function)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -6.158 -2.4 Td (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.14 0 Td (ttyname)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.666 0 Td [(function )-216(\(Figur)]TJ 0.4659 Tc 6.889 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.445 0 Td [(8.15\) )-216(is )-216(longer)74(,)-466(as)-466(w)]TJ 0.4658 Tc (eh)Tj 0 Tc 10.971 0 Td [(ave )-216(to )-216(sear)18(ch )-216(all )-216(the )-216(device)]TJ -26.111 -1.2 Td (entries, looking for a match.)Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 4922.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9984 0 0 8.9984 129.5767 482.6121 Tm [(#include )-1800()]TJ T* [(#include )-1800()]TJ T* [(#include )-1800()]TJ T* [(#include )-1800()]TJ T* [(#include )-1800()]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(#include )-1800()]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(#include )-1800()]TJ 0 -2.021 TD (struct devdir {)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td [(struct devdir)-1800(*d_next;)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD (char )Tj 9.6 0 Td (*d_name;)Tj -12 -1.189 Td (};)Tj 0 -2.021 TD [(static struct devdir)-2400(*head;)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(static struct devdir)-2400(*tail;)]TJ T* (static char)Tj 14.4 0 Td (pathname[_POSIX_PATH_MAX + 1];)Tj -14.4 -2.021 Td (static void)Tj T* (add\(char *dirname\))Tj T* ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td [(struct devdir)-1800(*ddp;)]TJ T* (int )Tj 9.6 0 Td (len;)Tj -9.6 -2.021 Td (len = strlen\(dirname\);)Tj 0 -2.021 TD (/*)Tj 0.6 Tc 0.6 -1.189 Td (*S)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (kip ., .., and /dev/fd.)Tj -1.8 -1.189 Td (*/)Tj -0.6 -1.189 Td (if \(\(dirname[len-1] == \325.\325\) && \(dirname[len-2] == \325/\325 ||\ )Tj 1.2 -1.189 Td (\(dirname[len-2] == \325.\325 && dirname[len-3] == \325/\325\)\)\))Tj 1.2 -1.189 Td (return;)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(strcmp\(dirname, "/dev/fd"\) == 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (return;)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(\(ddp = malloc\(sizeof\(struct devdir\)\)\) == NULL\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (return;)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47362 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (716)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Pseudo )-250(T)92(erminals )]TJ 38.741 0 Td [(Chapter)-500(19)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 3354 5774 612 252 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 340.0396 593.2044 Tm (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (ad and write)Tj 0.321 -1.25 Td (functions)Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 3354 5306 612 252 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 350.9699 546.3744 Tm (terminal)Tj -1.225 -1.25 Td (line discipline)Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 3354 4838 612 252 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 336.8954 499.5501 Tm (pseudo terminal)Tj 2.501 -1.25 Td (slave)Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2526 4838 612 252 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 254.095 499.5201 Tm (pseudo terminal)Tj 2.127 -1.25 Td (master)Tj ET q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2526 5774 612 252 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 7.9976 0 0 7.9976 257.1828 593.062 Tm (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (ad and write)Tj 0.321 -1.25 Td (functions)Tj ET q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 3444 6386 432 252 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9971 0 0 7.9971 358.267 654.2044 Tm (user)Tj -0.697 -1.25 Td [(pr)18(ocess)]TJ ET q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2616 6386 432 252 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9966 0 0 7.9966 275.4803 654.1652 Tm (user)Tj -0.697 -1.25 Td [(pr)18(ocess)]TJ ET q 0.9995801 0 0 0.9995801 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 344.4 651.2 cm 0 0 m -7.2 -1.8 l -7.2 1.8 l f Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3444 6512 cm 0 0 m -72 -18 l -72 18 l h S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3048.25 6512.25 cm 0 0 m 324 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9962 0 0 7.9962 314.8488 654.1259 Tm (fork)Tj 0 -1.25 TD (exec)Tj ET q 0.9995201 0 0 0.9995201 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 366 602.6 cm 0 0 m -1.8 7.2 l 1.8 7.2 l f Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3660 6026 cm 0 0 m -18 72 l 18 72 l h S Q Q q 0.9994601 0 0 0.9994601 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 366 638.6 cm 0 0 m 1.8 -7.2 l -1.8 -7.2 l f Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3660 6386 cm 0 0 m 18 -72 l -18 -72 l h S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3660.25 6098.25 cm 0 0 m 0 216 l S Q Q q 0.9994002 0 0 0.9994002 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 283.2 602.6 cm 0 0 m -1.8 7.2 l 1.8 7.2 l f Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2832 6026 cm 0 0 m -18 72 l 18 72 l h S Q Q q 0.9993402 0 0 0.9993402 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 283.2 638.6 cm 0 0 m 1.8 -7.2 l -1.8 -7.2 l f Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2832 6386 cm 0 0 m 18 -72 l -18 -72 l h S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2832.25 6098.25 cm 0 0 m 0 216 l S Q Q q 0.9992802 0 0 0.9992802 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 272.976 509 cm 0 0 m -1.8 7.2 l 1.8 7.2 l f Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2729.76 5090 cm 0 0 m -18 72 l 18 72 l h S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2730.25 5162.25 cm 0 0 m 0 612 l S Q Q q 0.9992203 0 0 0.9992203 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 293.424 577.4 cm 0 0 m 1.8 -7.2 l -1.8 -7.2 l f Q Q q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2934.24 5774 cm 0 0 m 18 -72 l -18 -72 l h S Q Q q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2934.25 5090.25 cm 0 0 m 0 612 l S Q Q q 0.9991603 0 0 0.9991603 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 355.776 555.8 cm 0 0 m -1.8 7.2 l 1.8 7.2 l f Q Q q 0.099916 0 0 0.099916 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3557.76 5558 cm 0 0 m -18 72 l 18 72 l h S Q Q q 0.099916 0 0 0.099916 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3558.25 5774.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -144 l S Q Q q 0.9991004 0 0 0.9991004 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 376.224 577.4 cm 0 0 m 1.8 -7.2 l -1.8 -7.2 l f Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3762.24 5774 cm 0 0 m 18 -72 l -18 -72 l h S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3762.25 5558.25 cm 0 0 m 0 144 l S Q Q q 0.9990404 0 0 0.9990404 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 355.776 509 cm 0 0 m -1.8 7.2 l 1.8 7.2 l f Q Q q 0.099904 0 0 0.099904 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3557.76 5090 cm 0 0 m -18 72 l 18 72 l h S Q Q q 0.099904 0 0 0.099904 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3558.25 5306.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -144 l S Q Q q 0.9989805 0 0 0.9989805 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 376.224 530.6 cm 0 0 m 1.8 -7.2 l -1.8 -7.2 l f Q Q q 0.099898 0 0 0.099898 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3762.24 5306 cm 0 0 m 18 -72 l -18 -72 l h S Q Q q 0.099898 0 0 0.099898 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3762.25 5090.25 cm 0 0 m 0 144 l S Q Q q 0.9989206 0 0 0.9989206 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 355.776 469.4 cm 0 0 m -1.8 7.2 l 1.8 7.2 l f Q Q q 0.0998921 0 0 0.0998921 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3557.76 4694 cm 0 0 m -18 72 l 18 72 l h S Q Q q 0.0998921 0 0 0.0998921 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3558.25 4838.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -72 l S Q Q q 0.9988606 0 0 0.9988606 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 293.424 483.8 cm 0 0 m 1.8 -7.2 l -1.8 -7.2 l f Q Q q 0.0998861 0 0 0.0998861 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2934.24 4838 cm 0 0 m 18 -72 l -18 -72 l h S Q Q q 0.0998861 0 0 0.0998861 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2934.25 4766.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -72 l S Q Q q 0.9988007 0 0 0.9988007 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 293.424 469.4 cm 0 0 m 7.2 1.8 l 7.2 -1.8 l f Q Q q 0.0998801 0 0 0.0998801 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2934.24 4694 cm 0 0 m 72 18 l 72 -18 l h S Q Q q 0.0998801 0 0 0.0998801 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3558.25 4694.25 cm 0 0 m -553 0 l S Q Q q 0.9987408 0 0 0.9987408 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 376.224 483.8 cm 0 0 m 1.8 -7.2 l -1.8 -7.2 l f Q Q q 0.0998741 0 0 0.0998741 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3762.24 4838 cm 0 0 m 18 -72 l -18 -72 l h S Q Q q 0.0998741 0 0 0.0998741 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3762.25 4766.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -144 l S Q Q q 0.9986808 0 0 0.9986808 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 272.976 462.2 cm 0 0 m -1.8 7.2 l 1.8 7.2 l f Q Q q 0.0998681 0 0 0.0998681 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2729.76 4622 cm 0 0 m -18 72 l 18 72 l h S Q Q q 0.0998681 0 0 0.0998681 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2730.25 4838.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -144 l S Q Q q 0.9986209 0 0 0.9986209 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 376.224 462.2 cm 0 0 m -7.2 -1.8 l -7.2 1.8 l f Q Q q 0.0998621 0 0 0.0998621 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3762.24 4622 cm 0 0 m -72 -18 l -72 18 l h S Q Q q 0.0998621 0 0 0.0998621 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2730.25 4622.25 cm 0 0 m 959 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_2 1 Tf 7.9885 0 0 7.9885 371.4647 630.9308 Tm (stdin, stdout, stderr)Tj ET q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2382.25 4550.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2382.25 4622.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2382.25 4694.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2382.25 4766.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2382.25 4838.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2382.25 4910.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2382.25 4982.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2382.25 5054.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2382.25 5126.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2382.25 5198.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2382.25 5270.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2382.25 5342.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2382.25 5414.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2382.25 5486.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2382.25 5558.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2382.25 5630.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2382.25 5702.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2382.25 5774.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2382.25 5846.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2382.25 5918.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2382.25 5990.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2382.25 6062.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2382.25 6134.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l 36 36 l S Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2452.25 6170.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2523.25 6170.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2593.25 6170.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2664.25 6170.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2735.25 6170.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2805.25 6170.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2875.25 6170.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2946.25 6170.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3016.25 6170.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3087.25 6170.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3157.25 6170.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3228.25 6170.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3298.25 6170.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3369.25 6170.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3439.25 6170.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3510.25 6170.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3581.25 6170.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3651.25 6170.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3721.25 6170.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3792.25 6170.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3862.25 6170.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3933.25 6170.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4003.25 6170.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4074.25 6170.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l 36 -36 l S Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4110.25 6098.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4110.25 6026.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4110.25 5954.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4110.25 5882.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4110.25 5810.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4110.25 5738.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4110.25 5666.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4110.25 5594.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4110.25 5522.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4110.25 5450.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4110.25 5378.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4110.25 5306.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4110.25 5234.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4110.25 5162.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4110.25 5090.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4110.25 5018.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4110.25 4946.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4110.25 4874.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4110.25 4802.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4110.25 4730.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4110.25 4658.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4110.25 4586.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l -36 -36 l S Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4039.25 4550.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3969.25 4550.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3898.25 4550.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3828.25 4550.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3757.25 4550.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3686.25 4550.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3617.25 4550.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3546.25 4550.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3475.25 4550.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3405.25 4550.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3334.25 4550.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3264.25 4550.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3193.25 4550.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3123.25 4550.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3052.25 4550.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2982.25 4550.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2911.25 4550.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2840.25 4550.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2771.25 4550.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2700.25 4550.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2629.25 4550.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2559.25 4550.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2488.25 4550.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2418.25 4550.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.988 0 0 7.988 412.3809 533.4392 Tm (kernel)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -26.736 -12.905 Td (Figure 19.1)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.09 Tc 5.695 0 Td (Ty)Tj 0 Tc 1.079 0 Td [(pical arrangement of pr)18(ocesses using a pseudo terminal)]TJ 0.883 Tc 9.985 0 0 9.985 147.379 402.7953 Tm (\245N)Tj 0 Tc 2.32 0 Td (ormally)Tj 0.2718 Tc 3.351 0 Td (,ap)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.895 0 Td (ro)Tj 0 Tc 0.923 0 Td [(cess )-22(opens )-22(the )-22(pseudo )-22(terminal )-22(master )-22(and )-22(then )-22(calls)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 23.866 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5217 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 3.785 0 Td (he)Tj -34.65 -1.2 Td [(child )-43(establishes )-43(a )-43(new )-43(session, )-43(opens )-43(the )-43(corr)18(esponding )-43(pseudo )-43(terminal )-43(slave,)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(duplicates )-364(the )-364(\336le )-364(descriptor )-364(to )-364(the )-364(standar)]TJ 0.6145 Tc 21.11 0 Td (di)Tj 0 Tc 1.516 0 Td [(nput, )-364(standar)]TJ 0.6145 Tc 6.296 0 Td (do)Tj 0 Tc 1.771 0 Td [(utput, )-364(and)]TJ -30.695 -1.2 Td (standar)Tj 0.4328 Tc 3.32 0 Td (de)Tj 0 Tc 1.523 0 Td [(rr)18(or)]TJ 0.4328 Tc 1.639 0 Td (,a)Tj 0 Tc 1.183 0 Td [(nd )-183(then )-183(calls)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.41 0 Td (exec)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.6828 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 3.946 0 Td [(he )-183(pseudo )-183(terminal )-183(slave )-183(becomes )-183(the)]TJ -18.021 -1.2 Td [(contr)18(olling terminal for the child pr)18(ocess.)]TJ 0.883 Tc -1.489 -1.36 Td (\245I)Tj 0.3473 Tc 1.826 0 Td (ta)Tj 0 Tc 1.173 0 Td [(ppears )-97(to )-97(the )-97(user )-97(pr)17(ocess )-97(above )-97(the )-97(slave )-97(that )-97(its )-97(standar)]TJ 0.3472 Tc 26.311 0 Td (di)Tj 0 Tc 1.249 0 Td [(nput, )-97(standar)18(d)]TJ -29.071 -1.2 Td [(output, )-95(and )-95(standar)]TJ 0.3448 Tc 8.958 0 Td (de)Tj 0 Tc 1.435 0 Td [(rr)18(or )-95(ar)]TJ 0.3448 Tc 2.935 0 Td (eat)Tj 0 Tc 1.995 0 Td [(erminal )-95(device.)-595(The )-95(pr)18(ocess )-95(can )-95(issue )-95(all )-95(the)]TJ -15.322 -1.2 Td [(terminal )-9(I/O )-9(functions )-9(fr)17(om )-9(Chapter )-9(18 )-9(on )-9(these )-9(descriptors.)-509(But )-9(since )-9(the )-9(slave)]TJ T* [(isn\325t )-178(a )-178(r)18(eal )-178(terminal )-178(device, )-178(functions )-178(that )-178(don\325t )-178(make )-178(sense )-178(\(e.g., )-178(change )-178(the)]TJ T* [(baud rate, send a br)18(eak character)]TJ 0.25 Tc 14.519 0 Td (,s)Tj 0 Tc 0.924 0 Td (et odd parity\) ar)Tj 0.25 Tc 7.202 0 Td (ej)Tj 0 Tc 0.963 0 Td [(ust ignor)18(ed.)]TJ 0.883 Tc -25.097 -1.36 Td (\245A)Tj 0 Tc 2.267 0 Td [(nything )-156(written )-156(to )-156(the )-156(master )-156(appears )-156(as )-156(input )-156(to )-156(the )-156(slave, )-156(and )-156(vice )-156(versa.)]TJ -0.778 -1.2 Td [(Indeed, )-48(all )-48(the )-48(input )-48(to )-48(the )-48(slave )-48(comes )-48(fr)14(om )-49(the )-49(user )-49(pr)18(ocess )-49(above )-49(the )-49(pseudo)]TJ T* [(terminal )-156(master)]TJ 0.6563 Tc 7.086 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.519 0 Td [(his )-156(behaves )-156(like )-156(a )-156(bidir)17(ectional )-156(pipe, )-156(but )-156(with )-156(the )-156(terminal)]TJ -8.606 -1.2 Td [(line )-145(discipline )-145(module )-145(above )-145(the )-145(slave, )-145(we )-145(have )-145(additional )-145(capabilities )-145(over )-145(a)]TJ T* (plain pipe.)Tj -3.289 -1.56 Td (Figur)Tj 0.2815 Tc 2.383 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.261 0 Td [(9.1 )-31(shows )-31(what )-31(a )-31(pseudo )-31(terminal )-31(looks )-31(like )-31(on )-31(a )-31(Fr)18(eeBSD, )-31(Mac )-31(OS )-31(X, )-31(or )-31(Linux)]TJ -3.644 -1.2 Td [(system. )-250(In)-250(Section 19.3, we show how to open these devices.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(Under )-491(Solaris, )-491(a )-491(pseudo )-491(terminal )-491(is )-491(built )-491(using )-491(the )-491(STREAMS )-491(subsystem.)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td (Figur)Tj 0.3593 Tc 2.383 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.338 0 Td [(9.2 )-109(details )-109(the )-109(arrangement )-109(of )-109(the )-109(pseudo )-109(terminal )-109(STREAMS )-109(modules )-109(under)]TJ -3.721 -1.2 Td [(Solaris. )-286(The)-287(two )-36(STREAMS )-36(modules )-36(that )-36(ar)]TJ 0.2865 Tc 19.685 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.189 0 Td [(hown )-37(as )-37(dashed )-37(boxes )-37(ar)]TJ 0.2866 Tc 11.216 0 Td (eo)Tj 0 Tc 1.312 0 Td [(ptional. )-287(The)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -33.403 -1.2 Td (pckt)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.866 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.159 0 Td (ptem)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.866 0 Td [(modules )-216(help )-216(pr)18(ovide )-216(semantics )-216(speci\336c )-216(to )-216(pseudo )-216(terminals.)-715(The)]TJ -7.891 -1.2 Td [(other )-231(two )-231(modules )-231(\()]TJ /TT0 1 Tf (ldterm)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 13.728 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.174 0 Td (ttcompat)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.4809 Tc (\)p)Tj -0.018 Tc 6.215 0 Td (ro)Tj 0 Tc 0.923 0 Td [(vide )-231(line )-231(discipline )-231(pr)18(ocessing. )-481(In)]TJ -23.039 -1.2 Td (Section 19.3, we show how to build this arrangement of STREAMS modules.)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47363 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (806)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Communicating )-250(with )-250(a )-250(Network )-250(Printer)]TJ 38.741 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(21)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 6690.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 129.5922 659.4594 Tm [(120 )-1200(/*)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(121 )-1800(*)-600("Timed" read - timout specifies the number of seconds to wait)]TJ T* [(122 )-1800(*)-600(per read call before giving up, but read exactly nbytes bytes.)]TJ T* [(123 )-1800(*)-600(Returns number of bytes read or -1 on error.)]TJ T* [(124 )-1800(*)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(125 )-1800(*)-600(LOCKING: none.)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(126 )-1800(*/)]TJ T* [(127 )-1200(ssize_t)]TJ T* [(128 )-1200(treadn\(int)-600(fd, void *buf, size_t nbytes, unsigned int timout\))]TJ T* [(129 )-1200({)]TJ T* [(130 )-2400(size_t)-1200(nleft;)]TJ T* [(131 )-2400(ssize_t)-600(nread;)]TJ 0 -2.14 TD [(132 )-2400(nleft)]TJ 0.6 Tc 8.4 0 Td (=n)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (bytes;)Tj -10.2 -1.189 Td [(133 )-2400(while)-600(\(nleft > 0\) {)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(134 )-4800(if)-600(\(\(nread = tread\(fd, buf, nleft, timout\)\) < 0\) {)]TJ T* (135 )Tj 9.6 0 Td [(if)-600(\(nleft == nbytes\))]TJ -9.6 -1.189 Td (136 )Tj 12 0 Td [(return\(-1\);)-600(/* error, return -1 */)]TJ -12 -1.189 Td (137 )Tj 9.6 0 Td (else)Tj -9.6 -1.189 Td (138 )Tj 12 0 Td [(break;)-3600(/* error, return amount read so far */)]TJ -12 -1.189 Td [(139 )-4800(})-600(else if \(nread == 0\) {)]TJ T* (140 )Tj 9.6 0 Td (break;)Tj 9.6 0 Td (/* EOF */)Tj -19.2 -1.189 Td [(141 )-4800(})]TJ T* [(142 )-4800(nleft)-600(-= nread;)]TJ T* [(143 )-4800(buf)-600(+= nread;)]TJ T* [(144 )-2400(})]TJ T* [(145 )-2400(return\(nbytes)]TJ 0.6 Tc 13.2 0 Td (-n)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td [(left\); )-3000(/*)-600(return >= 0 */)]TJ -15 -1.189 Td [(146 )-1200(})]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 3679.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 343.8967 Tm [([120 )167(\320 )167(146])]TJ -0.092 Tc 5 0 Td [(We )-240(a)]TJ 0 Tc 2.193 0 Td [(lso )-55(pr)18(ovide )-56(a )-56(variation )-56(of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.634 0 Td (tread)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.3056 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 4 0 Td (alled)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.478 0 Td (treadn)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.3056 Tc (,t)Tj 0 Tc 4.482 0 Td [(hat )-56(r)18(eads )-56(exactly )-56(the)]TJ -24.785 -1.2 Td [(number )-68(of )-68(bytes )-68(r)18(equested. )-318(This)-318(is )-68(similar )-68(to )-68(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 22.37 0 Td (readn)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.318 0 Td [(function )-68(described)]TJ -25.688 -1.2 Td [(in Section 14.7, but with the addition of the timeout parameter)74(.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 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9.526 0 Td (timeval)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.526 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e)-326(on)-326(r)19(eturn )-76(fr)18(om)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.301 0 Td (select)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.926 0 Td [(to )-76(indicate)]TJ -29.278 -1.2 Td [(the )-350(amount )-350(of )-350(time )-350(left, )-350(because )-350(many )-350(platforms )-350(do )-350(not )-350(support )-350(this)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(behavior )-270(\(Section )-270(14.4.1\).)-770(Thus, )-270(we )-270(compr)18(omise )-270(and )-270(de\336ne )-270(the )-270(timeout)]TJ T* [(value )-18(in )-18(this )-18(case )-18(to )-18(apply )-18(to )-18(an )-18(individual)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 19.2 0 Td (read)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.668 0 Td [(call. )-267(Instead)-268(of )-17(limiting )-17(the)]TJ -21.868 -1.2 Td [(total )-11(amount )-11(of )-11(time )-11(we )-11(wait, )-11(it )-11(limits )-11(the )-11(amount )-11(of )-11(time )-11(we\325ll )-11(wait )-11(in )-11(every)]TJ T* [(iteration )-38(of )-38(the )-38(loop.)-538(The )-38(maximum )-38(time )-38(we )-38(can )-38(wait )-38(is )-38(bounded )-38(by 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3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 134.9919 659.4594 Tm [(95 )-1200(/*)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(96 )-1800(*)-600("Timed" read - timout specifies the # of seconds to wait before)]TJ T* [(97 )-1800(*)-600(giving up \(5th argument to select controls how long to wait for)]TJ T* [(98 )-1800(*)-600(data to be readable\).)-1200(Returns # of bytes read or -1 on error.)]TJ T* [(99 )-1800(*)]TJ -0.6 -1.189 Td [(100 )-1800(*)-600(LOCKING: none.)]TJ T* [(101 )-1800(*/)]TJ T* [(102 )-1200(ssize_t)]TJ T* [(103 )-1200(tread\(int)-600(fd, void *buf, size_t nbytes, unsigned int timout\))]TJ T* [(104 )-1200({)]TJ T* [(105 )-2400(int)]TJ 14.4 0 Td (nfds;)Tj -14.4 -1.189 Td [(106 )-2400(fd_set)]TJ 14.4 0 Td (readfds;)Tj -14.4 -1.189 Td [(107 )-2400(struct)-600(timeval )-600(tv;)]TJ 0 -1.902 TD [(108 )-2400(tv.tv_sec)]TJ 0.6 Tc 10.8 0 Td (=t)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (imout;)Tj -12.6 -1.189 Td [(109 )-2400(tv.tv_usec)]TJ 0.6 Tc 11.4 0 Td (=0)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (;)Tj -13.2 -1.189 Td [(110 )-2400(FD_ZERO\(&readfds\);)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(111 )-2400(FD_SET\(fd,)-600(&readfds\);)]TJ T* [(112 )-2400(nfds)]TJ 0.6 Tc 7.8 0 Td (=s)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (elect\(fd+1, &readfds, NULL, NULL, &tv\);)Tj -9.6 -1.189 Td [(113 )-2400(if)-600(\(nfds <= 0\) {)]TJ T* [(114 )-4800(if)-600(\(nfds == 0\))]TJ 0 -1.189 TD (115 )Tj 9.6 0 Td (errno)Tj 0.6 Tc 3.6 0 Td (=E)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (TIME;)Tj -15 -1.189 Td [(116 )-4800(return\(-1\);)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(117 )-2400(})]TJ T* [(118 )-2400(return\(read\(fd,)-600(buf, nbytes\)\);)]TJ T* [(119 )-1200(})]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 3915.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 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)-145(on )-145(the )-145(printer )-145(spooling)]TJ -7.079 -1.2 Td [(daemon. )-382(A)-381(malicious )-132(user )-132(might )-132(r)19(epeatedly )-132(try )-132(to )-132(connect )-132(to )-132(the )-132(daemon)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(without )-1(sending )-1(it )-1(data, )-1(just )-1(to )-1(pr)18(event )-1(other )-1(users )-1(fr)18(om )-1(being )-1(able )-1(to )-1(submit)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(print )-71(jobs.)-571(By )-71(giving )-71(up )-71(after )-71(a )-71(r)15(easonable )-71(amount )-71(of )-71(time, )-71(we )-71(pr)18(event )-71(this)]TJ T* [(fr)18(om )-52(happening.)-553(The )-52(tricky )-52(part )-52(is )-52(selecting )-52(a )-52(suitable )-52(timeout )-52(value )-52(that )-52(is)]TJ T* [(lar)18(ge )-110(enough )-110(to )-110(pr)18(event )-110(pr)20(ematur)]TJ 0.3596 Tc 15.416 0 Td (ef)Tj 0 Tc 1.172 0 Td [(ailur)18(es )-110(when )-110(the )-110(system )-110(is )-110(under )-110(load)]TJ -16.588 -1.2 Td [(and )-166(tasks )-166(ar)]TJ 0.4165 Tc 5.633 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.221 0 Td [(aking 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)-49(set)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.141 0 Td (errno)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.299 0 Td (to)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.171 0 Td (ETIME)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.299 0 Td [(in )-49(this )-49(case.)-550(If)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.71 0 Td (select)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.899 0 Td [(fails )-49(or )-49(times )-49(out, )-49(we )-49(r)17(eturn)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf -21.52 -1.2 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1. )-250(Otherwise,)-250(we r)18(eturn whatever data is available.)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47365 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(21.5)]TJ 38.014 0 Td [(Sour)18(ce )-250(Code)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 7.819 0 Td (839)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 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0 Td (p;)Tj -15.6 -1.189 Td (842 )Tj 9.6 0 Td [(while)-600(\(*cp != \325\\r\325 && *cp != \325\\n\325\))]TJ -9.6 -1.189 Td (843 )Tj 12 0 Td (cp++;)Tj -12 -1.189 Td (844 )Tj 9.6 0 Td (*cp)Tj 0.6 Tc 2.4 0 Td (=\325)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (\\0\325;)Tj -13.8 -1.189 Td (845 )Tj 9.6 0 Td (code)Tj 0.6 Tc 3 0 Td (=a)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (toi\(statcode\);)Tj -14.4 -1.189 Td (846 )Tj 9.6 0 Td [(if)-600(\(HTTP_INFO\(code\)\))]TJ -9.6 -1.189 Td (847 )Tj 12 0 Td (continue;)Tj -12 -1.189 Td (848 )Tj 9.6 0 Td [(if)-600(\(!HTTP_SUCCESS\(code\)\) { /* probable error: log it */)]TJ -9.6 -1.189 Td (849 )Tj 12 0 Td (bp[datsz])Tj 0.6 Tc 6 0 Td (=\325)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (\\0\325;)Tj -19.8 -1.189 Td (850 )Tj 12 0 Td [(log_msg\("error:)-600(%s", reason\);)]TJ -12 -1.189 Td (851 )Tj 12 0 Td (break;)Tj -12 -1.189 Td (852 )Tj 9.6 0 Td (})Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 3155.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 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2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 129.5922 659.4594 Tm [(786 )-1200({)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(787 )-2400(ssize_t)-600(nr;)]TJ T* [(788 )-2400(char)-2400(*bp = *bpp;)]TJ T* [(789 )-2400(int )-2400(bsz)]TJ 0.6 Tc 12 0 Td (=*)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (bszp;)Tj -13.8 -1.783 Td [(790 )-2400(if)-600(\(off >= bsz\) {)]TJ T* [(791 )-4800(bsz)-600(+= IOBUFSZ;)]TJ T* [(792 )-4800(if)-600(\(\(bp = realloc\(*bpp, bsz\)\) == NULL\))]TJ T* (793 )Tj 9.6 0 Td [(log_sys\("readmore:)-600(can\325t allocate bigger read buffer"\);)]TJ -9.6 -1.189 Td [(794 )-4800(*bszp)]TJ 0.6 Tc 10.8 0 Td (=b)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (sz;)Tj -12.6 -1.189 Td [(795 )-4800(*bpp)]TJ 0.6 Tc 10.2 0 Td (=b)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (p;)Tj -12 -1.189 Td [(796 )-2400(})]TJ T* [(797 )-2400(if)-600(\(\(nr = tread\(sockfd, &bp[off], bsz-off, 1\)\) > 0\))]TJ T* [(798 )-4800(return\(off+nr\);)]TJ T* [(799 )-2400(else)]TJ T* [(800 )-4800(return\(-1\);)]TJ T* [(801 )-1200(})]TJ 0 -1.783 TD [(802 )-1200(/*)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(803 )-1800(*)-600(Read and parse the response from the printer.)-1200(Return 1)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(804 )-1800(*)-600(if the request was successful, and 0 otherwise.)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(805 )-1800(*)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(806 )-1800(*)-600(LOCKING: none.)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(807 )-1800(*/)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(808 )-1200(int)]TJ T* [(809 )-1200(printer_status\(int)-600(sfd, struct job *jp\))]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(810 )-1200({)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(811 )-2400(int)]TJ 14.4 0 Td (i, success, code, len, found, bufsz, datsz;)Tj -14.4 -1.189 Td [(812 )-2400(int32_t)]TJ 14.4 0 Td (jobid;)Tj -14.4 -1.189 Td [(813 )-2400(ssize_t)]TJ 14.4 0 Td (nr;)Tj -14.4 -1.189 Td [(814 )-2400(char)]TJ 14.4 0 Td (*bp, *cp, *statcode, *reason, *contentlen;)Tj -14.4 -1.189 Td [(815 )-2400(struct)-600(ipp_hdr )-600(*hp;)]TJ 0 -1.783 TD [(816 )-2400(/*)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(817 )-3000(*)-600(Read the HTTP header followed by the IPP response header.)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(818 )-3000(*)-600(They can be returned in multiple read attempts.)-1200(Use the)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(819 )-3000(*)-600(Content-Length specifier to determine how much to read.)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(820 )-3000(*/)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 2748.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 250.8179 Tm [([786 )167(\320 )167(801])-668(If )-49(we\325r)18(e)-299(at)-299(the )-49(end )-49(of )-49(the )-49(buf)19(fer)74(,)-299(we)-299(r)18(eallocate )-49(a )-49(bigger )-49(buf)18(fer )-49(and )-49(r)18(eturn )-49(the)]TJ 5 -1.2 Td [(new )-331(starting )-331(addr)18(ess )-331(and )-331(size )-331(thr)18(ough )-331(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 21.133 0 Td (bpp)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.381 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.274 0 Td (bszp)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.981 0 Td (parameters,)Tj -0.018 Tc -28.768 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (spectively)Tj 0.5621 Tc 4.345 0 Td (.W)Tj 0.3121 Tc 1.72 0 Td (er)Tj 0 Tc 1.168 0 Td [(ead )-62(as )-62(much )-62(as )-62(the )-62(buf)18(fer )-62(will )-62(hold, )-62(starting )-62(at )-62(the )-62(end )-62(of)]TJ -8.089 -1.2 Td [(the )-109(data )-109(alr)18(eady )-109(in )-109(the )-109(buf)16(fer)]TJ 0.3595 Tc 13.3 0 Td (,a)Tj 0 Tc 1.109 0 Td [(nd )-109(r)18(eturn )-110(the 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[(or )-132(include )-132(intermediate )-132(acknowledgements, )-132(such )-132(as )-132(HTTP)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 27.018 0 Td [(100 )218(Continue)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf -27.018 -1.2 Td [(messages. )-250(W)]TJ 0.25 Tc 5.827 0 Td (en)Tj 0 Tc 1.311 0 Td (eed to handle all these possibilities.)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47367 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(21.5)]TJ 38.014 0 Td [(Sour)18(ce )-250(Code)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 7.819 0 Td (825)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 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1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 129.5922 659.4594 Tm [(385 )-2400(req.size)]TJ 0.6 Tc 10.2 0 Td (=n)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (tohl\(req.size\);)Tj -12 -1.189 Td [(386 )-2400(req.flags)]TJ 0.6 Tc 10.8 0 Td (=n)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (tohl\(req.flags\);)Tj -12.6 -1.783 Td [(387 )-2400(/*)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(388 )-3000(*)-600(Create the data file.)]TJ T* [(389 )-3000(*/)]TJ T* [(390 )-2400(jobid)]TJ 0.6 Tc 8.4 0 Td (=g)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (et_newjobno\(\);)Tj -10.2 -1.189 Td [(391 )-2400(sprintf\(name,)-600("%s/%s/%d", SPOOLDIR, DATADIR, jobid\);)]TJ T* [(392 )-2400(fd)]TJ 0.6 Tc 6.6 0 Td (=c)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (reat\(name, FILEPERM\);)Tj -8.4 -1.189 Td [(393 )-2400(if)-600(\(fd < 0\) {)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(394 )-4800(res.jobid)]TJ 0.6 Tc 13.2 0 Td (=0)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (;)Tj -15 -1.189 Td [(395 )-4800(res.retcode)]TJ 0.6 Tc 14.4 0 Td (=h)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (tonl\(errno\);)Tj -16.2 -1.189 Td [(396 )-4800(log_msg\("client_thread:)-600(can\325t create %s: %s", name,)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD (397 )Tj 8.4 0 Td (strerror\(res.retcode\)\);)Tj -8.4 -1.189 Td [(398 )-4800(strncpy\(res.msg,)-600(strerror\(res.retcode\), MSGLEN_MAX\);)]TJ T* [(399 )-4800(writen\(sockfd,)-600(&res, sizeof\(struct printresp\)\);)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(400 )-4800(pthread_exit\(\(void)-600(*\)1\);)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(401 )-2400(})]TJ 0 -1.783 TD [(402 )-2400(/*)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(403 )-3000(*)-600(Read the file and store it in the spool directory.)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(404 )-3000(*)-600(Try to figure out if the file is a PostScript file)]TJ T* [(405 )-3000(*)-600(or a plain text file.)]TJ T* [(406 )-3000(*/)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(407 )-2400(first)]TJ 0.6 Tc 8.4 0 Td (=1)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (;)Tj -10.2 -1.189 Td [(408 )-2400(while)-600(\(\(nr = tread\(sockfd, buf, IOBUFSZ, 20\)\) > 0\) {)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(409 )-4800(if)-600(\(first\) {)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD (410 )Tj 9.6 0 Td (first)Tj 0.6 Tc 3.6 0 Td (=0)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (;)Tj -15 -1.189 Td (411 )Tj 9.6 0 Td [(if)-600(\(strncmp\(buf, "%!PS", 4\) != 0\))]TJ -9.6 -1.189 Td (412 )Tj 12 0 Td [(req.flags)-600(|= PR_TEXT;)]TJ -12 -1.189 Td [(413 )-4800(})]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 3444.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 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3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 668.9599 Tm (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.964 0 Td (uc_stack)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.09 0 Td [(\336eld )-40(describes )-40(the )-40(stack )-40(used )-40(by )-40(the )-40(curr)18(ent )-40(context.)-540(It )-40(contains )-40(at )-40(least)]TJ -7.054 -1.2 Td (the following members:)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5911 639.1917 Tm [(void )-600(*ss_sp;)-2400(/* stack base or pointer */)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(size_t ss_size;)-1200(/* stack size */)]TJ T* [(int )-1800(ss_flags;)-600(/* flags */)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 183.589 593.1246 Tm [(When )-44(an )-44(implementation )-44(supports )-44(the )-44(r)19(eal-time )-44(signal )-44(extensions, )-44(signal )-44(handlers )-44(established)]TJ 0 -1.25 TD [(with )-134(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.187 0 Td (SA_SIGINFO)Tj /T1_0 1 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w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1515.25 3411.25 cm 0 0 m 3461 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9971 0 0 7.9971 201.0956 333.0401 Tm (BUS_ADRALN)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.3 0 Td [(invalid addr)18(ess alignment)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -9.3 -1.25 Td (BUS_ADRERR)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.3 0 Td [(nonexistent physical addr)18(ess)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -9.3 -1.25 Td (BUS_OBJERR)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.3 0 Td [(object-speci\336c har)18(dwar)]TJ 0.25 Tc 10.234 0 Td (ee)Tj 0 Tc 1.208 0 Td [(rr)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -26.442 1.25 Td (SIGBUS)Tj ET q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1515.25 3091.25 cm 0 0 m 3461 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9966 0 0 7.9966 201.0835 301.0335 Tm (TRAP_BRKPT)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.3 0 Td [(pr)18(ocess br)18(eakpoint trap)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -9.3 -1.25 Td (TRAP_TRACE)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.3 0 Td [(pr)18(ocess trace trap)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -15 0.625 Td (SIGTRAP)Tj ET q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1515.25 2871.25 cm 0 0 m 3461 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9962 0 0 7.9962 201.0715 279.026 Tm (CLD_EXITED)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.3 0 Td (child has exited)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -9.3 -1.25 Td (CLD_KILLED)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.3 0 Td [(child has terminated abnormally \(no cor)18(e\))]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -9.3 -1.25 Td (CLD_DUMPED)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.3 0 Td [(child has terminated abnormally with cor)18(e)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -9.3 -1.25 Td (CLD_TRAPPED)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.3 0 Td (traced child has trapped)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -9.3 -1.25 Td (CLD_STOPPED)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.3 0 Td (child has stopped)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -9.3 -1.25 Td (CLD_CONTINUED)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.3 0 Td (stopped child has continued)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -15 3.125 Td (SIGCHLD)Tj ET q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1515.25 2251.25 cm 0 0 m 3461 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9957 0 0 7.9957 201.0594 217.0428 Tm (SI_USER)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.3 0 Td (signal sent by)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 6.314 0 Td (kill)Tj -15.614 -1.25 Td (SI_QUEUE)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.3 0 Td (signal sent by)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 6.314 0 Td (sigqueue)Tj -15.614 -1.25 Td (SI_TIMER)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.3 0 Td (expiration of a timer set by)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 12.118 0 Td (timer_settime)Tj -21.418 -1.25 Td (SI_ASYNCIO)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.3 0 Td [(completion of asynchr)18(onous I/O r)18(equest)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -9.3 -1.25 Td (SI_MESGQ)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.3 0 Td [(arrival of a message on a message queue \(r)18(eal-time extension\))]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -15 2.5 Td (Any)Tj ET q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1515.25 1731.25 cm 0 0 m 3461 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2695.25 1731.25 cm 0 0 m 0 3680 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1951.25 1731.25 cm 0 0 m 0 3680 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4976.25 1731.25 cm 0 0 m 0 3680 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1515.25 1731.25 cm 0 0 m 0 3680 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9952 0 0 7.9952 256.2982 155.0669 Tm (Figure 10.17)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 6.195 0 Td (siginfo_t)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.65 0 Td (code values)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47369 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (250)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Pr)18(ocess )-250(Contr)18(ol )]TJ 39.241 0 Td [(Chapter)-500(8)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5911 668.9599 Tm [(The )-351(\336rst )-351(dif)18(fer)18(ence )-351(in )-351(these )-351(functions )-351(is )-351(that )-351(the )-351(\336rst )-351(four )-351(take )-351(a )-351(pathname)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(ar)18(gument, )-4(the )-4(next )-4(two )-4(take )-4(a )-4(\336lename )-4(ar)17(gument, )-4(and )-4(the )-4(last )-4(one )-4(takes )-4(a )-4(\336le )-4(descriptor)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(ar)18(gument. )-250(When)-250(a)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 8.699 0 Td (\336lename)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.612 0 Td [(ar)18(gument is speci\336ed,)]TJ 0.883 Tc -10.511 -2.16 Td (\245I)Tj 0 Tc 1.826 0 Td (f)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 0.583 0 Td (\336lename)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.612 0 Td (contains a slash, it is taken as a pathname.)Tj 0.883 Tc -6.021 -1.6 Td (\245O)Tj 0 Tc 2.275 0 Td [(therwise, )-100(the )-100(executable )-100(\336le )-100(is )-100(sear)18(ched )-100(for )-100(in )-100(the )-100(dir)22(ectories )-99(speci\336ed )-99(by )-99(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -0.786 -1.2 Td (PATH)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td [(envir)18(onment variable.)]TJ -5.939 -2.16 Td (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.003 0 Td (PATH)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.729 0 Td [(variable )-79(contains )-79(a )-79(list )-79(of )-79(dir)18(ectories, )-79(called )-79(path )-79(pr)18(e\336xes, )-79(that )-79(ar)]TJ 0.3287 Tc 29.146 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.232 0 Td (eparated)Tj -35.109 -1.2 Td [(by colons.)-500(For example, the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 12.575 0 Td (name=value)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.19 0 Td [(envir)18(onment string)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5912 543.9975 Tm (PATH=/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/local/bin/:.)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5923 524.9287 Tm [(speci\336es )-102(four )-102(dir)17(ectories )-102(to )-102(sear)17(ch. )-352(The)-353(last )-102(path )-102(pr)18(e\336x )-102(speci\336es )-102(the )-102(curr)18(ent )-102(dir)16(ectory)111(.)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(\(A )-71(zer)18(o-length )-71(pr)18(e\336x )-71(also )-71(means )-71(the )-71(curr)20(ent )-71(dir)18(ectory)]TJ 0.5707 Tc 24.12 0 Td (.I)Tj 0.3207 Tc 1.158 0 Td (tc)Tj 0 Tc 1.091 0 Td [(an )-71(be )-71(speci\336ed )-71(as )-71(a )-71(colon )-71(at)]TJ -26.369 -1.2 Td (the beginning of the)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 9.125 0 Td (value)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (,t)Tj 0 Tc 2.993 0 Td [(wo colons in a r)18(ow)92(,)-250(or)-250(a)-250(colon at the end of the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 20.752 0 Td (value)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.\))Tj 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 183.5896 479.9314 Tm (Ther)Tj 0.4173 Tc 2.051 0 Td (ea)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.396 0 Td [(re )-203(s)]TJ 0 Tc 1.697 0 Td [(ecurity )-167(r)18(easons )-167(for)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 8.951 0 Td (never)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.64 0 Td [(including )-167(the )-167(curr)18(ent )-167(dir)18(ectory )-167(in )-167(the )-167(sear)18(ch )-167(path.)-668(See)]TJ -16.736 -1.25 Td (Gar\336nkel et al.)Tj 6.767 0.04 Td ([)Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (2003)Tj 2 0.04 Td (])Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (.)Tj 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5915 449.9332 Tm [(If )-66(either)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.853 0 Td (execlp)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.916 0 Td (or)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.257 0 Td (execvp)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.916 0 Td [(\336nds )-66(an )-66(executable )-66(\336le )-66(using )-66(one )-66(of )-66(the )-66(path )-66(pr)21(e\336xes,)]TJ -14.741 -1.2 Td [(but )-9(the )-9(\336le )-9(isn\325t )-9(a )-9(machine )-9(executable )-9(that )-9(was )-9(generated )-9(by )-9(the )-9(link )-9(editor)]TJ 0.2594 Tc 33.137 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 0.835 0 Td [(he )-9(function)]TJ -33.973 -1.2 Td [(assumes )-100(that )-100(the )-100(\336le )-100(is )-100(a )-100(shell )-100(script )-100(and )-100(tries )-100(to )-100(invoke)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 25.694 0 Td (/bin/sh)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.55 0 Td [(with )-100(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 4.12 0 Td (\336lename)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.712 0 Td (as)Tj -38.076 -1.2 Td (input to the shell.)Tj -0.055 Tc 1.8 -1.2 Td (Wi)Tj 0 Tc 1.236 0 Td (th)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.253 0 Td (fexecve)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(,)-345(we)-345(a)-1(void )-95(the )-95(issue )-95(of )-95(\336nding )-95(the )-95(corr)16(ect )-95(executable )-95(\336le )-95(altogether)]TJ -4.289 -1.2 Td [(and )-10(r)18(ely )-10(on )-10(the )-10(caller )-10(to )-10(do )-10(this.)-510(By )-10(using )-10(a )-10(\336le )-10(descriptor)]TJ 0.2601 Tc 25.52 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 0.836 0 Td [(he )-10(caller )-10(can )-10(verify )-10(the )-10(\336le )-10(is)]TJ -26.356 -1.2 Td [(in )-36(fact )-36(the )-36(intended )-36(\336le )-36(and )-36(execute )-36(it )-36(without )-36(a )-36(race.)-534(Otherwise, )-36(a )-36(malicious )-36(user )-36(with)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(appr)18(opriate )-87(privileges )-87(could )-87(r)18(eplace )-87(the )-87(executable )-87(\336le )-87(\(or )-87(a )-87(portion )-87(of )-87(the )-87(path )-87(to )-87(the)]TJ T* [(executable )-37(\336le\) )-37(after )-37(it )-37(has )-37(been )-37(located )-37(and )-37(veri\336ed, )-37(but )-37(befor)]TJ 0.2868 Tc 27.831 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.092 0 Td [(he )-37(caller )-37(can )-37(execute )-37(it)]TJ -28.923 -1.2 Td [(\(r)18(ecall the discussion of T)18(OCTT)18(OU err)18(ors in Section 3.3\).)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(The )-15(next )-15(dif)19(fer)18(ence )-15(concerns )-15(the )-15(passing )-15(of )-15(the )-15(ar)18(gument )-15(list )-15(\()]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 27.511 0 Td (l)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.865 0 Td [(stands )-15(for )-15(list )-15(and)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.224 0 Td (v)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -38.4 -1.2 Td [(stands )-220(for )-220(vector\).)-720(The )-220(functions)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 15.883 0 Td (execl)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.72 0 Td (execlp)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.4697 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 4.82 0 Td (nd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.663 0 Td (execle)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 4.07 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (quir)Tj 0.4696 Tc 1.831 0 Td (ee)Tj 0 Tc 1.428 0 Td [(ach )-220(of )-220(the)]TJ -34.269 -1.2 Td (command)Tj 4.449 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(line )-149(ar)18(guments )-149(to )-149(the )-149(new )-149(pr)18(ogram )-149(to )-149(be )-149(speci\336ed )-149(as )-149(separate )-149(ar)20(guments.)]TJ -0.092 Tc -4.782 -1.2 Td [(We )-338(m)]TJ 0 Tc 2.674 0 Td [(ark )-154(the )-154(end )-154(of )-154(the )-154(ar)18(guments )-154(with )-154(a )-154(null )-154(pointer)]TJ 0.6538 Tc 22.587 0 Td (.F)Tj 0 Tc 1.46 0 Td [(or )-154(the )-154(other )-154(four )-154(functions)]TJ -26.721 -1.2 Td (\()Tj /TT0 1 Tf (execv)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.895 0 Td (execvp)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 4.162 0 Td (execve)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.3122 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 4.662 0 Td (nd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.505 0 Td (fexecve)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(\), )-62(we )-62(have )-62(to )-62(build )-62(an )-62(array )-62(of )-62(pointers )-62(to )-62(the)]TJ -14.225 -1.2 Td [(ar)18(guments, and the addr)18(ess of this array is the ar)18(gument to these thr)18(ee functions.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td (Befor)Tj 0.6351 Tc 2.346 0 Td (eu)Tj 0 Tc 1.717 0 Td [(sing )-385(ISO )-385(C )-385(pr)18(ototypes, )-385(the )-385(normal )-385(way )-385(to )-385(show )-385(the )-385(command)]TJ 31.161 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td (line)Tj -37.357 -1.2 Td [(ar)18(guments for the thr)18(ee functions)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 15.015 0 Td (execl)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td (execle)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 4.6 0 Td (nd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.443 0 Td (execlp)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td (was)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5916 228.1762 Tm (char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf [(ar)18(g0)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 7.215 0 Td (har *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf [(ar)18(g1)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,.)Tj 0 Tc 6.615 0 Td (.., char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf [(ar)18(gn)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,\()Tj 0 Tc 9.671 0 Td (char *\)0)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5932 209.1075 Tm [(This )-14(syntax )-14(explicitly )-14(shows )-14(that )-14(the )-14(\336nal )-14(command)]TJ 23.109 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(line )-14(ar)18(gument )-14(is )-14(followed )-14(by )-14(a )-14(null)]TJ -23.442 -1.2 Td (pointer)Tj 0.5291 Tc 3.146 0 Td (.I)Tj 0.2791 Tc 1.116 0 Td (ft)Tj 0 Tc 0.938 0 Td [(his )-29(null )-29(pointer )-29(is )-29(speci\336ed )-29(by )-29(the )-29(constant)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 19.392 0 Td (0)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(,)-279(we)-279(must )-29(cast )-29(it )-29(to )-29(a )-29(pointer; )-29(if)]TJ -24.592 -1.2 Td [(we )-122(don\325t, )-122(it\325s )-122(interpr)18(eted )-122(as )-122(an )-122(integer )-122(ar)18(gument. )-372(If)-372(the )-122(size )-122(of )-122(an )-122(integer )-122(is )-122(dif)17(fer)18(ent)]TJ T* [(fr)18(om the size of a)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.849 0 Td [(char )267(*)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (,t)Tj 0 Tc 4.159 0 Td [(he actual ar)18(guments to the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.964 0 Td (exec)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td [(function will be wr)18(ong.)]TJ -24.822 -1.2 Td [(The )-50(\336nal )-50(dif)18(fer)18(ence )-50(is )-50(the )-50(passing )-50(of )-50(the )-50(envir)17(onment )-50(list )-50(to )-50(the )-50(new )-50(pr)18(ogram. )-300(The)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(thr)18(ee )-39(functions )-39(whose )-39(names )-39(end )-39(in )-39(an)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 17.757 0 Td (e)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.889 0 Td (\()Tj /TT0 1 Tf (execle)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 4.472 0 Td (execve)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.289 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 4.639 0 Td (nd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.482 0 Td (fexecve)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.289 Tc (\)a)Tj 0 Tc 5.322 0 Td [(llow )-39(us )-39(to)]TJ -34.561 -1.2 Td [(pass )-263(a )-263(pointer )-263(to )-263(an )-263(array )-263(of )-263(pointers )-263(to )-263(the )-263(envir)19(onment )-263(strings.)-763(The )-263(other )-263(four)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47370 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(8.17)]TJ 37.4 0 Td [(Pr)18(ocess )-250(T)55(imes)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 8.433 0 Td (281)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 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0 -1.902 TD [(if \(clktck == 0\))-2400(/* fetch clock ticks per second first time */)]TJ 2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(\(clktck = sysconf\(_SC_CLK_TCK\)\) < 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_sys\("sysconf error"\);)Tj -4.8 -1.902 Td [(printf\(" )-600(real: )-600(%7.2f\\n",)-600(real / \(double\) clktck\);)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(printf\(" )-600(user: )-600(%7.2f\\n",)]TJ 1.2 -1.189 Td (\(tmsend->tms_utime - tmsstart->tms_utime\) / \(double\) clktck\);)Tj -1.2 -1.189 Td [(printf\(" )-600(sys:)-1800(%7.2f\\n",)]TJ 1.2 -1.189 Td (\(tmsend->tms_stime - tmsstart->tms_stime\) / \(double\) clktck\);)Tj -1.2 -1.189 Td [(printf\(" )-600(child)-600(user: )-600(%7.2f\\n",)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47371 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (408)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Thr)18(eads )]TJ 36.604 0 Td (Chapter)Tj -0.055 Tc 6.284 0 Td (11)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 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2.4 -1.189 Td (time_t t;)Tj T* (struct tm *tmp;)Tj T* (char buf1[16];)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (char buf2[64];)Tj 0 -2.021 TD (time\(&t\);)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (tmp = localtime\(&t\);)Tj T* (if \(strftime\(buf1, 16, "time and date: %r, %a %b %d, %Y", tmp\) == 0\)\ )Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (printf\("buffer length 16 is too small\\n"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (else)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (printf\("%s\\n", buf1\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(strftime\(buf2, 64, "time and date: %r, %a %b %d, %Y", tmp\) == 0\)\ )Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (printf\("buffer length 64 is too small\\n"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (else)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (printf\("%s\\n", buf2\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (exit\(0\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 2462.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 248.8232 230.1766 Tm [(Figure 6.1)37(1)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 5.658 0 Td (Using the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 4.518 0 Td (strftime)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.05 0 Td (function)Tj 9.9982 0 0 9.9982 129.5769 206.1809 Tm [(Recall )-24(the )-24(r)18(elationship )-24(of )-24(the )-24(various )-24(time )-24(functions )-24(shown )-24(in )-24(Figur)]TJ 0.2738 Tc 30.012 0 Td (e6)Tj 0 Tc 1.253 0 Td [(.9. )-274(Befor)18(e)-274(we)-274(c)1(an)]TJ -31.265 -1.2 Td [(print )-21(the )-21(time )-21(in )-21(a )-21(human-r)19(eadable )-21(format, )-21(we )-21(need )-21(to )-21(get )-21(the )-21(time )-21(and )-21(convert )-21(it )-21(into )-21(a)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(br)18(oken-down time str)8(uctur)18(e. )-250(Sample)-250(output fr)18(om Figur)]TJ 0.25 Tc 24.753 0 Td (e6)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (.1)Tj 0.25 Tc 0.695 0 Td (1i)Tj 0 Tc 1.041 0 Td (s)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9984 0 0 8.9984 147.5741 165.4882 Tm ($)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (./a.out)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -1.2 -1.189 Td (buffer length 16 is too small)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (time and date: 11:12:35 PM, Thu Jan 19, 2012)Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5141.25 1325.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 50 50 l 0 50 l 0 0 l S Q Q EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47373 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(6.10)]TJ -0.055 Tc 32.431 0 Td (Ti)Tj 0 Tc 0.849 0 Td [(me )-250(and )-250(Date )-250(Routines)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 12.553 0 Td (191)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT 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cm 0 0 m -911 574 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9952 0 0 7.9952 196.682 464.9609 Tm (gettimeofday)Tj ET q 0.9994002 0 0 0.9994002 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 357 506.6 cm 0 0 m 7.2 1.8 l 7.2 -1.8 l f Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3570 5066 cm 0 0 m 72 18 l 72 -18 l h S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4110.25 5066.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4074.25 5066.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4038.25 5066.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4002.25 5066.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3966.25 5066.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3930.25 5066.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3894.25 5066.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3858.25 5066.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3822.25 5066.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3786.25 5066.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3750.25 5066.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3714.25 5066.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3678.25 5066.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3642.25 5066.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9947 0 0 7.9947 369.3561 499.5102 Tm (tv_sec)Tj ET q 0.9993402 0 0 0.9993402 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 292.2 506.6 cm 0 0 m -7.2 -1.8 l -7.2 1.8 l f Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2922 5066 cm 0 0 m -72 -18 l -72 18 l h S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2382.25 5066.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2418.25 5066.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2454.25 5066.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2490.25 5066.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2526.25 5066.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2562.25 5066.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2598.25 5066.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2634.25 5066.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2670.25 5066.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2706.25 5066.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2742.25 5066.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2778.25 5066.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2814.25 5066.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2850.25 5066.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9942 0 0 7.9942 250.6195 499.4802 Tm (tv_sec)Tj ET q 0.9992802 0 0 0.9992802 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 303 578.6 cm 0 0 m 1.8 -7.2 l -1.8 -7.2 l f Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3030 5786 cm 0 0 m 18 -72 l -18 -72 l h S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3030.25 5174.25 cm 0 0 m 0 540 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 0 7.9938 -7.9938 0 299.5263 533.1839 Tm (gmtime)Tj ET q 0.9992203 0 0 0.9992203 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 313.8 578.6 cm 0 0 m 1.8 -7.2 l -1.8 -7.2 l f Q Q q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3138 5786 cm 0 0 m 18 -72 l -18 -72 l h S Q Q q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3138.25 5174.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3138.25 5246.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3138.25 5318.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3138.25 5390.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3138.25 5462.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3138.25 5534.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3138.25 5606.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3138.25 5678.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 0 7.9933 -7.9933 0 320.2908 525.958 Tm (localtime)Tj ET q 0.9991603 0 0 0.9991603 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 346.2 517.4 cm 0 0 m -1.8 7.2 l 1.8 7.2 l f Q Q q 0.099916 0 0 0.099916 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3462 5174 cm 0 0 m -18 72 l 18 72 l h S Q Q q 0.099916 0 0 0.099916 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3462.25 5246.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099916 0 0 0.099916 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3462.25 5318.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099916 0 0 0.099916 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3462.25 5390.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099916 0 0 0.099916 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3462.25 5462.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099916 0 0 0.099916 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3462.25 5534.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099916 0 0 0.099916 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3462.25 5606.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099916 0 0 0.099916 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3462.25 5678.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099916 0 0 0.099916 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3462.25 5750.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 0 7.9928 -7.9928 0 352.6425 533.12 Tm (mktime)Tj ET q 0.9991004 0 0 0.9991004 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 298.176 600.2 cm 0 0 m -6.12 4.176 l -3.456 6.552 l f Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2981.76 6002 cm 0 0 m -61.2 41.76 l -34.56 65.52 l h S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2598.25 6434.25 cm 0 0 m 336 -378 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 5.3098 -5.9736 5.9736 5.3098 268.4322 637.6905 Tm (strptime)Tj ET q 0.9990404 0 0 0.9990404 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 379.824 643.4 cm 0 0 m -4.536 -5.832 l -6.768 -3.024 l f Q Q q 0.099904 0 0 0.099904 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3798.24 6434 cm 0 0 m -45.36 -58.32 l -67.68 -30.24 l h S Q Q q 0.099904 0 0 0.099904 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3246.25 6002.25 cm 0 0 m 28 22 l S Q Q q 0.099904 0 0 0.099904 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3304.25 6047.25 cm 0 0 m 28 22 l S Q Q q 0.099904 0 0 0.099904 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3362.25 6093.25 cm 0 0 m 28 23 l S Q Q q 0.099904 0 0 0.099904 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3421.25 6139.25 cm 0 0 m 28 22 l S Q Q q 0.099904 0 0 0.099904 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3479.25 6185.25 cm 0 0 m 28 22 l S Q Q q 0.099904 0 0 0.099904 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3537.25 6230.25 cm 0 0 m 28 22 l S Q Q q 0.099904 0 0 0.099904 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3596.25 6276.25 cm 0 0 m 28 22 l S Q Q q 0.099904 0 0 0.099904 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3654.25 6321.25 cm 0 0 m 28 23 l S Q Q q 0.099904 0 0 0.099904 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3713.25 6368.25 cm 0 0 m 28 22 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 6.2936 4.9255 -4.9255 6.2936 330.9413 608.9385 Tm (strftime)Tj ET q 0.9989805 0 0 0.9989805 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 406.176 643.4 cm 0 0 m -4.536 -5.832 l -6.768 -3.024 l f Q Q q 0.099898 0 0 0.099898 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4061.76 6434 cm 0 0 m -45.36 -58.32 l -67.68 -30.24 l h S Q Q q 0.099898 0 0 0.099898 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3510.25 6002.25 cm 0 0 m 495 387 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 6.2932 4.9252 -4.9252 6.2932 353.541 605.9472 Tm (strftime_l)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9914 0 0 7.9914 229.4481 398.1697 Tm (Figure 6.9)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.195 0 Td (Relationship of the various time functions)Tj 9.9892 0 0 9.9892 147.4409 371.7982 Tm [(The )-176(two )-176(functions)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.79 0 Td (localtime)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.826 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.119 0 Td (gmtime)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.026 0 Td [(convert )-176(a )-176(calendar )-176(time )-176(into )-176(what\325s)]TJ -22.561 -1.2 Td [(called a br)18(oken-down time, a)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 13.094 0 Td (tm)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.45 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9903 0 0 8.9903 147.4408 339.5331 Tm [(struct tm {)-3600(/* a broken-down time */)]TJ 1.2 -1.189 Td [(int )-600(tm_sec;)-1800(/* seconds after the minute: [0 - 60] */)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(int )-600(tm_min;)-1800(/* minutes after the hour: [0 - 59] */)]TJ T* [(int )-600(tm_hour; )-600(/*)-600(hours after midnight: [0 - 23] */)]TJ T* [(int )-600(tm_mday; )-600(/*)-600(day of the month: [1 - 31] */)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(int )-600(tm_mon;)-1800(/* months since January: [0 - 11] */)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(int )-600(tm_year; )-600(/*)-600(years since 1900 */)]TJ T* [(int )-600(tm_wday; )-600(/*)-600(days since Sunday: [0 - 6] */)]TJ T* [(int )-600(tm_yday; )-600(/*)-600(days since January 1: [0 - 365] */)]TJ T* [(int )-600(tm_isdst;)-600(/* daylight saving time flag: <0, 0, >0 */)]TJ -1.2 -1.189 Td (};)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9892 0 0 9.9892 129.4602 214.668 Tm [(The )-83(r)18(eason )-83(that )-83(the )-83(seconds )-83(can )-83(be )-83(gr)16(eater )-83(than )-83(59 )-83(is )-83(to )-83(allow )-83(for )-83(a )-83(leap )-83(second.)-585(Note)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(that )-6(all )-6(the )-6(\336elds )-6(except )-6(the )-6(day )-6(of )-6(the )-6(month )-6(ar)]TJ 0.2562 Tc 21.136 0 Td (e0)Tj 0 Tc 1.235 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(based. )-256(The)-256(daylight )-6(saving )-6(time )-6(\337ag)]TJ -22.704 -1.2 Td [(is )-108(positive )-108(if )-108(daylight )-108(saving )-108(time )-108(is )-108(in )-108(ef)21(fect, )-107(0 )-107(if )-107(it\325s )-107(not )-107(in )-107(ef)18(fect, )-107(and )-107(negative )-107(if )-107(the)]TJ T* (information isn\325t available.)Tj 7.9914 0 0 7.9914 183.402 158.7285 Tm [(In )-108(older )-108(versions )-108(of )-108(the )-108(Single )-108(UNIX )-108(Speci\336cation, )-108(double )-108(leap )-108(seconds )-108(wer)]TJ 0.3584 Tc 34.53 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.337 0 Td [(llowed. )-358(Thus)]TJ -35.868 -1.25 Td [(the )-139(valid )-139(range )-139(of )-139(values )-139(for )-139(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 15.28 0 Td (tm_sec)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.989 0 Td [(member )-139(was )-139(0)]TJ 6.791 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td [(61. )-389(The)-388(formal )-139(de\336nition )-139(of )-139(UTC)]TJ -26.643 -1.25 Td (doesn\325t allow for double leap seconds, so the valid range for seconds\ is now 0)Tj 34.367 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (60.)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47374 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (728)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Pseudo )-250(T)92(erminals )]TJ 38.741 0 Td [(Chapter)-500(19)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 151.1909 670.2598 Tm [(pid_t )-1200(pid;)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(char )-1800(pts_name[20];)]TJ 0 -2.14 TD (if \(\(fdm = ptym_open\(pts_name, sizeof\(pts_name\)\)\) < 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_sys\("can\325t open master pty: %s, error %d", pts_name, fdm\);)Tj -2.4 -2.14 Td (if \(slave_name != NULL\) {)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (/*)Tj 0.6 Tc 0.6 -1.189 Td (*R)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td [(eturn name of slave.)-1200(Null terminate to handle case)]TJ 0.6 Tc -1.8 -1.189 Td (*w)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (here strlen\(pts_name\) > slave_namesz.)Tj -1.8 -1.189 Td (*/)Tj -0.6 -1.189 Td (strncpy\(slave_name, pts_name, slave_namesz\);)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (slave_name[slave_namesz - 1] = \325\\0\325;)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj 0 -2.14 TD (if \(\(pid = fork\(\)\) < 0\) {)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (return\(-1\);)Tj 0.6 Tc -2.4 -1.189 Td (}e)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td [(lse if \(pid == 0\) {)-3600(/* child */)]TJ 0.6 -1.189 Td (if \(setsid\(\) < 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_sys\("setsid error"\);)Tj -2.4 -2.14 Td (/*)Tj 0.6 Tc 0.6 -1.189 Td (*S)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (ystem V acquires controlling terminal on open\(\).)Tj -1.8 -1.189 Td (*/)Tj -0.6 -1.189 Td (if \(\(fds = ptys_open\(pts_name\)\) < 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_sys\("can\325t open slave pty"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td [(close\(fdm\); )-2400(/*)-600(all done with master in child */)]TJ -4.8 -2.14 Td (#if defined\(BSD\))Tj 4.8 -1.189 Td (/*)Tj 0.6 Tc 0.6 -1.189 Td (*T)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (IOCSCTTY is the BSD way to acquire a controlling terminal.)Tj -1.8 -1.189 Td (*/)Tj -0.6 -1.189 Td (if \(ioctl\(fds, TIOCSCTTY, \(char *\)0\) < 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_sys\("TIOCSCTTY error"\);)Tj -7.2 -1.189 Td (#endif)Tj 4.8 -1.189 Td (/*)Tj 0.6 Tc 0.6 -1.189 Td (*S)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (et slave\325s termios and window size.)Tj -1.8 -1.189 Td (*/)Tj -0.6 -1.189 Td (if \(slave_termios != NULL\) {)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(tcsetattr\(fds, TCSANOW, slave_termios\) < 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_sys\("tcsetattr error on slave pty"\);)Tj -4.8 -1.189 Td (})Tj 0 -1.189 TD (if \(slave_winsize != NULL\) {)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(ioctl\(fds, TIOCSWINSZ, slave_winsize\) < 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_sys\("TIOCSWINSZ error on slave pty"\);)Tj -4.8 -1.189 Td (})Tj 0 -2.14 TD (/*)Tj 0.6 Tc 0.6 -1.189 Td (*S)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (lave becomes stdin/stdout/stderr of child.)Tj -1.8 -1.189 Td (*/)Tj -0.6 -1.189 Td (if \(dup2\(fds, STDIN_FILENO\) != STDIN_FILENO\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_sys\("dup2 error to stdin"\);)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47375 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(9.6)]TJ 34.294 0 Td [(Contr)18(olling )-250(T)92(erminal)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 11.539 0 Td (297)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 0.883 Tc 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5911 668.9599 Tm (\245W)Tj 0 Tc 2.489 0 Td [(henever )-149(we )-149(pr)18(ess )-149(the )-149(terminal\325s )-149(quit )-149(key )-149(\(often )-149(Contr)18(ol-backslash\), )-149(the )-149(quit)]TJ -1 -1.2 Td [(signal is sent to all pr)18(ocesses in the for)18(egr)18(ound pr)18(ocess gr)18(oup.)]TJ 0.883 Tc -1.489 -1.6 Td (\245I)Tj 0.4089 Tc 1.826 0 Td (fam)Tj 0 Tc 2.534 0 Td [(odem )-159(\(or )-159(network\) )-159(disconnect )-159(is )-159(detected )-159(by )-159(the )-159(terminal )-159(interface, )-159(the)]TJ -2.871 -1.2 Td [(hang-up signal is sent to the contr)18(olling pr)18(ocess \(the session leader\).)]TJ -3.289 -1.92 Td (These characteristics ar)Tj 0.25 Tc 10.219 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.153 0 Td (hown in Figur)Tj 0.25 Tc 6.3 0 Td (e9)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (.7.)Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 1662 5278 432 216 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 169.4477 536.7756 Tm (login shell)Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2454 5278 432 216 re S Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 254.9541 536.7434 Tm (proc1)Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 3030 5278 432 216 re S Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 312.525 536.7112 Tm (proc2)Tj ET q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 3822 5278 432 216 re S Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9976 0 0 7.9976 391.6825 536.679 Tm (proc3)Tj ET q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 4398 5278 432 216 re S Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9971 0 0 7.9971 449.2382 536.6468 Tm (proc4)Tj ET q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 4110 4846 432 216 re S Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9966 0 0 7.9966 420.4234 493.4327 Tm (proc5)Tj ET q 0.099958 0 0 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cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1963.25 5206.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1896.25 5206.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1828.25 5206.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1761.25 5206.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1693.25 5206.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1626.25 5206.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9962 0 0 7.9962 140.5085 513.5934 Tm [(backgr)18(ound pr)18(ocess gr)18(oup)]TJ 2.388 -1.35 Td (session leader =)Tj -0.673 -1.08 Td [(contr)18(olling pr)18(ocess)]TJ ET q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2382.25 5206.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2382.25 5271.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2382.25 5335.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q 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cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3534.25 5371.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3534.25 5307.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3534.25 5242.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l -36 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3464.25 5206.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3394.25 5206.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3324.25 5206.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3254.25 5206.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3185.25 5206.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3115.25 5206.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3046.25 5206.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2976.25 5206.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2906.25 5206.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2836.25 5206.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2766.25 5206.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2696.25 5206.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2627.25 5206.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2557.25 5206.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2488.25 5206.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2418.25 5206.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9957 0 0 7.9957 248.4418 513.5626 Tm [(backgr)18(ound pr)18(ocess gr)18(oup)]TJ ET q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3750.25 4774.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3750.25 4842.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3750.25 4911.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3750.25 4980.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3750.25 5049.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3750.25 5117.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3750.25 5186.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3750.25 5255.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3750.25 5324.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3750.25 5392.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3750.25 5461.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3750.25 5530.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l 36 36 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3824.25 5566.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3899.25 5566.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3973.25 5566.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4047.25 5566.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4122.25 5566.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4196.25 5566.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4270.25 5566.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4345.25 5566.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4419.25 5566.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4494.25 5566.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4568.25 5566.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4643.25 5566.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4717.25 5566.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4792.25 5566.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4866.25 5566.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l 36 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4902.25 5497.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4902.25 5428.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4902.25 5360.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4902.25 5291.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4902.25 5222.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4902.25 5153.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4902.25 5085.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4902.25 5016.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4902.25 4947.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4902.25 4878.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4902.25 4810.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l -36 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4828.25 4774.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4753.25 4774.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4679.25 4774.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4604.25 4774.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4530.25 4774.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4455.25 4774.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4381.25 4774.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4306.25 4774.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4232.25 4774.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4158.25 4774.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4083.25 4774.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4009.25 4774.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3935.25 4774.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3860.25 4774.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3786.25 4774.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9952 0 0 7.9952 386.4161 470.3577 Tm [(for)18(egr)18(ound pr)18(ocess gr)18(oup)]TJ ET q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1374.25 4558.25 cm 0 0 m 0 144 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1374.25 4828.25 cm 0 0 m 0 144 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1374.25 5098.25 cm 0 0 m 0 144 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1374.25 5368.25 cm 0 0 m 0 144 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1374.25 5638.25 cm 0 0 m 0 144 l 144 144 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1674.25 5782.25 cm 0 0 m 144 0 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1974.25 5782.25 cm 0 0 m 144 0 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2274.25 5782.25 cm 0 0 m 144 0 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2574.25 5782.25 cm 0 0 m 144 0 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2874.25 5782.25 cm 0 0 m 144 0 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3174.25 5782.25 cm 0 0 m 144 0 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3474.25 5782.25 cm 0 0 m 144 0 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3774.25 5782.25 cm 0 0 m 144 0 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4074.25 5782.25 cm 0 0 m 144 0 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4374.25 5782.25 cm 0 0 m 144 0 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4674.25 5782.25 cm 0 0 m 144 0 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4974.25 5782.25 cm 0 0 m 144 0 l 144 -144 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5118.25 5512.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -144 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5118.25 5242.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -144 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5118.25 4972.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -144 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5118.25 4702.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -144 l -144 -144 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4818.25 4558.25 cm 0 0 m -144 0 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4518.25 4558.25 cm 0 0 m -144 0 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4218.25 4558.25 cm 0 0 m -144 0 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3918.25 4558.25 cm 0 0 m -144 0 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3618.25 4558.25 cm 0 0 m -144 0 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3318.25 4558.25 cm 0 0 m -144 0 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3018.25 4558.25 cm 0 0 m -144 0 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2718.25 4558.25 cm 0 0 m -144 0 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2418.25 4558.25 cm 0 0 m -144 0 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2118.25 4558.25 cm 0 0 m -144 0 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1818.25 4558.25 cm 0 0 m -144 0 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1518.25 4558.25 cm 0 0 m -144 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9934 0 0 9.9934 308.5463 581.0564 Tm (session)Tj ET q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2891.76 3874 cm 0 0 m 0 -99.41 -120.88 -180 -270 -180 c -419.11 -180 -540 -99.41 -540 0 c -540 99.41 -419.11 180 -270 180 c -120.88 180 0 99.41 0 0 c h S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9942 0 0 7.9942 242.6732 390.3588 Tm [(contr)18(olling)]TJ 0.542 -1.25 Td (terminal)Tj ET q 0.9992802 0 0 0.9992802 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 411 466.6 cm 0 0 m -5.616 -4.896 l -7.272 -1.728 l f Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4110 4666 cm 0 0 m -56.16 -48.96 l -72.72 -17.28 l h S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2812.25 4001.25 cm 0 0 m 1234 632 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.1139 3.6458 -3.6458 7.1139 314.7054 420.6707 Tm (terminal input and)Tj -1.731 -1.25 Td (terminal-generated signals)Tj ET q 0.9992203 0 0 0.9992203 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 207.816 481.576 cm 0 0 m 4.536 -5.904 l 1.224 -7.344 l f Q Q q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2078.1599 4815.7598 cm 0 0 m 45.36 -59.04 l 12.24 -73.44 l h S Q Q q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2107.25 4749.25 cm 0 0 m 324 -748 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 3.1774 -7.3346 7.3346 3.1774 214.9224 472.4759 Tm (modem disconnect)Tj 2.157 -1.25 Td (\(hang-up signal\))Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9933 0 0 7.9933 201.3068 343.911 Tm (Figure 9.7)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.195 0 Td [(Pr)18(ocess gr)18(oups and sessions showing contr)18(olling terminal)]TJ 9.9916 0 0 9.9916 147.476 315.1352 Tm [(Usually)111(,)-433(we)-433(d)-1(on\325t )-183(have )-183(to )-183(worry )-183(about )-183(the )-183(contr)18(olling )-183(terminal; )-183(it )-183(is )-183(established)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td (automatically when we log in.)Tj 7.9933 0 0 7.9933 183.4457 283.162 Tm [(POSIX.1 )-54(leaves )-54(the )-54(choice )-54(of )-54(the )-54(mechanism )-54(used )-54(to )-54(allocate )-54(a )-54(contr)18(olling )-54(terminal )-54(up )-54(to )-54(each)]TJ 0 -1.25 TD (individual implementation.)Tj -0.092 Tc 12.696 0 Td (We)Tj 0 Tc 1.387 0 Td (\325ll show the actual steps in Section 19.4.)Tj -14.083 -1.875 Td [(Systems )-45(derived )-45(fr)18(om )-45(UNIX )-45(System )-45(V )-45(allocate )-45(the )-45(contr)16(olling )-45(terminal )-45(for )-45(a )-45(session )-45(when )-45(the)]TJ T* [(session )-87(leader )-87(opens )-87(the )-87(\336rst )-87(terminal )-87(device )-87(that )-87(is )-87(not )-87(alr)18(eady )-87(associated )-87(with )-87(a )-87(session, )-87(as)]TJ T* (long as the call to)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 7.934 0 Td (open)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td (does not specify the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 9.029 0 Td (O_NOCTTY)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.05 0 Td (\337ag \(Section 3.3\).)Tj -24.663 -1.875 Td (BSD)Tj 1.91 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(based )-31(systems )-31(allocate )-31(the )-31(contr)18(olling )-31(terminal )-31(for )-31(a )-31(session )-31(when )-31(the )-31(session )-31(leader )-31(calls)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -2.243 -1.25 Td (ioctl)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.434 0 Td [(with )-184(a)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 3.4 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.76 0 Td (quest)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.564 0 Td [(ar)18(gument )-184(of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.052 0 Td (TIOCSCTTY)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.834 0 Td [(\(the )-184(thir)]TJ 0.4335 Tc 3.73 0 Td (da)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.544 0 Td (rg)Tj 0 Tc 0.933 0 Td [(ument )-183(is )-183(a )-183(null )-183(pointer\).)-685(The)]TJ -28.251 -1.25 Td [(session )-45(cannot )-45(alr)18(eady )-45(have )-45(a )-45(contr)16(olling )-46(terminal )-46(for )-46(this )-46(call )-46(to )-46(succeed.)-543(\(Normally)]TJ 0.2956 Tc 38.01 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 0.872 0 Td [(his )-46(call)]TJ -38.882 -1.25 Td (to)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.337 0 Td (ioctl)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.465 0 Td [(follows )-215(a )-215(call )-215(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.025 0 Td (setsid)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.4655 Tc (,w)Tj 0 Tc 5.15 0 Td [(hich )-215(guarantees )-215(that )-215(the )-215(pr)16(ocess )-215(is )-215(a )-215(session )-215(leader)]TJ -17.977 -1.25 Td [(without )-373(a )-373(contr)18(olling )-373(terminal.\))-873(The )-373(POSIX.1)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 22.504 0 Td (O_NOCTTY)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.423 0 Td [(\337ag )-373(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.783 0 Td (open)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.024 0 Td [(is )-374(not )-374(used )-374(by)]TJ -34.734 -1.25 Td (BSD)Tj 1.91 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td (based systems, except in compatibility-mode support for other systems.)Tj -2.243 -1.875 Td (Figur)Tj 0.4006 Tc 2.383 0 Td (e9)Tj 0 Tc 1.38 0 Td [(.8 )-151(summarizes )-151(the )-151(way )-151(each )-151(platform )-151(discussed )-151(in )-151(this )-151(book )-151(allocates )-151(a )-151(contr)23(olling)]TJ -3.763 -1.25 Td [(terminal. )-332(Note)-331(that )-82(although )-82(Mac )-82(OS )-82(X )-82(10.6.8 )-82(is )-82(derived )-82(fr)21(om )-82(BSD, )-82(it )-82(behaves )-82(like )-82(System )-82(V)]TJ -0 -1.25 Td [(when allocating a contr)18(olling terminal.)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47376 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(15.10)]TJ 35.018 0 Td [(POSIX )-250(Semaphor)18(es)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 10.815 0 Td (583)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 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[(304, 306, 309, 31)55(1)]TJ 7.528 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (312, 318, 321, 377, 463,)Tj -10.278 -1.25 Td (465)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (466, 469, 480, 680, 685, 691, 694, 700, 702,)Tj -2.167 -1.25 Td (716, 724, 726)Tj 5.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (727, 898, 953)Tj -7.517 -1.25 Td [(identi\336cation, )-250(694)]TJ 8.207 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (700)Tj -8.79 -1.25 Td [(I/O, )-250(671)]TJ 4.062 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (713)Tj -4.646 -1.25 Td [(line contr)18(ol, )-250(693)]TJ 7.338 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (694)Tj -7.922 -1.25 Td [(logins, )-250(285)]TJ 5.023 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (290)Tj -5.606 -1.25 Td [(mode, cbr)18(eak, )-250(672,)-250(704, 708, 713)]TJ T* [(mode, cooked,)-500(672)]TJ T* (mode, raw)Tj 0.5 Tc 4.656 0 Td (,6)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (72, 704, 708, 713, 732, 734)Tj -5.906 -1.25 Td [(noncanonical mode,)-500(703)]TJ 10.992 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (710)Tj -11.575 -1.25 Td [(options, )-250(683)]TJ 5.649 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (691)Tj -6.233 -1.25 Td (parity)Tj 0.5 Tc 2.558 0 Td (,6)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (88)Tj -3.808 -1.25 Td [(pr)18(ocess gr)18(oup ID,)-500(303, 463)]TJ T* [(special input characters,)-500(678)]TJ 12.755 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (682)Tj -13.339 -1.25 Td [(window size,)-500(31)55(1, 322, 710)]TJ 11.92 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (712, 718, 727,)Tj -11.154 -1.25 Td (741)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (742)Tj -4.866 -1.25 Td [(termination, pr)18(ocess, )-250(198)]TJ 11.329 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (202)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -11.913 -1.25 Td (terminfo)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5 Tc 4.967 0 Td (,7)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (12)Tj 1.083 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (713, 949, 953)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 18.117 65 Td (termio)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e, )-250(674)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.017 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.417 0 Td (header)Tj 0.5 Tc 2.972 0 Td (,6)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (74)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -10.639 -1.25 Td (termios)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e, )-250(64,)-250(31)55(1, 674, 677)]TJ 11.747 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (679,)Tj -14.247 -1.25 Td (683)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (684, 692)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (693, 695, 701, 703)Tj 7.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (706, 708,)Tj -14.5 -1.25 Td (722, 727, 730)Tj 5.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (732, 738, 741)Tj 5.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (742, 897, 944)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -15.033 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.017 0 Td (header)Tj 0.5 Tc 2.972 0 Td (,2)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (9, 88, 674)Tj -11.239 -1.25 Td [(text segment,)-500(204)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf T* ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.417 0 Td (header)Tj 0.5 Tc 2.972 0 Td (,2)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (7)Tj -10.639 -1.25 Td [(Thompson, K.,)-500(75, 181, 229, 743, 951)]TJ 16.086 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (953)Tj -16.669 -1.25 Td [(thr)18(ead\320)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf (fork)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.192 0 Td [(interactions, )-250(457)]TJ 7.519 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (461)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -14.294 -1.25 Td (thread_init)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.017 0 Td [(function, )-250(445)]TJ -7.017 -1.25 Td [(thr)18(eads, )-250(14,)-250(27, 229, 383)]TJ 10.632 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (423, 578)Tj -9.866 -1.25 Td [(cancellation options,)-500(451)]TJ 11.175 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (453)Tj -11.759 -1.25 Td [(concepts, )-250(383)]TJ 6.179 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (385)Tj -6.762 -1.25 Td [(contr)18(ol, )-250(425)]TJ 5.445 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (462)Tj -6.029 -1.25 Td [(cr)18(eation, )-250(385)]TJ 5.878 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (388)Tj -6.461 -1.25 Td [(I/O, )-250(461)]TJ 4.062 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (462)Tj -0.018 Tc -4.646 -1.25 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (entrancy)Tj 0.5 Tc 3.753 0 Td (,4)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (42)Tj 1.083 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (446)Tj -7.525 -1.25 Td [(synchr)18(onization, )-250(397)]TJ 9.462 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (422)Tj -10.046 -1.25 Td [(termination, )-250(388)]TJ 7.534 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (397)Tj -9.467 -1.25 Td [(thr)18(ead\320signal interactions,)-500(453)]TJ 13.788 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (457)Tj -14.371 -1.25 Td [(thr)18(ead-speci\336c data,)-500(446)]TJ 11.016 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (451)Tj -11.6 -1.25 Td [(thundering her)18(d, )-250(927)]TJ T* [(tick, clock,)-500(20, 42)]TJ 7.731 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (43, 49, 59, 270, 280)Tj -8.315 -1.25 Td (time)Tj 1.35 -1.25 Td [(and date functions,)-500(189)]TJ 10.573 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (196)Tj -11.157 -1.25 Td (calendar)Tj 0.5 Tc 3.728 0 Td (,2)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (0, 24, 59, 126, 189, 191)Tj 9.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (192, 264, 270)Tj -15.145 -1.25 Td [(pr)18(ocess, )-250(20,)-250(24, 59, 280)]TJ 10.128 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (282)Tj -10.711 -1.25 Td [(values, )-250(20)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (time)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.817 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram, )-250(20)]TJ -2.817 -1.25 Td [(TIME terminal value,)-500(687, 703)]TJ 13.525 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (704, 708, 713, 943)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -14.108 -1.25 Td (time)Tj /T1_1 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-0.09 Td (125, 532)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -7.194 -1.25 Td (times)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.417 0 Td [(function, )-250(42,)-250(59, 280)]TJ 9.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (281, 331, 522)Tj -11.69 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(280)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (timespec)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e, )-250(94,)-250(126, 128, 189)]TJ 11.802 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (190, 375,)Tj -14.902 -1.25 Td (407)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (408, 413)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (414, 437)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (438, 506, 832)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -13.2 -1.25 Td (time_t)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(data type,)-500(20, 59, 94, 189, 192, 196, 906)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.017 -1.25 Td (timeval)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e, )-250(190,)-250(414, 421, 437, 503, 506,)]TJ -1.917 -1.25 Td (805)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (806, 929, 933)Tj -4.866 -1.25 Td (timing)Tj 1.35 -1.25 Td [(full-duplex pipes,)-500(565)]TJ T* [(message queues,)-500(565)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf T* (read)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.817 0 Td [(buf)18(fer sizes,)-500(73)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47378 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(3.9)]TJ 37.777 0 Td [(I/O )-250(Ef)18(\336ciency)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 8.556 0 Td (73)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 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[(his )-338(example )-338(works )-338(for )-338(both )-338(text )-338(\336les )-338(and )-338(binary )-338(\336les, )-338(since )-338(ther)17(e)-588(is)-588(no)]TJ -0.613 -1.2 Td [(dif)18(fer)18(ence between the two to the UNIX kernel.)]TJ -1.489 -2.4 Td [(One )-266(question )-266(we )-266(haven\325t )-266(answer)18(ed, )-266(however)76(,)-516(is)-516(h)1(ow )-266(we )-266(chose )-266(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 32.4 0 Td (BUFFSIZE)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -34.2 -1.2 Td [(value. )-692(Befor)]TJ 0.6919 Tc 5.976 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.671 0 Td [(nswering )-442(that, )-442(let\325s )-442(r)8(un )-442(the )-442(pr)18(ogram )-442(using )-442(dif)19(fer)18(ent )-442(values )-442(for)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -7.647 -1.2 Td (BUFFSIZE)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.664 Tc (.F)Tj 0 Tc 6.27 0 Td (igur)Tj 0.414 Tc 1.827 0 Td (e3)Tj 0 Tc 1.393 0 Td [(.6 )-164(shows )-164(the )-164(r)18(esults )-164(for )-164(r)18(eading )-164(a )-164(516,581,760)]TJ 20.94 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(byte )-164(\336le, )-164(using )-164(20)]TJ -30.763 -1.2 Td [(dif)18(fer)18(ent buf)18(fer sizes.)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1985.25 5370.25 cm 0 0 m 2522 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 252.8657 528.9365 Tm [(User CPU)-1500(System CPU)-1500(Clock time)-2128(Number)]TJ 0.121 -1.25 Td [(\(seconds\) )-2049(\(seconds\))-2479(\(seconds\) )-2281(of)-250(loops)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -6.421 0.625 Td (BUFFSIZE)Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1985.25 5150.25 cm 0 0 m 2522 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1985.25 5130.25 cm 0 0 m 2522 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 3.3585 Tc 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 230.6545 504.9091 Tm (12)Tj 0 Tc 4.358 0 Td [(0.03 )-3753(1)55(17.50 )-3682(138.73)-2512(516,581,760)]TJ 3.8585 Tc -4.359 -1.25 Td (29)Tj 0 Tc 4.858 0 Td [(.69 )-4198(58.76)-4432(68.60 )-2262(258,290,880)]TJ 3.8585 Tc -4.859 -1.25 Td (44)Tj 0 Tc 4.858 0 Td [(.60 )-4198(36.47)-4432(41.27 )-2262(129,145,440)]TJ 3.8585 Tc -4.859 -1.25 Td (82)Tj 0 Tc 4.858 0 Td [(.47 )-4198(15.44)-4432(18.38 )-2762(64,572,720)]TJ -5.359 -1.25 Td [(16 )-3608(1.07)-4948(7.93 )-4682(9.38)-3012(32,286,360)]TJ -0 -1.25 Td [(32 )-3608(0.56)-4948(4.51 )-4682(8.82)-3012(16,143,180)]TJ -0 -1.25 Td [(64 )-3608(0.34)-4948(2.72 )-4682(8.66)-3512(8,071,590)]TJ -0.5 -1.25 Td [(128 )-3608(0.34)-4948(1.84 )-4682(8.69)-3512(4,035,795)]TJ -0 -1.25 Td [(256 )-3608(0.15)-4948(1.30 )-4682(8.69)-3512(2,017,898)]TJ -0 -1.25 Td [(512 )-3608(0.09)-4948(0.95 )-4682(8.63)-3512(1,008,949)]TJ -0.75 -1.25 Td [(1,024 )-3608(0.02)-4948(0.78 )-4682(8.58)-4262(504,475)]TJ 0 -1.25 TD [(2,048 )-3608(0.04)-4948(0.66 )-4682(8.68)-4262(252,238)]TJ T* [(4,096 )-3608(0.03)-4948(0.58 )-4682(8.62)-4317(126,1)55(19)]TJ T* [(8,192 )-3608(0.00)-4948(0.54 )-4682(8.52)-4762(63,060)]TJ -0.5 -1.25 Td [(16,384 )-3608(0.01)-4948(0.56 )-4682(8.69)-4762(31,530)]TJ T* [(32,768 )-3608(0.00)-4948(0.56 )-4682(8.51)-4762(15,765)]TJ T* [(65,536 )-3608(0.01)-4948(0.56 )-4682(9.12)]TJ 27.001 0 Td (7,883)Tj -27.501 -1.25 Td [(131,072 )-3608(0.00)-4948(0.58 )-4682(9.08)]TJ 27.501 0 Td (3,942)Tj -27.501 -1.25 Td [(262,144 )-3608(0.00)-4948(0.60 )-4682(8.70)]TJ 27.501 0 Td (1,971)Tj -27.501 -1.25 Td [(524,288 )-3608(0.01)-4948(0.58 )-4682(8.58)]TJ 28.251 0 Td (986)Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1985.25 3110.25 cm 0 0 m 2522 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4007.25 3110.25 cm 0 0 m 0 2260 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3505.25 3110.25 cm 0 0 m 0 2260 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2942.25 3110.25 cm 0 0 m 0 2260 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2469.25 3110.25 cm 0 0 m 0 2260 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4507.25 3110.25 cm 0 0 m 0 2260 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1985.25 3110.25 cm 0 0 m 0 2260 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 194.3414 292.9297 Tm (Figure 3.6)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.055 Tc 5.195 0 Td (Ti)Tj 0 Tc 0.849 0 Td [(ming r)18(esults for r)18(eading with dif)18(fer)18(ent buf)18(fer sizes on Linux)]TJ 9.9976 0 0 9.9976 147.5648 262.9369 Tm [(The )-177(\336le )-177(was )-177(r)18(ead )-177(using )-177(the )-177(pr)17(ogram )-177(shown )-177(in )-177(Figur)]TJ 0.4271 Tc 24.544 0 Td (e3)Tj 0 Tc 1.406 0 Td [(.5, )-177(with )-177(standar)]TJ 0.4271 Tc 7.207 0 Td (do)Tj 0 Tc 1.584 0 Td (utput)Tj -0.018 Tc -36.541 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(dir)18(ected )-144(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.279 0 Td (/dev/null)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.6443 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 6.907 0 Td [(he )-144(\336le )-144(system )-144(used )-144(for )-144(this )-144(test )-144(was )-144(the )-144(Linux)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 21.789 0 Td (ext4)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.794 0 Td (\336le)Tj -37.625 -1.2 Td [(system )-427(with )-427(4,096)]TJ 8.73 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(byte )-427(blocks.)-928(\(The)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.267 0 Td (st_blksize)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.677 0 Td [(value, )-427(which )-427(we )-427(describe )-427(in)]TJ -25.007 -1.2 Td [(Section )-88(4.12, )-88(is )-88(4,096.\))-590(This )-89(accounts )-89(for )-89(the )-89(minimum )-89(in )-89(the )-89(system )-89(time )-89(occurring )-89(at)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(the )-213(few )-213(timing )-213(measur)18(ements )-213(starting )-213(ar)18(ound )-213(a)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 22.76 0 Td (BUFFSIZE)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.263 0 Td [(of )-213(4,096.)-713(Incr)18(easing )-213(the)]TJ -28.023 -1.2 Td [(buf)18(fer size beyond this limit has little positive ef)18(fect.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(Most )-18(\336le )-18(systems )-18(support )-18(some )-18(kind )-18(of )-18(r)15(ead-ahead )-19(to )-19(impr)18(ove )-19(performance.)-517(When)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(sequential )-60(r)18(eads )-60(ar)]TJ 0.31 Tc 8.423 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.4 0 Td [(etected, )-60(the )-60(system )-60(tries )-60(to )-60(r)18(ead )-60(in )-60(mor)]TJ 0.31 Tc 17.476 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.4 0 Td [(ata )-60(than )-60(an )-60(application)]TJ -0.018 Tc -28.699 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(quests, )-19(assuming )-19(that )-19(the )-19(application )-19(will )-19(r)20(ead )-19(it )-19(shortly)]TJ 0.5188 Tc 24.873 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.382 0 Td [(he )-19(ef)18(fect )-19(of )-19(r)18(ead-ahead )-19(can)]TJ -27.111 -1.2 Td [(be )-82(seen )-82(in )-82(Figur)]TJ 0.3324 Tc 7.249 0 Td (e3)Tj 0 Tc 1.311 0 Td [(.6, )-82(wher)]TJ 0.3324 Tc 3.604 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.137 0 Td [(he )-82(elapsed )-82(time )-82(for )-82(buf)18(fer )-82(sizes )-82(as )-82(small )-82(as )-82(32 )-82(bytes )-82(is )-82(as)]TJ -13.302 -1.2 Td [(good as the elapsed time for lar)18(ger buf)18(fer sizes.)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47379 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Appendix )-250(C)]TJ 33.857 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(14)-750(Solutions)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 11.976 0 Td (933)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 176.5694 668.9599 Tm [(the )-28(de\336nition )-28(of )-28(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.079 0 Td (fd_set)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.878 0 Td [(type )-28(with )-28(a )-28(separate )-28(symbol.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 13.344 0 Td [(We )-212(n)]TJ 0 Tc 2.247 0 Td [(eed )-28(to )-28(de\336ne)]TJ -28.548 -1.2 Td (this, too.)Tj 0 -1.68 TD [(For )-351(example, )-351(on )-351(Fr)18(eeBSD )-351(8.0, )-351(we )-351(need )-351(to )-351(de\336ne)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 24.429 0 Td (_SYS_SELECT_H_)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.001 0 Td (to)Tj -33.43 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(event )-69(the )-69(inclusion )-69(of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.004 0 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.719 0 Td [(and )-69(we )-69(need )-69(to )-69(de\336ne)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.379 0 Td (_FD_SET)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -30.102 -1.2 Td [(to pr)18(event the inclusion of the de\336nition for the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 21.212 0 Td (fd_set)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td (data type.)Tj -26.695 -1.6 Td [(2. )-633(Sometimes,)-707(for )-457(compatibility )-457(with )-457(older )-457(applications,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 28.135 0 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -26.502 -1.2 Td [(de\336nes )-92(the )-92(size )-92(of )-92(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.238 0 Td (fd_set)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(,)-342(so)-342(we)-342(n)-1(eed )-92(to )-92(include )-92(it )-92(\336rst, )-92(then )-92(unde\336ne)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -10.238 -1.2 Td (FD_SETSIZE)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.5 Tc (.N)Tj 0 Tc 7.581 0 Td (ote that some systems use)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.1666 Tc 11.689 0 Td (__)Tj 0 Tc 1.367 0 Td (FD_SETSIZE)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.25 0 Td (instead.)Tj -28.52 -1.6 Td [(3. )-633(W)]TJ 0.3459 Tc 2.541 0 Td (en)Tj 0 Tc 1.407 0 Td [(eed )-96(to )-96(r)18(ede\336ne)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.091 0 Td (FD_SETSIZE)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.346 0 Td (\(or)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.1666 Tc (__)Tj 0 Tc 2.641 0 Td (FD_SETSIZE)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.3459 Tc (\)t)Tj 0.346 Tc 7.005 0 Td (ot)Tj 0 Tc 1.218 0 Td [(he )-96(maximum )-96(\336le)]TJ -26.615 -1.2 Td (descriptor number we want to be able to use with)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 22.2 0 Td (select)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj -23.833 -1.6 Td [(4. )-633(W)]TJ 0.25 Tc 2.541 0 Td (en)Tj 0 Tc 1.311 0 Td (eed to unde\336ne the symbols we de\336ned in step 1.)Tj -3.852 -1.6 Td [(5. )-633(Finally)111(,)-250(we)-250(can include)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.979 0 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj -11.979 -1.92 Td [(Befor)18(e)-285(we)-285(r)7(un )-35(the )-35(pr)18(ogram, )-35(we )-35(need )-35(to )-35(con\336gur)]TJ 0.2855 Tc 21.538 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.091 0 Td [(he )-35(system )-35(to )-35(allow )-35(us )-35(to )-35(open)]TJ -22.629 -1.2 Td [(as )-103(many )-103(\336le )-103(descriptors )-103(as )-103(we )-103(might )-103(need )-103(so )-103(that )-103(we )-103(can )-103(actually )-103(make )-103(use )-103(of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0 -1.2 TD (FD_SETSIZE)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.25 0 Td (\336le descriptors.)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -9.315 -1.84 Td (14.4)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.065 0 Td (The following table lists the functions that do similar things.)Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2843.25 4382.25 cm 0 0 m 1112 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 288.2904 430.1484 Tm [(FD_ZERO )-1500(sigemptyset)]TJ 0 -1.25 TD [(FD_SET )-2100(sigaddset)]TJ T* [(FD_CLR )-2100(sigdelset)]TJ T* [(FD_ISSET )-900(sigismember)]TJ ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2843.25 3962.25 cm 0 0 m 1112 0 l 1112 420 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2843.25 3962.25 cm 0 0 m 0 420 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9982 0 0 9.9982 160.2212 374.9325 Tm [(Ther)18(e)-320(is)-320(n)-1(ot )-70(an)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.063 0 Td (FD_xxx)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.92 0 Td [(function )-70(that )-70(corr)17(esponds )-70(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 13.023 0 Td (sigfillset)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.5703 Tc (.W)Tj 0 Tc 7.765 0 Td [(ith )-70(signal)]TJ -31.772 -1.2 Td [(sets, )-49(the )-49(pointer )-49(to )-49(the )-49(set )-49(is )-49(always )-49(the )-49(\336rst )-49(ar)15(gument, )-49(and )-49(the )-49(signal )-49(number )-49(is)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(the )-191(second )-191(ar)18(gument. )-441(W)55(ith )-191(descriptor )-191(sets, )-191(the )-191(descriptor )-191(number )-191(is )-191(the )-191(\336rst)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(ar)18(gument, and the pointer to the set is the next ar)18(gument.)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf -3.065 -1.84 Td (14.5)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.065 0 Td (Figur)Tj 0.25 Tc 2.383 0 Td (eC)Tj 0 Tc 1.438 0 Td (.16 shows an implementation using)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 15.908 0 Td (select)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1602.25 3134.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1646.25 3134.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9978 0 0 8.9978 160.2115 303.8261 Tm (#include "apue.h")Tj 0 -1.189 TD (#include )Tj 0 -2.021 TD (void)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (sleep_us\(unsigned int nusecs\))Tj T* ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td [(struct timeval)-1200(tval;)]TJ 0 -2.021 TD (tval.tv_sec = nusecs / 1000000;)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (tval.tv_usec = nusecs % 1000000;)Tj T* (select\(0, NULL, NULL, NULL, &tval\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj ET q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1602.25 1878.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1646.25 1878.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9976 0 0 7.9976 236.8219 171.7665 Tm (Figure C.16)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.917 0 Td (Implementation of)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.485 0 Td (sleep_us)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.05 0 Td (using)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.706 0 Td (select)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.997 0 0 9.997 160.2019 147.7737 Tm (Figur)Tj 0.25 Tc 2.383 0 Td (eC)Tj 0 Tc 1.438 0 Td (.17 shows an implementation using)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 15.908 0 Td (poll)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47380 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Appendix )-250(C)]TJ 33.857 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(13)-750(Solutions)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 11.976 0 Td (929)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1602.25 6690.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1646.25 6690.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 160.2404 659.4594 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.189 TD (#include )Tj T* (#include )Tj 0 -2.259 TD (unsigned)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (sleep\(unsigned seconds\))Tj T* ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (int n;)Tj T* (unsigned slept;)Tj T* (time_t start, end;)Tj T* (struct timeval tv;)Tj 0 -2.259 TD (tv.tv_sec = seconds;)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (tv.tv_usec = 0;)Tj T* (time\(&start\);)Tj 0.6 Tc T* (n=s)Tj 0 Tc 3 0 Td (elect\(0, NULL, NULL, NULL, &tv\);)Tj -3 -1.189 Td (if \(n == 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (return\(0\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (time\(&end\);)Tj T* (slept = end - start;)Tj T* (if \(slept >= seconds\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (return\(0\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (return\(seconds - slept\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1602.25 4107.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1646.25 4107.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 245.5835 394.6906 Tm (Figure C.13)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.25 Tc 5.917 0 Td (At)Tj 0 Tc 1.354 0 Td [(hr)18(ead-safe implementation of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 13.307 0 Td (sleep)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5843 364.6942 Tm (13.3)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.065 0 Td (Figur)Tj 0.25 Tc 2.383 0 Td (eC)Tj 0 Tc 1.438 0 Td (.14 shows a solution.)Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1602.25 3575.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1646.25 3575.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9984 0 0 8.9984 160.2212 347.9744 Tm (#include "apue.h")Tj 0 -1.783 TD (int)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (main\(void\))Tj T* ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (FILE *fp;)Tj T* (char *p;)Tj 0 -1.783 TD (daemonize\("getlog"\);)Tj 0.6 Tc 0 -1.189 TD (p=g)Tj 0 Tc 3 0 Td (etlogin\(\);)Tj -3 -1.189 Td (fp = fopen\("/tmp/getlog.out", "w"\);)Tj T* (if \(fp != NULL\) {)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(p == NULL\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (fprintf\(fp, "no login name\\n"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (else)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (fprintf\(fp, "login name: %s\\n", p\);)Tj -4.8 -1.189 Td (})Tj T* (exit\(0\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1602.25 1613.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1646.25 1613.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 236.7562 145.3011 Tm (Figure C.14)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.917 0 Td (Call)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.041 0 Td (daemonize)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.65 0 Td (and then obtain login name)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47381 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(14.4)]TJ 35.831 0 Td [(I/O )-250(Multiplexing)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 10.002 0 Td (503)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_2 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5911 668.9599 Tm (tvptr)Tj /T1_3 1 Tf (!)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (>tv_sec)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 6.285 0 Td (!=)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.7 0 Td (0)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1 0 Td (||)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.7 0 Td (tvptr)Tj /T1_3 1 Tf (!)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (>tv_usec)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 6.841 0 Td (!=)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.7 0 Td (0)Tj -0.092 Tc -17.426 -1.68 Td (Wa)Tj 0 Tc 1.408 0 Td [(it )-42(the )-42(speci\336ed )-42(number )-42(of )-42(seconds )-42(and )-42(micr)20(oseconds. )-292(Return)-291(is )-42(made )-42(when)]TJ -1.408 -1.2 Td [(one )-87(of )-87(the )-87(speci\336ed )-87(descriptors )-87(is )-87(r)18(eady )-87(or )-87(when )-87(the )-87(timeout )-87(value )-87(expir)14(es. )-337(If)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(the )-61(timeout )-61(expir)18(es )-61(befor)]TJ 0.3112 Tc 11.23 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.29 0 Td [(ny )-61(of )-61(the )-61(descriptors )-61(is )-61(r)18(eady)]TJ 0.3111 Tc 13.023 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 0.887 0 Td [(he )-61(r)18(eturn )-61(value )-61(is )-61(0.)]TJ -26.429 -1.2 Td [(\(If )-49(the )-49(system )-49(doesn\325t )-49(pr)18(ovide )-49(micr)18(osecond )-49(r)16(esolution, )-49(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 26.322 0 Td (tvptr)Tj /T1_3 1 Tf (!)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (>tv_usec)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.64 0 Td (value)Tj -32.962 -1.2 Td [(is )-52(r)18(ounded )-52(up )-52(to )-52(the )-52(near)18(est )-52(supported )-52(value.\))-552(As )-52(with )-52(the )-52(\336rst )-52(condition, )-52(this)]TJ T* [(wait can also be interr)8(upted by a caught signal.)]TJ 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 183.5891 572.1657 Tm [(POSIX.1 )-30(allows )-30(an )-30(implementation )-30(to )-30(modify )-30(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 22.14 0 Td (timeval)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.481 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e, )-30(so )-30(after)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.063 0 Td (select)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 3.881 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (turns,)Tj -39.42 -1.25 Td [(you )-253(can\325t )-253(r)18(ely )-253(on )-253(the )-253(str)8(uctur)]TJ 0.503 Tc 14.058 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.426 0 Td [(ontaining )-253(the )-253(same )-253(values )-253(it )-253(did )-253(befor)]TJ 0.5029 Tc 18.226 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.426 0 Td (alling)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.014 0 Td (select)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj -38.15 -1.25 Td [(Fr)18(eeBSD )-24(8.0, )-24(Mac )-24(OS )-24(X )-24(10.6.8, )-24(and )-24(Solaris )-24(10 )-24(all )-24(leave )-24(the )-24(str)4(uctur)]TJ 0.2744 Tc 29.149 0 Td (eu)Tj 0 Tc 1.356 0 Td [(nchanged, )-24(but )-24(Linux )-24(3.2.0)]TJ -30.506 -1.25 Td [(will update it with the time r)18(emaining if)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 18.008 0 Td (select)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 3.85 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (turns befor)Tj 0.25 Tc 4.868 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.055 0 Td [(he timeout value expir)18(es.)]TJ 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.591 522.1687 Tm [(The )-436(middle )-436(thr)18(ee )-436(ar)18(guments\321)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf -0.018 Tc (re)Tj 0 Tc 15.631 0 Td (adfds)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (,)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3.047 0 Td (writefds)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.686 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 4.714 0 Td (nd)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.879 0 Td (exceptfds)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (\321ar)Tj 0.686 Tc 5.562 0 Td (ep)Tj 0 Tc 1.766 0 Td [(ointers )-436(to)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf -34.399 -1.2 Td [(descriptor )-171(sets)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 0.6709 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 7.473 0 Td [(hese )-171(thr)18(ee )-171(sets )-171(specify )-171(which )-171(descriptors )-171(we\325r)]TJ 0.4209 Tc 21.15 0 Td (ei)Tj 0 Tc 1.191 0 Td [(nter)18(ested )-171(in )-171(and )-171(for)]TJ -29.814 -1.2 Td [(which )-183(conditions )-183(\(r)19(eadable, )-183(writable, )-183(or )-183(an )-183(exception )-183(condition\).)]TJ 0.4326 Tc 30.468 0 Td (Ad)Tj 0 Tc 1.822 0 Td [(escriptor )-183(set )-183(is)]TJ -32.29 -1.2 Td [(stor)18(ed )-46(in )-46(an)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.606 0 Td (fd_set)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.896 0 Td [(data )-46(type.)-546(This )-46(data )-46(type )-46(is )-46(chosen )-46(by )-46(the )-46(implementation )-46(so )-46(that)]TJ -9.502 -1.2 Td [(it )-38(can )-38(hold )-38(one )-38(bit )-38(for )-38(each )-38(possible )-38(descriptor)]TJ 0.5381 Tc 20.581 0 Td (.W)Tj 0.2881 Tc 1.696 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.211 0 Td [(an )-38(consider )-38(it )-38(to )-38(be )-38(just )-38(a )-38(big )-38(array)]TJ -23.488 -1.2 Td (of bits, as shown in Figur)Tj 0.25 Tc 11.121 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (4.15.)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 201.5031 418.0151 Tm (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.76 0 Td (adfds)Tj ET q 0.99994 0 0 0.99994 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 256.2 419.8 cm 0 0 m -7.2 -1.8 l -7.2 1.8 l f Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2562 4198 cm 0 0 m -72 -18 l -72 18 l h S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2346.25 4198.25 cm 0 0 m 144 0 l S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2634 4090 216 216 re S Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 271.7674 417.9898 Tm (0)Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2850 4090 216 216 re S Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 293.3472 417.9648 Tm (0)Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 3066 4090 216 216 re S Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 314.9244 417.9397 Tm (0)Tj ET q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 3282 4090 1296 216 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 0.25 Tc 7.9976 0 0 7.9976 344.6966 417.9146 Tm (...)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 0 Tc -18.114 -5.4 Td (writefds)Tj ET q 0.9997 0 0 0.9997 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 256.2 376.6 cm 0 0 m -7.2 -1.8 l -7.2 1.8 l f Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2562 3766 cm 0 0 m -72 -18 l -72 18 l h S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2346.25 3766.25 cm 0 0 m 144 0 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2634 3658 216 216 re S Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9971 0 0 7.9971 271.7022 374.7051 Tm (0)Tj ET q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2850 3658 216 216 re S Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9966 0 0 7.9966 293.2768 374.6826 Tm (0)Tj ET q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 3066 3658 216 216 re S Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9962 0 0 7.9962 314.8488 374.6601 Tm (0)Tj ET q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 3282 3658 1296 216 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 0.25 Tc 7.9957 0 0 7.9957 344.6139 374.6376 Tm (...)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 0 Tc -18.317 -5.4 Td (exceptfds)Tj ET q 0.9994601 0 0 0.9994601 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 256.2 333.4 cm 0 0 m -7.2 -1.8 l -7.2 1.8 l f Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2562 3334 cm 0 0 m -72 -18 l -72 18 l h S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2346.25 3334.25 cm 0 0 m 144 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2634 3226 216 216 re S Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9952 0 0 7.9952 271.637 331.4411 Tm (0)Tj ET q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2850 3226 216 216 re S Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9947 0 0 7.9947 293.2064 331.4212 Tm (0)Tj ET q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 3066 3226 216 216 re S Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9942 0 0 7.9942 314.7733 331.4013 Tm (0)Tj ET q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 3282 3226 1296 216 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 0.25 Tc 7.9938 0 0 7.9938 344.5312 331.3814 Tm (...)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0 Tc -9.672 12.775 Td [(fd 0)-1006(fd 1)-1006(fd 2)]TJ ET q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2634.25 4018.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -72 l S Q Q q 0.9991603 0 0 0.9991603 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 263.4 398.2 cm 0 0 m 7.2 1.8 l 7.2 -1.8 l f Q Q q 0.099916 0 0 0.099916 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2634 3982 cm 0 0 m 72 18 l 72 -18 l h S Q Q q 0.099916 0 0 0.099916 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2706.25 3982.25 cm 0 0 m 288 0 l S Q Q q 0.099916 0 0 0.099916 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4578.25 4018.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -72 l S Q Q q 0.9991004 0 0 0.9991004 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 457.8 398.2 cm 0 0 m -7.2 -1.8 l -7.2 1.8 l f Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4578 3982 cm 0 0 m -72 -18 l -72 18 l h S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4506.25 3982.25 cm 0 0 m -288 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9923 0 0 7.9923 306.8133 396.0596 Tm (one bit per possible descriptor)Tj ET q 0.099904 0 0 0.099904 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2634.25 3586.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -72 l S Q Q q 0.9989805 0 0 0.9989805 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 263.4 355 cm 0 0 m 7.2 1.8 l 7.2 -1.8 l f Q Q q 0.099898 0 0 0.099898 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2634 3550 cm 0 0 m 72 18 l 72 -18 l h S Q Q q 0.099898 0 0 0.099898 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2706.25 3550.25 cm 0 0 m 432 0 l S Q Q q 0.099898 0 0 0.099898 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4578.25 3586.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -72 l S Q Q q 0.9989206 0 0 0.9989206 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 457.8 355 cm 0 0 m -7.2 -1.8 l -7.2 1.8 l f Q Q q 0.0998921 0 0 0.0998921 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4578 3550 cm 0 0 m -72 -18 l -72 18 l h S Q Q q 0.0998921 0 0 0.0998921 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4506.25 3550.25 cm 0 0 m -432 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9909 0 0 7.9909 326.8312 352.8375 Tm (fd_set)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.2 0 Td (data type)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -21.925 -6.98 Td (Figure 14.15)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.195 0 Td [(Specifying the r)18(ead, write, and exception descriptors for)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 25.004 0 Td (select)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9886 0 0 9.9886 147.432 267.0955 Tm [(The )-102(only )-102(thing )-102(we )-102(can )-102(do )-102(with )-102(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 16.217 0 Td (fd_set)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.952 0 Td [(data )-102(type )-102(is )-102(allocate )-102(a )-102(variable )-102(of )-102(this)]TJ -21.969 -1.2 Td [(type, )-2(assign )-2(a )-2(variable )-2(of )-2(this )-2(type )-2(to )-2(another )-2(variable )-2(of )-2(the )-2(same )-2(type, )-2(or )-2(use )-2(one )-2(of )-2(the)]TJ T* (following four functions on a variable of this type.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9897 0 0 8.9897 147.4321 226.4419 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.902 TD (int FD_ISSET\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 10.2 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,f)Tj 0 Tc 2.578 0 Td (d_set *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (fdset)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.891 -1.902 Td (Returns: nonzer)Tj 0.25 Tc 7.043 0 Td (oi)Tj 0 Tc 1.087 0 Td (f)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 0.583 0 Td (fd)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.028 0 Td (is in set, 0 otherwise)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -30.41 -1.902 Td (void FD_CLR\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 9.6 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,f)Tj 0 Tc 2.578 0 Td (d_set *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (fdset)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -12.178 -1.189 Td (void FD_SET\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 9.6 0 Td 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0 Tc 1.816 0 Td [(ill )-253(discuss )-253(condition)]TJ -29.682 -1.2 Td (variable attributes in Section 12.4.3.)Tj -0.092 Tc 1.8 -1.2 Td [(We )-429(u)]TJ 0 Tc 2.485 0 Td (se)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.398 0 Td (pthread_cond_wait)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 10.695 0 Td [(to )-245(wait )-245(for )-245(a )-245(condition )-245(to )-245(be )-245(tr)5(ue. )-495(A)-496(variant )-245(is)]TJ -16.379 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ovided )-111(to )-111(r)18(eturn )-111(an )-111(err)16(or )-112(code )-112(if )-112(the )-112(condition )-112(hasn\325t )-112(been )-112(satis\336ed )-112(in )-112(the )-112(speci\336ed)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td (amount of time.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9989 0 0 8.9989 147.5824 445.8665 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -2.14 TD (int pthread_cond_wait\(pthread_cond_t *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 28.2 0 Td (cond)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -15 -1.189 Td (pthread_mutex_t *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 15.6 0 Td (mutex)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -28.8 -2.14 Td (int pthread_cond_timedwait\(pthread_cond_t *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 31.2 0 Td (cond)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -15 -1.189 Td 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(pthread_mutex_unlock\(&env_mutex\);)Tj T* (return\(ENOSPC\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj T* (strcpy\(buf, &environ[i][len+1]\);)Tj T* (pthread_mutex_unlock\(&env_mutex\);)Tj T* (return\(0\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj T* (pthread_mutex_unlock\(&env_mutex\);)Tj T* (return\(ENOENT\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 1479.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 221.7801 135.5336 Tm (Figure 12.12)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.25 Tc 6.25 0 Td (Ar)Tj 0 Tc 1.405 0 Td [(eentrant \(thr)18(ead-safe\) version of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 14.44 0 Td (getenv)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47392 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(3.10)]TJ 38.785 0 Td [(File )-250(Sharing)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 7.548 0 Td (75)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 145.9212 668.9599 Tm [(v-node )-12(also )-12(contains )-12(the )-12(i-node )-12(for )-12(the )-12(\336le.)-512(This )-12(information )-12(is )-12(r)18(ead )-12(fr)18(om )-12(disk )-12(when)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(the )-230(\336le )-230(is )-230(opened, )-230(so )-230(that )-230(all )-230(the )-230(pertinent )-230(information )-230(about )-230(the )-230(\336le )-230(is )-230(r)15(eadily)]TJ T* [(available. )-293(For)-292(example, )-43(the )-43(i-node )-43(contains )-43(the )-43(owner )-43(of )-43(the )-43(\336le, )-43(the )-43(size )-43(of )-43(the )-43(\336le,)]TJ T* [(pointers )-88(to )-88(wher)]TJ 0.338 Tc 7.464 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.143 0 Td [(he )-88(actual )-88(data )-88(blocks )-88(for )-88(the )-88(\336le )-88(ar)]TJ 0.338 Tc 15.755 0 Td (el)Tj 0 Tc 1.108 0 Td [(ocated )-88(on )-88(disk, )-88(and )-88(so )-88(on.)]TJ -25.47 -1.2 Td (\(W)Tj 0.302 Tc 1.241 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.107 0 Td [(alk )-52(mor)]TJ 0.302 Tc 3.455 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.281 0 Td [(bout )-52(i-nodes )-52(in )-52(Section )-52(4.14 )-52(when )-52(we )-52(describe )-52(the )-52(typical )-52(UNIX )-52(\336le)]TJ -7.084 -1.2 Td (system in mor)Tj 0.25 Tc 6.271 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.34 0 Td (etail.\))Tj 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 183.5891 588.9647 Tm [(Linux )-593(has )-593(no )-593(v-node.)-1094(Instead, )-593(a )-593(generic )-593(i-node )-593(str)8(uctur)18(e)-843(is)-843(used. )-843(Although)-843(the)]TJ -0 -1.25 Td [(implementations )-42(dif)18(fer)]TJ 0.2919 Tc 10.126 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 0.868 0 Td [(he )-42(v-node )-42(is )-42(conceptually )-42(the )-42(same )-42(as )-42(a )-42(generic )-42(i-node.)-541(Both )-42(point )-42(to)]TJ -10.994 -1.25 Td [(an i-node str)8(uctur)]TJ 0.25 Tc 7.914 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.153 0 Td (peci\336c to the \336le system.)Tj -0.092 Tc 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5905 545.9672 Tm (We)Tj 0 Tc 1.387 0 Td (\325r)Tj 0.3911 Tc 0.655 0 Td (ei)Tj 0 Tc 1.161 0 Td [(gnoring )-141(some )-141(implementation )-141(details )-141(that )-141(don\325t )-141(af)18(fect )-141(our )-141(discussion.)-642(For)]TJ -5.003 -1.2 Td [(example, )-25(the )-25(table )-25(of )-25(open )-25(\336le )-25(descriptors )-25(can )-25(be )-25(stor)18(ed )-25(in )-25(the )-25(user )-25(ar)17(ea )-25(\(a )-25(separate )-25(per)17(-)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ocess )-58(str)8(uctur)]TJ 0.3082 Tc 7.093 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.113 0 Td [(hat )-58(can )-58(be )-58(paged )-58(out\) )-58(instead )-58(of )-58(the )-58(pr)16(ocess )-58(table.)-558(Also, )-58(these )-58(tables)]TJ -8.206 -1.2 Td [(can )-350(be )-350(implemented )-350(in )-350(numer)18(ous )-350(ways)]TJ 0.0833 Tc 19.231 0 Td (\321t)Tj 0 Tc 1.409 0 Td [(hey )-350(need )-350(not )-350(be )-350(arrays; )-350(one )-350(alternate)]TJ -20.64 -1.2 Td [(implementation )-30(is )-30(a )-30(linked )-30(lists )-30(of )-30(str)8(uctur)18(es. )-280(Regar)18(dless )-30(of )-30(the )-30(implementation )-30(details,)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(the general concepts r)18(emain the same.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td (Figur)Tj 0.3645 Tc 2.383 0 Td (e3)Tj 0 Tc 1.344 0 Td [(.7 )-114(shows )-114(a )-114(pictorial )-114(arrangement )-114(of )-114(these )-114(thr)15(ee )-115(tables )-115(for )-115(a )-115(single )-115(pr)20(ocess)]TJ -5.527 -1.2 Td [(that )-106(has )-106(two )-106(dif)19(fer)18(ent )-106(\336les )-106(open: )-106(one )-106(\336le )-106(is )-106(open )-106(on )-106(standar)]TJ 0.3556 Tc 27.261 0 Td (di)Tj 0 Tc 1.258 0 Td [(nput )-106(\(\336le )-106(descriptor )-106(0\),)]TJ -28.518 -1.2 Td (and the other is open on standar)Tj 0.25 Tc 14.279 0 Td (do)Tj 0 Tc 1.407 0 Td (utput \(\336le descriptor 1\).)Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 1341.24 3176 1008 1008 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 151.3778 421.5894 Tm [(pr)18(ocess table entry)]TJ ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 1629.24 3752 576 72 re S Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 1629.24 3680 576 72 re S Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 1629.24 3608 576 72 re S Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 1629.24 3320 576 288 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 0.25 Tc 13.9975 0 0 13.9975 182.9411 344.578 Tm (...)Tj 0 Tc 6.9987 0 0 6.9987 147.5396 376.9717 Tm (fd 0:)Tj 0 -1.029 TD (fd 1:)Tj T* (fd 2:)Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1845.25 3824.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -216 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 6.9983 0 0 6.9983 170.3791 391.3061 Tm (fd)Tj -0.572 -0.714 Td (\337ags)Tj 4.471 0.714 Td (\336le)Tj -0.923 -0.714 Td (pointer)Tj ET q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2925.24 4040 720 144 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9976 0 0 7.9976 302.1693 409.3172 Tm (\336le status \337ags)Tj ET q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2925.24 3896 720 144 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9971 0 0 7.9971 298.4006 394.8978 Tm [(curr)18(ent \336le of)18(fset)]TJ ET q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2925.24 3752 720 144 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9966 0 0 7.9966 302.0531 380.4802 Tm (v-node pointer)Tj ET q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2925.24 3392 720 144 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9962 0 0 7.9962 302.1149 344.4746 Tm (\336le status \337ags)Tj ET q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2925.24 3248 720 144 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9957 0 0 7.9957 298.3468 330.0617 Tm [(curr)18(ent \336le of)18(fset)]TJ ET q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2925.24 3104 720 144 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9952 0 0 7.9952 301.9987 315.6505 Tm (v-node pointer)Tj 0.112 13.225 Td (\336le table entry)Tj 0 -8.1 TD (\336le table entry)Tj 6.9958 0 0 6.9958 427.6244 407.3951 Tm (v-node information)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.52 -2.057 Td (v_data)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -2.383 -4.114 Td (i-node information)Tj 0.796 -2.057 Td [(curr)18(ent \336le size)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 1.287 -1.543 Td (i_vnode)Tj ET q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4221.25 4184.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -288 l 720 -288 l 720 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4221.25 3752.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -396 l 720 -396 l 720 0 l 0 0 l 720 0 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4221.25 4004.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4297.25 4004.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4373.25 4004.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4449.25 4004.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4525.25 4004.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4601.25 4004.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4677.25 4004.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4753.25 4004.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4829.25 4004.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4905.25 4004.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4221.25 3572.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4297.25 3572.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4373.25 3572.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4449.25 3572.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4525.25 3572.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4601.25 3572.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4677.25 3572.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4753.25 3572.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4829.25 3572.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4905.25 3572.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4221.25 3464.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4297.25 3464.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4373.25 3464.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4449.25 3464.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4525.25 3464.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4601.25 3464.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4677.25 3464.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4753.25 3464.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4829.25 3464.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4905.25 3464.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.9993402 0 0 0.9993402 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 422.124 377.36 cm 0 0 m -5.328 5.184 l -2.232 7.056 l f Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4221.2402 3773.6001 cm 0 0 m -53.28 51.84 l -22.32 70.56 l h S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4293.2402 3950 cm 0 0 m -90 0 l -150 0 -162.6 -28.32 -127.8 -84.96 c -75.6 -169.92 l S Q Q q 0.9992802 0 0 0.9992802 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 496.284 418.4 cm 0 0 m 4.032 -6.192 l 0.648 -7.344 l f Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4962.8398 4184 cm 0 0 m 40.32 -61.92 l 6.48 -73.44 l h S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4869.2402 3410 cm 0 0 m 180 0 l 300 0 315.96 127.92 227.88 383.76 c 95.76 767.52 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 6.9945 0 0 6.9945 427.5474 303.0036 Tm (v-node information)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.52 -2.057 Td (v_data)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -2.383 -4.114 Td (i-node information)Tj 0.796 -2.057 Td [(curr)18(ent \336le size)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 1.287 -1.543 Td (i_vnode)Tj ET q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4221.25 3140.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -288 l 720 -288 l 720 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4221.25 2708.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -396 l 720 -396 l 720 0 l 0 0 l 720 0 l S Q Q q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4221.25 2960.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4297.25 2960.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4373.25 2960.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4449.25 2960.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4525.25 2960.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4601.25 2960.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4677.25 2960.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4753.25 2960.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4829.25 2960.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4905.25 2960.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4221.25 2528.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4297.25 2528.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4373.25 2528.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4449.25 2528.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4525.25 2528.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4601.25 2528.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099922 0 0 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)-275(1978)]TJ 7.302 0.04 Td (])Tj 0.7753 Tc 0.333 -0.04 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.638 0 Td [(his )-275(arrangement )-275(is )-275(critical )-275(to )-275(the )-275(way )-275(\336les )-275(ar)]TJ 0.5252 Tc 21.698 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.428 0 Td [(har)18(ed)]TJ -36.451 -1.2 Td [(among )-315(pr)18(ocesses. )-565(W)92(e\325ll )-315(r)18(eturn )-315(to )-315(this )-315(\336gur)18(e)-565(in)-565(later )-315(chapters, )-315(when )-315(we )-315(describe)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td (additional ways that \336les ar)Tj 0.25 Tc 12.273 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.153 0 Td [(har)18(ed.)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47393 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (674)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.092 Tc 3.5 0 Td (Te)Tj 0 Tc 1 0 Td [(rminal )-250(I/O)]TJ 37.741 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(18)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5911 668.9599 Tm [(All )-393(the )-393(terminal )-393(device )-393(characteristics )-393(that )-393(we )-393(can )-393(examine )-393(and )-393(change )-393(ar)14(e)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(contained )-598(in )-598(a)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.279 0 Td (termios)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.048 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e. )-848(This)-848(str)8(uctur)18(e)-848(is)-848(de\336ned )-598(in )-598(the )-598(header)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -13.327 -1.2 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (,w)Tj 0 Tc 7.934 0 Td [(hich we use thr)18(oughout this chapter:)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.591 627.1925 Tm (struct termios {)Tj 1.2 -1.189 Td [(tcflag_t )-600(c_iflag;)-2400(/* input flags */)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(tcflag_t )-600(c_oflag;)-2400(/* output flags */)]TJ T* [(tcflag_t )-600(c_cflag;)-2400(/* control flags */)]TJ T* [(tcflag_t )-600(c_lflag;)-2400(/* local flags */)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(cc_t )-3000(c_cc[NCCS];)-600(/* control characters */)]TJ -1.2 -1.189 Td (};)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5921 543.9276 Tm [(Roughly )-34(speaking, )-34(the )-34(input )-34(\337ags )-34(contr)16(ol )-35(the )-35(input )-35(of )-35(characters )-35(by )-35(the )-35(terminal )-35(device)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(driver )-164(\(e.g., )-164(strip )-164(eighth )-164(bit )-164(on )-164(input, )-164(enable )-164(input )-164(parity )-164(checking\), )-164(the )-164(output )-164(\337ags)]TJ T* [(contr)18(ol )-43(the )-43(driver )-43(output )-43(\(e.g., )-43(perform )-43(output )-43(pr)18(ocessing, )-43(map )-43(newline )-43(to )-43(CR/LF\), )-43(the)]TJ T* [(contr)18(ol )-108(\337ags )-108(af)18(fect )-108(the )-108(RS)]TJ 11.611 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(232 )-108(serial )-108(lines )-108(\(e.g., )-108(ignor)]TJ 0.3584 Tc 11.851 0 Td (em)Tj 0 Tc 1.72 0 Td [(odem )-108(status )-108(lines, )-108(one )-108(or )-108(two)]TJ -25.515 -1.2 Td [(stop )-106(bits )-106(per )-106(character\), )-106(and )-106(the )-106(local )-106(\337ags )-106(af)18(fect )-106(the )-106(interface )-106(between )-106(the )-106(driver )-106(and)]TJ T* [(the )-307(user )-307(\(e.g., )-307(echo )-307(on )-307(or )-307(of)20(f, )-306(visually )-306(erase )-306(characters, )-306(enable )-306(terminal-generated)]TJ T* [(signals, job contr)18(ol stop signal for backgr)18(ound output\).)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(The )-212(type)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.56 0 Td (tcflag_t)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.262 0 Td [(is )-212(big )-212(enough )-212(to )-212(hold )-212(each )-212(of )-212(the )-212(\337ag )-212(values )-212(and )-212(is )-212(often)]TJ -11.621 -1.2 Td [(de\336ned )-87(as )-87(an)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.385 0 Td [(unsigned )263(int)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 7.274 0 Td [(or )-87(an)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 2.697 0 Td [(unsigned )263(long)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5871 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 8.987 0 Td (he)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.398 0 Td (c_cc)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.737 0 Td [(array )-87(contains )-87(all )-87(the)]TJ -29.479 -1.2 Td [(special )-11(characters )-11(that )-11(we )-11(can )-11(change.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 17.299 0 Td (NCCS)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.661 0 Td [(is )-11(the )-11(number )-11(of )-11(elements )-11(in )-11(this )-11(array )-11(and)]TJ -19.96 -1.2 Td [(is )-310(typically )-310(between )-310(15 )-310(and )-310(20 )-310(\(since )-310(most )-310(implementations )-310(of )-310(the )-310(UNIX )-310(System)]TJ T* [(support )-164(mor)]TJ 0.4143 Tc 5.716 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.219 0 Td [(han )-164(the )-164(1)]TJ 0.4143 Tc 4.325 0 Td (1P)Tj 0 Tc 1.518 0 Td [(OSIX-de\336ned )-164(special )-164(characters\).)-665(The)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 17.698 0 Td (cc_t)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.814 0 Td [(type )-164(is )-164(lar)17(ge)]TJ -33.291 -1.2 Td (enough to hold each special character and is typically an)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 25.196 0 Td [(unsigned )350(char)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj -0.111 Tc 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 183.5881 379.9374 Tm (Ve)Tj 0 Tc 1.09 0 Td [(rsions )-1(of )-1(System )-1(V )-1(that )-1(pr)18(edated )-1(the )-1(POSIX )-1(standar)]TJ 0.2509 Tc 22.807 0 Td (dh)Tj 0 Tc 1.444 0 Td [(ad )-1(a )-1(header )-1(named)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.715 0 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.251 0 Td (and)Tj 0.2728 Tc -40.307 -1.25 Td (as)Tj 0 Tc 1.197 0 Td [(tr)8(uctur)]TJ 0.2729 Tc 3.066 0 Td (en)Tj 0 Tc 1.334 0 Td (amed)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.746 0 Td (termio)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5229 Tc (.P)Tj 0 Tc 4.977 0 Td [(OSIX.1 )-23(added )-23(an)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.778 0 Td (s)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.873 0 Td [(to )-23(the )-23(names, )-23(to )-23(dif)19(fer)18(entiate )-23(them )-23(fr)18(om )-23(their)]TJ -21.97 -1.25 Td [(pr)18(edecessors.)]TJ 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5901 336.94 Tm [(Figur)18(es )-72(18.3 )-72(thr)18(ough )-72(18.6 )-72(list )-72(all )-72(the )-72(terminal )-72(\337ags )-72(that )-72(we )-72(can )-72(change )-72(to )-72(af)14(fect )-72(the)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(characteristics )-504(of )-504(a )-504(terminal )-504(device.)-1006(Note )-505(that )-505(even )-505(though )-505(the )-505(Single )-505(UNIX)]TJ T* [(Speci\336cation )-573(de\336nes )-573(a )-573(common )-573(subset )-573(that )-573(all )-573(platforms )-573(start )-573(fr)18(om, )-573(all )-573(the)]TJ T* [(implementations )-223(have )-223(their )-223(own )-223(additions.)-723(Most )-223(of )-223(these )-223(additions )-223(come )-223(fr)19(om )-223(the)]TJ T* [(historical )-160(dif)18(fer)18(ences )-160(between )-160(the )-160(systems.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 20.089 0 Td (We)Tj 0 Tc 1.387 0 Td [(\325ll )-160(discuss )-160(each )-160(of )-160(these )-160(\337ag )-160(values )-160(in)]TJ -21.476 -1.2 Td (detail in Section 18.5.)Tj 1.8 -1.2 Td [(Given )-589(all )-589(the )-589(options )-589(available, )-589(how )-589(do )-589(we )-589(examine )-589(and )-589(change )-589(these)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(characteristics )-271(of )-271(a )-271(terminal )-271(device?)-771(Figur)]TJ 0.521 Tc 19.942 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.5 0 Td [(8.7 )-271(summarizes )-271(the )-271(various )-271(functions)]TJ -21.442 -1.2 Td [(de\336ned )-196(by )-196(the )-196(Single )-196(UNIX )-196(Speci\336cation )-196(that )-196(operate )-196(on )-196(terminal )-196(devices.)-696(\(All )-196(the)]TJ T* [(functions )-184(listed )-184(ar)]TJ 0.4338 Tc 8.298 0 Td (ep)Tj 0 Tc 1.514 0 Td [(art )-184(of )-184(the )-184(base )-184(POSIX )-184(speci\336cation.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 16.997 0 Td 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[(which )-307(depends )-307(on )-307(the )-307(action )-307(being )-307(performed.)-807(This )-307(makes )-307(type )-307(checking )-307(of )-307(the)]TJ T* [(ar)18(guments impossible.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(Although )-103(only )-103(13 )-103(functions )-103(operate )-103(on )-103(terminal )-103(devices, )-103(the )-103(\336rst )-103(two )-103(functions )-103(in)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td (Figur)Tj 0.4607 Tc 2.383 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.44 0 Td [(8.7 )-211(\()]TJ /TT0 1 Tf (tcgetattr)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.904 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.154 0 Td (tcsetattr)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.4607 Tc (\)m)Tj 0 Tc 7.077 0 Td [(anipulate )-211(almost )-211(70 )-211(dif)19(fer)18(ent )-211(\337ags )-211(\(see)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47394 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(18.10)]TJ 36.306 0 Td [(Canonical )-250(Mode)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 9.527 0 Td (701)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 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0 Td (SIGTSTP)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.5628 Tc (.I)Tj 0 Tc 5.35 0 Td [(f)-313(we)-313(didn\325t )-63(do )-63(this, )-63(entering)]TJ -22.771 -1.2 Td [(the )-284(INTR )-284(character )-284(would )-284(abort )-284(the )-284(pr)18(ogram )-284(and )-284(leave )-284(the )-284(terminal )-284(with)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(echoing )-389(disabled.)-890(Similarly)]TJ 0.6395 Tc 12.931 0 Td (,e)Tj 0 Tc 1.369 0 Td [(ntering )-389(the )-389(SUSP )-389(character )-389(would )-389(stop )-389(the)]TJ -14.3 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ogram )-52(and )-52(r)17(eturn )-52(to )-52(the )-52(shell )-52(with )-52(echoing )-52(disabled.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 25.133 0 Td [(We )-236(c)]TJ 0 Tc 2.133 0 Td [(hoose )-52(to )-52(block )-52(the)]TJ -27.267 -1.2 Td [(signals )-239(while )-239(we )-239(have )-239(echoing )-239(disabled.)-738(If )-239(they )-239(ar)]TJ 0.4887 Tc 24.124 0 Td (eg)Tj 0 Tc 1.524 0 Td [(enerated )-239(while )-239(we\325r)19(e)]TJ -0.018 Tc -25.648 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(ading )-113(the )-113(passwor)18(d, )-113(they )-113(ar)]TJ 0.3631 Tc 12.766 0 Td (eh)Tj 0 Tc 1.424 0 Td [(eld )-113(until )-113(we )-113(r)18(eturn. )-363(Ther)]TJ 0.3631 Tc 11.552 0 Td (ea)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.342 0 Td [(re )-149(o)]TJ 0 Tc 1.765 0 Td [(ther )-113(ways )-113(to)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47395 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(18.2)]TJ 39.439 0 Td (Overview)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.394 0 Td (677)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1862.25 6670.25 cm 0 0 m 2768 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 200.8559 658.9605 Tm (Function )Tj 16.94 0 Td (Description)Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1862.25 6550.25 cm 0 0 m 2768 0 l S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1862.25 6530.25 cm 0 0 m 2768 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 190.1652 644.9226 Tm (tcgetattr)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.1 0 Td (fetch attributes \()Tj /TT0 1 Tf (termios)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 11.67 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e\))]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -19.77 -1.25 Td (tcsetattr)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.1 0 Td (set attributes \()Tj /TT0 1 Tf (termios)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 10.735 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e\))]TJ ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1862.25 6310.25 cm 0 0 m 2768 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 190.1538 622.8879 Tm (cfgetispeed)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.1 0 Td (get input speed)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -8.1 -1.25 Td (cfgetospeed)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.1 0 Td (get output speed)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -8.1 -1.25 Td (cfsetispeed)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.1 0 Td (set input speed)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -8.1 -1.25 Td (cfsetospeed)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.1 0 Td (set output speed)Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1862.25 5890.25 cm 0 0 m 2768 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 190.1424 580.8606 Tm (tcdrain)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.1 0 Td (wait for all output to be transmitted)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -8.1 -1.25 Td (tcflow)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.1 0 Td [(suspend transmit or r)18(eceive)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -8.1 -1.25 Td (tcflush)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.1 0 Td (\337ush pending input and/or output)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -8.1 -1.25 Td (tcsendbreak)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.1 0 Td (send BREAK character)Tj ET q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1862.25 5470.25 cm 0 0 m 2768 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9976 0 0 7.9976 190.131 538.8383 Tm (tcgetpgrp)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.1 0 Td [(get for)18(egr)18(ound pr)18(ocess gr)18(oup ID)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -8.1 -1.25 Td (tcsetpgrp)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.1 0 Td [(set for)18(egr)18(ound pr)18(ocess gr)18(oup ID)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -8.1 -1.25 Td (tcgetsid)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.1 0 Td [(get pr)18(ocess gr)18(oup ID of session leader for contr)18(olling TTY)]TJ ET q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1862.25 5150.25 cm 0 0 m 2768 0 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2490.25 5150.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1520 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4630.25 5150.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1520 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1862.25 5150.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1520 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9971 0 0 7.9971 238.4102 496.8211 Tm (Figure 18.7)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.695 0 Td (Summary of terminal I/O functions)Tj 9.9964 0 0 9.9964 147.5471 463.2332 Tm [(The )-167(r)18(elationships )-167(among )-167(the )-167(13 )-167(functions )-167(shown )-167(in )-167(Figur)]TJ 0.4174 Tc 26.535 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.396 0 Td [(8.7 )-167(ar)]TJ 0.4174 Tc 2.544 0 Td (ei)Tj 0 Tc 1.187 0 Td [(llustrated )-167(in)]TJ -33.464 -1.2 Td (Figur)Tj 0.25 Tc 2.383 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (8.8.)Tj ET q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2002.2 3238 1152 360 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 6.9971 0 0 6.9971 204.8889 350.6927 Tm [(input baud rate)-1058(output baud rate)]TJ ET q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2002.25 3454.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2072.25 3454.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2142.25 3454.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2211.25 3454.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2281.25 3454.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2350.25 3454.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2420.25 3454.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2490.25 3454.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2560.25 3454.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2630.25 3454.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2700.25 3454.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2769.25 3454.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2839.25 3454.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2908.25 3454.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2978.25 3454.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3048.25 3454.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3118.25 3454.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2578.25 3598.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2578.25 3544.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2578.25 3490.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1944.6 3590.8 cm 0 0 m -19.88 0 -36 -16.12 -36 -36 c S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1908.25 3555.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -108 l -28 -137 l 0 -166 l 0 -274 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1908.6 3281.2 cm 0 0 m 0 -19.88 16.12 -36 36 -36 c S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 9.9952 0 0 9.9952 145.9099 344.8744 Tm (struct)Tj -0.6 -1 Td (termios)Tj ET q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2002.2 2230 2880 288 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9957 0 0 7.9957 259.4678 235.5128 Tm (terminal line discipline / terminal device driver)Tj ET q 0.9994601 0 0 0.9994601 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 219.444 359.8 cm 0 0 m -1.8 7.2 l 1.8 7.2 l f Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2194.4399 3598 cm 0 0 m -18 72 l 18 72 l h S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2194.25 3670.25 cm 0 0 m 0 648 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 0 7.9952 -7.9952 0 216.0743 369.1784 Tm (cfsetispeed)Tj ET q 0.9994002 0 0 0.9994002 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 238.596 431.8 cm 0 0 m 1.8 -7.2 l -1.8 -7.2 l f Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2385.96 4318 cm 0 0 m 18 -72 l -18 -72 l h S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2386.25 3598.25 cm 0 0 m 0 648 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 0 7.9947 -7.9947 0 235.2007 369.1563 Tm (cfgetispeed)Tj ET q 0.9993402 0 0 0.9993402 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 277.044 359.8 cm 0 0 m -1.8 7.2 l 1.8 7.2 l f Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2770.4399 3598 cm 0 0 m -18 72 l 18 72 l h S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2770.25 3670.25 cm 0 0 m 0 648 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 0 7.9942 -7.9942 0 283.5997 369.1341 Tm (cfsetospeed)Tj ET q 0.9992802 0 0 0.9992802 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 296.196 431.8 cm 0 0 m 1.8 -7.2 l -1.8 -7.2 l f Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2961.96 4318 cm 0 0 m 18 -72 l -18 -72 l h S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2962.25 3598.25 cm 0 0 m 0 648 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 0 7.9938 -7.9938 0 302.7198 369.112 Tm (cfgetospeed)Tj ET q 0.9992203 0 0 0.9992203 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 229.02 251.8 cm 0 0 m -1.8 7.2 l 1.8 7.2 l f Q Q q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2290.2 2518 cm 0 0 m -18 72 l 18 72 l h S Q Q q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2290.25 2590.25 cm 0 0 m 0 648 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 0 7.9933 -7.9933 0 225.5904 265.9765 Tm (tcsetattr)Tj ET q 0.9991603 0 0 0.9991603 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 286.62 323.8 cm 0 0 m 1.8 -7.2 l -1.8 -7.2 l f Q Q q 0.099916 0 0 0.099916 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2866.2 3238 cm 0 0 m 18 -72 l -18 -72 l h S Q Q q 0.099916 0 0 0.099916 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2866.25 2518.25 cm 0 0 m 0 648 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 0 7.9928 -7.9928 0 283.1251 265.9605 Tm (tcgetattr)Tj ET q 0.9991004 0 0 0.9991004 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 337.02 251.8 cm 0 0 m -1.8 7.2 l 1.8 7.2 l f Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3370.2 2518 cm 0 0 m -18 72 l 18 72 l h S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3370.25 2590.25 cm 0 0 m 0 648 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 0 7.9923 -7.9923 0 333.4597 261.1492 Tm (tcsendbreak)Tj ET q 0.9990404 0 0 0.9990404 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 358.62 251.8 cm 0 0 m -1.8 7.2 l 1.8 7.2 l f Q Q q 0.099904 0 0 0.099904 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3586.2 2518 cm 0 0 m -18 72 l 18 72 l h S Q Q q 0.099904 0 0 0.099904 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3586.25 2590.25 cm 0 0 m 0 648 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 0 7.9918 -7.9918 0 355.0177 270.7237 Tm (tcdrain)Tj ET q 0.9989805 0 0 0.9989805 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 380.22 251.8 cm 0 0 m -1.8 7.2 l 1.8 7.2 l f Q Q q 0.099898 0 0 0.099898 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3802.2 2518 cm 0 0 m -18 72 l 18 72 l h S Q Q q 0.099898 0 0 0.099898 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3802.25 2590.25 cm 0 0 m 0 648 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 0 7.9914 -7.9914 0 376.5731 270.7075 Tm (tcflush)Tj ET q 0.9989206 0 0 0.9989206 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 401.82 251.8 cm 0 0 m -1.8 7.2 l 1.8 7.2 l f Q Q q 0.0998921 0 0 0.0998921 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4018.2 2518 cm 0 0 m -18 72 l 18 72 l h S Q Q q 0.0998921 0 0 0.0998921 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4018.25 2590.25 cm 0 0 m 0 648 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 0 7.9909 -7.9909 0 398.1259 273.0885 Tm (tcflow)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9909 0 0 7.9909 331.4979 328.8649 Tm [(line contr)18(ol functions)]TJ ET q 0.9988606 0 0 0.9988606 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 437.82 323.8 cm 0 0 m 1.8 -7.2 l -1.8 -7.2 l f Q Q q 0.0998861 0 0 0.0998861 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J 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[(for)18(egr)18(ound)]TJ -1.29 -1.25 Td [(pr)18(ocess gr)18(oup ID)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf -27.272 -16.705 Td (Figure 18.8)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.695 0 Td [(Relationships among the terminal-r)18(elated functions)]TJ -9.106 -4 Td [(POSIX.1 )-90(doesn\325t )-90(specify )-90(wher)18(e)-340(in)-340(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 17.094 0 Td (termios)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.54 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)]TJ 0.34 Tc 3.49 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.145 0 Td [(he )-90(baud )-90(rate )-90(information )-90(is )-90(stor)18(ed;)]TJ -26.269 -1.25 Td [(that )-86(is )-86(an )-86(implementation )-86(detail.)-586(Some )-86(systems, )-86(such )-86(as )-86(Solaris, )-86(stor)]TJ 0.336 Tc 31.019 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.141 0 Td [(his )-86(information )-86(in )-86(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -32.16 -1.25 Td (c_cflag)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.568 0 Td [(\336eld. )-368(Linux)-369(and )-118(BSD-derived )-118(systems, )-118(such )-118(as )-118(Fr)18(eeBSD )-118(and )-118(Mac )-118(OS )-118(X, )-118(have )-118(two)]TJ -4.568 -1.25 Td [(separate \336elds in the str)8(uctur)18(e: one for the input speed and one for the output speed.)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47396 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (202)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Pr)18(ocess )-250(Envir)18(onment )]TJ 39.241 0 Td [(Chapter)-500(7)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 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my_exit1"\);)Tj -2.4 -2.378 Td (printf\("main is done\\n"\);)Tj T* (return\(0\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj 0 -2.378 TD (static void)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (my_exit1\(void\))Tj 0 -1.189 TD ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (printf\("first exit handler\\n"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj 0 -2.378 TD (static void)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (my_exit2\(void\))Tj T* ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (printf\("second exit handler\\n"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 2977.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 259.8292 281.6473 Tm (Figure 7.3)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.195 0 Td (Example of exit handlers)Tj 9.9982 0 0 9.9982 129.5769 250.4529 Tm [(Executing the pr)18(ogram in Figur)]TJ 0.25 Tc 13.909 0 Td (e7)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (.3 yields)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 8.9984 0 0 8.9984 147.5734 233.7559 Tm ($)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (./a.out)Tj /TT1 1 Tf -1.2 -1.189 Td (main is done)Tj T* (first exit handler)Tj T* (first exit handler)Tj T* (second exit handler)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9982 0 0 9.9982 129.5767 172.9669 Tm [(An )-84(exit )-84(handler )-84(is )-84(called )-84(once )-84(for )-84(each )-84(time )-84(it )-84(is )-84(r)13(egister)18(ed. )-334(In)-335(Figur)]TJ 0.3346 Tc 30.934 0 Td (e7)Tj 0 Tc 1.314 0 Td [(.3, )-85(the )-85(\336rst )-85(exit)]TJ -32.247 -1.2 Td [(handler )-186(is )-186(r)17(egister)18(ed )-186(twice, )-186(so )-186(it )-186(is )-186(called )-186(two )-186(times.)-690(Note )-186(that )-186(we )-186(don\325t )-186(call)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 36.35 0 Td (exit)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (;)Tj -36.35 -1.2 Td [(instead, we r)18(eturn fr)18(om)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 10.677 0 Td (main)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5141.25 1490.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 50 50 l 0 50 l 0 0 l S Q Q EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47397 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (688)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.092 Tc 3.5 0 Td (Te)Tj 0 Tc 1 0 Td [(rminal )-250(I/O)]TJ 37.741 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(18)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 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)-170(Solaris\))-671(If )-170(set )-170(and )-170(if)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -5.807 -1.2 Td (IGNCR)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.581 0 Td [(is )-330(not )-330(set, )-330(a )-330(r)18(eceived )-330(CR )-330(character )-330(is )-330(translated )-330(into )-330(a )-330(NL)]TJ -3.581 -1.2 Td [(character)74(.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -6.883 -1.72 Td (IEXTEN)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.883 0 Td (\()Tj /TT0 1 Tf (c_lflag)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5302 Tc (,P)Tj 0 Tc 5.917 0 Td [(OSIX.1, )-280(Fr)18(eeBSD, )-280(Linux, )-280(Mac )-280(OS )-280(X, )-280(Solaris\))-780(If )-280(set, )-280(the)]TJ -5.917 -1.2 Td [(extended, )-15(implementation-de\336ned )-15(special )-15(characters )-15(ar)]TJ 0.2652 Tc 24.549 0 Td (er)Tj 0 Tc 1.121 0 Td [(ecognized )-15(and)]TJ -25.671 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ocessed.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -6.883 -1.72 Td (IGNBRK)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.883 0 Td (\()Tj /TT0 1 Tf (c_iflag)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.4216 Tc (,P)Tj 0 Tc 5.809 0 Td [(OSIX.1, )-172(Fr)18(eeBSD, )-172(Linux, )-172(Mac )-172(OS )-172(X, )-172(Solaris\))-672(When )-172(set, )-172(a)]TJ -5.809 -1.2 Td [(BREAK )-63(condition )-63(on )-63(input )-63(is )-63(ignor)18(ed. )-313(See)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 19.476 0 Td (BRKINT)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.913 0 Td [(for )-63(a )-63(way )-63(to )-63(have )-63(a)]TJ -23.389 -1.2 Td (BREAK condition either generate a)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 15.711 0 Td (SIGINT)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td [(signal or be r)18(ead as data.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -26.444 -1.72 Td (IGNCR)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.883 0 Td (\()Tj /TT0 1 Tf (c_iflag)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.6189 Tc (,P)Tj 0 Tc 6.006 0 Td [(OSIX.1, )-369(Fr)18(eeBSD, )-369(Linux, )-369(Mac )-369(OS )-369(X, )-369(Solaris\))-869(If )-369(set, )-369(a)]TJ -0.018 Tc -6.006 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(ceived )-98(CR )-98(character )-98(is )-98(ignor)17(ed. )-348(If)-348(this )-98(\337ag )-98(is )-98(not )-98(set, )-98(it )-98(is )-98(possible )-98(to)]TJ -0.856 -1.2 Td [(translate the r)18(eceived CR into a NL character if the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 22.575 0 Td (ICRNL)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td (\337ag is set.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -32.708 -1.72 Td (IGNPAR)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.883 0 Td (\()Tj /TT0 1 Tf (c_iflag)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.3634 Tc (,P)Tj 0 Tc 5.75 0 Td [(OSIX.1, )-113(Fr)18(eeBSD, )-113(Linux, )-113(Mac )-113(OS )-113(X, )-113(Solaris\))-613(When )-113(set, )-113(an)]TJ -5.75 -1.2 Td [(input )-82(byte )-82(with )-82(a )-82(framing )-82(err)18(or )-82(\(other )-82(than )-82(a )-82(BREAK\) )-82(or )-82(an )-82(input )-82(byte)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(with a parity err)18(or is ignor)18(ed.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -6.883 -1.72 Td (IMAXBEL)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.883 0 Td (\()Tj /TT0 1 Tf (c_iflag)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.4166 Tc (,F)Tj -0.018 Tc 5.756 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(eBSD, )-167(Linux, )-167(Mac )-167(OS )-167(X, )-167(Solaris\))-667(Ring )-167(bell )-167(when )-167(input)]TJ -6.612 -1.2 Td (queue is full.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -6.883 -1.72 Td (INLCR)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.883 0 Td (\()Tj /TT0 1 Tf (c_iflag)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.6189 Tc (,P)Tj 0 Tc 6.006 0 Td [(OSIX.1, )-369(Fr)18(eeBSD, )-369(Linux, )-369(Mac )-369(OS )-369(X, )-369(Solaris\))-869(If )-369(set, )-369(a)]TJ -0.018 Tc -6.006 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(ceived NL character is translated into a CR character)74(.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -7.739 -1.72 Td (INPCK)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.883 0 Td (\()Tj /TT0 1 Tf (c_iflag)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.524 Tc (,P)Tj 0 Tc 5.911 0 Td [(OSIX.1, )-274(Fr)18(eeBSD, )-274(Linux, )-274(Mac )-274(OS )-274(X, )-274(Solaris\))-774(When )-274(set,)]TJ -5.911 -1.2 Td [(input )-296(parity )-296(checking )-296(is )-296(enabled.)-798(If)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 17.664 0 Td (INPCK)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.546 0 Td [(is )-296(not )-296(set, )-296(input )-296(parity)]TJ -21.211 -1.2 Td (checking is disabled.)Tj 0 -1.8 TD [(Parity )-94(\324)37(\324generation )-94(and )-94(detection\325)]TJ 0.3439 Tc 14.977 0 Td (\325a)Tj 0 Tc 1.122 0 Td [(nd )-94(\324)37(\324input )-94(parity )-94(checking\325)]TJ 0.3439 Tc 11.991 0 Td (\325a)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.122 0 Td [(re )-130(t)]TJ 0 Tc 1.526 0 Td (wo)Tj -30.737 -1.2 Td [(dif)18(fer)18(ent )-3(things.)-503(The )-3(generation )-3(and )-3(detection )-3(of )-3(parity )-3(bits )-3(is )-3(contr)22(olled)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(by )-6(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.009 0 Td (PARENB)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.856 0 Td [(\337ag. )-256(Setting)-257(this )-6(\337ag )-6(usually )-6(causes )-6(the )-6(device )-6(driver )-6(for)]TJ -6.865 -1.2 Td [(the )-235(serial )-235(interface )-235(to )-235(generate )-235(parity )-235(for )-235(outgoing )-235(characters )-235(and )-235(to)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(verify )-140(the )-140(parity )-140(of )-140(incoming )-140(characters.)-640(The )-140(\337ag)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 23.178 0 Td (PARODD)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.99 0 Td (determines)Tj -27.168 -1.2 Td [(whether )-59(the )-59(parity )-59(should )-59(be )-59(odd )-59(or )-59(even.)-561(If )-59(an )-59(input )-59(character )-59(arrives)]TJ T* [(with )-4(the )-4(wr)18(ong )-4(parity)]TJ 0.2536 Tc 9.634 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 0.83 0 Td [(hen )-4(the )-4(state )-4(of )-4(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.619 0 Td (INPCK)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.254 0 Td [(\337ag )-3(is )-3(checked.)-503(If )-3(this)]TJ -22.336 -1.2 Td [(\337ag )-156(is )-156(set, )-156(then )-156(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.243 0 Td (IGNPAR)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.006 0 Td [(\337ag )-156(is )-156(checked )-156(\(to )-156(see )-156(whether )-156(the )-156(input)]TJ -13.248 -1.2 Td [(byte )-84(with )-84(the )-84(parity )-84(err)18(or )-84(should )-84(be )-84(ignor)19(ed\); )-84(if )-84(the )-84(byte )-84(should )-84(not )-84(be)]TJ T* [(ignor)18(ed, )-19(then )-19(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.856 0 Td (PARMRK)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.869 0 Td [(\337ag )-19(is )-19(checked )-19(to )-19(see )-19(which )-19(characters )-19(should)]TJ -11.725 -1.2 Td [(be passed to the r)18(eading pr)18(ocess.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -6.883 -1.6 Td (ISIG)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.883 0 Td (\()Tj /TT0 1 Tf (c_lflag)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.2636 Tc (,P)Tj 0 Tc 5.651 0 Td [(OSIX.1, )-14(Fr)18(eeBSD, )-14(Linux, )-14(Mac )-14(OS )-14(X, )-14(Solaris\))-511(If )-13(set, )-13(the )-13(input)]TJ -5.651 -1.2 Td [(characters )-214(ar)]TJ 0.4639 Tc 5.83 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.387 0 Td [(ompar)18(ed )-214(against )-214(the )-214(special )-214(characters )-214(that )-214(cause )-214(the)]TJ -7.217 -1.2 Td [(terminal-generated )-285(signals )-285(to )-285(be )-285(generated)]TJ 20.543 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td [(INTR, )-285(QUIT)]TJ 0.5353 Tc 5.674 0 Td (,S)Tj 0 Tc 1.31 0 Td (USP)Tj 0.5353 Tc 1.778 0 Td (,a)Tj 0 Tc 1.285 0 Td (nd)Tj -30.924 -1.2 Td (DSUSP)Tj 3.206 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td [(;)-250(if)-250(equal, the corr)18(esponding signal is generated.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -10.422 -1.72 Td (ISTRIP)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.883 0 Td (\()Tj /TT0 1 Tf (c_iflag)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.524 Tc (,P)Tj 0 Tc 5.911 0 Td [(OSIX.1, )-274(Fr)18(eeBSD, )-274(Linux, )-274(Mac )-274(OS )-274(X, )-274(Solaris\))-774(When )-274(set,)]TJ -5.911 -1.2 Td [(valid )-172(input )-172(bytes )-172(ar)]TJ 0.422 Tc 9.142 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.325 0 Td [(tripped )-172(to )-172(7 )-172(bits.)-672(When )-172(this )-172(\337ag )-172(is )-172(not )-172(set, )-172(all)]TJ 0.25 Tc -10.467 -1.2 Td (8b)Tj 0 Tc 1.303 0 Td (its ar)Tj 0.25 Tc 2.168 0 Td (ep)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.33 0 Td (ro)Tj 0 Tc 0.923 0 Td (cessed.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -12.607 -1.72 Td (IUCLC)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.883 0 Td (\()Tj /TT0 1 Tf (c_iflag)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (,L)Tj 0 Tc 5.644 0 Td [(inux, Solaris\))-500(Map upper)18(case to lower)18(case on input.)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47398 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (702)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.092 Tc 3.5 0 Td (Te)Tj 0 Tc 1 0 Td [(rminal )-250(I/O)]TJ 37.741 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(18)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 165.5901 668.9599 Tm [(handle )-166(these )-166(signals.)-666(Some )-166(versions )-166(just )-166(ignor)17(e)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 22.373 0 Td (SIGINT)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.016 0 Td [(\(saving )-166(its )-166(pr)18(evious)]TJ -26.39 -1.2 Td [(action\) )-193(while )-193(in)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.702 0 Td (getpass)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.4435 Tc (,r)Tj 0 Tc 5.271 0 Td [(esetting )-193(the )-193(action )-193(for )-193(this )-193(signal )-193(to )-193(its )-193(pr)14(evious)]TJ -12.973 -1.2 Td [(value )-71(befor)]TJ 0.3213 Tc 5.047 0 Td (er)Tj 0 Tc 1.177 0 Td [(eturning. )-321(This)-322(means )-71(that )-71(any )-71(occurr)17(ence )-71(of )-71(the )-71(signal )-71(while )-71(it\325s)]TJ -6.225 -1.2 Td [(ignor)18(ed )-39(is )-39(lost.)-539(Other )-39(versions )-39(catch)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 16.548 0 Td (SIGINT)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.889 0 Td [(\(saving )-39(its )-39(pr)18(evious )-39(action\) )-39(and )-39(if)]TJ -20.437 -1.2 Td [(the )-148(signal )-148(is )-148(caught, )-148(send )-148(themselves )-148(the )-148(signal )-148(with )-148(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 26.464 0 Td (kill)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.798 0 Td [(function )-148(after)]TJ -0.018 Tc -29.262 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(setting )-30(the )-30(terminal )-30(state )-30(and )-30(signal )-30(action.)-527(None )-30(of )-30(the )-30(versions )-30(of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 30.344 0 Td (getpass)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -31.2 -1.2 Td [(catch, )-226(ignor)18(e, )-226(or )-226(block)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.862 0 Td (SIGQUIT)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(,)-476(so)-476(entering )-226(the )-226(QUIT )-226(character )-226(aborts )-226(the)]TJ -10.862 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ogram and pr)18(obably leaves the terminal with echoing disabled.)]TJ 1.194 Tc -1.8 -1.6 Td (\245B)Tj 0.5782 Tc 2.411 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.557 0 Td (war)Tj 0.5782 Tc 1.711 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.383 0 Td [(hat )-328(some )-328(shells, )-328(notably )-328(the )-328(Korn )-328(shell, )-328(turn )-328(echoing )-328(back )-328(on)]TJ -5.262 -1.2 Td [(whenever )-156(they )-156(r)18(ead )-156(interactive )-156(input.)-656(These )-156(shells )-156(ar)]TJ 0.4062 Tc 24.674 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.211 0 Td [(he )-156(ones )-156(that )-156(pr)18(ovide)]TJ -25.886 -1.2 Td (command)Tj 4.449 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(line )-68(editing )-68(and )-68(ther)17(efor)]TJ 0.3183 Tc 10.926 0 Td (em)Tj 0 Tc 1.68 0 Td [(anipulate )-68(the )-68(state )-68(of )-68(the )-68(terminal )-68(every)]TJ -17.388 -1.2 Td [(time )-142(we )-142(enter )-142(an )-142(interactive )-142(command.)-642(So, )-142(if )-142(we )-142(invoke )-142(this )-142(pr)18(ogram )-142(under)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(one )-4(of )-4(these )-4(shells )-4(and )-4(abort )-4(it )-4(with )-4(the )-4(QUIT )-4(character)77(,)-254(it)-254(m)1(ay )-4(r)18(eenable )-4(echoing)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(for )-39(us.)-539(Other )-39(shells )-39(that )-39(don\325t )-39(pr)18(ovide )-39(this )-39(form )-39(of )-39(command)]TJ 27.407 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(line )-39(editing, )-39(such)]TJ -27.74 -1.2 Td [(as )-116(the )-116(Bourne )-116(shell, )-116(will )-116(abort )-116(the )-116(pr)18(ogram )-116(and )-116(leave )-116(the )-116(terminal )-116(in )-116(no-echo)]TJ T* [(mode. )-250(If)-250(we do this to our terminal, the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 17.832 0 Td (stty)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td [(command can r)18(eenable echoing.)]TJ 1.194 Tc -22.282 -1.6 Td (\245W)Tj 0.2676 Tc 2.708 0 Td (eu)Tj 0 Tc 1.35 0 Td [(se )-18(standar)]TJ 0.2676 Tc 4.491 0 Td (dI)Tj 0 Tc 1.216 0 Td [(/O )-18(to )-18(r)18(ead )-18(and )-18(write )-18(the )-18(contr)18(olling )-18(terminal.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 20.856 0 Td [(We )-202(s)]TJ 0 Tc 2.079 0 Td (peci\336cally)Tj -30.898 -1.2 Td [(set )-174(the )-174(str)18(eam )-174(to )-174(be )-174(unbuf)16(fer)18(ed; )-174(otherwise, )-174(ther)]TJ 0.4245 Tc 22.035 0 Td (em)Tj 0 Tc 1.786 0 Td [(ight )-174(be )-174(some )-174(interactions)]TJ -23.821 -1.2 Td [(between )-121(the )-121(writing )-121(and )-121(r)17(eading )-121(of )-121(the )-121(str)18(eam )-121(\(we )-121(would )-121(need )-121(some )-121(calls )-121(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf T* (fflush)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(\). )-311(W)]TJ 0.3107 Tc 5.652 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.234 0 Td [(ould )-61(have )-61(also )-61(used )-61(unbuf)19(fer)18(ed )-61(I/O )-61(\(Chapter )-61(3\), )-61(but )-61(we )-61(would)]TJ -6.885 -1.2 Td (have to simulate the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 9.182 0 Td (getc)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td (function using)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 6.663 0 Td (read)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj 1.194 Tc -20.295 -1.6 Td (\245W)Tj 0.2505 Tc 2.708 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.154 0 Td (tor)Tj 0.2505 Tc 1.249 0 Td (eo)Tj 0 Tc 1.276 0 Td [(nly up to eight characters as the passwor)15(d. )-250(Any)-251(additional characters)]TJ -4.586 -1.2 Td (that ar)Tj 0.25 Tc 2.861 0 Td (ee)Tj 0 Tc 1.208 0 Td [(nter)18(ed ar)]TJ 0.25 Tc 3.981 0 Td (ei)Tj 0 Tc 1.02 0 Td [(gnor)18(ed.)]TJ -10.87 -2.4 Td [(The )-3(pr)18(ogram )-3(in )-3(Figur)]TJ 0.2527 Tc 9.546 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.232 0 Td [(8.18 )-3(calls)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.205 0 Td (getpass)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.453 0 Td [(and )-3(prints )-3(what )-3(we )-3(enter )-3(to )-3(let )-3(us )-3(verify)]TJ -21.236 -1.2 Td (that the ERASE and KILL characters work \(as they should in canonical mo\ de\).)Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 3498.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9989 0 0 8.9989 129.5844 340.2582 Tm (#include "apue.h")Tj 0 -2.14 TD [(char )-1800(*getpass\(const)-600(char *\);)]TJ T* (int)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (main\(void\))Tj T* ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td [(char )-1800(*ptr;)]TJ 0 -2.14 TD (if \(\(ptr = getpass\("Enter password:"\)\) == NULL\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_sys\("getpass error"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (printf\("password: %s\\n", ptr\);)Tj 0 -2.14 TD (/* now use password \(probably encrypt it\) ... */)Tj 0 -2.14 TD (while \(*ptr != 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td [(*ptr++ = 0;)-3000(/* zero it out when we\325re done with it */)]TJ -2.4 -1.189 Td (exit\(0\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 1536.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 252.4346 137.5732 Tm (Figure 18.18)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.195 0 Td (Call the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.678 0 Td (getpass)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td (function)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47399 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (680)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.092 Tc 3.5 0 Td (Te)Tj 0 Tc 1 0 Td [(rminal )-250(I/O)]TJ 37.741 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(18)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf -0.092 Tc 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5911 668.9599 Tm [(We )-337(n)]TJ 0 Tc 2.372 0 Td [(ow )-153(describe )-153(each )-153(of )-153(the )-153(special )-153(characters )-153(in )-153(mor)]TJ 0.4028 Tc 22.747 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.493 0 Td [(etail. )-403(W)]TJ 0.4028 Tc 3.698 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.326 0 Td [(all )-153(these )-153(the)]TJ -33.435 -1.2 Td [(special )-174(input )-174(characters, )-174(but )-174(two )-174(of )-174(the )-174(characters, )-174(ST)20(OP )-174(and )-174(ST)75(AR)]TJ 0.4237 Tc 31.279 0 Td (T\()Tj 0 Tc 1.37 0 Td [(Contr)18(ol)]TJ 3.377 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.4237 Tc 0.333 -0.09 Td (Sa)Tj 0 Tc 1.449 0 Td (nd)Tj -37.807 -1.2 Td [(Contr)18(ol)]TJ 3.377 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(Q\), )-44(ar)]TJ 0.2945 Tc 2.541 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.274 0 Td [(lso )-45(handled )-45(specially )-45(when )-45(output.)-545(Note )-45(that )-45(when )-45(r)18(ecognized )-45(by )-45(the)]TJ -7.524 -1.2 Td [(terminal )-316(driver )-316(and )-316(pr)18(ocessed )-316(specially)]TJ 0.5665 Tc 18.593 0 Td (,m)Tj 0 Tc 1.699 0 Td [(ost )-316(of )-316(these )-316(special )-316(characters )-316(ar)]TJ 0.5664 Tc 15.693 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.371 0 Td (hen)Tj -37.357 -1.2 Td [(discar)18(ded: )-66(they )-66(ar)]TJ 0.3156 Tc 8.049 0 Td (en)Tj 0 Tc 1.377 0 Td [(ot )-66(r)18(eturned )-66(to )-66(the )-66(pr)20(ocess )-66(in )-66(a )-66(r)18(ead )-66(operation.)-566(The )-66(exceptions )-66(ar)20(e)]TJ -9.426 -1.2 Td (the newline characters)Tj 10.164 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (NL, EOL, EOL2)Tj 6.958 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.583 -0.04 Td [(and the carriage r)18(eturn)]TJ 10.402 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (CR)Tj 1.377 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (.)Tj -30.483 -2.4 Td [(CR )-3821(The)-615(carriage )-365(r)18(eturn )-365(character)]TJ 0.8646 Tc 19.279 0 Td (.W)Tj 0.6146 Tc 2.023 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.538 0 Td [(annot )-364(change )-364(this )-364(character)]TJ 0.8645 Tc 13.137 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.727 0 Td (his)Tj -32.255 -1.2 Td [(character )-155(is )-155(r)18(ecognized )-155(on )-155(input )-155(in )-155(canonical )-155(mode.)-655(When )-155(both)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 29.952 0 Td (ICANON)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -29.952 -1.2 Td [(\(canonical )-143(mode\) )-143(and)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.236 0 Td (ICRNL)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.393 0 Td [(\(map )-143(CR )-143(to )-143(NL\) )-143(ar)]TJ 0.3926 Tc 8.788 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.296 0 Td [(et )-143(and)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.283 0 Td (IGNCR)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.393 0 Td [(\(ignor)18(e)]TJ -30.388 -1.2 Td [(CR\) )-60(is )-60(not )-60(set, )-60(the )-60(CR )-60(character )-60(is )-60(translated )-60(to )-60(NL )-60(and )-60(has )-60(the )-60(same )-60(ef)14(fect)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(as )-359(a )-359(NL )-359(character)]TJ 0.8594 Tc 8.685 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.722 0 Td [(his )-359(character )-359(is )-359(r)17(eturned )-359(to )-359(the )-359(r)18(eading )-359(pr)17(ocess)]TJ -10.408 -1.2 Td [(\(per)18(haps after being translated to a NL\).)]TJ -5.448 -1.84 Td [(DISCARD )-633(The)-514(discar)]TJ 0.514 Tc 10.283 0 Td (dc)Tj 0 Tc 1.569 0 Td (haracter)Tj 0.764 Tc 3.547 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.627 0 Td [(his )-264(character)]TJ 0.514 Tc 5.802 0 Td (,r)Tj 0 Tc 1.141 0 Td [(ecognized )-264(on )-264(input )-264(in )-264(extended)]TJ -18.521 -1.2 Td [(mode )-178(\()]TJ /TT0 1 Tf (IEXTEN)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(\), )-178(causes )-178(subsequent )-178(output )-178(to )-178(be )-178(discar)19(ded )-178(until )-178(another)]TJ T* [(DISCARD )-120(character )-120(is )-120(enter)18(ed )-120(or )-120(the )-120(discar)]TJ 0.3701 Tc 19.874 0 Td (dc)Tj 0 Tc 1.425 0 Td [(ondition )-120(is )-120(clear)18(ed )-120(\(see )-120(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.299 -1.2 Td (FLUSHO)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.935 0 Td [(option\). )-335(This)-336(character )-85(is )-85(discar)18(ded )-85(when )-85(pr)17(ocessed )-85(\(i.e., )-85(it )-85(is )-85(not)]TJ -3.935 -1.2 Td [(passed to the pr)18(ocess\).)]TJ -5.448 -1.84 Td [(DSUSP )-1992(The)-293(delayed-suspend )-43(job-contr)18(ol )-43(character)]TJ 0.5427 Tc 24.353 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.406 0 Td [(his )-43(character )-43(is )-43(r)18(ecognized )-43(on)]TJ -20.311 -1.2 Td [(input )-194(in )-194(extended )-194(mode )-194(\()]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.989 0 Td (IEXTEN)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(\))-444(if)-444(j)-1(ob )-194(contr)18(ol )-194(is )-194(supported )-194(and )-194(if )-194(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -11.989 -1.2 Td (ISIG)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.778 0 Td [(\337ag )-127(is )-127(set.)-627(Like )-127(the )-127(SUSP )-127(character)]TJ 0.3775 Tc 16.12 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 0.954 0 Td [(his )-127(delayed-suspend )-127(character)]TJ -19.851 -1.2 Td [(generates )-35(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.177 0 Td (SIGTSTP)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.485 0 Td [(signal )-35(that )-35(is )-35(sent )-35(to )-35(all )-35(pr)18(ocesses )-35(in )-35(the )-35(for)19(egr)18(ound)]TJ -10.662 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ocess )-510(gr)18(oup )-510(\(r)18(efer )-510(to )-510(Figur)]TJ 0.7605 Tc 14.671 0 Td (e9)Tj 0 Tc 1.739 0 Td [(.7\). )-760(However)]TJ 0.7605 Tc 6.399 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 1.336 0 Td [(he )-510(delayed-suspend)]TJ -24.146 -1.2 Td [(character )-34(generates )-34(a )-34(signal )-34(only )-34(when )-34(a )-34(pr)18(ocess )-34(r)16(eads )-34(fr)18(om )-34(the )-34(contr)17(olling)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(terminal, )-11(not )-11(when )-11(the )-11(character )-11(is )-11(typed.)-511(This )-11(character )-11(is )-11(discar)20(ded )-11(when)]TJ T* [(pr)18(ocessed \(i.e., it is not passed to the pr)18(ocess\).)]TJ -5.448 -1.84 Td [(EOF )-3245(The)-266(end-of-\336le )-16(character)]TJ 0.5156 Tc 16.236 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.379 0 Td [(his )-16(character )-16(is )-16(r)18(ecognized )-16(on )-16(input )-16(in )-16(canonical)]TJ -12.167 -1.2 Td [(mode )-68(\()]TJ /TT0 1 Tf (ICANON)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(\). )-318(When)-318(we )-68(type )-68(this )-68(character)]TJ 0.3178 Tc 20.724 0 Td (,a)Tj 0 Tc 1.068 0 Td [(ll )-68(bytes )-68(waiting )-68(to )-68(be )-68(r)19(ead)]TJ -21.792 -1.2 Td (ar)Tj 0.257 Tc 0.877 0 Td (ei)Tj 0 Tc 1.027 0 Td [(mmediately )-7(passed )-7(to )-7(the )-7(r)18(eading )-7(pr)18(ocess. )-257(If)-257(no )-7(bytes )-7(ar)]TJ 0.257 Tc 25.114 0 Td (ew)Tj 0 Tc 1.57 0 Td [(aiting )-7(to )-7(be)]TJ -0.018 Tc -28.588 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(ad, )-79(a )-79(count )-79(of )-79(0 )-79(is )-79(r)16(eturned. )-329(Entering)-330(an )-79(EOF )-79(character )-79(at )-79(the )-79(beginning)]TJ -0.856 -1.2 Td [(of )-69(the )-69(line )-69(is )-69(the )-69(normal )-69(way )-69(to )-69(indicate )-69(the )-69(end )-69(of )-69(\336le )-69(to )-69(a )-69(pr)17(ogram. )-319(This)]TJ T* [(character )-236(is )-236(discar)18(ded )-236(when )-236(pr)16(ocessed )-236(in )-236(canonical )-236(mode )-236(\(i.e., )-236(it )-236(is )-236(not)]TJ T* [(passed to the pr)18(ocess\).)]TJ -5.448 -1.84 Td [(EOL )-3190(The)-794(additional )-544(line )-544(delimiter )-544(character)]TJ 0.7944 Tc 24.529 0 Td (,l)Tj 0 Tc 1.335 0 Td [(ike )-544(NL.)-1044(This )-544(character )-544(is)]TJ -0.018 Tc -20.416 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(cognized )-186(on )-186(input )-186(in )-186(canonical )-186(mode )-186(\()]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 18.062 0 Td (ICANON)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.4363 Tc (\)a)Tj 0 Tc 4.869 0 Td [(nd )-186(is )-186(r)18(eturned )-186(to )-186(the)]TJ -0.018 Tc -23.788 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(ading pr)18(ocess; however)]TJ 0.25 Tc 10.391 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 0.826 0 Td (his character is not normally used.)Tj -17.521 -1.84 Td [(EOL2 )-2690(Another)-732(line )-482(delimiter )-482(character)]TJ 0.7319 Tc 21.012 0 Td (,l)Tj 0 Tc 1.273 0 Td [(ike )-482(NL.)-982(This )-482(character )-482(is )-482(tr)19(eated)]TJ -16.837 -1.2 Td [(identically to the EOL character)74(.)]TJ -5.448 -1.84 Td [(ERASE )-2005(The)-391(erase )-141(character )-141(\(backspace\).)-641(This )-141(character )-141(is )-141(r)18(ecognized )-141(on )-141(input )-141(in)]TJ 5.448 -1.2 Td [(canonical )-45(mode )-45(\()]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.623 0 Td (ICANON)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.2953 Tc (\)a)Tj 0 Tc 4.728 0 Td [(nd )-45(erases )-45(the )-45(pr)17(evious )-45(character )-45(in )-45(the )-45(line, )-45(not)]TJ -12.351 -1.2 Td [(erasing )-82(beyond )-82(the )-82(beginning )-82(of )-82(the )-82(line.)-582(The )-82(erase )-82(character )-82(is )-82(discar)19(ded)]TJ T* [(when pr)18(ocessed in canonical mode \(i.e., it is not passed to the pr)18(ocess\).)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47400 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(13.2)]TJ 33.039 0 Td [(Daemon )-250(Characteristics)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 12.794 0 Td (465)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5911 668.9599 Tm [(In )-299(the )-299(sample)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.131 0 Td (ps)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.749 0 Td [(output, )-299(kernel )-299(daemons )-299(appear )-299(with )-299(their )-299(names )-299(in )-299(squar)18(e)]TJ -10.68 -1.2 Td [(brackets. )-270(This)-269(version )-20(of )-20(Linux )-20(uses )-20(a )-20(special )-20(kernel )-20(pr)19(ocess,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 27.336 0 Td (kthreadd)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(,)-270(to)-270(c)]TJ -0.018 Tc (re)Tj 0 Tc 7.762 0 Td [(ate )-20(other)]TJ -35.097 -1.2 Td [(kernel )-3(pr)18(ocesses, )-3(so)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.958 0 Td (kthreadd)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.053 0 Td [(appears )-3(as )-3(the )-3(par)19(ent )-3(of )-3(the )-3(other )-3(kernel )-3(daemons.)-501(Each)]TJ -14.011 -1.2 Td [(kernel )-275(component )-275(that )-275(needs )-275(to )-275(perform )-275(work )-275(in )-275(a )-275(pr)14(ocess )-275(context, )-275(but )-275(that )-275(isn\325t)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(invoked )-250(fr)18(om )-250(the )-250(context )-250(of )-250(a )-250(user)20(-level )-249(pr)18(ocess, )-249(will )-249(usually )-249(have )-249(its )-249(own )-249(kernel)]TJ T* [(daemon. )-250(For)-250(example, on Linux)]TJ 0.883 Tc 1.8 -1.56 Td (\245T)Tj 0 Tc 2.102 0 Td (he)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.5 0 Td (kswapd)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.039 0 Td [(daemon )-189(is )-189(also )-189(known )-189(as )-189(the )-189(pageout )-189(daemon.)-688(It )-189(supports )-189(the)]TJ -6.152 -1.2 Td [(virtual )-110(memory )-110(subsystem )-110(by )-110(writing )-110(dirty )-110(pages )-110(to )-110(disk )-110(slowly )-110(over )-110(time, )-110(so)]TJ T* [(the pages can be r)18(eclaimed.)]TJ 0.883 Tc -1.489 -1.6 Td (\245T)Tj 0 Tc 2.102 0 Td (he)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.365 0 Td (flush)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.304 0 Td [(daemon )-54(\337ushes )-54(dirty )-54(pages )-54(to )-54(disk )-54(when )-54(available )-54(memory )-54(r)14(eaches)]TJ 0.4465 Tc -5.283 -1.2 Td (ac)Tj 0 Tc 1.391 0 Td [(on\336gur)18(ed )-196(minimum )-196(thr)17(eshold. )-446(It)-447(also )-196(\337ushes )-196(dirty )-196(pages )-196(back )-196(to )-196(disk )-196(at)]TJ -0.018 Tc -1.391 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(gular )-104(intervals )-104(to )-104(decr)19(ease )-104(data )-104(loss )-104(in )-104(the )-104(event )-104(of )-104(a )-104(system )-104(failur)19(e. )-354(Several)]TJ -0.856 -1.2 Td [(\337ush )-265(daemons )-265(can )-265(exist)]TJ 0.0833 Tc 11.431 0 Td (\321o)Tj 0 Tc 1.629 0 Td [(ne )-265(for )-265(each )-265(backing )-265(device.)-765(The )-265(sample )-265(output)]TJ -13.061 -1.2 Td [(shows )-6(one )-6(\337ush )-6(daemon )-6(named)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 14.568 0 Td (flush-8:0)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.5057 Tc (.I)Tj 0.2557 Tc 6.493 0 Td (nt)Tj 0 Tc 1.164 0 Td [(he )-6(name, )-6(the )-6(backing )-6(device )-6(is)]TJ -22.224 -1.2 Td (identi\336ed by its major device number)Tj 16.847 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (8)Tj 0.5 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.583 -0.04 Td (and its minor device number)Tj 13.045 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (0)Tj 0.5 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (.)Tj 0.883 Tc -33.963 -1.6 Td (\245T)Tj 0 Tc 2.102 0 Td (he)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.311 0 Td (sync_supers)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.85 0 Td (daemon periodically \337ushes \336le system metadata to disk.)Tj 0.883 Tc -10.263 -1.6 Td (\245T)Tj 0 Tc 2.102 0 Td (he)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.311 0 Td (jbd)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.05 0 Td (daemon helps implement the journal in the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 19.341 0 Td (ext4)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td (\336le system.)Tj -27.454 -1.56 Td [(Pr)18(ocess )-71(1 )-71(is )-71(usually)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.066 0 Td (init)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.721 0 Td (\()Tj /TT0 1 Tf (launchd)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.854 0 Td [(on )-71(Mac )-71(OS )-71(X\), )-71(as )-71(we )-71(described )-71(in )-71(Section )-71(8.2.)]TJ -18.441 -1.2 Td [(It )-211(is )-211(a )-211(system )-211(daemon )-211(r)18(esponsible )-211(for)]TJ 0.4611 Tc 17.585 0 Td (,a)Tj 0 Tc 1.211 0 Td [(mong )-211(other )-211(things, )-211(starting )-211(system )-211(services)]TJ -18.796 -1.2 Td [(speci\336c )-62(to )-62(various )-62(r)8(un )-62(levels.)-562(These )-62(services )-62(ar)]TJ 0.312 Tc 21.224 0 Td (eu)Tj 0 Tc 1.394 0 Td [(sually )-62(implemented )-62(with )-62(the )-62(help )-62(of)]TJ -22.618 -1.2 Td (their own daemons.)Tj 1.8 -1.2 Td (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.1 0 Td (rpcbind)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.626 0 Td [(daemon )-176(pr)18(ovides )-176(the )-176(service )-176(of )-176(mapping )-176(RPC)]TJ 21.814 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td [(Remote )-176(Pr)18(ocedur)18(e)]TJ -30.673 -1.2 Td (Call)Tj 1.791 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.648 -0.04 Td [(pr)18(ogram )-65(numbers )-65(to )-65(network )-65(port )-65(numbers.)-563(The)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 22.531 0 Td (rsyslogd)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.115 0 Td [(daemon )-65(is )-65(available)]TJ -30.084 -1.2 Td [(to )-168(any )-168(pr)17(ogram )-168(to )-168(log )-168(system )-168(messages )-168(for )-168(an )-168(administrator)]TJ 0.6685 Tc 28.012 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.531 0 Td [(he )-168(messages )-168(may )-168(be)]TJ -29.544 -1.2 Td [(printed )-54(on )-54(a )-54(console )-54(device )-54(and )-54(also )-54(written )-54(to )-54(a )-54(\336le.)-552(\(W)]TJ 0.3038 Tc 25.611 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.394 0 Td [(escribe )-54(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.06 0 Td (syslog)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.904 0 Td (facility)Tj -35.968 -1.2 Td (in Section 13.4.\))Tj -0.092 Tc 1.8 -1.2 Td [(We )-467(t)]TJ 0 Tc 2.246 0 Td [(alked )-283(about )-283(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.951 0 Td (inetd)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.533 0 Td [(daemon )-283(in )-283(Section )-283(9.3.)-783(It )-283(listens )-283(on )-283(the )-283(system\325s)]TJ -15.53 -1.2 Td [(network )-311(interfaces )-311(for )-311(incoming )-311(r)18(equests )-311(for )-311(various )-311(network )-311(servers.)-808(The)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 36.35 0 Td (nfsd)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -36.35 -1.2 Td (nfsiod)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 4.483 0 Td (lockd)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.883 0 Td (rpciod)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 4.483 0 Td (rpc.idmapd)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 6.883 0 Td (rpc.statd)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.6332 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 6.783 0 Td (nd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.826 0 Td (rpc.mountd)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.633 0 Td (daemons)Tj -34.975 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ovide )-68(support )-68(for )-68(the )-68(Network )-68(File )-68(System)]TJ 20.629 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (NFS)Tj 1.912 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.5679 Tc 0.333 -0.04 Td (.N)Tj 0 Tc 1.649 0 Td [(ote )-68(that )-68(the )-68(\336rst )-68(four )-68(ar)]TJ 0.3178 Tc 10.565 0 Td (ek)Tj 0 Tc 1.353 0 Td (ernel)Tj -36.774 -1.2 Td [(daemons, while the last thr)18(ee ar)]TJ 0.25 Tc 14.05 0 Td (eu)Tj 0 Tc 1.332 0 Td [(ser)18(-level daemons.)]TJ -13.582 -1.2 Td (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.156 0 Td (cron)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.882 0 Td [(daemon )-232(executes )-232(commands )-232(at )-232(r)18(egularly )-232(scheduled )-232(dates )-232(and )-232(times.)]TJ -6.838 -1.2 Td [(Numer)18(ous )-267(system )-267(administration )-267(tasks )-267(ar)]TJ 0.5172 Tc 19.562 0 Td (eh)Tj 0 Tc 1.578 0 Td [(andled )-267(by)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td (cron)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.008 Tc 2.917 0 Td (ru)Tj 0 Tc 0.99 0 Td [(nning )-267(pr)18(ograms )-267(at)]TJ -0.018 Tc -30.265 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(gularly )-66(intervals.)-567(The)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.168 0 Td (atd)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.116 0 Td [(daemon )-66(is )-66(similar )-66(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.528 0 Td (cron)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(;)-316(it)-316(a)-1(llows )-66(users )-66(to )-66(execute )-66(jobs)]TJ -22.669 -1.2 Td [(at )-76(speci\336ed )-76(times, )-76(but )-76(it )-76(executes )-76(each )-76(job )-76(once )-76(only)]TJ 0.3264 Tc 23.453 0 Td (,i)Tj 0 Tc 0.867 0 Td [(nstead )-76(of )-76(r)18(epeatedly )-76(at )-76(r)16(egularly)]TJ -24.32 -1.2 Td [(scheduled )-28(times.)-527(The)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.934 0 Td (cupsd)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.278 0 Td [(daemon )-28(is )-28(a )-28(print )-28(spooler; )-28(it )-28(handles )-28(print )-28(r)20(equests )-28(on )-28(the)]TJ -13.212 -1.2 Td [(system. )-250(The)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.766 0 Td (sshd)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td [(daemon pr)18(ovides secur)]TJ 0.25 Tc 10.322 0 Td (er)Tj 0 Tc 1.106 0 Td (emote login and execution facilities.)Tj -18.044 -1.2 Td [(Note )-117(that )-117(most )-117(of )-117(the )-117(daemons )-117(r)8(un )-117(with )-117(super)4(user )-117(\(r)18(oot\) )-117(privileges.)-617(None )-117(of )-117(the)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(daemons )-102(has )-102(a )-102(contr)18(olling )-102(terminal: )-102(the )-102(terminal )-102(name )-102(is )-102(set )-102(to )-102(a )-102(question )-102(mark.)-601(The)]TJ T* [(kernel )-168(daemons )-168(ar)]TJ 0.4178 Tc 8.52 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.321 0 Td [(tarted )-168(without )-168(a )-168(contr)19(olling )-168(terminal.)-668(The )-168(lack )-168(of )-168(a )-168(contr)20(olling)]TJ -9.84 -1.2 Td [(terminal )-64(in )-64(the )-64(user)18(-level )-64(daemons )-64(is )-64(pr)18(obably )-64(the )-64(r)16(esult )-64(of )-64(the )-64(daemons )-64(having )-64(called)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf T* (setsid)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.5201 Tc (.M)Tj 0 Tc 5.316 0 Td [(ost )-20(of )-20(the )-20(user)18(-level )-20(daemons )-20(ar)]TJ 0.2701 Tc 14.136 0 Td (ep)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.35 0 Td (ro)Tj 0 Tc 0.923 0 Td [(cess )-20(gr)18(oup )-20(leaders )-20(and )-20(session )-20(leaders,)]TJ -21.725 -1.2 Td [(and )-144(ar)]TJ 0.3936 Tc 2.964 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.199 0 Td [(he )-144(only )-144(pr)18(ocesses )-144(in )-144(their )-144(pr)18(ocess )-144(gr)20(oup )-144(and )-144(session.)-644(\(The )-144(one )-144(exception )-144(is)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.162 -1.2 Td (rsyslogd)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(.\) )-276(Finally)]TJ 0.2757 Tc 8.865 0 Td (,n)Tj 0 Tc 1.108 0 Td [(ote )-26(that )-26(the )-26(par)18(ent )-26(of )-26(the )-26(user)18(-level )-26(daemons )-26(is )-26(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 22.807 0 Td (init)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.676 0 Td [(pr)18(ocess.)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47401 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(10.2)]TJ 36.477 0 Td [(Signal )-250(Concepts)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 9.356 0 Td (321)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 668.9599 Tm (SIGTERM)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.582 0 Td [(This )-90(is )-90(the )-90(termination )-90(signal )-90(sent )-90(by )-90(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 18.882 0 Td (kill)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.4 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (1)Tj 0.5 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.673 -0.04 Td [(command )-90(by )-90(default.)]TJ -22.787 -1.2 Td [(Because )-18(it )-18(can )-18(be )-18(caught )-18(by )-18(applications, )-18(using)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 21.084 0 Td (SIGTERM)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.468 0 Td [(gives )-18(pr)18(ograms)]TJ 0.6254 Tc -25.553 -1.2 Td (ac)Tj 0 Tc 1.569 0 Td [(hance )-375(to )-375(terminate )-375(gracefully )-375(by )-375(cleaning )-375(up )-375(befor)]TJ 0.6254 Tc 24.872 0 Td (ee)Tj 0 Tc 1.583 0 Td [(xiting )-375(\(in)]TJ -28.025 -1.2 Td (contrast to)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 4.915 0 Td (SIGKILL)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (,w)Tj 0 Tc 5.534 0 Td [(hich can\325t be caught or ignor)18(ed\).)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -17.031 -1.84 Td (SIGTHAW)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.582 0 Td [(This )-39(signal )-39(is )-39(de\336ned )-39(only )-39(by )-39(Solaris )-39(and )-39(is )-39(used )-39(to )-39(notify )-39(pr)12(ocesses )-39(that)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(need )-239(to )-239(take )-239(special )-239(action )-239(when )-239(the )-239(system )-239(r)18(esumes )-239(operation )-239(after)]TJ T* (being suspended.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -6.582 -1.84 Td (SIGTHR)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.582 0 Td [(This )-100(is )-100(a )-100(signal )-100(r)18(eserved )-100(for )-100(use )-100(by )-100(the )-100(thr)17(ead )-100(library )-100(on )-100(Fr)18(eeBSD. )-350(It)-350(is)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td (de\336ned to have the same value as)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 15.15 0 Td (SIGLWP)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -21.732 -1.84 Td (SIGTRAP)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.582 0 Td [(This signal indicates an implementation-de\336ned har)18(dwar)]TJ 0.25 Tc 25.375 0 Td (ef)Tj 0 Tc 1.062 0 Td (ault.)Tj 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 237.5852 521.7687 Tm [(The )-131(signal )-131(name )-131(comes )-131(fr)18(om )-131(the )-131(PDP)]TJ 17.333 0.09 Td (-)Tj -0.055 Tc 0.333 -0.09 Td [(11 )-241(T)]TJ 0 Tc 1.939 0 Td [(RAP )-131(instr)8(uction. )-381(Implementations)]TJ -19.605 -1.25 Td [(often )-283(use )-283(this )-283(signal )-283(to )-283(transfer )-283(contr)15(ol )-283(to )-283(a )-283(debugger )-283(when )-283(a )-283(br)16(eakpoint)]TJ 0 -1.25 TD [(instr)8(uction is executed.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5921 480.7712 Tm (SIGTSTP)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.582 0 Td [(This )-59(interactive )-59(stop )-59(signal )-59(is )-59(generated )-59(by )-59(the )-59(terminal )-59(driver )-59(when )-59(we)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(pr)18(ess )-105(the )-105(terminal )-105(suspend )-105(key )-105(\(often )-105(Contr)19(ol)]TJ 20.859 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(Z\). )-355(This)-355(signal )-105(is )-105(sent )-105(to)]TJ -21.192 -1.2 Td [(all pr)18(ocesses in the for)18(egr)18(ound pr)18(ocess gr)18(oup \(r)18(efer to Figur)]TJ 0.25 Tc 26.429 0 Td (e9)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (.9\).)Tj 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 237.5854 436.7738 Tm (Unfortunately)Tj 0.5506 Tc 6.186 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 1.127 0 Td [(he )-301(term)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 4.245 0 Td (stop)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.217 0 Td [(has )-301(dif)18(fer)18(ent )-301(meanings.)-800(When )-301(discussing )-301(job)]TJ -13.774 -1.25 Td [(contr)18(ol )-69(and )-69(signals, )-69(we )-69(talk )-69(about )-69(stopping )-69(and )-69(continuing )-69(jobs.)-569(The )-69(terminal)]TJ 0 -1.25 TD (driver)Tj 0.4299 Tc 2.662 0 Td (,h)Tj 0 Tc 1.262 0 Td (owever)Tj 0.4299 Tc 3.224 0 Td (,h)Tj 0 Tc 1.262 0 Td [(as )-180(historically )-180(used )-180(the )-180(term)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 13.597 0 Td (stop)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.096 0 Td [(to )-180(r)18(efer )-180(to )-180(stopping )-180(and)]TJ -24.103 -1.25 Td [(starting )-273(the )-273(terminal )-273(output )-273(using )-273(the )-273(Contr)20(ol)]TJ 21.896 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.5228 Tc 0.333 -0.09 Td (Sa)Tj 0 Tc 1.548 0 Td [(nd )-273(Contr)18(ol)]TJ 5.093 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.5228 Tc 0.333 -0.09 Td (Qc)Tj 0 Tc 1.753 0 Td (haracters.)Tj -30.955 -1.25 Td [(Ther)18(efor)18(e, )-94(the )-94(terminal )-94(driver )-94(calls )-94(the )-94(character )-94(that )-94(generates )-94(the )-94(interactive)]TJ T* (stop signal the suspend character)Tj 0.25 Tc 14.643 0 Td (,n)Tj 0 Tc 1.082 0 Td [(ot the stop character)74(.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5921 365.7781 Tm (SIGTTIN)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.582 0 Td [(This )-260(signal )-260(is )-260(generated )-260(by )-260(the )-260(terminal 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1.272 0 Td [(re )-79(t)]TJ 0 Tc 1.475 0 Td [(wo )-43(special )-43(cases: )-43(if )-43(either )-43(\(a\) )-43(the )-43(writing )-43(pr)18(ocess )-43(is )-43(ignoring )-43(or)]TJ -4.511 -1.2 Td [(blocking )-188(this )-188(signal )-188(or )-188(\(b\) )-188(the )-188(pr)18(ocess )-188(gr)18(oup )-188(of )-188(the )-188(writing )-188(pr)18(ocess )-188(is)]TJ T* [(orphaned, )-110(then )-110(the )-110(signal )-110(is )-110(not )-110(generated; )-110(instead, )-110(the )-110(write )-110(operation)]TJ -0.018 Tc T* (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(turns an err)18(or with)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.637 0 Td (errno)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td (set to)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.601 0 Td (EIO)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj -15.344 -1.8 Td [(Regar)18(dless )-132(of )-132(whether )-132(backgr)18(ound )-132(writes )-132(ar)]TJ 0.3818 Tc 20.227 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.361 0 Td [(llowed, )-132(certain )-132(terminal)]TJ -21.588 -1.2 Td [(operations )-184(\(other )-184(than )-184(writing\) )-184(can )-184(also )-184(generate )-184(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 24.89 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93.6 708 Tm (306)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Pr)18(ocess )-250(Relationships)]TJ 39.241 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(9)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 668.9599 Tm [(Since )-91(the )-91(last )-91(pr)18(ocess )-91(in )-91(the )-91(pipeline )-91(is )-91(the )-91(child )-91(of )-91(the )-91(login )-91(shell, )-91(the )-91(shell )-91(is )-91(noti\336ed)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(when that pr)18(ocess \()]TJ /TT0 1 Tf (cat2)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (\)t)Tj 0 Tc 11.898 0 Td (erminates.)Tj -10.098 -1.2 Td [(Now )-104(let\325s )-104(examine )-104(the )-104(same )-104(examples )-104(using )-104(a )-104(job-contr)17(ol )-104(shell )-104(r)8(unning )-104(on )-104(Linux.)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(This )-123(shows )-123(the )-123(way )-123(these )-123(shells )-123(handle )-123(backgr)19(ound )-123(jobs.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 26.764 0 Td (We)Tj 0 Tc 1.387 0 Td [(\325ll )-123(use )-123(the )-123(Bourne-again)]TJ -28.151 -1.2 Td [(shell in this example; the r)18(esults with other job-contr)18(ol shells ar)]TJ 0.25 Tc 27.88 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (lmost identical.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5905 605.3336 Tm (ps -o pid,ppid,pgid,sid,tpgid,comm)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5916 588.4045 Tm (gives us)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 158.3899 572.7757 Tm [(PID )-600(PPID )-600(PGID)-1800(SID TPGID COMMAND)]TJ -0.6 -1.189 Td [(2837 )-600(2818 )-600(2837 )-600(2837 )-600(5796)-600(bash)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 0 -1.189 TD (5796)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.6 0 Td (2837)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 3.6 0 Td (5796)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.6 0 Td [(2837 )-600(5796)-600(ps)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5916 534.4479 Tm [(\(Starting )-289(with )-289(this )-289(example, )-289(we )-289(show )-289(the )-289(for)21(egr)18(ound )-289(pr)18(ocess )-289(gr)18(oup )-289(in )-289(a)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 35.4 0 Td (bolder)Tj -35.4 -1.2 Td (font)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(.\) )-694(W)]TJ 0.6936 Tc 4.835 0 Td (ei)Tj 0 Tc 1.464 0 Td [(mmediately )-444(see )-444(a )-444(dif)19(fer)18(ence )-443(fr)18(om )-443(our )-443(Bourne )-443(shell )-443(example.)-946(The)]TJ -6.298 -1.2 Td [(Bourne-again )-165(shell )-165(places )-165(the )-165(for)19(egr)18(ound )-165(job )-165(\()]TJ /TT0 1 Tf (ps)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.4148 Tc (\)i)Tj 0 Tc 23.575 0 Td [(nto )-165(its )-165(own )-165(pr)18(ocess )-165(gr)18(oup)]TJ 12.509 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (5796)Tj 2 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (.)Tj -38.75 -1.2 Td (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.925 0 Td (ps)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.451 0 Td [(command )-1(is )-1(the )-1(pr)18(ocess )-1(gr)18(oup )-1(leader )-1(and )-1(the )-1(only )-1(pr)18(ocess )-1(in )-1(this )-1(pr)18(ocess )-1(gr)15(oup.)]TJ -3.376 -1.2 Td [(Furthermor)18(e, )-288(this )-288(pr)18(ocess )-288(gr)18(oup )-288(is )-288(the )-288(for)17(egr)18(ound )-288(pr)18(ocess )-288(gr)18(oup, )-288(since )-288(it )-288(has )-288(the)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(contr)18(olling )-268(terminal.)-768(Our )-268(login )-268(shell )-268(is )-268(a )-268(backgr)16(ound )-268(pr)18(ocess )-268(gr)18(oup )-268(while )-268(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 37.8 0 Td (ps)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -37.8 -1.2 Td [(command )-306(executes.)-806(Note, )-306(however)]TJ 0.5564 Tc 16.606 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 1.132 0 Td [(hat )-306(both )-306(pr)17(ocess )-306(gr)18(oups, )-306(2837 )-306(and )-306(5796, )-306(ar)16(e)]TJ -17.739 -1.2 Td [(members )-46(of )-46(the )-46(same )-46(session.)-546(Indeed, )-46(we\325ll )-46(see )-46(that )-46(the )-46(session )-46(never )-46(changes )-46(thr)18(ough)]TJ T* (our examples in this section.)Tj 1.8 -1.2 Td [(Executing this pr)18(ocess in the backgr)18(ound,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5899 410.8252 Tm (ps -o pid,ppid,pgid,sid,tpgid,comm &)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.591 393.8962 Tm (gives us)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 158.3893 378.267 Tm [(PID )-600(PPID )-600(PGID)-1800(SID TPGID COMMAND)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf -0.6 -1.189 Td (2837)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.6 0 Td (2818)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 3.6 0 Td (2837)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.6 0 Td [(2837 )-600(2837)-600(bash)]TJ -10.8 -1.189 Td [(5797 )-600(2837 )-600(5797 )-600(2837 )-600(2837)-600(ps)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.591 339.9396 Tm [(Again, )-58(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.96 0 Td (ps)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.508 0 Td [(command )-58(is )-58(placed )-58(into )-58(its )-58(own )-58(pr)18(ocess )-58(gr)18(oup, )-58(but )-58(this )-58(time )-58(the )-58(pr)14(ocess)]TJ -6.469 -1.2 Td [(gr)18(oup)]TJ 3.097 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (5797)Tj 2 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.747 -0.04 Td [(is )-164(no )-164(longer )-164(the )-164(for)20(egr)18(ound )-163(pr)18(ocess )-163(gr)17(oup )167(\321 )167(it)-414(is )-163(a )-163(backgr)18(ound )-163(pr)16(ocess)]TJ -6.176 -1.2 Td [(gr)18(oup. )-430(The)-430(TPGID )-180(of )-180(2837 )-180(indicates )-180(that )-180(the )-180(for)17(egr)18(ound )-180(pr)18(ocess )-180(gr)18(oup )-180(is )-180(our )-180(login)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td (shell.)Tj 1.8 -1.2 Td [(Executing two pr)18(ocesses in a pipeline, as in)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5893 276.3133 Tm (ps -o pid,ppid,pgid,sid,tpgid,comm | cat1)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5904 259.3842 Tm (gives us)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 158.3887 243.7551 Tm [(PID )-600(PPID )-600(PGID)-1800(SID TPGID COMMAND)]TJ -0.6 -1.189 Td [(2837 )-600(2818 )-600(2837 )-600(2837 )-600(5799)-600(bash)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 0 -1.189 TD (5799)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.6 0 Td (2837)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 3.6 0 Td (5799)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.6 0 Td [(2837 )-600(5799)-600(ps)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf -10.8 -1.189 Td (5800)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.6 0 Td (2837)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 3.6 0 Td (5799)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.6 0 Td [(2837 )-600(5799)-600(cat1)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5904 194.7279 Tm [(Both )-13(pr)18(ocesses,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.039 0 Td (ps)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.463 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.956 0 Td (cat1)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.2631 Tc (,a)Tj -0.018 Tc 3.413 0 Td [(re )-49(p)]TJ 0 Tc 1.72 0 Td [(laced )-13(into )-13(a )-13(new )-13(pr)18(ocess )-13(gr)18(oup)]TJ 14.022 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (5799)Tj 2 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.2631 Tc 0.333 -0.04 Td (,a)Tj 0 Tc 1.013 0 Td [(nd )-13(this )-13(is )-13(the)]TJ -33.293 -1.2 Td [(for)18(egr)18(ound )-164(pr)18(ocess )-164(gr)18(oup. )-414(W)]TJ 0.4138 Tc 13.637 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.337 0 Td [(an )-164(also )-164(see )-164(another )-164(dif)19(fer)18(ence )-164(between )-164(this )-164(example)]TJ -14.974 -1.2 Td [(and )-83(the )-83(similar )-83(Bourne )-83(shell )-83(example.)-581(The )-83(Bourne )-83(shell )-83(cr)18(eated )-83(the )-83(last )-83(pr)18(ocess )-83(in )-83(the)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(pipeline )-262(\336rst, )-262(and )-262(this )-262(\336nal )-262(pr)18(ocess )-262(was )-262(the )-262(par)18(ent )-262(of )-262(the )-262(\336rst )-262(pr)16(ocess. )-512(Her)18(e, )-262(the)]TJ T* [(Bourne-again )-150(shell )-150(is )-150(the )-150(par)18(ent )-150(of )-150(both )-150(pr)19(ocesses. )-400(If)-400(we )-150(execute )-150(this )-150(pipeline )-150(in )-150(the)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(backgr)18(ound,)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47404 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (304)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Pr)18(ocess )-250(Relationships)]TJ 39.241 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(9)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 668.9599 Tm [(This )-36(shell )-36(doesn\325t )-36(know )-36(about )-36(job )-36(contr)18(ol, )-36(so )-36(the )-36(backgr)18(ound )-36(job )-36(is )-36(not )-36(put )-36(into )-36(its )-36(own)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(pr)18(ocess gr)18(oup and the contr)18(olling terminal isn\325t taken away fr)18(om the backgr)18(ound job.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(Now let\325s look at how the Bourne shell handles a pipeline.)-500(When we execute)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5911 629.3321 Tm (ps -o pid,ppid,pgid,sid,comm | cat1)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 612.4031 Tm (the output is)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 158.3905 596.7743 Tm [(PID )-600(PPID )-600(PGID)-1800(SID COMMAND)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(949 )-1200(947 )-1200(949 )-1200(949)-600(sh)]TJ -0.6 -1.189 Td [(1823 )-1200(949 )-1200(949 )-1200(949)-600(cat1)]TJ T* [(1824 )-600(1823)-1800(949 )-1200(949)-600(ps)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 547.7471 Tm [(\(The )-61(pr)18(ogram)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.487 0 Td (cat1)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.711 0 Td [(is )-61(just )-61(a )-61(copy )-61(of )-61(the )-61(standar)20(d)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 13.321 0 Td (cat)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.111 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram, )-61(with )-61(a )-61(dif)19(fer)18(ent )-61(name.)]TJ -0.092 Tc -24.629 -1.2 Td [(We )-215(h)]TJ 0 Tc 2.25 0 Td [(ave )-31(another )-31(copy )-31(of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.104 0 Td (cat)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.081 0 Td [(with )-31(the )-31(name)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.707 0 Td (cat2)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.281 Tc (,w)Tj 0 Tc 3.765 0 Td [(hich )-31(we\325ll )-31(use )-31(later )-31(in )-31(this )-31(section.)]TJ -23.907 -1.2 Td [(When )-80(we )-80(have )-80(two )-80(copies )-80(of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 13.432 0 Td (cat)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.13 0 Td [(in )-80(a )-80(pipeline, )-80(the )-80(dif)18(fer)18(ent )-80(names )-80(let )-80(us )-80(dif)18(fer)18(entiate)]TJ -15.562 -1.2 Td [(between )-29(the )-29(two )-29(pr)19(ograms.\) )-279(Note)-278(that )-29(the )-29(last )-29(pr)18(ocess )-29(in )-29(the )-29(pipeline )-29(is )-29(the )-29(child )-29(of )-29(the)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(shell )-103(and )-103(that )-103(the )-103(\336rst )-103(pr)18(ocess )-103(in )-103(the )-103(pipeline )-103(is )-103(a )-103(child )-103(of )-103(the )-103(last )-103(pr)19(ocess. )-353(It)-353(appears)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(that )-70(the )-70(shell)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.149 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.3204 Tc (sac)Tj 0 Tc 4.409 0 Td [(opy )-70(of )-70(itself )-70(and )-70(that )-70(this )-70(copy )-70(then)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 16.455 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(s)-320(to)-320(m)-1(ake )-70(each )-70(of )-70(the)]TJ -27.013 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(evious pr)18(ocesses in the pipeline.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(If we execute the pipeline in the backgr)18(ound,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5898 448.123 Tm (ps -o pid,ppid,pgid,sid,comm | cat1 &)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5909 431.1939 Tm [(only )-190(the )-190(pr)18(ocess )-190(IDs )-190(change.)-691(Since )-190(the )-190(shell )-190(doesn\325t )-190(handle )-190(job )-190(contr)18(ol, )-190(the )-190(pr)17(ocess)]TJ T* [(gr)18(oup )-43(ID )-43(of )-43(the )-43(backgr)18(ound )-43(pr)16(ocesses )-43(r)18(emains )-43(949, )-43(as )-43(does )-43(the )-43(pr)18(ocess )-43(gr)18(oup )-43(ID )-43(of )-43(the)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td (session.)Tj 1.8 -1.2 Td [(What )-48(happens )-48(in )-48(this )-48(case )-48(if )-48(a )-48(backgr)20(ound )-48(pr)18(ocess )-48(tries )-48(to )-48(r)18(ead )-48(fr)18(om )-48(its )-48(contr)21(olling)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(terminal? )-250(For)-250(example, suppose that we execute)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5899 367.5676 Tm (cat > temp.foo &)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.055 Tc 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.591 350.639 Tm (Wi)Tj 0 Tc 1.236 0 Td [(th )-225(job )-225(contr)19(ol, )-225(this )-225(is )-225(handled )-225(by )-225(placing )-225(the )-225(backgr)18(ound )-225(job )-225(into )-225(a )-225(backgr)20(ound)]TJ -1.236 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ocess )-54(gr)18(oup, )-54(which )-54(causes )-54(the )-54(signal)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 17.69 0 Td (SIGTTIN)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.504 0 Td [(to )-54(be )-54(generated )-54(if )-54(the )-54(backgr)18(ound )-54(job)]TJ -22.194 -1.2 Td [(tries )-45(to )-45(r)18(ead )-45(fr)18(om )-45(the )-45(contr)18(olling )-45(terminal.)-545(The )-45(way )-45(this )-45(is )-45(handled )-45(without )-45(job )-45(contr)18(ol)]TJ T* [(is )-107(that )-107(the )-107(shell )-107(automatically )-107(r)20(edir)18(ects )-107(the )-107(standar)]TJ 0.3567 Tc 22.972 0 Td (di)Tj 0 Tc 1.259 0 Td [(nput )-107(of )-107(a )-107(backgr)18(ound )-107(pr)19(ocess )-107(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -24.231 -1.2 Td (/dev/null)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(,)-686(if)-686(t)-1(he )-436(pr)18(ocess )-436(doesn\325t )-436(r)17(edir)18(ect )-436(standar)]TJ 0.6866 Tc 25.025 0 Td (di)Tj 0 Tc 1.589 0 Td [(nput )-437(itself.)]TJ 0.6866 Tc 6.129 0 Td (Ar)Tj 0 Tc 1.842 0 Td [(ead )-437(fr)18(om)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -34.585 -1.2 Td (/dev/null)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.849 0 Td [(generates )-199(an )-199(end )-199(of )-199(\336le.)-699(This )-199(means )-199(that )-199(our )-199(backgr)14(ound)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 27.606 0 Td (cat)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.249 0 Td [(pr)18(ocess)]TJ -35.705 -1.2 Td [(immediately r)18(eads an end of \336le and terminates normally)111(.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(The )-290(pr)18(evious )-290(paragraph )-290(adequately )-290(handles )-290(the )-290(case )-290(of )-290(a )-290(backgr)18(ound )-290(pr)18(ocess)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(accessing )-173(the )-173(contr)18(olling )-173(terminal )-173(thr)18(ough )-173(its )-173(standar)]TJ 0.423 Tc 24.581 0 Td (di)Tj 0 Tc 1.325 0 Td [(nput, )-173(but )-173(what )-173(happens )-173(if )-173(a)]TJ -25.906 -1.2 Td [(backgr)18(ound )-370(pr)18(ocess )-370(speci\336cally )-370(opens)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 18.66 0 Td (/dev/tty)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.42 0 Td [(and )-370(r)18(eads )-370(fr)18(om )-370(the )-370(contr)19(olling)]TJ -24.079 -1.2 Td [(terminal? )-261(The)-260(answer )-11(is )-11(\324)37(\324It )-11(depends,\325)]TJ 0.2606 Tc 16.807 0 Td (\325b)Tj 0 Tc 1.092 0 Td [(ut )-11(the )-11(r)18(esult )-11(is )-11(pr)18(obably )-11(not )-11(what )-11(we )-11(want.)-507(For)]TJ -17.899 -1.2 Td (example,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.589 203.0177 Tm (crypt < salaries | lpr &)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5901 186.0886 Tm [(is )-310(such )-310(a )-310(pipeline.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 9.624 0 Td [(We )-494(r)]TJ 0 Tc 2.334 0 Td [(un )-310(it )-310(in )-310(the )-310(backgr)18(ound, )-310(but )-310(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 16.431 0 Td (crypt)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.56 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram )-310(opens)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -31.95 -1.2 Td (/dev/tty)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.465 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 5.959 0 Td [(hanges )-215(the )-215(terminal )-215(characteristics )-215(\(to )-215(disable )-215(echoing\), )-215(r)18(eads )-215(fr)18(om )-215(the)]TJ -5.959 -1.2 Td [(device, )-305(and )-305(r)18(esets )-305(the )-305(terminal )-305(characteristics.)-805(When )-305(we )-305(execute )-305(this )-305(backgr)21(ound)]TJ T* [(pipeline, )-83(the )-83(pr)18(ompt)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.584 0 Td (Password:)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.733 0 Td [(fr)18(om)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 2.472 0 Td (crypt)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.333 0 Td [(is )-83(printed )-83(on )-83(the )-83(terminal, )-83(but )-83(what )-83(we)]TJ -21.122 -1.2 Td [(enter )-55(\(the )-55(encryption )-55(passwor)18(d\) )-55(is )-55(r)18(ead )-55(by )-55(the )-55(shell, )-55(which )-55(tries )-55(to )-55(execute )-55(a )-55(command)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47405 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (292)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Pr)18(ocess )-250(Relationships)]TJ 39.241 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(9)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5911 668.9599 Tm (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.136 0 Td (telnetd)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.662 0 Td [(pr)18(ocess )-212(then )-212(opens )-212(a )-212(pseudo )-212(terminal )-212(device )-212(and )-212(splits )-212(into )-212(two)]TJ -8.599 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ocesses )-281(using)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.716 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.781 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 4.044 0 Td [(he )-281(par)18(ent )-281(handles )-281(the )-281(communication )-281(acr)18(oss )-281(the )-281(network)]TJ -11.76 -1.2 Td [(connection, )-167(and )-167(the )-167(child )-167(does )-167(an)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 16.018 0 Td (exec)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.817 0 Td [(of )-167(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.101 0 Td (login)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.417 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram. )-417(The)-418(par)18(ent )-167(and )-167(the)]TJ -25.353 -1.2 Td [(child )-39(ar)]TJ 0.2888 Tc 3.385 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.212 0 Td [(onnected )-39(thr)18(ough )-39(the )-39(pseudo )-39(terminal.)-538(Befor)]TJ 0.2889 Tc 20.309 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.379 0 Td [(oing )-39(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.94 0 Td (exec)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.2889 Tc (,t)Tj 0 Tc 3.265 0 Td [(he )-39(child )-39(sets)]TJ -33.489 -1.2 Td [(up )-173(\336le )-173(descriptors )-173(0, )-173(1, )-173(and )-173(2 )-173(to )-173(the )-173(pseudo )-173(terminal.)-673(If )-173(we )-173(log )-173(in )-173(corr)11(ectly)111(,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 36 0 Td (login)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -36 -1.2 Td [(performs )-88(the )-88(same )-88(steps )-88(we )-88(described )-88(in )-88(Section )-88(9.2: )-88(it )-88(changes )-88(to )-88(our )-88(home )-88(dir)14(ectory)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(and )-175(sets )-175(our )-175(gr)17(oup )-175(IDs, )-175(user )-175(ID, )-175(and )-175(our )-175(initial )-175(envir)17(onment. )-425(Then)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 31.98 0 Td (login)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 3.425 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (places)Tj -36.261 -1.2 Td [(itself )-159(with )-159(our )-159(login )-159(shell )-159(by )-159(calling)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 16.983 0 Td (exec)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.6593 Tc (.F)Tj 0 Tc 3.865 0 Td (igur)Tj 0.4093 Tc 1.827 0 Td (e9)Tj 0 Tc 1.388 0 Td [(.5 )-159(shows )-159(the )-159(arrangement )-159(of )-159(the)]TJ -24.064 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ocesses at this point.)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2719.32 5222 612 216 re S Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 292.8968 531.1763 Tm (init)Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2719.32 4718 612 216 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 284.1488 480.7535 Tm (login shell)Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2719.32 4214 612 216 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 273.4224 435.3355 Tm (pseudo terminal)Tj 0.703 -1.25 Td (device driver)Tj ET q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3295.3201 3818 cm 0 0 m 0 -59.64 -120.89 -108 -270 -108 c -419.11 -108 -540 -59.64 -540 0 c -540 59.64 -419.11 108 -270 108 c -120.89 108 0 59.64 0 0 c h S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9976 0 0 7.9976 287.5377 384.9245 Tm (user at a)Tj -0.01 -1.25 Td (terminal)Tj ET q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3025.25 5215.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3025.25 5179.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3025.25 5145.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3025.25 5109.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3025.25 5075.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3025.25 5040.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3025.25 5005.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3025.25 4970.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.9996401 0 0 0.9996401 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 302.532 493.4 cm 0 0 m -1.8 7.2 l 1.8 7.2 l f Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3025.3201 4934 cm 0 0 m -18 72 l 18 72 l h S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3025.25 5006.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.9995801 0 0 0.9995801 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 302.532 471.8 cm 0 0 m 1.8 -7.2 l -1.8 -7.2 l f Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3025.3201 4718 cm 0 0 m 18 -72 l -18 -72 l h S Q Q q 0.9995201 0 0 0.9995201 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 302.532 443 cm 0 0 m -1.8 7.2 l 1.8 7.2 l f Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3025.3201 4430 cm 0 0 m -18 72 l 18 72 l h S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3025.25 4646.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -144 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9957 0 0 7.9957 308.3654 455.394 Tm (fd 0, 1, 2)Tj ET q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3025.25 4178.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3025.25 4142.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3025.25 4106.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3025.25 4070.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3025.25 4034.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3025.25 3998.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3025.25 3962.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.9994002 0 0 0.9994002 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 302.532 392.6 cm 0 0 m -1.8 7.2 l 1.8 7.2 l f Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3025.3201 3926 cm 0 0 m -18 72 l 18 72 l h S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3025.25 3998.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.9993402 0 0 0.9993402 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 302.532 421.4 cm 0 0 m 1.8 -7.2 l -1.8 -7.2 l f Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3025.3201 4214 cm 0 0 m 18 -72 l -18 -72 l h S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3025.25 4142.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_2 1 Tf 7.9942 0 0 7.9942 282.3286 546.6463 Tm [(pr)18(ocess ID 1)]TJ ET q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3443.6399 5176.6401 cm 0 0 m 0 24.65 -19.99 44.64 -44.64 44.64 c S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3443.25 5176.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -76 l 23 -98 l 1 -121 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3443.25 5055.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -76 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3399 4934 cm 0 0 m 24.65 0 44.64 19.99 44.64 44.64 c S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9938 0 0 7.9938 348.3961 510.6415 Tm [(thr)18(ough)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.822 0 Td (inetd)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td (telnetd)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj -7.322 -1.25 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.943 0 Td (login)Tj ET q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3443.6399 4169.3599 cm 0 0 m 0 24.65 -19.99 44.64 -44.64 44.64 c S Q Q q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3443.25 4169.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -76 l S Q Q q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3443.25 4092.25 cm 0 0 m 23 -22 l 1 -45 l S Q Q q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3443.25 4047.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -76 l S Q Q q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3399 3926 cm 0 0 m 24.65 0 44.64 19.99 44.64 44.64 c S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9933 0 0 7.9933 348.3752 409.8955 Tm [(network connection thr)18(ough)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0 -1.25 TD (telnetd)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td (server and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 4.93 0 Td (telnet)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td (client)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -33.875 -6.805 Td (Figure 9.5)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.195 0 Td [(Arrangement of pr)18(ocesses after everything is set for a network login)]TJ 9.9916 0 0 9.9916 147.4761 317.933 Tm (Obviously)Tj 0.4304 Tc 4.504 0 Td (,a)Tj 0 Tc [(lot )-180(is )-180(going )-180(on )-180(between )-180(the )-180(pseudo )-180(terminal )-180(device )-180(driver )-180(and )-180(the)]TJ -6.304 -1.2 Td [(actual )-279(user )-279(at )-279(the )-279(terminal.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 13.671 0 Td (We)Tj 0 Tc 1.387 0 Td [(\325ll )-279(show )-279(all )-279(the )-279(pr)18(ocesses )-279(involved )-279(in )-279(this )-279(type )-279(of)]TJ -15.057 -1.2 Td (arrangement in Chapter 19 when we talk about pseudo terminals in mor)Tj 0.25 Tc 31.997 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.34 0 Td (etail.)Tj -31.537 -1.2 Td [(The )-152(important )-152(thing )-152(to )-152(understand )-152(is )-152(that )-152(whether )-152(we )-152(log )-152(in )-152(thr)18(ough )-152(a )-152(terminal)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td (\(Figur)Tj 0.407 Tc 2.716 0 Td (e9)Tj 0 Tc 1.386 0 Td [(.3\) )-157(or )-157(a )-157(network )-157(\(Figur)]TJ 0.407 Tc 10.586 0 Td (e9)Tj 0 Tc 1.386 0 Td [(.5\), )-157(we )-157(have )-157(a )-157(login )-157(shell )-157(with )-157(its )-157(standar)]TJ 0.407 Tc 19.255 0 Td (di)Tj 0 Tc 1.309 0 Td (nput,)Tj -36.638 -1.2 Td (standar)Tj 0.3277 Tc 3.32 0 Td (do)Tj 0 Tc 1.485 0 Td [(utput, )-78(and )-78(standar)]TJ 0.3277 Tc 8.377 0 Td (de)Tj 0 Tc 1.418 0 Td [(rr)18(or )-78(connected )-78(to )-78(either )-78(a )-78(terminal )-78(device )-78(or )-78(a )-78(pseudo)]TJ -14.6 -1.2 Td [(terminal )-127(device.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 7.87 0 Td (We)Tj 0 Tc 1.387 0 Td [(\325ll )-127(see )-127(in )-127(the )-127(coming )-127(sections )-127(that )-127(this )-127(login )-127(shell )-127(is )-127(the )-127(start )-127(of )-127(a)]TJ -9.257 -1.2 Td [(POSIX.1 )-15(session, )-15(and )-15(that )-15(the )-15(terminal )-15(or )-15(pseudo )-15(terminal )-15(is )-15(the )-15(contr)19(olling )-15(terminal )-15(for)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD (the session.)Tj /TT1 1 Tf -3.6 -3.12 Td [(Mac OS X Netw)20(ork Logins)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 3.6 -2.4 Td [(Logging )-137(in )-137(to )-137(a )-137(Mac )-137(OS )-137(X )-137(system )-137(over )-137(a )-137(network )-137(is )-137(identical )-137(to )-137(logging )-137(in )-137(to )-137(a )-137(BSD)]TJ T* [(system, )-77(because )-77(Mac )-77(OS )-77(X )-77(is )-77(based )-77(partially )-77(on )-77(Fr)16(eeBSD. )-327(However)74(,)-327(on)-327(Mac )-77(OS )-77(X, )-77(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -0 -1.2 Td (telnet)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td [(daemon is r)8(un fr)18(om)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.027 0 Td (launchd)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47406 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(9.2)]TJ -0.092 Tc 36.381 0 Td (Te)Tj 0 Tc 1 0 Td [(rminal )-250(Logins)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 8.452 0 Td (287)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5911 668.9599 Tm [(It )-197(is)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 2.271 0 Td (getty)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.447 0 Td [(that )-197(calls)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.577 0 Td (open)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.847 0 Td [(for )-197(the )-197(terminal )-197(device.)-695(The )-197(terminal )-197(is )-197(opened )-197(for)]TJ -0.018 Tc -14.942 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(ading )-100(and )-100(writing.)-599(If )-100(the )-100(device )-100(is )-100(a )-100(modem, )-100(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 22.685 0 Td (open)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.75 0 Td [(may )-100(delay )-100(inside )-100(the )-100(device)]TJ -26.291 -1.2 Td [(driver )-43(until )-43(the )-43(modem )-43(is )-43(dialed )-43(and )-43(the )-43(call )-43(is )-43(answer)22(ed. )-293(Once)-292(the )-43(device )-43(is )-43(open, )-43(\336le)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(descriptors )-263(0, )-263(1, )-263(and )-263(2 )-263(ar)]TJ 0.5134 Tc 12.073 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.416 0 Td [(et )-263(to )-263(the )-263(device.)-764(Then)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.256 0 Td (getty)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.513 0 Td [(outputs )-263(something )-263(like)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -28.259 -1.2 Td (login:)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.03 0 Td [(and )-180(waits 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Td [(pr)18(ogram, similar to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5907 543.1975 Tm (execle\("/bin/login", "login", "-p", username, \(char *\)0, envp\);)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5918 524.1288 Tm (\(Ther)Tj 0.3643 Tc 2.384 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.287 0 Td [(an )-114(be )-114(options )-114(in )-114(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.511 0 Td (gettytab)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.164 0 Td [(\336le )-114(to )-114(have )-114(it )-114(invoke )-114(other )-114(pr)16(ograms, )-114(but )-114(the)]TJ -18.347 -1.2 Td [(default )-234(is )-234(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.696 0 Td (login)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.484 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram.\))]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.175 0 Td (init)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.884 0 Td (invokes)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.926 0 Td (getty)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.484 0 Td [(with )-233(an )-233(empty )-233(envir)17(onment;)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -25.648 -1.2 Td (getty)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.387 0 Td [(cr)18(eates )-137(an )-137(envir)18(onment )-137(for)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 12.626 0 Td (login)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.387 0 Td (\(the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.107 0 Td (envp)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.787 0 Td 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J q 1 0 0 1 3151.25 3089.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -144 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9962 0 0 7.9962 316.9798 296.2578 Tm (exec)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -2.75 15.475 Td [(pr)18(ocess ID 1)]TJ ET q 0.9995201 0 0 0.9995201 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 277.332 380.96 cm 0 0 m 4.968 5.472 l 6.984 2.448 l f Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2773.3201 3809.6001 cm 0 0 m 49.68 54.72 l 69.84 24.48 l h S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2989.25 3953.25 cm 0 0 m -30 -20 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2926.25 3912.25 cm 0 0 m -31 -21 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2863.25 3869.25 cm 0 0 m -30 -20 l S Q Q q 0.9994601 0 0 0.9994601 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 352.932 380.96 cm 0 0 m -6.984 2.52 l -4.968 5.544 l f Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3529.3201 3809.6001 cm 0 0 m -69.84 25.2 l -49.68 55.44 l h S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3313.25 3953.25 cm 0 0 m 30 -20 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3376.25 3912.25 cm 0 0 m 31 -21 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3439.25 3869.25 cm 0 0 m 30 -20 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3479.6399 4124.96 cm 0 0 m 0 24.65 -19.99 44.64 -44.64 44.64 c S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3479.25 4125.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -41 l 23 -64 l 1 -86 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3479.25 4039.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -40 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3435 3953.6001 cm 0 0 m 24.65 0 44.64 19.99 44.64 44.64 c S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 7.9952 0 0 7.9952 352.0567 414.1514 Tm (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (ads)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.785 0 Td (/etc/ttys)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (;)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -2.641 -1.25 Td (fork)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (so)Tj 0 Tc 3.62 0 Td (nce per terminal;)Tj -3.62 -1.25 Td [(cr)18(eates empty envir)18(onment)]TJ ET q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3479.6399 3260.24 cm 0 0 m 0 24.65 -19.99 44.64 -44.64 44.64 c S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3479.25 3260.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -40 l 23 -63 l 1 -85 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3479.25 3175.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -40 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3435 3089.6001 cm 0 0 m 24.65 0 44.64 19.99 44.64 44.64 c S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9947 0 0 7.9947 352.0356 332.7803 Tm (opens terminal device)Tj 0 -1.25 TD (\(\336le descriptors 0, 1, 2\);)Tj -0.018 Tc T* (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (ads user name;)Tj -0.856 -1.25 Td [(initial envir)18(onment set)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf -16.678 -7.355 Td (Figure 9.2)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.195 0 Td [(State of pr)18(ocesses after)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.266 -0 Td (login)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td (has been invoked)Tj 9.9934 0 0 9.9934 129.5144 220.0149 Tm [(All )-19(the )-19(pr)18(ocesses )-19(shown )-19(in )-19(Figur)]TJ 0.2692 Tc 14.516 0 Td (e9)Tj 0 Tc 1.248 0 Td [(.2 )-19(have )-19(super)8(user )-19(privileges, )-19(since )-19(the )-19(original)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 20.836 0 Td (init)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -36.6 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ocess )-258(has )-258(super)8(user )-258(privileges.)-756(The )-258(pr)18(ocess )-258(ID )-258(of )-258(the )-258(bottom )-258(thr)18(ee )-258(pr)18(ocesses )-258(in)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td (Figur)Tj 0.3445 Tc 2.383 0 Td (e9)Tj 0 Tc 1.324 0 Td [(.2 )-94(is )-94(the )-94(same, )-94(since )-94(the )-94(pr)18(ocess )-94(ID )-94(does )-94(not )-94(change )-94(acr)18(oss )-94(an)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 28.333 0 Td (exec)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.5945 Tc (.A)Tj 0 Tc 4.022 0 Td [(lso, )-94(all)]TJ -36.063 -1.2 Td [(the pr)18(ocesses other than the original)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 16.242 0 Td (init)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td [(pr)18(ocess have a par)18(ent pr)18(ocess ID of 1.)]TJ -17.092 -1.2 Td (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.144 0 Td (login)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.469 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram )-219(does )-219(many )-219(things.)-721(Since )-220(it )-220(has )-220(our )-220(user )-220(name, )-220(it )-220(can )-220(call)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -7.413 -1.2 Td (getpwnam)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.174 0 Td [(to )-124(fetch )-124(our )-124(passwor)]TJ 0.3736 Tc 9.407 0 Td (d\336)Tj 0 Tc 1.59 0 Td [(le )-124(entry)]TJ 0.6236 Tc 3.371 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.487 0 Td (hen)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.017 0 Td (login)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.374 0 Td (calls)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.324 0 Td (getpass)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.2 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (3)Tj 0.5 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.706 -0.04 Td [(to )-123(display)]TJ -34.481 -1.2 Td [(the )-103(pr)18(ompt)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.427 0 Td (Password:)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.753 0 Td [(and )-103(r)18(ead )-103(our )-103(passwor)]TJ 0.353 Tc 9.969 0 Td (d\()Tj 0 Tc 1.297 0 Td [(with )-103(echoing )-103(disabled, )-103(of )-103(course\).)-603(It)]TJ -22.446 -1.2 Td (calls)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.345 0 Td (crypt)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (3)Tj 0.5 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.728 -0.04 Td [(to )-145(encrypt )-145(the )-145(passwor)]TJ 0.3948 Tc 10.533 0 Td (dt)Tj 0 Tc 1.332 0 Td [(hat )-145(we )-145(enter)18(ed )-145(and )-145(compar)18(es )-145(the )-145(encrypted)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47407 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(19.2)]TJ 39.439 0 Td (Overview)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.394 0 Td (717)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 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2346.25 4982.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2346.25 5054.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2346.25 5126.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2346.25 5198.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2346.25 5270.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2346.25 5342.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2346.25 5414.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2346.25 5486.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2346.25 5558.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2346.25 5630.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2346.25 5702.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2346.25 5774.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2346.25 5846.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2346.25 5918.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2346.25 5990.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2346.25 6062.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2346.25 6134.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l 36 36 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2416.25 6170.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2487.25 6170.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2557.25 6170.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2628.25 6170.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2699.25 6170.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2769.25 6170.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2840.25 6170.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2910.25 6170.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2981.25 6170.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3051.25 6170.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3122.25 6170.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3192.25 6170.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3263.25 6170.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3334.25 6170.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3404.25 6170.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3475.25 6170.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3545.25 6170.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3616.25 6170.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3686.25 6170.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3757.25 6170.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3828.25 6170.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3898.25 6170.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3969.25 6170.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4039.25 6170.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4110.25 6170.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l 36 -36 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4146.25 6098.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4146.25 6026.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4146.25 5954.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4146.25 5882.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4146.25 5810.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4146.25 5738.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4146.25 5666.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4146.25 5594.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4146.25 5522.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4146.25 5450.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4146.25 5378.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4146.25 5306.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4146.25 5234.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4146.25 5162.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4146.25 5090.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4146.25 5018.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4146.25 4946.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4146.25 4874.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4146.25 4802.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4146.25 4730.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4146.25 4658.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4146.25 4586.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4146.25 4514.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4146.25 4442.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4146.25 4370.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4146.25 4298.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4146.25 4226.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4146.25 4154.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4146.25 4082.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4146.25 4010.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4146.25 3938.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4146.25 3866.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4146.25 3794.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4146.25 3722.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4146.25 3650.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l -36 -36 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4075.25 3614.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4005.25 3614.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3934.25 3614.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3864.25 3614.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3793.25 3614.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3722.25 3614.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3652.25 3614.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3581.25 3614.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3511.25 3614.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3440.25 3614.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3370.25 3614.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3299.25 3614.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3228.25 3614.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3158.25 3614.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3087.25 3614.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3017.25 3614.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2946.25 3614.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2876.25 3614.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2805.25 3614.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2735.25 3614.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2664.25 3614.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2593.25 3614.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2523.25 3614.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2452.25 3614.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998022 0 0 0.0998022 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2382.25 3614.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9837 0 0 7.9837 415.751 486.4466 Tm (kernel)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -24.928 -18.905 Td (Figure 19.2)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.695 0 Td (Arrangement of pseudo terminals under Solaris)Tj 9.9796 0 0 9.9796 147.2994 307.9711 Tm [(Fr)18(om )-103(this )-103(point )-103(on, )-103(we\325ll )-103(simplify )-103(the )-103(\336gur)18(es )-103(by )-103(not )-103(showing )-103(the )-103(\324)32(\324r)18(ead )-103(and )-103(write)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td (functions\325)Tj 0.3515 Tc 4.372 0 Td (\325f)Tj -0.018 Tc 0.962 0 Td (ro)Tj 0.3515 Tc 0.923 0 Td (mF)Tj 0 Tc 1.791 0 Td (igur)Tj 0.3515 Tc 1.827 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.331 0 Td [(9.1 )-101(or )-101(the )-101(\324)36(\324str)18(eam )-101(head\325)]TJ 0.3514 Tc 10.905 0 Td (\325f)Tj -0.018 Tc 0.962 0 Td (ro)Tj 0.3514 Tc 0.923 0 Td (mF)Tj 0 Tc 1.79 0 Td (igur)Tj 0.3514 Tc 1.827 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.33 0 Td [(9.2. )-351(W)92(e\325ll )-101(also )-101(use )-101(the)]TJ -28.943 -1.2 Td [(abbr)18(eviation )-100(PTY )-100(for )-100(pseudo )-100(terminal )-100(and )-100(lump )-100(all )-100(the )-100(STREAMS )-100(modules )-100(above )-100(the)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD (slave PTY in Figur)Tj 0.25 Tc 8.149 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td [(9.2 into a box called \324)37(\324terminal line discipline,\325)37(\325)-250(as)-250(in)-250(Figur)]TJ 0.25 Tc 25.389 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (9.1.)Tj -0.092 Tc -34.196 -1.2 Td (We)Tj 0 Tc 1.387 0 Td (\325ll now examine some of the typical uses of pseudo terminals.)Tj /TT1 1 Tf -6.787 -2.88 Td [(Netw)20(ork Login Ser)-10(ver)15(s)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 3.6 -2.04 Td [(Pseudo )-336(terminals )-336(ar)]TJ 0.5856 Tc 9.486 0 Td (eb)Tj 0 Tc 1.618 0 Td [(uilt )-336(into )-336(servers )-336(that )-336(pr)20(ovide )-335(network )-335(logins.)-835(The )-335(typical)]TJ -11.104 -1.2 Td [(examples )-74(ar)]TJ 0.3242 Tc 5.374 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.129 0 Td (he)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.385 0 Td (telnetd)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.524 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.017 0 Td (rlogind)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.524 0 Td [(servers. )-324(Chapter)-325(15 )-74(of )-74(Stevens)]TJ 14.134 0.04 Td ([)Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (1990)Tj 2 0.04 Td (])Tj 0.657 -0.04 Td (details)Tj -36.078 -1.2 Td [(the )-22(steps )-22(involved )-22(in )-22(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.191 0 Td (rlogin)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.872 0 Td [(service. )-272(Once)-272(the )-22(login )-22(shell )-22(is )-22(r)8(unning )-22(on )-22(the )-22(r)19(emote)]TJ -15.062 -1.2 Td [(host, )-32(we )-32(have )-32(the )-32(arrangement )-32(shown )-32(in )-32(Figur)]TJ 0.2818 Tc 20.828 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.261 0 Td [(9.3. )-282(A)-282(similar )-32(arrangement )-32(is )-32(used )-32(by)]TJ -22.088 -1.2 Td (the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.637 0 Td (telnetd)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td [(server)74(.)]TJ -0.092 Tc -4.287 -1.2 Td [(We )-456(s)]TJ 0 Tc 2.333 0 Td [(how )-272(two )-272(calls )-272(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.576 0 Td (exec)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.921 0 Td [(between )-271(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.162 0 Td (rlogind)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.721 0 Td [(server )-271(and )-271(the )-271(login )-271(shell,)]TJ -26.514 -1.2 Td (because the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 5.369 0 Td (login)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram is usually between the two to validate the user)74(.)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47408 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(9.3)]TJ 36.356 0 Td [(Network )-250(Logins)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 9.477 0 Td (291)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 93.5944 668.9599 Tm [(BSD Netw)20(ork Logins)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 3.6 -2.4 Td [(In )-294(BSD, )-294(a )-294(single )-294(pr)18(ocess )-294(waits )-294(for )-294(most )-294(network )-294(connections: )-294(the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 31.911 0 Td (inetd)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.544 0 Td [(pr)18(ocess,)]TJ -35.455 -1.2 Td [(sometimes )-110(called )-110(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 9.818 0 Td [(Internet )-110(superserver)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 0.6099 Tc (.I)Tj 0.3599 Tc 9.503 0 Td (nt)Tj 0 Tc 1.268 0 Td [(his )-110(section, )-110(we\325ll )-110(look )-110(at )-110(the )-110(sequence )-110(of)]TJ -20.588 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ocesses )-142(involved )-142(in )-142(network )-142(logins )-142(for )-142(a )-142(BSD )-142(system.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 26.21 0 Td [(We )-326(a)]TJ -0.018 Tc 2.279 0 Td [(re )-178(n)]TJ 0 Tc 1.83 0 Td [(ot )-142(inter)18(ested )-142(in )-142(the)]TJ -30.319 -1.2 Td [(detailed )-41(network )-41(pr)18(ogramming )-41(aspects )-41(of )-41(these )-41(pr)18(ocesses; )-41(r)18(efer )-41(to )-41(Stevens, )-41(Fenner)]TJ 0.291 Tc 36.766 0 Td (,a)Tj 0 Tc 1.041 0 Td (nd)Tj -37.807 -1.2 Td [(Rudof)18(f)]TJ 3.326 0.04 Td ([)Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (2004)Tj 2 0.04 Td (])Tj 0.583 -0.04 Td (for all the details.)Tj -4.442 -1.2 Td [(As )-124(part )-124(of )-124(the )-124(system )-124(start-up,)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 14.382 0 Td (init)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.774 0 Td [(invokes )-124(a )-124(shell )-124(that )-124(executes )-124(the )-124(shell )-124(script)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf -18.955 -1.2 Td (/etc/rc)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.6153 Tc (.O)Tj 0 Tc 5.851 0 Td [(ne )-115(of )-115(the )-115(daemons )-115(that )-115(is )-115(started )-115(by )-115(this )-115(shell )-115(script )-115(is)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 25.24 0 Td (inetd)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.6152 Tc (.O)Tj 0 Tc 4.651 0 Td [(nce )-115(the)]TJ -35.743 -1.2 Td [(shell )-165(script )-165(terminates, )-165(the )-165(par)18(ent )-165(pr)18(ocess )-165(of)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 20.816 0 Td (inetd)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.415 0 Td (becomes)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 4.223 0 Td (init)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (;)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 3.065 0 Td (inetd)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.415 0 Td [(waits )-165(for)]TJ -34.936 -1.2 Td [(TCP/IP )-12(connection )-12(r)17(equests )-12(to )-12(arrive )-12(at )-12(the )-12(host.)-512(When )-12(a )-12(connection )-12(r)18(equest )-12(arrives )-12(for)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD (it to handle,)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 5.534 0 Td (inetd)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td (does a)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 3.06 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td (and)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.943 0 Td (exec)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td [(of the appr)18(opriate pr)18(ogram.)]TJ -17.287 -1.2 Td [(Let\325s )-389(assume )-389(that )-389(a )-389(TCP )-389(connection )-389(r)20(equest )-389(arrives )-389(for )-389(the )-389(TELNET )-389(server)75(.)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(TELNET )-121(is )-121(a )-121(r)18(emote )-121(login )-121(application )-121(that )-121(uses )-121(the )-121(TCP )-121(pr)17(otocol. )-371(A)-371(user )-121(on )-121(another)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(host )-78(\(that )-78(is )-78(connected )-78(to )-78(the )-78(server)-74(\325s )-78(host )-78(thr)18(ough )-78(a )-78(network )-78(of )-78(some )-78(form\) )-78(or )-78(on )-78(the)]TJ T* (same host initiates the login by starting the TELNET client:)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5912 470.132 Tm (telnet)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 4.2 0 Td (hostname)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5923 449.993 Tm [(The )-251(client )-251(opens )-251(a )-251(TCP )-251(connection )-251(to)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 18.347 0 Td (hostname)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.5011 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 5.084 0 Td [(nd )-251(the )-251(pr)18(ogram )-251(that\325s )-251(started )-251(on)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf -23.432 -1.2 Td (hostname)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.252 0 Td [(is )-169(called )-169(the )-169(TELNET )-169(server)]TJ 0.6691 Tc 12.947 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.532 0 Td [(he )-169(client )-169(and )-169(the )-169(server )-169(then )-169(exchange )-169(data)]TJ -18.731 -1.2 Td [(acr)18(oss )-15(the )-15(TCP )-15(connection )-15(using )-15(the )-15(TELNET )-15(application )-15(pr)16(otocol. )-265(What)-265(has )-15(happened)]TJ T* [(is )-131(that )-131(the )-131(user )-131(who )-131(started )-131(the )-131(client )-131(pr)18(ogram )-131(is )-131(now )-131(logged )-131(in )-131(to )-131(the )-131(server)-71(\325s )-131(host.)]TJ T* [(\(This )-288(assumes, )-288(of )-288(course, )-288(that )-288(the )-288(user )-288(has )-288(a )-288(valid )-288(account )-288(on )-288(the )-288(server)-73(\325s )-288(host.\))]TJ T* (Figur)Tj 0.3579 Tc 2.383 0 Td (e9)Tj 0 Tc 1.337 0 Td [(.4 )-108(shows )-108(the )-108(sequence )-108(of )-108(pr)18(ocesses )-108(involved )-108(in )-108(executing )-108(the )-108(TELNET )-108(server)75(,)]TJ -3.72 -1.2 Td (called)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 2.866 0 Td (telnetd)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 3034.32 3272.2 432 216 re S Q BT /TT1 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 315.3941 336.2197 Tm (init)Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 3034.32 2768.2 432 216 re S Q BT /TT1 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 312.9757 285.8085 Tm (inetd)Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 3034.32 2264.2 432 216 re S Q BT /TT1 1 Tf 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 312.9569 235.4035 Tm (inetd)Tj ET q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 3034.32 1760.2 432 216 re S Q BT /TT1 1 Tf 7.9976 0 0 7.9976 308.1395 185.0045 Tm (telnetd)Tj ET q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3250.25 3265.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3250.25 3229.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3250.25 3195.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3250.25 3160.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3250.25 3125.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3250.25 3090.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3250.25 3055.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3250.25 3020.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.9996401 0 0 0.9996401 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 325.032 298.42 cm 0 0 m -1.8 7.2 l 1.8 7.2 l f Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3250.3201 2984.2 cm 0 0 m -18 72 l 18 72 l h S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3250.25 3056.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.9995801 0 0 0.9995801 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 325.032 248.02 cm 0 0 m -1.8 7.2 l 1.8 7.2 l f Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3250.3201 2480.2 cm 0 0 m -18 72 l 18 72 l h S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3250.25 2768.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3250.25 2678.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3250.25 2588.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q BT /TT1 1 Tf 7.9962 0 0 7.9962 326.8751 260.5349 Tm (fork)Tj ET q 0.9995201 0 0 0.9995201 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 325.032 197.62 cm 0 0 m -1.8 7.2 l 1.8 7.2 l f Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3250.3201 1976.2 cm 0 0 m -18 72 l 18 72 l h S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3250.25 2264.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -216 l S Q Q BT /TT1 1 Tf 7.9957 0 0 7.9957 326.8554 210.1465 Tm (exec)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -2.75 17.725 Td [(pr)18(ocess ID 1)]TJ ET q 0.9994601 0 0 0.9994601 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 303.432 287.62 cm 0 0 m -7.2 -1.8 l -7.2 1.8 l f Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3034.3201 2876.2 cm 0 0 m -72 -18 l -72 18 l h S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2026.25 2876.25 cm 0 0 m 936 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9952 0 0 7.9952 210.9214 290.6855 Tm [(TCP connection r)18(equest)]TJ 0.777 -1.25 Td [(fr)18(om TELNET client)]TJ ET q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3578.6399 3226.8401 cm 0 0 m 0 24.65 -19.99 44.64 -44.64 44.64 c S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3578.25 3227.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -77 l 23 -99 l 1 -121 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3578.25 3106.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -77 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3534 2984.2 cm 0 0 m 24.65 0 44.64 19.99 44.64 44.64 c S Q Q BT /TT1 1 Tf 7.9947 0 0 7.9947 361.929 320.8482 Tm (fork)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (/)Tj /TT1 1 Tf (exec)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.656 0 Td (of)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.129 0 Td (/bin/sh)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (,w)Tj 0 Tc 5.534 0 Td (hich)Tj -12.319 -1.25 Td (executes shell script)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 9.048 0 Td (/etc/rc)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -9.048 -1.25 Td (when system comes up multiuser)Tj ET q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3578.6399 2723.5601 cm 0 0 m 0 24.65 -19.99 44.64 -44.64 44.64 c S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3578.25 2723.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -76 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3578.25 2646.25 cm 0 0 m 23 -22 l 1 -44 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3578.25 2602.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -77 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3534 2480.2 cm 0 0 m 24.65 0 44.64 19.99 44.64 44.64 c S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9942 0 0 7.9942 361.9073 265.4688 Tm [(when connection r)18(equest)]TJ 0 -1.25 TD [(arrives fr)18(om TELNET client)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf -20.635 -13.105 Td (Figure 9.4)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.195 0 Td [(Sequence of pr)18(ocesses involved in executing TELNET server)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47409 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(19.6)]TJ 32.654 0 Td [(Using )-250(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.018 0 Td (pty)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.3 0 Td [(Pr)18(ogram)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 5.861 0 Td (739)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5911 668.9599 Tm [(When )-165(we )-165(r)8(un )-165(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.576 0 Td (telnet)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.015 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram )-165(interactively)111(,)-415(we)-415(wait )-165(for )-165(the )-165(r)18(emote )-165(host )-165(to)]TJ -14.391 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ompt )-30(for )-30(a )-30(passwor)]TJ 0.2796 Tc 9.653 0 Td (db)Tj 0 Tc 1.444 0 Td [(efor)18(e)-280(we)-280(t)1(ype )-30(it, )-30(but )-30(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.903 0 Td (pty)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.079 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram )-29(doesn\325t )-29(know )-29(to )-29(do )-29(this.)]TJ -24.078 -1.2 Td [(This )-79(is )-79(why )-79(it )-79(takes )-79(a )-79(mor)]TJ 0.3289 Tc 11.778 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.232 0 Td [(ophisticated )-79(pr)18(ogram )-79(than)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 12.256 0 Td (pty)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.3289 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 2.803 0 Td [(uch )-79(as)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.211 0 Td (expect)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(,)-329(to)-329(drive)]TJ -31.279 -1.2 Td [(an interactive pr)18(ogram fr)18(om a script \336le.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(Even )-57(r)8(unning)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.435 0 Td (pty)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.107 0 Td [(fr)18(om )-57(the )-57(pr)18(ogram )-57(in )-57(Figur)]TJ 0.3074 Tc 11.87 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.286 0 Td [(5.18, )-57(as )-57(we )-57(showed )-57(earlier)]TJ 0.3073 Tc 11.699 0 Td (,d)Tj 0 Tc 1.168 0 Td (oesn\325t)Tj -36.365 -1.2 Td [(help, )-108(because )-108(the )-108(pr)18(ogram )-108(in )-108(Figur)]TJ 0.3579 Tc 15.976 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.337 0 Td [(5.18 )-108(assumes )-108(that )-108(each )-108(line )-108(it )-108(writes )-108(to )-108(the )-108(pipe)]TJ -17.312 -1.2 Td [(generates )-104(exactly )-104(one )-104(line )-104(on )-104(the )-104(other )-104(pipe.)]TJ -0.055 Tc 20.733 0 Td (Wi)Tj 0 Tc 1.236 0 Td [(th )-104(an )-104(interactive )-104(pr)18(ogram, )-104(one )-104(line )-104(of)]TJ -21.969 -1.2 Td [(input )-149(may )-149(generate )-149(many )-149(lines )-149(of )-149(output.)-650(Furthermor)18(e, )-149(the )-149(pr)18(ogram )-149(in )-149(Figur)]TJ 0.3991 Tc 35.872 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.378 0 Td (5.18)Tj -37.25 -1.2 Td [(always )-151(sent )-151(a )-151(line )-151(to )-151(the )-151(copr)20(ocess )-151(befor)]TJ 0.4006 Tc 18.696 0 Td (er)Tj 0 Tc 1.257 0 Td [(eading )-151(fr)18(om )-151(it.)-651(This )-151(strategy )-151(won\325t )-151(work)]TJ -19.952 -1.2 Td [(when we want to r)18(ead fr)18(om the copr)18(ocess befor)]TJ 0.25 Tc 20.97 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.153 0 Td (ending it anything.)Tj -20.323 -1.2 Td (Ther)Tj 0.5126 Tc 2.051 0 Td (ea)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.492 0 Td [(re )-299(a )-299(f)]TJ 0 Tc 2.714 0 Td [(ew )-263(ways )-263(to )-263(pr)18(oceed )-263(fr)18(om )-263(her)20(e)-513(to)-513(be)-513(a)1(ble )-263(to )-263(drive )-263(an )-263(interactive)]TJ -8.057 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ogram )-41(fr)18(om )-41(a )-41(script.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 10.642 0 Td [(We )-225(c)]TJ 0 Tc 2.122 0 Td [(ould )-41(add )-41(a )-41(command )-41(language )-41(and )-41(interpr)17(eter )-41(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 22.413 0 Td (pty)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.291 Tc (,b)Tj 0 Tc 2.894 0 Td (ut)Tj 0.4828 Tc -38.071 -1.2 Td (ar)Tj 0 Tc 1.36 0 Td [(easonable )-233(command )-233(language )-233(would )-233(pr)18(obably )-233(be )-233(ten )-233(times )-233(lar)20(ger )-233(than )-233(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 35.84 0 Td (pty)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -37.2 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ogram. )-518(Another)-517(option )-268(is )-268(to )-268(take )-268(a )-268(command )-268(language )-268(and )-268(use )-268(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 34.2 0 Td (pty_fork)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -34.2 -1.2 Td [(function to invoke interactive pr)18(ograms. )-250(This)-250(is what the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 25.562 0 Td (expect)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram does.)]TJ -0.092 Tc -27.612 -1.2 Td (We)Tj 0 Tc 1.387 0 Td [(\325ll )-78(take )-78(a )-78(dif)19(fer)18(ent )-78(path )-78(her)]TJ 0.3278 Tc 12.1 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.307 0 Td [(nd )-78(just )-78(pr)18(ovide )-78(an )-78(option )-78(\()]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 12.196 0 Td (-d)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(\))-328(to)-328(allow)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.85 0 Td (pty)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.128 0 Td [(to )-78(be)]TJ -36.768 -1.2 Td [(connected )-201(to )-201(a )-201(driver )-201(pr)18(ocess )-201(for )-201(its )-201(input )-201(and )-201(output.)-700(The )-201(standar)]TJ 0.4508 Tc 31.766 0 Td (do)Tj 0 Tc 1.608 0 Td [(utput )-201(of )-201(the)]TJ -33.374 -1.2 Td (driver is)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.952 0 Td (pty)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (\325s standar)Tj 0.2503 Tc 6.072 0 Td (di)Tj 0 Tc 1.152 0 Td [(nput, and vice versa.)-500(This is similar to a copr)15(ocess, but on \324)36(\324the)]TJ -11.176 -1.2 Td [(other )-287(side\325)]TJ 0.5367 Tc 4.911 0 Td (\325o)Tj 0 Tc 1.361 0 Td (f)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.87 0 Td (pty)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.7867 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 3.45 0 Td [(he )-287(r)18(esulting )-287(arrangement )-287(of )-287(pr)19(ocesses )-287(is )-287(almost )-287(identical )-287(to)]TJ -10.591 -1.2 Td (Figur)Tj 0.4024 Tc 2.383 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.381 0 Td [(9.15, )-152(but )-152(in )-152(the )-152(curr)16(ent )-152(scenario,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 15.274 0 Td (pty)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.203 0 Td [(does )-152(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.252 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.803 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.096 0 Td (exec)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.803 0 Td [(of )-152(the )-152(driver)]TJ -33.193 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ocess. )-415(Also,)-414(instead )-165(of )-165(two )-165(half-duplex )-165(pipes, )-165(we\325ll )-165(use )-165(a )-165(single )-165(bidir)21(ectional )-165(pipe)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD (between)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.982 0 Td (pty)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.05 0 Td [(and the driver pr)18(ocess.)]TJ -4.232 -1.2 Td (Figur)Tj 0.3415 Tc 2.383 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.321 0 Td [(9.16 )-91(shows )-91(the )-91(sour)18(ce )-91(for )-91(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 13.53 0 Td (do_driver)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.741 0 Td [(function, )-92(which )-92(is )-92(called )-92(by )-92(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -24.775 -1.2 Td (main)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td (function of)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 5.086 0 Td (pty)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.05 0 Td (\(Figur)Tj 0.25 Tc 2.716 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td [(9.1)55(1\) when the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.642 0 Td (-d)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.45 0 Td (option is speci\336ed.)Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 3858.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 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child */)]TJ 0.6 -1.189 Td (close\(pipe[1]\);)Tj T* (/* stdin for driver */)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (if \(dup2\(pipe[0], STDIN_FILENO\) != STDIN_FILENO\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_sys\("dup2 error to stdin"\);)Tj -2.4 -2.021 Td (/* stdout for driver */)Tj T* (if \(dup2\(pipe[0], STDOUT_FILENO\) != STDOUT_FILENO\))Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47410 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(3.6)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 36.903 0 Td (lseek)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td (Function)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.93 0 Td (67)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 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763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (554)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Interpr)18(ocess )-250(Communication)]TJ 38.741 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(15)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 668.9599 Tm [(interleaved. )-336(As)-335(with )-86(pipes, )-86(the )-86(constant)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 18.51 0 Td (PIPE_BUF)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.136 0 Td [(speci\336es )-86(the )-86(maximum )-86(amount )-86(of)]TJ -23.645 -1.2 Td (data that can be written atomically to a FIFO.)Tj 1.8 -1.2 Td (Ther)Tj 0.25 Tc 2.051 0 Td (ea)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.229 0 Td [(re )-36(t)]TJ 0 Tc 1.432 0 Td (wo uses for FIFOs.)Tj -4.712 -1.8 Td [(1. )-633(FIFOs)-487(ar)]TJ 0.4868 Tc 5.656 0 Td (eu)Tj 0 Tc 1.569 0 Td [(sed )-237(by )-237(shell )-237(commands )-237(to )-237(pass )-237(data )-237(fr)19(om )-237(one )-237(shell )-237(pipeline )-237(to)]TJ -5.592 -1.2 Td [(another without cr)18(eating intermediate temporary \336les.)]TJ -1.633 -1.6 Td [(2. )-633(FIFOs)-354(ar)]TJ 0.3542 Tc 5.523 0 Td (eu)Tj 0 Tc 1.436 0 Td [(sed )-104(as )-104(r)18(endezvous )-104(points )-104(in )-104(client\320server )-104(applications )-104(to )-104(pass )-104(data)]TJ -5.326 -1.2 Td (between the clients and the servers.)Tj -0.092 Tc -3.433 -1.8 Td [(We )-184(d)]TJ 0 Tc 2.248 0 Td (iscuss each of these uses with an example.)Tj /TT1 1 Tf -5.848 -2.76 Td [(Example )195(\321 )195(Using)-279(FIFOs to Duplicate Output Streams)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 3.6 -2.4 Td [(FIFOs )-115(can )-115(be )-115(used )-115(to )-115(duplicate )-115(an )-115(output )-115(str)18(eam )-115(in )-115(a )-115(series )-115(of )-115(shell )-115(commands.)-618(This)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(pr)18(events )-121(writing )-121(the )-121(data )-121(to )-121(an )-121(intermediate )-121(disk )-121(\336le )-121(\(similar )-121(to )-121(using )-121(pipes )-121(to )-121(avoid)]TJ T* [(intermediate )-210(disk )-210(\336les\).)-711(But )-210(wher)18(eas )-210(pipes )-210(can )-210(be )-210(used )-210(only )-210(for )-210(linear )-210(connections)]TJ T* [(between pr)18(ocesses, a FIFO has a name, so it can be used for nonlinear connections.\ )]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(Consider )-476(a )-476(pr)18(ocedur)]TJ 0.726 Tc 10.027 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.531 0 Td [(hat )-476(needs )-476(to )-476(pr)18(ocess )-476(a )-476(\336lter)18(ed )-476(input )-476(str)18(eam )-476(twice.)]TJ -13.358 -1.2 Td (Figur)Tj 0.25 Tc 2.383 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (5.20 shows this arrangement.)Tj 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 228.5739 400.2158 Tm (input)Tj 0.514 -1.25 Td (\336le)Tj ET q 0.99994 0 0 0.99994 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 288.6 397 cm 0 0 m -7.2 -1.8 l -7.2 1.8 l f Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2886 3970 cm 0 0 m -72 -18 l -72 18 l h S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2526.25 3970.25 cm 0 0 m 288 0 l S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2886 3826 432 288 re S Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 298.1642 395.1926 Tm (prog1)Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 3822 4114 432 288 re S Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 391.7295 423.9637 Tm (prog3)Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 3822 3538 432 288 re S Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 391.706 366.3521 Tm (prog2)Tj ET q 0.99976 0 0 0.99976 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 382.2 368.2 cm 0 0 m -7.128 2.016 l -5.328 5.112 l f Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3822 3682 cm 0 0 m -71.28 20.16 l -53.28 51.12 l h S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3318.25 3970.25 cm 0 0 m 441 -252 l S Q Q q 0.9997 0 0 0.9997 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 382.2 425.8 cm 0 0 m -5.328 -5.112 l -7.128 -2.016 l f Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3822 4258 cm 0 0 m -53.28 -51.12 l -71.28 -20.16 l h S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3318.25 3970.25 cm 0 0 m 441 252 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9971 0 0 7.9971 205.2021 328.4817 Tm (Figure 15.20)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.195 0 Td [(Pr)18(ocedur)]TJ 0.25 Tc 4.041 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.055 0 Td [(hat pr)18(ocesses a \336lter)18(ed input str)18(eam twice)]TJ -0.055 Tc 9.9964 0 0 9.9964 147.547 306.8895 Tm (Wi)Tj 0 Tc 1.236 0 Td [(th )-214(a )-214(FIFO )-214(and )-214(the )-214(UNIX )-214(pr)17(ogram)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 16.443 0 Td (tee)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.8 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (1)Tj 0.5 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td [(,)-464(we)-464(can )-214(accomplish )-214(this )-214(pr)18(ocedur)18(e)]TJ -22.445 -1.2 Td [(without )-52(using )-52(a )-52(temporary )-52(\336le.)-554(\(The)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 16.842 0 Td (tee)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.103 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram )-52(copies )-52(its )-52(standar)]TJ 0.3025 Tc 11.912 0 Td (di)Tj 0 Tc 1.204 0 Td [(nput )-52(to )-52(both )-52(its)]TJ -32.06 -1.2 Td (standar)Tj 0.25 Tc 3.32 0 Td (do)Tj 0 Tc 1.407 0 Td (utput and the \336le named on its command line.\))Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9968 0 0 8.9968 147.5473 266.2041 Tm (mkfifo fifo1)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (prog3 < fifo1 &)Tj T* (prog1 < infile | tee fifo1 | prog2)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.092 Tc 9.9964 0 0 9.9964 129.5538 226.8183 Tm [(We )-192(c)]TJ -0.018 Tc 2.089 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(ate )-8(the )-8(FIFO )-8(and )-8(then )-8(start)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 12.109 0 Td (prog3)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.258 0 Td [(in )-8(the )-8(backgr)18(ound, )-8(r)18(eading )-8(fr)18(om )-8(the )-8(FIFO.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 19.301 0 Td (We)Tj 0 Tc -37.613 -1.2 Td [(then )-364(start)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.167 0 Td (prog1)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.614 0 Td [(and )-364(use)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.426 0 Td (tee)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.414 0 Td [(to )-364(send )-364(its )-364(input )-364(to )-364(both )-364(the )-364(FIFO )-364(and)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 20.129 0 Td (prog2)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj -35.75 -1.2 Td (Figur)Tj 0.25 Tc 2.383 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td [(5.21 shows the pr)18(ocess arrangement.)]TJ ET q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5141.25 2029.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 50 50 l 0 50 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /TT1 1 Tf 9.9958 0 0 9.9958 93.5607 172.8274 Tm [(Example )195(\321 )195(Client\320Ser)-11(ver Comm)20(unication Using a FIFO)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 3.6 -2.4 Td [(Another )-22(use )-22(for )-22(FIFOs )-22(is )-22(to )-22(send )-22(data )-22(between )-22(a )-22(client )-22(and )-22(a )-22(server)]TJ 0.5226 Tc 29.791 0 Td (.I)Tj 0 Tc 1.11 0 Td [(f)-273(we)-273(h)1(ave )-23(a )-23(server)]TJ -30.9 -1.2 Td [(that )-60(is )-60(contacted )-60(by )-60(numer)17(ous )-60(clients, )-60(each )-60(client )-60(can )-60(write )-60(its )-60(r)18(equest )-60(to )-60(a )-60(well-known)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47412 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(18.2)]TJ 39.439 0 Td (Overview)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.394 0 Td (673)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 0.883 Tc 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5911 668.9599 Tm (\245T)Tj 0 Tc 2.102 0 Td [(her)18(e)-290(is)-290(another )-40(input )-40(limit,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 12.228 0 Td (MAX_CANON)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.2901 Tc (,t)Tj 0 Tc 6.266 0 Td [(hat )-40(we )-40(don\325t )-40(show )-40(her)18(e. )-290(This)-290(limit )-40(is)]TJ -19.107 -1.2 Td (the maximum number of bytes in a canonical input line.)Tj 0.883 Tc -1.489 -1.6 Td (\245A)Tj 0 Tc 2.267 0 Td [(lthough )-112(the )-112(size )-112(of )-112(the )-112(output )-112(queue )-112(is )-112(\336nite, )-112(no )-112(constants )-112(de\336ning )-112(that )-112(size)]TJ -0.778 -1.2 Td (ar)Tj 0.3597 Tc 0.877 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.339 0 Td [(ccessible )-110(to )-110(the )-110(pr)18(ogram, )-110(because )-110(when )-110(the )-110(output )-110(queue )-110(starts )-110(to )-110(\336ll )-110(up,)]TJ -2.216 -1.2 Td [(the kernel simply puts the writing pr)18(ocess to sleep until r)18(oom is available.)]TJ 0.883 Tc -1.489 -1.6 Td (\245W)Tj 0 Tc 2.397 0 Td [(e\325ll )-155(see )-155(how )-155(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.69 0 Td (tcflush)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.605 0 Td [(\337ush )-155(function )-155(allows )-155(us )-155(to )-155(\337ush )-155(either )-155(the )-155(input)]TJ -13.203 -1.2 Td [(queue )-351(or )-351(the )-351(output )-351(queue.)-853(Similarly)]TJ 0.6015 Tc 18.2 0 Td (,w)Tj 0 Tc 1.686 0 Td [(hen )-351(we )-351(describe )-351(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.425 0 Td (tcsetattr)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -30.311 -1.2 Td [(function, )-216(we\325ll )-216(see )-216(how )-216(we )-216(can )-216(tell )-216(the )-216(system )-216(to )-216(change )-216(the )-216(attributes )-216(of )-216(a)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(terminal )-99(device )-99(only )-99(after )-99(the )-99(output )-99(queue )-99(is )-99(empty)]TJ 0.5988 Tc 23.98 0 Td (.\()Tj -0.092 Tc 1.182 0 Td [(We )-283(w)]TJ 0 Tc 2.57 0 Td [(ant )-99(to )-99(do )-99(this, )-99(for)]TJ -27.732 -1.2 Td [(example, )-34(if )-34(we\325r)]TJ 0.2837 Tc 7.158 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.207 0 Td [(hanging )-34(the )-34(output )-34(attributes.\))]TJ -0.092 Tc 14.232 0 Td [(We )-218(c)]TJ 0 Tc 2.115 0 Td [(an )-34(also )-34(tell )-34(the )-34(system )-34(to)]TJ -24.711 -1.2 Td (discar)Tj 0.4078 Tc 2.647 0 Td (de)Tj 0 Tc 1.498 0 Td [(verything )-158(in )-158(the )-158(input )-158(queue )-158(when )-158(changing )-158(the )-158(terminal )-158(attributes.)]TJ -4.145 -1.2 Td (\(W)Tj 0.3195 Tc 1.241 0 Td (ew)Tj 0 Tc 1.633 0 Td [(ant )-69(to )-69(do )-69(this )-69(if )-69(we\325r)]TJ 0.3195 Tc 9.249 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.242 0 Td [(hanging )-70(the )-70(input )-70(attributes )-70(or )-70(changing )-70(between)]TJ -13.366 -1.2 Td [(canonical )-78(and )-78(noncanonical )-78(modes, )-78(so )-78(that )-78(pr)18(eviously )-78(enter)18(ed )-78(characters )-78(ar)16(en\325t)]TJ T* [(interpr)18(eted in the wr)18(ong mode.\))]TJ -1.489 -2.04 Td [(Most )-71(UNIX )-71(systems )-71(implement )-71(all )-71(the )-71(canonical )-71(pr)18(ocessing )-71(in )-71(a )-71(module )-71(called )-71(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf -1.8 -1.2 Td [(terminal )-229(line )-229(discipline)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 0.7286 Tc 9.756 0 Td (.W)Tj 0.4786 Tc 1.887 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.402 0 Td [(an )-229(think )-229(of )-229(this )-229(module )-229(as )-229(a )-229(box )-229(that )-229(sits )-229(between )-229(the)]TJ -13.044 -1.2 Td [(kernel\325s generic r)18(ead and write functions and the actual device driver \(see Figur)]TJ 0.25 Tc 35.273 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (8.2\).)Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2886 3666 720 288 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 7.999 0 0 7.999 298.6242 384.1939 Tm (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (ad and write)Tj 0.321 -1.25 Td (functions)Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2886 3090 720 288 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 309.5563 326.5812 Tm (terminal)Tj -1.225 -1.25 Td (line discipline)Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2886 2514 720 288 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 309.5377 268.9754 Tm (terminal)Tj -1.054 -1.25 Td (device driver)Tj ET q 0.99976 0 0 0.99976 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 312.576 337.8 cm 0 0 m -1.8 7.2 l 1.8 7.2 l f Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3125.76 3378 cm 0 0 m -18 72 l 18 72 l h S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3126.25 3666.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -216 l S Q Q q 0.9997 0 0 0.9997 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 336.624 366.6 cm 0 0 m 1.8 -7.2 l -1.8 -7.2 l f Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3366.24 3666 cm 0 0 m 18 -72 l -18 -72 l h S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3366.25 3594.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -216 l S Q Q q 0.9996401 0 0 0.9996401 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 312.576 280.2 cm 0 0 m -1.8 7.2 l 1.8 7.2 l f Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3125.76 2802 cm 0 0 m -18 72 l 18 72 l h S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3126.25 3090.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -216 l S Q Q q 0.9995801 0 0 0.9995801 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 336.624 309 cm 0 0 m 1.8 -7.2 l -1.8 -7.2 l f Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3366.24 3090 cm 0 0 m 18 -72 l -18 -72 l h S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3366.25 3018.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -216 l S Q Q q 0.9995201 0 0 0.9995201 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 324.6 395.4 cm 0 0 m -1.8 7.2 l 1.8 7.2 l f Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3246 3954 cm 0 0 m -18 72 l 18 72 l h S Q Q q 0.9994601 0 0 0.9994601 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 324.6 431.4 cm 0 0 m 1.8 -7.2 l -1.8 -7.2 l f Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3246 4314 cm 0 0 m 18 -72 l -18 -72 l h S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3246.25 4026.25 cm 0 0 m 0 216 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9952 0 0 7.9952 302.6344 434.3793 Tm [(user pr)18(ocess)]TJ ET q 0.9994002 0 0 0.9994002 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 324.6 251.4 cm 0 0 m 1.8 -7.2 l -1.8 -7.2 l f Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3246 2514 cm 0 0 m 18 -72 l -18 -72 l h S Q Q q 0.9993402 0 0 0.9993402 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 324.6 215.4 cm 0 0 m -1.8 7.2 l 1.8 7.2 l f Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3246 2154 cm 0 0 m -18 72 l 18 72 l h S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3246.25 2442.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -216 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9942 0 0 7.9942 301.251 208.4898 Tm (actual device)Tj ET q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2706.25 2334.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2706.25 2404.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2706.25 2475.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2706.25 2545.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2706.25 2616.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2706.25 2687.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2706.25 2757.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2706.25 2828.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2706.25 2898.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2706.25 2969.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2706.25 3039.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2706.25 3110.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2706.25 3180.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2706.25 3251.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2706.25 3322.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2706.25 3392.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2706.25 3463.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2706.25 3533.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2706.25 3604.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2706.25 3674.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2706.25 3745.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2706.25 3816.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2706.25 3886.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2706.25 3957.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2706.25 4027.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2706.25 4098.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l 36 36 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2781.25 4134.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2855.25 4134.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2930.25 4134.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3004.25 4134.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3079.25 4134.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3153.25 4134.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3228.25 4134.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3303.25 4134.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3377.25 4134.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3452.25 4134.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3526.25 4134.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3601.25 4134.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3675.25 4134.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3750.25 4134.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l 36 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3786.25 4063.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3786.25 3993.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3786.25 3922.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3786.25 3852.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3786.25 3781.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3786.25 3710.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3786.25 3640.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3786.25 3569.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3786.25 3499.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3786.25 3428.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3786.25 3358.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3786.25 3287.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3786.25 3216.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3786.25 3146.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3786.25 3075.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3786.25 3005.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3786.25 2934.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3786.25 2864.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3786.25 2793.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3786.25 2723.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3786.25 2652.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3786.25 2581.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3786.25 2511.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3786.25 2440.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3786.25 2370.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l -36 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3711.25 2334.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3637.25 2334.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3562.25 2334.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3488.25 2334.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3413.25 2334.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3339.25 2334.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3264.25 2334.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3189.25 2334.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3115.25 2334.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3040.25 2334.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2966.25 2334.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2891.25 2334.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2817.25 2334.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2742.25 2334.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9938 0 0 7.9938 380.3032 321.3892 Tm (kernel)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -15.043 -16.88 Td (Figure 18.2)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.092 Tc 5.695 0 Td (Te)Tj 0 Tc 1 0 Td (rminal line discipline)Tj 9.9922 0 0 9.9922 129.4991 157.677 Tm [(By )-207(isolating )-207(the )-207(canonical )-207(pr)20(ocessing )-207(in )-207(a )-207(separate )-207(module, )-207(all )-207(terminal )-207(drivers )-207(can)]TJ T* [(support )-50(canonical )-50(pr)18(ocessing )-50(consistently)]TJ 0.5504 Tc 18.461 0 Td (.W)Tj 0 Tc 1.708 0 Td [(e\325ll )-50(r)18(eturn )-50(to )-50(this )-50(pictur)]TJ 0.3003 Tc 10.44 0 Td (ew)Tj 0 Tc 1.613 0 Td [(hen )-50(we )-50(discuss)]TJ -32.222 -1.2 Td (pseudo terminals in Chapter 19.)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47413 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 465.375 708 Tm (Index)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.525 0 Td (989)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 129.5922 670.9597 Tm [(symbolic link,)-500(55, 94)]TJ 9.291 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td [(95, 1)55(10)]TJ 3.028 0.09 Td (\320)Tj -0.055 Tc 0.583 -0.09 Td (111)Tj 0.25 Tc 1.39 0 Td (,1)Tj 0 Tc 0.945 0 Td [(14, 1)55(18,)]TJ -13.121 -1.25 Td (120)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (123, 131, 137, 141, 186, 908)Tj 11.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (909)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -17.033 -1.25 Td (symlink)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(function, )-250(123)]TJ 6.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (124, 331, 452)Tj -9.89 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(123)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (symlinkat)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.817 0 Td [(function, )-250(123)]TJ 6.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (124, 331, 452)Tj -11.09 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(123)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (SYMLINK_MAX)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.017 0 Td [(constant, )-250(39,)-250(44, 49)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -7.017 -1.25 Td (SYMLOOP_MAX)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.017 0 Td [(constant, )-250(40,)-250(43, 48)]TJ 8.563 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (49)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -16.163 -1.25 Td (sync)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.817 0 Td [(function, )-250(61,)-250(81, 452)]TJ -1.467 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(81)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (sync)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.817 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram, )-250(81)]TJ -2.817 -1.25 Td [(synchr)18(onization mechanisms,)-500(86)]TJ 14.704 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (87)Tj -15.288 -1.25 Td [(synchr)18(onous write,)-500(63, 86)]TJ 11.574 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (87)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -12.157 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.617 0 Td (header)Tj 0.5 Tc 2.972 0 Td (,2)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (69)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -11.839 -1.25 Td (sysconf)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(function, )-250(20,)-250(37, 39, 41)]TJ 10.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (48, 50)Tj 2.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (54, 57,)Tj -15.707 -1.25 Td (59)Tj 1.083 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (60, 69, 98, 201, 221, 256, 276, 280)Tj 14.083 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (281,)Tj -16.333 -1.25 Td (384, 425)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (426, 429, 431, 442, 516, 527, 616, 618,)Tj -4.166 -1.25 Td (623, 800, 815, 907)Tj -1.35 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(42)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (sysctl)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram, )-250(315,)-250(559)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.017 -1.25 Td (sysdef)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram, )-250(559)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.017 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 10.617 0 Td (header)Tj 0.5 Tc 2.972 0 Td (,8)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (8)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -14.839 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.217 0 Td (header)Tj 0.5 Tc 2.972 0 Td (,8)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (8)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -12.439 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.017 0 Td (header)Tj 0.5 Tc 2.972 0 Td (,3)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (0, 558)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -11.239 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 13.617 0 Td (header)Tj 0.5 Tc 2.972 0 Td (,3)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (14)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -17.839 -1.25 Td (syslog)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(function, )-250(452,)-250(465, 468)]TJ 10.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (476, 478)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (480,)Tj -16.107 -1.25 Td (615)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (619, 622)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (623, 901, 904, 928)Tj -7.683 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(470)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (syslogd)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram, )-250(470)]TJ 6.191 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (471, 473, 475, 479)Tj 7.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (480)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -19.558 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.417 0 Td (header)Tj 0.5 Tc 2.972 0 Td (,3)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (0)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -10.639 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.217 0 Td (header)Tj 0.5 Tc 2.972 0 Td (,1)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (38)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -12.439 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.617 0 Td (header)Tj 0.5 Tc 2.972 0 Td (,2)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (9)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -11.839 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.017 0 Td (header)Tj 0.5 Tc 2.972 0 Td (,3)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (0)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -11.239 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.617 0 Td (header)Tj 0.5 Tc 2.972 0 Td (,8)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (8)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -11.839 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.217 0 Td (header)Tj 0.5 Tc 2.972 0 Td (,4)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (9, 51)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -12.439 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 10.017 0 Td (header)Tj 0.5 Tc 2.972 0 Td (,3)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (0)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -14.239 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.817 0 Td (header)Tj 0.5 Tc 2.972 0 Td (,2)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (9, 501, 504, 932)Tj 6.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (933)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -20.205 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.017 0 Td (header)Tj 0.5 Tc 2.972 0 Td (,3)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (0, 568)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -11.239 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.017 0 Td (header)Tj 0.5 Tc 2.972 0 Td (,3)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (0)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -11.239 -1.25 Td (sys_siglist)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.017 0 Td [(variable, )-250(379)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -7.017 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.817 0 Td (header)Tj 0.5 Tc 2.972 0 Td (,3)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (14)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -13.039 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.817 0 Td (header)Tj 0.5 Tc 2.972 0 Td (,2)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (9, 608)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -13.039 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.817 0 Td (header)Tj 0.5 Tc 2.972 0 Td (,8)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (8)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -13.039 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.617 0 Td (header)Tj 0.5 Tc 2.972 0 Td (,2)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (9, 97)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -11.839 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.417 0 Td (header)Tj 0.5 Tc 2.972 0 Td (,2)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (9)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -13.639 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 10.617 0 Td (header)Tj 0.5 Tc 2.972 0 Td (,1)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (38)Tj -14.839 -1.25 Td [(system calls,)-500(1, 21)]TJ 1.35 -1.25 Td [(interr)8(upted, )-250(327)]TJ 7.413 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (330, 343, 351, 354)Tj 7.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (355, 365,)Tj -14.813 -1.25 Td (508)Tj -0.018 Tc -1.35 -1.25 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(started, )-250(329)]TJ 5.394 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (330, 342)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (343, 351, 354, 508, 700)Tj -11 -1.25 Td [(tracing, )-250(497)]TJ 0 -1.25 TD [(versus functions,)-500(21)]TJ 9.104 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (23)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -11.038 -1.25 Td (system)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(function, )-250(23,)-250(129, 227, 249, 264)]TJ 13.54 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (269,)Tj -15.44 -1.25 Td (281)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (283, 349, 367)Tj 5.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (372, 381, 451, 538, 542,)Tj 17.667 66.25 Td (923, 936)Tj -1.35 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(265)]TJ 7.775 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (266, 369)Tj -0.018 Tc -8.359 -1.25 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(turn value,)-500(371)]TJ -2.206 -1.25 Td [(system identi\336cation,)-500(187)]TJ 11.549 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (189)Tj -12.133 -1.25 Td [(system pr)18(ocess, )-250(228,)-250(337)]TJ T* (System V)Tj 0.5 Tc 4.036 0 Td (,x)Tj 0 Tc 1.266 0 Td (xv)Tj 0.25 Tc 0.97 0 Td (,8)Tj 0 Tc 1 0 Td (7, 464, 466, 469, 475, 482, 485,)Tj -4.572 -1.25 Td (500)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (501, 506, 509)Tj 5.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (510, 722, 726)Tj -11.033 -1.25 Td (System V Interface De\336nition,)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 13.766 0 Td (see)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.417 0 Td (SVID)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -15.183 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.617 0 Td (header)Tj 0.5 Tc 2.972 0 Td (,3)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (0, 501)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -11.839 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.217 0 Td (header)Tj 0.5 Tc 2.972 0 Td (,2)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (9)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -12.439 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.817 0 Td (header)Tj 0.5 Tc 2.972 0 Td (,8)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (8)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -13.039 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.217 0 Td (header)Tj 0.5 Tc 2.972 0 Td (,2)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (9, 58, 138, 501, 557, 933)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -12.439 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.017 0 Td (header)Tj 0.5 Tc 2.972 0 Td (,3)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (0)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -11.239 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.417 0 Td (header)Tj 0.5 Tc 2.972 0 Td (,2)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (9, 634)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -10.639 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.417 0 Td (header)Tj 0.5 Tc 2.972 0 Td (,2)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (9)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -13.639 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.617 0 Td (header)Tj 0.5 Tc 2.972 0 Td (,2)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (9, 239)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -11.839 -7 Td (TAB0)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.817 0 Td [(constant, )-250(691)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -2.817 -1.25 Td (TAB1)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.817 0 Td [(constant, )-250(691)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -2.817 -1.25 Td (TAB2)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.817 0 Td [(constant, )-250(691)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -2.817 -1.25 Td (TAB3)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.817 0 Td [(constant, )-250(690)]TJ 6.063 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (691)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -9.463 -1.25 Td (TABDLY)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(constant, )-250(676,)-250(684, 689)]TJ 10.063 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (691)Tj -0.092 Tc -14.663 -1.25 Td (Ta)Tj 0 Tc 1.021 0 Td [(nkus, E.,)-500(xxxii)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.021 -1.25 Td (tar)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.217 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram, )-250(127,)-250(135, 142, 910)]TJ 12.191 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td [(91)55(1)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -14.991 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td (header)Tj 0.5 Tc 2.972 0 Td (,2)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (9)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -8.839 -1.25 Td (tcdrain)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(function, )-250(322,)-250(331, 451, 677, 693)]TJ -3.267 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(693)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (tcflag_t)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(data type,)-500(674)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -5.217 -1.25 Td (tcflow)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(function, )-250(322,)-250(331, 677, 693)]TJ -2.667 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(693)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (tcflush)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(function, )-250(145,)-250(322, 331, 673, 677, 693)]TJ -3.267 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(693)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (tcgetattr)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.817 0 Td [(function, )-250(331,)-250(674, 677, 679, 683)]TJ 14.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (684,)Tj -17.74 -1.25 Td (691)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (692, 695, 701, 705)Tj 7.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (707, 722, 730)Tj 5.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (731)Tj -17.849 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(683)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (tcgetpgrp)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.817 0 Td [(function, )-250(298)]TJ 6.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (299, 331, 674, 677)Tj -11.09 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(298)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (tcgetsid)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(function, )-250(298)]TJ 6.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (299, 674, 677)Tj -10.49 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(299)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (TCIFLUSH)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(constant, )-250(693)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -5.217 -1.25 Td (TCIOFF)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(constant, )-250(693)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.017 -1.25 Td (TCIOFLUSH)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.817 0 Td [(constant, )-250(693)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -5.817 -1.25 Td (TCION)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(693)]TJ -3.417 -1.25 Td [(TCMalloc, )-250(210,)-250(949)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf T* (TCOFLUSH)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(constant, )-250(693)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -5.217 -1.25 Td (TCOOFF)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(constant, )-250(693)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.017 -1.25 Td (TCOON)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(693)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -3.417 -1.25 Td (TCSADRAIN)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.817 0 Td [(constant, )-250(683)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -5.817 -1.25 Td (TCSAFLUSH)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.817 0 Td [(constant, )-250(679,)-250(683, 701, 705)]TJ 12.063 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (707)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -18.463 -1.25 Td (TCSANOW)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(683)]TJ 6.063 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (684, 728, 731)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47414 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(15.6)]TJ 40.154 0 Td [(XSI )-250(IPC)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 5.679 0 Td (557)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 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)-197(r)17(emoved, )-197(the )-197(identi\336er )-197(associated )-197(with )-197(that)]TJ -11.896 -1.2 Td [(str)8(uctur)]TJ 0.5237 Tc 3.49 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.447 0 Td [(ontinually )-274(incr)18(eases )-274(until )-274(it )-274(r)18(eaches )-274(the )-274(maximum )-274(positive )-274(value )-274(for )-274(an)]TJ -4.937 -1.2 Td (integer)Tj 0.25 Tc 3.034 0 Td (,a)Tj 0 Tc 1 0 Td [(nd then wraps ar)18(ound to 0.)]TJ -2.234 -1.2 Td [(The )-37(identi\336er )-37(is )-37(an )-37(internal )-37(name )-37(for )-37(an )-37(IPC )-37(object.)-537(Cooperating )-37(pr)18(ocesses )-37(need )-37(an)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(external )-107(naming )-107(scheme )-107(to )-107(be )-107(able )-107(to )-107(r)18(endezvous )-107(using )-107(the )-107(same )-107(IPC )-107(object.)-610(For )-107(this)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD (purpose, an IPC object is associated with a)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 19.006 0 Td (key)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.583 0 Td (that acts as an external name.)Tj -18.789 -1.2 Td [(Whenever )-342(an )-342(IPC )-342(str)9(uctur)]TJ 0.5917 Tc 12.558 0 Td (ei)Tj 0.5916 Tc 1.362 0 Td (sb)Tj 0 Tc 1.569 0 Td [(eing )-342(cr)18(eated )-342(\(by )-342(calling)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.887 0 Td (msgget)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 4.442 0 Td (semget)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.5916 Tc (,o)Tj 0 Tc 4.988 0 Td (r)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -38.605 -1.2 Td (shmget)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(\), )-6(a )-6(key )-6(must )-6(be )-6(speci\336ed.)-509(The )-7(data )-7(type )-7(of )-7(this )-7(key )-7(is )-7(the )-7(primitive )-7(system )-7(data)]TJ T* (type)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.335 0 Td (key_t)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.3727 Tc (,w)Tj 0 Tc 4.457 0 Td [(hich )-123(is )-123(often )-123(de\336ned )-123(as )-123(a )-123(long )-123(integer )-123(in )-123(the )-123(header)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 24.159 0 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj -30.95 -1.2 Td (This key is converted into an identi\336er by the kernel.)Tj 1.8 -1.2 Td (Ther)Tj 0.4248 Tc 2.051 0 Td (ea)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.404 0 Td [(re )-211(v)]TJ 0 Tc 1.846 0 Td [(arious )-175(ways )-175(for )-175(a )-175(client )-175(and )-175(a )-175(server )-175(to )-175(r)18(endezvous )-175(at )-175(the )-175(same )-175(IPC)]TJ -7.101 -1.2 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e.)]TJ 1.8 -2.4 Td [(1. )-633(The)-290(server )-40(can )-40(cr)18(eate )-40(a )-40(new )-40(IPC )-40(str)6(uctur)18(e)-290(by)-290(s)-1(pecifying )-40(a )-40(key )-40(of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 30.6 0 Td (IPC_PRIVATE)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -28.967 -1.2 Td [(and )-202(stor)]TJ 0.452 Tc 3.818 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.257 0 Td [(he )-202(r)18(eturned )-202(identi\336er )-202(somewher)]TJ 0.4521 Tc 14.932 0 Td (e\()Tj 0 Tc 1.264 0 Td [(such )-202(as )-202(a )-202(\336le\) )-202(for )-202(the )-202(client )-202(to)]TJ -21.271 -1.2 Td [(obtain. )-421(The)-421(key)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.825 0 Td (IPC_PRIVATE)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.021 0 Td [(guarantees )-171(that )-171(the )-171(server )-171(cr)18(eates )-171(a )-171(new )-171(IPC)]TJ -14.846 -1.2 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e. )-333(The)-334(disadvantage )-84(of )-84(this )-84(technique )-84(is )-84(that )-84(\336le )-84(system )-84(operations )-84(ar)22(e)]TJ -0.018 Tc T* (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(quir)18(ed )-105(for )-105(the )-105(server )-105(to )-105(write )-105(the )-105(integer )-105(identi\336er )-105(to )-105(a )-105(\336le, )-105(and )-105(then )-105(for )-105(the)]TJ -0.856 -1.2 Td [(clients to r)18(etrieve this identi\336er later)74(.)]TJ 0 -1.8 TD (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.021 0 Td (IPC_PRIVATE)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.947 0 Td [(key )-97(is )-97(also )-97(used )-97(in )-97(a )-97(par)15(ent\320child )-98(r)18(elationship. )-348(The)-347(par)18(ent)]TJ -8.969 -1.2 Td [(cr)18(eates )-429(a )-429(new )-429(IPC )-429(str)9(uctur)]TJ 0.6787 Tc 13.279 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.582 0 Td (pecifying)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 4.812 0 Td (IPC_PRIVATE)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.6786 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 8.029 0 Td [(nd )-429(the )-429(r)19(esulting)]TJ -27.701 -1.2 Td [(identi\336er )-129(is )-129(then )-129(available )-129(to )-129(the )-129(child )-129(after )-129(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 22.018 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.6287 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 3.892 0 Td [(he )-129(child )-129(can )-129(pass )-129(the)]TJ -25.91 -1.2 Td [(identi\336er to a new pr)18(ogram as an ar)18(gument to one of the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 25.241 0 Td (exec)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td (functions.)Tj -29.524 -1.6 Td [(2. )-633(The)-342(client )-92(and )-92(the )-92(server )-92(can )-92(agr)18(ee )-92(on )-92(a )-92(key )-92(by )-92(de\336ning )-92(the )-92(key )-92(in )-92(a )-92(common)]TJ 1.633 -1.2 Td (header)Tj 0.2682 Tc 2.972 0 Td (,f)Tj 0 Tc 0.851 0 Td [(or )-18(example.)-518(The )-18(server )-18(then )-18(cr)17(eates )-18(a )-18(new )-18(IPC )-18(str)7(uctur)]TJ 0.2683 Tc 24.548 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.171 0 Td [(pecifying )-18(this)]TJ -29.543 -1.2 Td (key)Tj 0.5758 Tc 1.48 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.439 0 Td [(he )-76(pr)18(oblem )-76(with )-76(this )-76(appr)18(oach )-76(is )-76(that )-76(it\325s )-76(possible )-76(for )-76(the )-76(key )-76(to )-76(alr)21(eady)]TJ -2.919 -1.2 Td [(be )-123(associated )-123(with )-123(an )-123(IPC )-123(str)8(uctur)18(e, )-123(in )-123(which )-123(case )-123(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 25.131 0 Td (get)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.173 0 Td [(function )-123(\()]TJ /TT0 1 Tf (msgget)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -27.304 -1.2 Td (semget)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.5704 Tc (,o)Tj 0 Tc 4.966 0 Td (r)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.965 0 Td (shmget)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.5704 Tc (\)r)Tj 0 Tc 4.88 0 Td [(eturns )-320(an )-320(err)17(or)]TJ 0.8204 Tc 7.15 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.683 0 Td [(he )-320(server )-320(must )-320(handle )-320(this )-320(err)17(or)74(,)]TJ -19.645 -1.2 Td [(deleting the existing IPC str)8(uctur)18(e, and try to cr)18(eate it again.)]TJ -1.633 -1.6 Td [(3. )-633(The)-268(client )-18(and )-18(the )-18(server )-18(can )-18(agr)18(ee )-18(on )-18(a )-18(pathname )-18(and )-18(pr)21(oject )-18(ID )-18(\(the )-18(pr)18(oject )-18(ID)]TJ 1.633 -1.2 Td [(is )-119(a )-119(character )-119(value )-119(between )-119(0 )-119(and )-119(255\) )-119(and )-119(call )-119(the )-119(function)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 28.219 0 Td (ftok)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.769 0 Td [(to )-119(convert)]TJ -30.989 -1.2 Td [(these )-109(two )-109(values )-109(into )-109(a )-109(key)]TJ 0.6095 Tc 12.381 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.472 0 Td [(his )-110(key )-110(is )-110(then )-110(used )-110(in )-110(step )-110(2.)-610(The )-110(only )-110(service)]TJ -13.853 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ovided )-17(by)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.724 0 Td (ftok)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.667 0 Td [(is )-17(a )-17(way )-17(of )-17(generating )-17(a )-17(key )-17(fr)19(om )-17(a )-17(pathname )-17(and )-17(pr)18(oject )-17(ID.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5903 245.8852 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.902 TD (key_t ftok\(const char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (path)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 17.377 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (id)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.383 -1.902 Td (Returns: key if OK,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.704 0 Td (\(key_t\))Tj /TT1 1 Tf (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 2071.25 cm 0 0 m 0 478 l 3900 478 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 147.5823 191.237 Tm (The)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.937 0 Td (path)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.04 0 Td [(ar)18(gument )-13(must )-13(r)17(efer )-13(to )-13(an )-13(existing )-13(\336le.)-513(Only )-13(the )-13(lower )-13(8 )-13(bits )-13(of)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 28.444 0 Td (id)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.041 0 Td (ar)Tj 0.2635 Tc 0.877 0 Td (eu)Tj 0 Tc 1.346 0 Td (sed)Tj -37.486 -1.2 Td [(when generating the key)111(.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(The )-197(key )-197(cr)18(eated )-197(by)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.377 0 Td (ftok)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.847 0 Td [(is )-197(usually )-197(formed )-197(by )-197(taking )-197(parts )-197(of )-197(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 19.236 0 Td (st_dev)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.047 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -37.307 -1.2 Td (st_ino)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.903 0 Td [(\336elds )-53(in )-53(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.578 0 Td (stat)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.703 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)]TJ 0.3027 Tc 3.49 0 Td (e\()Tj 0 Tc 1.115 0 Td [(Section )-53(4.2\) )-53(corr)18(esponding )-53(to )-53(the )-53(given )-53(pathname)]TJ -16.788 -1.2 Td [(and )-74(combining )-74(them )-74(with )-74(the )-74(pr)18(oject )-74(ID.)-574(If )-74(two )-74(pathnames )-74(r)18(efer )-74(to )-74(two )-74(dif)19(fer)18(ent )-74(\336les,)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47415 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (138)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Files )-250(and )-250(Dir)18(ectories )]TJ 39.241 0 Td [(Chapter)-500(4)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 0.883 Tc 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5911 668.9599 Tm (\245W)Tj 0.27 Tc 2.397 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.193 0 Td [(an )-20(usually )-20(access )-20(the )-20(major )-20(and )-20(minor )-20(device )-20(numbers )-20(thr)18(ough )-20(two )-20(macr)18(os)]TJ -2.101 -1.2 Td [(de\336ned )-105(by )-105(most )-105(implementations:)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 15.81 0 Td (major)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.355 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.048 0 Td (minor)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.6052 Tc (.C)Tj 0 Tc 4.564 0 Td [(onsequently)111(,)-355(we)-355(don\325t)]TJ -25.778 -1.2 Td (car)Tj 0.25 Tc 1.321 0 Td (eh)Tj 0 Tc 1.311 0 Td (ow the two numbers ar)Tj 0.25 Tc 10.269 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.153 0 Td [(tor)18(ed in a)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.462 0 Td (dev_t)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td (object.)Tj 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 201.5885 624.9625 Tm [(Early )-207(systems )-207(stor)18(ed )-207(the )-207(device )-207(number )-207(in )-207(a )-207(16)]TJ 22.415 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(bit )-207(integer)]TJ 0.4574 Tc 4.661 0 Td (,w)Tj 0 Tc 1.541 0 Td [(ith )-207(8 )-207(bits )-207(for )-207(the )-207(major)]TJ -28.951 -1.25 Td [(number )-78(and )-78(8 )-78(bits )-78(for )-78(the )-78(minor )-78(number)]TJ 0.5775 Tc 18.354 0 Td (.F)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.384 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(eBSD )-77(8.0 )-77(and )-77(Mac )-77(OS )-77(X )-77(10.6.8 )-77(use )-77(a )-77(32)]TJ 17.653 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td (bit)Tj -38.58 -1.25 Td (integer)Tj 0.3868 Tc 3.034 0 Td (,w)Tj 0 Tc 1.471 0 Td [(ith )-137(8 )-137(bits )-137(for )-137(the )-137(major )-137(number )-137(and )-137(24 )-137(bits )-137(for )-137(the )-137(minor )-137(number)]TJ 0.6368 Tc 30.101 0 Td (.O)Tj 0.3868 Tc 1.673 0 Td (n3)Tj 0 Tc 1.469 0 Td (2)Tj 0.5 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td (bit)Tj -38.58 -1.25 Td [(systems, )-89(Solaris )-89(10 )-89(uses )-89(a )-89(32)]TJ 12.866 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(bit )-89(integer )-89(for)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.571 0 Td (dev_t)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.3395 Tc (,w)Tj 0 Tc 4.423 0 Td [(ith )-89(14 )-89(bits )-89(designated )-89(as )-89(the )-89(major)]TJ -24.192 -1.25 Td [(number )-255(and )-255(18 )-255(bits )-255(designated )-255(as )-255(the )-255(minor )-255(number)]TJ 0.7555 Tc 25.113 0 Td (.O)Tj 0.5055 Tc 1.791 0 Td (n6)Tj 0 Tc 1.587 0 Td (4)Tj 0.5 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(bit )-255(systems, )-255(Solaris )-255(10)]TJ -0.018 Tc -29.325 -1.25 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(pr)18(esents)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.188 0 Td (dev_t)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.496 0 Td [(as )-246(a )-246(64)]TJ 3.416 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(bit )-246(integer)]TJ 0.496 Tc 4.7 0 Td (,w)Tj 0 Tc 1.58 0 Td [(ith )-246(32 )-246(bits )-246(for )-246(each )-246(number)]TJ 0.7459 Tc 12.972 0 Td (.O)Tj 0.4959 Tc 1.782 0 Td (nL)Tj 0 Tc 1.689 0 Td [(inux )-246(3.2.0,)]TJ -35.012 -1.25 Td (although)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 4.263 0 Td (dev_t)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.277 0 Td [(is )-27(a )-27(64)]TJ 2.77 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(bit )-27(integer)]TJ 0.2776 Tc 4.481 0 Td (,o)Tj 0 Tc 1.074 0 Td [(nly )-28(12 )-28(bits )-28(ar)]TJ 0.2776 Tc 5.733 0 Td (eu)Tj 0 Tc 1.36 0 Td [(sed )-28(for )-28(the )-28(major )-28(number )-28(and )-28(20 )-28(bits)]TJ -23.292 -1.25 Td (ar)Tj 0.25 Tc 0.877 0 Td (eu)Tj 0 Tc 1.332 0 Td [(sed for the minor number)74(.)]TJ -2.209 -1.875 Td [(POSIX.1 )-83(states )-83(that )-83(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.602 0 Td (dev_t)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.333 0 Td [(type )-83(exists, )-83(but )-83(doesn\325t )-83(de\336ne )-83(what )-83(it )-83(contains )-83(or )-83(how )-83(to)]TJ -13.935 -1.25 Td [(get )-60(at )-60(its )-60(contents.)-560(The )-60(macr)19(os)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 14.143 0 Td (major)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.31 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.003 0 Td (minor)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.31 0 Td (ar)Tj 0.3098 Tc 0.877 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.4 0 Td [(e\336ned )-60(by )-60(most )-60(implementations.)]TJ -25.042 -1.25 Td [(Which )-324(header )-324(they )-324(ar)]TJ 0.574 Tc 10.487 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.664 0 Td [(e\336ned )-324(in )-324(depends )-324(on )-324(the )-324(system.)-824(They )-324(can )-324(be )-324(found )-324(in)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -12.151 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 8.29 0 Td [(on )-240(BSD)]TJ 3.528 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(based )-240(systems.)-740(Solaris )-240(de\336nes )-240(their )-240(function )-240(pr)19(ototypes )-240(in)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -12.151 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.2589 Tc (,b)Tj 0 Tc 8.862 0 Td [(ecause )-9(the )-9(macr)]TJ 0.2589 Tc 7.038 0 Td (od)Tj 0 Tc 1.416 0 Td [(e\336nitions )-9(in)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.517 0 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 10.459 0 Td (ar)Tj 0.2589 Tc 0.877 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.182 0 Td [(onsider)18(ed)]TJ -35.35 -1.25 Td [(obsolete )-324(in )-324(Solaris.)-824(Linux )-324(de\336nes )-324(these )-324(macr)17(os )-324(in)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 24.703 0 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5744 Tc (,w)Tj 0 Tc 11.858 0 Td [(hich )-324(is)]TJ -36.562 -1.25 Td (included by)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 5.521 0 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj 0.883 Tc 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5921 455.9726 Tm (\245T)Tj 0 Tc 2.102 0 Td (he)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.417 0 Td (st_dev)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.956 0 Td [(value )-106(for )-106(every )-106(\336lename )-106(on )-106(a )-106(system )-106(is )-106(the )-106(device )-106(number )-106(of )-106(the)]TJ -5.986 -1.2 Td [(\336le system containing that \336lename and its corr)18(esponding i-node.)]TJ 0.883 Tc -1.489 -1.6 Td (\245O)Tj 0 Tc 2.275 0 Td [(nly )-36(character )-36(special )-36(\336les )-36(and )-36(block )-36(special )-36(\336les )-36(have )-36(an)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 25.305 0 Td (st_rdev)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.486 0 Td [(value. )-286(This)]TJ -30.577 -1.2 Td (value contains the device number for the actual device.)Tj /TT1 1 Tf -6.889 -2.4 Td (Example)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.6 -2.4 Td [(The )-29(pr)18(ogram )-29(in )-29(Figur)]TJ 0.2794 Tc 9.626 0 Td (e4)Tj 0 Tc 1.258 0 Td [(.25 )-29(prints )-29(the )-29(device )-29(number )-29(for )-29(each )-29(command)]TJ 21.304 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(line )-29(ar)18(gument.)]TJ -32.522 -1.2 Td [(Additionally)111(,)-311(if)-311(the )-61(ar)18(gument )-61(r)18(efers )-61(to )-61(a )-61(character )-61(special )-61(\336le )-61(or )-61(a )-61(block )-61(special )-61(\336le, )-61(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0 -1.2 TD (st_rdev)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td (value for the special \336le is printed.)Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 3368.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9989 0 0 8.9989 129.5844 327.2597 Tm (#include "apue.h")Tj 0 -1.189 TD (#ifdef SOLARIS)Tj T* (#include )Tj T* (#endif)Tj 0 -2.259 TD (int)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (main\(int argc, char *argv[]\))Tj 0 -1.189 TD ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td [(int )-4800(i;)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD (struct stat buf;)Tj 0 -2.259 TD (for \(i = 1; i < argc; i++\) {)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (printf\("%s: ", argv[i]\);)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (if \(stat\(argv[i], &buf\) < 0\) {)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_ret\("stat error"\);)Tj T* (continue;)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj 0 -2.259 TD [(printf\("dev = %d/%d", major\(buf.st_dev\),)-1200(minor\(buf.st_dev\)\);)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47416 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section 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7.181 0 Td (/etc/inittab)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -28.511 -1.2 Td (\(assuming the system uses a System V style)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 19.496 0 Td (init)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td (command\).)Tj 0.883 Tc -23.635 -1.6 Td (\245I)Tj 0.2648 Tc 1.826 0 Td (fad)Tj 0 Tc 1.974 0 Td [(aemon )-15(has )-15(a )-15(con\336guration )-15(\336le, )-15(the )-15(daemon )-15(r)18(eads )-15(the )-15(\336le )-15(when )-15(it )-15(starts, )-15(but)]TJ -2.311 -1.2 Td [(usually )-15(won\325t )-15(look )-15(at )-15(it )-15(again.)-513(If )-15(an )-15(administrator )-15(changes )-15(the )-15(con\336guration, )-15(the)]TJ T* [(daemon )-1(would )-1(need )-1(to )-1(be )-1(stopped )-1(and )-1(r)18(estarted )-1(to )-1(account )-1(for )-1(the )-1(con\336guration)]TJ T* [(changes. )-513(T)]TJ 0.5129 Tc 5.101 0 Td (oa)Tj 0 Tc 1.559 0 Td [(void )-263(this, )-263(some )-263(daemons )-263(will )-263(catch)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 17.323 0 Td (SIGHUP)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.113 0 Td [(and )-263(r)18(er)18(ead )-263(their)]TJ -28.096 -1.2 Td [(con\336guration 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129.5844 371.8544 Tm (#include "apue.h")Tj 0 -1.189 TD (#include )Tj 0 -1.189 TD (#include )Tj 0 -2.021 TD [(sigset_t )-1800(mask;)]TJ T* (extern int already_running\(void\);)Tj 0 -2.021 TD (void)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (reread\(void\))Tj T* ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (/* ... */)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj 0 -2.021 TD (void *)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (thr_fn\(void *arg\))Tj T* ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (int err, signo;)Tj 0 -2.021 TD (for \(;;\) {)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err = sigwait\(&mask, &signo\);)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (if \(err != 0\) {)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (syslog\(LOG_ERR, "sigwait failed"\);)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (exit\(1\);)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47417 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (464)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Daemon )-250(Pr)18(ocesses )]TJ 38.741 0 Td [(Chapter)-500(13)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 668.9599 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4830.25 6023.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4830.25 5959.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4830.25 5894.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l -36 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4756.25 5858.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4684.25 5858.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4610.25 5858.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4537.25 5858.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4463.25 5858.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4391.25 5858.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4317.25 5858.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4244.25 5858.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4170.25 5858.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4098.25 5858.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4024.25 5858.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3951.25 5858.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3878.25 5858.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3804.25 5858.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3731.25 5858.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3658.25 5858.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3585.25 5858.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3511.25 5858.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3438.25 5858.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3365.25 5858.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3292.25 5858.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3218.25 5858.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3145.25 5858.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3072.25 5858.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2999.25 5858.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2925.25 5858.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2852.25 5858.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2779.25 5858.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2706.25 5858.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9952 0 0 7.9952 328.8506 578.6927 Tm [(for)18(egr)18(ound pr)18(ocess gr)18(oup)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf -17.049 -2.305 Td (Figure 10.27)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.195 0 Td [(For)18(egr)18(ound and backgr)18(ound pr)18(ocess gr)18(oups for Figur)]TJ 0.25 Tc 23.813 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (0.26)Tj 9.994 0 0 9.994 147.5117 531.2813 Tm [(In )-4(this )-4(example,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.302 0 Td (SIGINT)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.854 0 Td [(is )-4(sent )-4(to )-4(all )-4(thr)18(ee )-4(for)19(egr)18(ound )-4(pr)18(ocesses. )-254(\(The)-253(shell )-4(ignor)18(es)]TJ -12.956 -1.2 Td [(it.\) )-390(As)-391(we )-140(can )-140(see )-140(fr)17(om )-140(the )-140(output, )-140(both )-140(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 20.952 0 Td (a.out)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.39 0 Td [(pr)18(ocess )-140(and )-140(the )-140(editor )-140(catch )-140(the)]TJ -24.342 -1.2 Td [(signal. )-568(But)-569(when )-318(we\325r)]TJ 0.5683 Tc 10.834 0 Td (er)Tj 0 Tc 1.434 0 Td [(unning )-318(another )-318(pr)18(ogram )-318(with )-318(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 16.725 0 Td (system)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.168 0 Td [(function, )-318(we)]TJ -33.162 -1.2 Td [(shouldn\325t )-274(have )-274(both )-274(the )-274(par)17(ent )-274(and )-274(the )-274(child )-274(catching )-274(the )-274(two )-274(terminal-generated)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(signals: )-145(interr)8(upt )-145(and )-145(quit.)-643(Instead, )-144(these )-144(two )-144(signals )-144(should )-144(be )-144(sent )-144(to )-144(the )-144(pr)14(ogram)]TJ T* [(that )-131(is )-131(r)8(unning: )-131(the )-131(child.)-631(Since )-131(the )-131(command )-131(that )-131(is )-131(executed )-131(by)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 30.616 0 Td (system)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(can )-131(be )-131(an)]TJ -34.597 -1.2 Td [(interactive )-200(command )-200(\(as )-200(is )-200(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 14.736 0 Td (ed)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.65 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram )-200(in )-200(this )-200(example\) )-200(and )-200(since )-200(the )-200(caller )-200(of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -16.386 -1.2 Td (system)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.913 0 Td [(gives )-63(up )-63(contr)18(ol )-63(while )-63(the )-63(pr)18(ogram )-63(executes, )-63(waiting )-63(for )-63(it )-63(to )-63(\336nish, )-63(the )-63(caller)]TJ -3.913 -1.2 Td (of)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.401 0 Td (system)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.122 0 Td [(should )-272(not )-272(be )-272(r)18(eceiving )-272(these )-272(two )-272(terminal-generated )-272(signals.)-773(For )-272(this)]TJ -0.018 Tc -5.523 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(ason, )-209(POSIX.1 )-209(speci\336es )-209(that )-209(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 15.133 0 Td (system)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.059 0 Td [(function )-209(should )-209(ignor)]TJ 0.4588 Tc 10.033 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.264 0 Td [(hese )-209(two )-209(signals)]TJ -31.344 -1.2 Td (while waiting for the command to complete.)Tj ET q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5141.25 4116.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 50 50 l 0 50 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /TT1 1 Tf 9.9934 0 0 9.9934 93.5382 377.7506 Tm (Example)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.6 -2.4 Td (Figur)Tj 0.2935 Tc 2.383 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.272 0 Td [(0.28 )-43(shows )-43(an )-43(implementation )-43(of )-43(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 16.729 0 Td (system)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.894 0 Td [(function )-43(with )-43(the )-43(r)17(equir)18(ed )-43(signal)]TJ -24.278 -1.2 Td (handling.)Tj ET q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 3348.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9935 0 0 8.9935 129.5067 325.0649 Tm [(#include )-1800()]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(#include )-1800()]TJ T* [(#include )-1800()]TJ T* [(#include )-1800()]TJ 0 -2.14 TD (int)Tj 0 -1.189 TD [(system\(const char *cmdstring\))-1800(/* with appropriate signal handling */)]TJ T* ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (pid_t )Tj 12 0 Td (pid;)Tj -12 -1.189 Td (int )Tj 12 0 Td (status;)Tj -12 -1.189 Td [(struct sigaction)-2400(ignore, saveintr, savequit;)]TJ T* (sigset_t )Tj 12 0 Td [(chldmask,)-600(savemask;)]TJ -12 -2.14 Td (if \(cmdstring == NULL\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td [(return\(1\); )-3000(/*)-600(always a command processor with UNIX */)]TJ -2.4 -2.14 Td [(ignore.sa_handler = SIG_IGN;)-2400(/* ignore SIGINT and SIGQUIT */)]TJ T* (sigemptyset\(&ignore.sa_mask\);)Tj T* (ignore.sa_flags = 0;)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47419 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (266)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Pr)18(ocess )-250(Contr)18(ol )]TJ 39.241 0 Td [(Chapter)-500(8)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 6690.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 129.5922 659.4594 Tm [(#include )-1800()]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(#include )-1800()]TJ T* [(#include )-1800()]TJ 0 -1.902 TD (int)Tj 0 -1.189 TD [(system\(const char *cmdstring\))-1800(/* version without signal handling */)]TJ T* ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td [(pid_t )-1200(pid;)]TJ T* [(int )-2400(status;)]TJ 0 -1.902 TD (if \(cmdstring == NULL\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td [(return\(1\); )-3000(/*)-600(always a command processor with UNIX */)]TJ -2.4 -1.902 Td (if \(\(pid = fork\(\)\) < 0\) {)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td [(status = -1;)-2400(/* probably out of processes */)]TJ 0.6 Tc -2.4 -1.189 Td (}e)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (lse if \(pid == 0\) {)Tj 19.8 0 Td (/* child */)Tj -19.2 -1.189 Td (execl\("/bin/sh", "sh", "-c", cmdstring, \(char *\)0\);)Tj 0 -1.189 TD [(_exit\(127\); )-2400(/*)-600(execl error */)]TJ 0.6 Tc -2.4 -1.189 Td (}e)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (lse {)Tj 19.8 0 Td (/* parent */)Tj -19.2 -1.189 Td (while \(waitpid\(pid, &status, 0\) < 0\) {)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(errno != EINTR\) {)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (status = -1; /* error other than EINTR from waitpid\(\) */)Tj T* (break;)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj 0 -1.902 TD (return\(status\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 3722.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 219.2817 356.1753 Tm (Figure 8.22)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.695 0 Td (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.924 0 Td (system)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td (function, without signal handling)Tj -0.092 Tc 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 147.5817 327.3787 Tm [(We )-299(c)]TJ 0 Tc 2.196 0 Td [(an )-115(test )-115(this )-115(version )-115(of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.246 0 Td (system)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.965 0 Td [(with )-115(the )-115(pr)18(ogram )-115(shown )-115(in )-115(Figur)]TJ 0.365 Tc 15.327 0 Td (e8)Tj 0 Tc 1.344 0 Td [(.23. )-365(\(The)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -34.878 -1.2 Td (pr_exit)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.663 0 Td [(function )-213(was )-213(de\336ned )-213(in )-213(Figur)]TJ 0.463 Tc 13.94 0 Td (e8)Tj 0 Tc 1.442 0 Td [(.5.\) )-463(Running)-463(the )-213(pr)18(ogram )-213(in )-213(Figur)]TJ 0.463 Tc 16.263 0 Td (e8)Tj 0 Tc 1.442 0 Td (.23)Tj -37.75 -1.2 Td (gives us)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9989 0 0 8.9989 147.5817 286.6836 Tm ($)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (./a.out)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -1.2 -1.189 Td (Sat Feb 25 19:36:59 EST 2012)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (normal termination, exit status = 0)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 24 0 Td (for)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.711 0 Td (date)Tj -25.711 -1.189 Td (sh: nosuchcommand: command not found)Tj T* (normal termination, exit status = 127)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 24 0 Td 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)-89(\336les )-89(meant )-89(for )-89(user)18(-level )-89(applications, )-89(so )-89(if )-89(the )-89(applications )-89(and )-89(the )-89(kernel )-89(both )-89(need)]TJ 0 -1.25 TD [(the )-64(same )-64(de\336nitions, )-64(the )-64(information )-64(is )-64(placed )-64(in )-64(a )-64(kernel )-64(header )-64(\336le )-64(that )-64(is )-64(then )-64(included )-64(by)]TJ T* [(the )-122(user)18(-level )-122(header )-122(\336le.)-622(Thus )-122(both )-122(Fr)18(eeBSD )-122(8.0 )-122(and )-122(Mac )-122(OS )-122(X )-122(10.6.8 )-122(de\336ne )-122(the )-122(signals )-122(in)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf T* ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.7574 Tc (.L)Tj 0 Tc 10.018 0 Td [(inux )-257(3.2.0 )-257(de\336nes )-257(the )-257(signals )-257(in)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 15.544 0 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5074 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 10.257 0 Td [(nd )-257(Solaris )-257(10)]TJ -35.82 -1.25 Td (de\336nes them in)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 7.073 0 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5917 501.3699 Tm [(No )-6(signal )-6(has )-6(a )-6(signal )-6(number )-6(of )-6(0.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 16.093 0 Td (We)Tj 0 Tc 1.387 0 Td [(\325ll )-6(see )-6(in )-6(Section )-6(10.9 )-6(that )-6(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 12.971 0 Td (kill)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.656 0 Td [(function )-6(uses)]TJ -33.107 -1.2 Td [(the signal number of 0 for a special case.)-500(POSIX.1 calls this value the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 30.623 0 Td (null signal)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj -28.823 -1.2 Td [(Numer)18(ous conditions can generate a signal:)]TJ 0.883 Tc 0 -1.68 TD (\245T)Tj 0 Tc 2.102 0 Td [(he )-185(terminal-generated )-185(signals )-185(occur )-185(when )-185(users )-185(pr)18(ess )-185(certain )-185(terminal )-185(keys.)]TJ -0.613 -1.2 Td [(Pr)18(essing )-269(the )-269(DELETE )-269(key )-269(on )-269(the )-269(terminal )-269(\(or )-269(Contr)16(ol)]TJ 25.613 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(C)-519(on)-519(many )-269(systems\))]TJ -25.946 -1.2 Td [(normally )-103(causes )-103(the )-103(interr)8(upt )-103(signal )-103(\()]TJ /TT0 1 Tf (SIGINT)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(\))-353(to)-353(be)-353(generated. )-353(This)-353(is )-103(how )-103(to)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(stop )-272(a )-272(r)8(unaway )-272(pr)19(ogram. )-522(\(W)92(e\325ll )-271(see )-271(in )-271(Chapter )-271(18 )-271(how )-271(this )-271(signal )-271(can )-271(be)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td (mapped to any character on the terminal.\))Tj 0.883 Tc -1.489 -1.72 Td (\245H)Tj 0 Tc 2.321 0 Td [(ar)18(dwar)]TJ 0.3933 Tc 3.199 0 Td (ee)Tj 0 Tc 1.351 0 Td [(xceptions )-143(generate )-143(signals: )-143(divide )-143(by )-143(0, )-143(invalid )-143(memory )-143(r)16(efer)18(ence,)]TJ -5.382 -1.2 Td [(and )-152(the )-152(like.)-653(These )-152(conditions )-152(ar)]TJ 0.4024 Tc 15.306 0 Td (eu)Tj 0 Tc 1.484 0 Td [(sually )-152(detected )-152(by )-152(the )-152(har)16(dwar)18(e, )-152(and )-152(the)]TJ -16.791 -1.2 Td [(kernel )-270(is )-270(noti\336ed.)-770(The )-270(kernel )-270(then )-270(generates )-270(the )-270(appr)18(opriate )-270(signal )-270(for )-270(the)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(pr)18(ocess )-263(that )-263(was )-263(r)8(unning )-263(at )-263(the )-263(time )-263(the )-263(condition )-263(occurr)14(ed. )-513(For)-514(example,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf T* (SIGSEGV)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td [(is generated for a pr)18(ocess that executes an invalid memory r)18(efer)18(ence.)]TJ 0.883 Tc -5.939 -1.72 Td (\245T)Tj 0 Tc 2.102 0 Td (he)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.393 0 Td (kill)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.4 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (2)Tj 0.5 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.665 -0.04 Td [(function )-82(allows )-82(a )-82(pr)18(ocess )-82(to )-82(send )-82(any )-82(signal )-82(to )-82(another )-82(pr)19(ocess )-82(or)]TJ -5.904 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ocess )-86(gr)18(oup. )-336(Naturally)]TJ 0.3361 Tc 11.332 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 0.912 0 Td (her)Tj 0.3361 Tc 1.438 0 Td (ea)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.315 0 Td [(re )-122(l)]TJ 0 Tc 1.483 0 Td [(imitations: )-86(we )-86(have )-86(to )-86(be )-86(the )-86(owner )-86(of )-86(the)]TJ -16.48 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ocess that we\325r)]TJ 0.25 Tc 7.497 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.153 0 Td [(ending the signal to, or we have to be the super)8(user)74(.)]TJ 0.883 Tc -10.139 -1.72 Td (\245T)Tj 0 Tc 2.102 0 Td (he)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.631 0 Td (kill)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.4 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (1)Tj 0.5 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.902 -0.04 Td [(command )-319(allows )-319(us )-319(to )-319(send )-319(signals )-319(to )-319(other )-319(pr)14(ocesses. )-570(This)]TJ -6.379 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ogram )-82(is )-82(just )-82(an )-82(interface )-82(to )-82(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 15.655 0 Td (kill)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.732 0 Td [(function. )-332(This)-332(command )-82(is )-82(often )-82(used)]TJ -18.387 -1.2 Td [(to terminate a r)8(unaway backgr)18(ound pr)18(ocess.)]TJ 0.883 Tc -1.489 -1.72 Td (\245S)Tj 0 Tc 2.014 0 Td (oftwar)Tj 0.3707 Tc 2.916 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.294 0 Td [(onditions )-121(can )-121(generate )-121(signals )-121(when )-121(a )-121(pr)20(ocess )-121(should )-121(be )-121(noti\336ed )-121(of)]TJ -4.735 -1.2 Td [(various )-164(events.)-664(These )-164(ar)18(en\325t )-164(har)16(dwar)18(e-generated )-164(conditions )-164(\(as )-164(is )-164(the )-164(divide-)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(by-0 )-315(condition\), )-315(but )-315(softwar)]TJ 0.5652 Tc 13.262 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.488 0 Td [(onditions. )-565(Examples)-566(ar)18(e)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 12.056 0 Td (SIGURG)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.165 0 Td (\(generated)Tj -30.971 -1.2 Td [(when )-20(out-of-band )-20(data )-20(arrives )-20(over )-20(a )-20(network )-20(connection\),)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 26.501 0 Td (SIGPIPE)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.47 0 Td (\(generated)Tj -30.971 -1.2 Td [(when )-128(a )-128(pr)18(ocess )-128(writes )-128(to )-128(a )-128(pipe )-128(that )-128(has )-128(no )-128(r)13(eader\), )-129(and)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 26.392 0 Td (SIGALRM)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.579 0 Td (\(generated)Tj -30.971 -1.2 Td [(when an alarm clock set by the pr)18(ocess expir)18(es\).)]TJ -1.489 -1.8 Td [(Signals )-50(ar)]TJ 0.3005 Tc 4.346 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.224 0 Td [(lassic )-50(examples )-50(of )-50(asynchr)18(onous )-50(events.)-550(They )-50(occur )-50(at )-50(what )-50(appear )-50(to)]TJ -7.37 -1.2 Td [(be )-243(random )-243(times )-243(to )-243(the )-243(pr)16(ocess. )-494(The)-493(pr)18(ocess )-244(can\325t )-244(simply )-244(test )-244(a )-244(variable )-244(\(such )-244(as)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf T* (errno)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(\))-324(to)-324(see )-74(whether )-74(a )-74(signal )-74(has )-74(occurr)18(ed; )-74(instead, )-74(the )-74(pr)19(ocess )-74(has )-74(to )-74(tell )-74(the )-74(kernel)]TJ -0.037 Tc T* (\324\324)Tj 0 Tc 0.519 0 Td [(if and when this signal occurs, do the following.\325)37(\325)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47424 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (932)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Solutions )-250(to )-250(Selected )-250(Exer)18(cises )]TJ 38.165 0 Td [(Appendix)-500(C)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 214.2371 670.2598 Tm ("w)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (rite lock is pending\\n"\);)Tj -5.4 -1.189 Td (printf\("killing child 1...\\n"\);)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (kill\(pid1, SIGINT\);)Tj T* (printf\("killing child 2...\\n"\);)Tj T* (kill\(pid2, SIGINT\);)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (printf\("killing child 3...\\n"\);)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (kill\(pid3, SIGINT\);)Tj T* (exit\(0\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1602.25 5799.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1646.25 5799.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 254.0985 563.8313 Tm (Figure C.15)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.917 0 Td [(Determine r)18(ecor)18(d)]TJ 7.772 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td (locking behavior)Tj 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 160.2306 533.8349 Tm [(On )-190(Fr)18(eeBSD )-190(8.0, )-190(Linux )-190(3.2.0, )-190(and )-190(Mac )-190(OS )-190(X )-190(10.6.8, )-190(the )-190(behavior )-190(is )-190(the )-190(same:)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(additional r)18(eaders can starve pending writers.)-500(Running the pr)18(ogram gives us)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9989 0 0 8.9989 167.4297 506.2085 Tm (child 1: obtained read lock on file)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (child 2: obtained read lock on file)Tj T* (child 3: can\325t set write lock: Resource temporarily unavailable)Tj T* (child 3 about to block in write-lock...)Tj T* (parent: obtained additional read lock while write lock is pending)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (killing child 1...)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (child 1: exit after pause)Tj T* (killing child 2...)Tj T* (child 2: exit after pause)Tj T* (killing child 3...)Tj T* (child 3: can\325t write-lock file: Interrupted system call)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 160.2306 382.2933 Tm [(On )-167(Solaris )-167(10, )-167(r)19(eaders )-167(don\325t )-167(starve )-167(waiting )-167(writers.)-667(In )-167(this )-167(case, )-167(the )-167(par)18(ent )-167(is)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(unable to obtain a r)18(ead lock because ther)18(e)-250(is)-250(a)-250(p)]TJ -0.018 Tc (ro)Tj 0 Tc 21.946 0 Td (cess waiting for a write lock.)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -25.011 -1.84 Td (14.2)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.065 0 Td [(Most )-8(systems )-8(de\336ne )-8(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.933 0 Td (fd_set)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.858 0 Td [(data )-8(type )-8(to )-8(be )-8(a )-8(str)9(uctur)]TJ 0.2578 Tc 11.082 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.063 0 Td [(hat )-8(contains )-8(a )-8(single)]TJ -26.936 -1.2 Td [(member: )-176(an )-176(array )-176(of )-176(long )-176(integers.)-676(One )-176(bit )-176(in )-176(this )-176(array )-176(corr)18(esponds )-176(to )-176(each)]TJ T* (descriptor)Tj 0.6696 Tc 4.438 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.533 0 Td [(he )-170(four)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.777 0 Td (FD_)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.22 0 Td [(macr)18(os )-169(then )-169(manipulate )-169(this )-169(array )-169(of )-169(longs, )-169(turning)]TJ -11.967 -1.2 Td (speci\336c bits on and of)Tj 0.25 Tc 9.564 0 Td (fa)Tj 0 Tc 1.083 0 Td (nd testing speci\336c bits.)Tj -10.647 -1.8 Td [(One )-9(r)18(eason )-9(that )-9(the )-9(data )-9(type )-9(is )-9(de\336ned )-9(to )-9(be )-9(a )-9(str)9(uctur)]TJ 0.259 Tc 24.599 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.182 0 Td [(ontaining )-9(an )-9(array )-9(and)]TJ -25.781 -1.2 Td [(not )-101(simply )-101(an )-101(array )-101(is )-101(to )-101(allow )-101(variables )-101(of )-101(type)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 22.329 0 Td (fd_set)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.951 0 Td [(to )-101(be )-101(assigned )-101(to )-101(one)]TJ -26.28 -1.2 Td (another with the C assignment statement.)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -3.065 -1.84 Td (14.3)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.065 0 Td [(In )-491(the )-491(good )-491(ol\325 )-491(days, )-491(most )-491(systems )-491(allowed )-491(us )-491(to )-491(de\336ne )-491(the )-491(constant)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf T* (FD_SETSIZE)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.347 0 Td (befor)Tj 0.3469 Tc 2.288 0 Td (ei)Tj 0 Tc 1.117 0 Td [(ncluding )-97(the )-97(header)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.434 0 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5969 Tc (.F)Tj 0 Tc 9.803 0 Td [(or )-97(example, )-97(we)]TJ -28.988 -1.2 Td (could write)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9989 0 0 8.9989 178.2288 215.8832 Tm [(#define FD_SETSIZE)-1200(2048)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD (#include )Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 160.231 188.2564 Tm [(to )-744(de\336ne )-744(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.999 0 Td (fd_set)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.594 0 Td [(data )-745(type )-745(to )-745(accommodate )-745(2,048 )-745(descriptors.)]TJ -12.593 -1.2 Td (Unfortunately)Tj 0.4495 Tc 6.186 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 1.026 0 Td [(hings )-199(ar)18(en\325t )-199(that )-199(simple )-199(anymor)16(e. )-449(T)]TJ 0.4495 Tc 16.871 0 Td (ou)Tj 0 Tc 1.599 0 Td [(se )-199(this )-199(technique )-199(with)]TJ -25.681 -1.2 Td (contemporary systems, we need to do several things:)Tj 0 -1.8 TD [(1. )-633(Befor)18(e)-511(we)-511(i)-1(nclude )-261(any )-261(header )-261(\336les, )-261(we )-261(need )-261(to )-261(de\336ne )-261(whatever )-261(symbol)]TJ 1.633 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(events )-58(us )-58(fr)18(om )-58(including)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 12.483 0 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5582 Tc (.S)Tj 0 Tc 9.733 0 Td [(ome )-58(systems )-58(might )-58(pr)17(otect)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47425 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (504)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Advanced )-250(I/O)]TJ 38.741 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(14)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5911 668.9599 Tm [(These )-84(interfaces )-84(can )-84(be )-84(implemented )-84(as )-84(either )-84(macr)17(os )-84(or )-84(functions.)-585(An)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 32.551 0 Td (fd_set)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.934 0 Td (is)Tj -38.285 -1.2 Td [(set )-47(to )-47(all )-47(zer)]TJ 0.297 Tc 5.43 0 Td (ob)Tj 0 Tc 1.396 0 Td [(its )-47(by )-47(calling)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.996 0 Td (FD_ZERO)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.547 Tc (.T)Tj 0.297 Tc 5.518 0 Td (ot)Tj 0 Tc 1.169 0 Td [(urn )-47(on )-47(a )-47(single )-47(bit )-47(in )-47(a )-47(set, )-47(we )-47(use)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 15.641 0 Td (FD_SET)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj -0.092 Tc -35.15 -1.2 Td [(We )-251(c)]TJ 0 Tc 2.148 0 Td [(an )-67(clear )-67(a )-67(single )-67(bit )-67(by )-67(calling)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 13.766 0 Td (FD_CLR)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5668 Tc (.F)Tj 0 Tc 4.973 0 Td [(inally)111(,)-317(we)-317(can )-67(test )-67(whether )-67(a )-67(given )-67(bit )-67(is)]TJ -20.886 -1.2 Td (turned on in the set with)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 11.146 0 Td (FD_ISSET)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj -9.346 -1.2 Td [(After )-67(declaring )-67(a )-67(descriptor )-67(set, )-67(we )-67(must )-67(zer)]TJ 0.3172 Tc 20.076 0 Td (ot)Tj 0 Tc 1.189 0 Td [(he )-67(set )-67(using)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.698 0 Td (FD_ZERO)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5672 Tc (.W)Tj 0.3172 Tc 5.925 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.122 0 Td [(hen )-67(set)]TJ -35.811 -1.2 Td (bits in the set for each descriptor that we\325r)Tj 0.25 Tc 18.576 0 Td (ei)Tj 0 Tc 1.02 0 Td [(nter)18(ested in, as in)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5913 589.0545 Tm [(fd_set )-1200(rset;)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(int )-3000(fd;)]TJ 0 -1.902 TD (FD_ZERO\(&rset\);)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (FD_SET\(fd, &rset\);)Tj T* (FD_SET\(STDIN_FILENO, &rset\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5924 519.6989 Tm [(On )-177(r)18(eturn )-177(fr)18(om)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.549 0 Td (select)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(,)-427(we)-427(can )-177(test )-177(whether )-177(a )-177(given )-177(bit )-177(in )-177(the )-177(set )-177(is )-177(still )-177(on )-177(using)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -7.549 -1.2 Td (FD_ISSET)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (:)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5909 488.861 Tm (if \(FD_ISSET\(fd, &rset\)\) {)Tj 3.6 -1.189 Td (.)Tj 0 -0.476 TD (.)Tj 0 -0.476 TD (.)Tj -3.6 -1.189 Td (})Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5909 438.7644 Tm [(Any )-6(\(or )-6(all\) )-6(of )-6(the )-6(middle )-6(thr)18(ee )-6(ar)18(guments )-6(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 20.186 0 Td (select)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.856 0 Td [(\(the )-6(pointers )-6(to )-6(the )-6(descriptor)]TJ -25.842 -1.2 Td [(sets\) )-95(can )-95(be )-95(null )-95(pointers )-95(if )-95(we\325r)]TJ 0.3454 Tc 14.619 0 Td (en)Tj 0 Tc 1.406 0 Td [(ot )-95(inter)18(ested )-95(in )-95(that )-95(condition.)-595(If )-95(all )-95(thr)18(ee )-95(pointers)]TJ -16.026 -1.2 Td [(ar)18(e)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 1.746 0 Td (NULL)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.3905 Tc (,t)Tj 0 Tc 3.366 0 Td [(hen )-140(we )-140(have )-140(a )-140(higher)16(-pr)18(ecision )-140(timer )-140(than )-140(is )-140(pr)16(ovided )-140(by)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 26.991 0 Td (sleep)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.6404 Tc (.\()Tj 0 Tc 4.223 0 Td (Recall)Tj -36.327 -1.2 Td [(fr)18(om )-70(Section )-70(10.19 )-70(that)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.594 0 Td (sleep)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.32 0 Td [(waits )-70(for )-70(an )-70(integral )-70(number )-70(of )-70(seconds.)]TJ -0.055 Tc 18.772 0 Td (Wi)Tj 0 Tc 1.236 0 Td (th)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.228 0 Td (select)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj -35.15 -1.2 Td [(we )-158(can )-158(wait )-158(for )-158(intervals )-158(less )-158(than )-158(one )-158(second; )-158(the )-158(actual )-158(r)16(esolution )-158(depends )-158(on )-158(the)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(system\325s clock.\))-500(Exer)18(cise 14.5 shows such a function.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(The )-111(\336rst )-111(ar)18(gument )-111(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.047 0 Td (select)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 4.211 0 Td (maxfdp1)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.3612 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 4.535 0 Td [(tands )-111(for )-111(\324)37(\324maximum )-111(\336le )-111(descriptor )-111(plus)]TJ -20.593 -1.2 Td (1.\325)Tj 0.5573 Tc 0.991 0 Td (\325W)Tj 0.3073 Tc 1.743 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.23 0 Td [(alculate )-57(the )-57(highest )-57(descriptor )-57(that )-57(we\325r)]TJ 0.3072 Tc 17.811 0 Td (ei)Tj 0 Tc 1.077 0 Td [(nter)18(ested )-57(in, )-57(considering )-57(all )-57(thr)18(ee )-57(of)]TJ -22.853 -1.2 Td [(the )-205(descriptor )-205(sets, )-205(add )-205(1, )-205(and )-205(that\325s )-205(the )-205(\336rst )-205(ar)22(gument. )-455(W)]TJ 0.4546 Tc 27.8 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.378 0 Td [(ould )-205(just )-205(set )-205(the )-205(\336rst)]TJ -29.178 -1.2 Td [(ar)18(gument )-14(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.706 0 Td (FD_SETSIZE)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.2642 Tc (,ac)Tj 0 Tc 7.722 0 Td [(onstant )-14(in)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.687 0 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 8.664 0 Td [(that )-14(speci\336es )-14(the )-14(maximum)]TJ -26.78 -1.2 Td [(number )-156(of )-156(descriptors )-156(\(often )-156(1,024\), )-156(but )-156(this )-156(value )-156(is )-156(too )-156(lar)18(ge )-156(for )-156(most )-156(applications.)]TJ T* [(Indeed, )-496(most )-496(applications )-496(pr)18(obably )-496(use )-496(between )-496(3 )-496(and )-496(10 )-496(descriptors.)-1001(\(Some)]TJ T* [(applications )-107(need )-107(many )-107(mor)]TJ 0.3571 Tc 12.946 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.447 0 Td [(escriptors, )-107(but )-107(these )-107(UNIX )-107(pr)18(ograms )-107(ar)]TJ 0.3571 Tc 17.904 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.336 0 Td [(typical.\) )-357(By)]TJ -33.634 -1.2 Td [(specifying )-184(the )-184(highest )-184(descriptor )-184(that )-184(we\325r)]TJ 0.4341 Tc 19.568 0 Td (ei)Tj 0 Tc 1.204 0 Td [(nter)18(ested )-184(in, )-184(we )-184(can )-184(pr)18(event )-184(the )-184(kernel)]TJ -20.773 -1.2 Td [(fr)18(om )-4(going )-4(thr)18(ough )-4(hundr)18(eds )-4(of )-4(unused )-4(bits )-4(in )-4(the )-4(thr)18(ee )-4(descriptor )-4(sets, )-4(looking )-4(for )-4(bits)]TJ T* (that ar)Tj 0.25 Tc 2.861 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.055 0 Td (urned on.)Tj -2.116 -1.2 Td (As an example, Figur)Tj 0.25 Tc 9.416 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (4.16 shows what two descriptor sets look like if we write)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5909 226.8673 Tm [(fd_set )-600(readset,)-600(writeset;)]TJ 0 -1.902 TD (FD_ZERO\(&readset\);)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (FD_ZERO\(&writeset\);)Tj T* (FD_SET\(0, &readset\);)Tj T* (FD_SET\(3, &readset\);)Tj T* (FD_SET\(1, &writeset\);)Tj T* (FD_SET\(2, &writeset\);)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (select\(4, &readset, &writeset, NULL, NULL\);)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47426 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(2.5)]TJ 41.507 0 Td (Limits)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.826 0 Td (51)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 172.7896 670.2598 Tm (errno = 0;)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (if \(\(pathmax = pathconf\("/", _PC_PATH_MAX\)\) < 0\) {)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(errno == 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td [(pathmax = PATH_MAX_GUESS;)-1800(/* it\325s indeterminate */)]TJ -2.4 -1.189 Td (else)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_sys\("pathconf error for _PC_PATH_MAX"\);)Tj 0.6 Tc -4.8 -1.189 Td (}e)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (lse {)Tj 0.6 -1.189 Td [(pathmax++; )-3000(/*)-600(add one since it\325s relative to root */)]TJ -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj 0 -2.14 TD (/*)Tj 0.6 Tc 0.6 -1.189 Td (*B)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (efore POSIX.1-2001, we aren\325t guaranteed that PATH_MAX includes)Tj 0.6 Tc -1.8 -1.189 Td (*t)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td [(he terminating null byte.)-1200(Same goes for XPG3.)]TJ -1.8 -1.189 Td (*/)Tj -0.6 -1.189 Td (if \(\(posix_version < 200112L\) && \(xsi_version < 4\)\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (size = pathmax + 1;)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (else)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (size = pathmax;)Tj -2.4 -2.14 Td (if \(\(ptr = malloc\(size\)\) == NULL\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_sys\("malloc error for pathname"\);)Tj -2.4 -2.14 Td (if \(sizep != NULL\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (*sizep = size;)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (return\(ptr\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 3937.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 225.9129 377.6737 Tm (Figure 2.16)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.695 0 Td (Dynamically allocate space for a pathname)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 93.589 339.2783 Tm [(Maxim)20(um Number of Open Files)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 0.6238 Tc 3.6 -2.4 Td (Ac)Tj 0 Tc 1.846 0 Td [(ommon )-374(sequence )-374(of )-374(code )-374(in )-374(a )-374(daemon )-374(pr)20(ocess )167(\321 )167(a)-624(pr)18(ocess )-374(that )-374(r)8(uns )-374(in )-374(the)]TJ -1.846 -1.2 Td [(backgr)18(ound, )-292(not )-292(connected )-292(to )-292(a )-292(terminal)]TJ 0.0833 Tc 19.437 0 Td (\321i)Tj 0.5419 Tc 1.374 0 Td (so)Tj 0 Tc 1.512 0 Td [(ne )-292(that )-292(closes )-292(all )-292(open )-292(\336les.)-792(Some)]TJ -22.323 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ograms )-332(have )-332(the )-332(following )-332(code )-332(sequence, )-332(assuming )-332(the )-332(constant)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 33.06 0 Td (NOFILE)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.182 0 Td (was)Tj -37.242 -1.2 Td (de\336ned in the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 6.377 0 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.05 0 Td (header:)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9989 0 0 8.9989 147.5829 262.5875 Tm [(#include )-600()]TJ 0 -2.021 TD (for \(i = 0; i < NOFILE; i++\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (close\(i\);)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.585 215.7029 Tm [(Other )-40(pr)18(ograms )-40(use )-40(the )-40(constant)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 14.924 0 Td (_NFILE)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.89 0 Td [(that )-40(some )-40(versions )-40(of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.812 0 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.69 0 Td [(pr)18(ovide )-40(as)]TJ -34.316 -1.2 Td [(the )-288(upper )-288(limit.)-788(Some )-288(har)]TJ 0.5381 Tc 12.692 0 Td (dc)Tj 0 Tc 1.593 0 Td [(ode )-288(the )-288(upper )-288(limit )-288(as )-288(20.)-788(However)]TJ 0.538 Tc 17.493 0 Td (,n)Tj 0 Tc 1.37 0 Td [(one )-288(of )-288(these)]TJ -33.148 -1.2 Td [(appr)18(oaches is portable.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 1.8 -1.2 Td [(We )-483(w)]TJ 0 Tc 2.77 0 Td [(ould )-299(hope )-299(to )-299(use )-299(the )-299(POSIX.1 )-299(value)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 17.975 0 Td (OPEN_MAX)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.349 0 Td [(to )-299(determine )-299(this )-299(value)]TJ -27.894 -1.2 Td (portably)Tj 0.4166 Tc 3.657 0 Td (,b)Tj 0 Tc 1.22 0 Td [(ut )-167(if )-167(the )-167(value )-167(is )-167(indeterminate, )-167(we )-167(still )-167(have )-167(a )-167(pr)22(oblem. )-417(If)-416(we )-167(wr)18(ote )-167(the)]TJ -4.877 -1.2 Td [(following )-202(code )-202(and )-202(if)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.474 0 Td (OPEN_MAX)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.252 0 Td [(was )-202(indeterminate, )-202(the )-202(loop )-202(would )-202(never )-202(execute,)]TJ -15.726 -1.2 Td (since)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.47 0 Td (sysconf)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td [(would r)18(eturn)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 6.147 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (1:)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47427 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (470)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Daemon )-250(Pr)18(ocesses )]TJ 38.741 0 Td [(Chapter)-500(13)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 668.9599 Tm (Ther)Tj 0.25 Tc 2.051 0 Td (ea)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.229 0 Td [(re )-36(t)]TJ 0 Tc 1.432 0 Td [(hr)18(ee ways to generate log messages:)]TJ -2.912 -1.68 Td [(1. )-633(Kernel)]TJ -0.018 Tc 4.933 0 Td (ro)Tj 0 Tc 0.923 0 Td [(utines )-98(can )-98(call )-98(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.536 0 Td (log)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.148 0 Td [(function. )-348(These)-348(messages )-98(can )-98(be )-98(r)18(ead )-98(by )-98(any)]TJ -14.906 -1.2 Td [(user )-69(pr)18(ocess )-69(that)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.888 0 Td (open)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.3192 Tc (sa)Tj 0 Tc 3.643 0 Td (nd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.512 0 Td (read)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.3192 Tc (st)Tj 0 Tc 3.469 0 Td (he)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.38 0 Td (/dev/klog)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.719 0 Td [(device. )-319(W)]TJ 0.3191 Tc 4.596 0 Td (ew)Tj 0 Tc 1.632 0 Td [(on\325t 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-1.2 Td [(to pr)18(ovide the printer spooling service.)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47434 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(14.8)]TJ 33.728 0 Td [(Memory-Mapped )-250(I/O)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 12.105 0 Td (527)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 225.5865 668.9599 Tm (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(fer)18(ences )-7(to )-7(the )-7(mapped )-7(r)18(egion )-7(then )-7(r)15(efer)18(ence )-7(the )-7(copy)]TJ 0.5075 Tc 23.843 0 Td (.\()Tj 0 Tc 1.091 0 Td [(One )-7(use)]TJ -25.789 -1.2 Td [(of )-263(this )-263(\337ag )-263(is )-263(for )-263(a )-263(debugger )-263(that )-263(maps )-263(the )-263(text )-263(portion )-263(of )-263(a)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(pr)18(ogram )-89(\336le )-89(but )-89(allows )-89(the )-89(user )-89(to )-89(modify )-89(the )-89(instr)8(uctions. )-339(Any)]TJ T* 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147.5736 409.3263 Tm [(5. )-633(The)]TJ -0.018 Tc 3.558 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(fer)18(enced )-1(\336le )-1(for)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.187 0 Td (_PC_PIPE_BUF)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.451 0 Td [(must )-1(be )-1(a )-1(pipe, )-1(FIFO, )-1(or )-1(dir)16(ectory)]TJ 0.5013 Tc 14.838 0 Td (.I)Tj 0.2513 Tc 1.088 0 Td (nt)Tj 0 Tc 1.159 0 Td (he)Tj -34.506 -1.2 Td [(\336rst )-157(two )-157(cases )-157(\(pipe )-157(or )-157(FIFO\), )-157(the )-157(r)15(eturn )-157(value )-157(is )-157(the )-157(limit )-157(for )-157(the )-157(r)15(efer)18(enced)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(pipe )-108(or )-108(FIFO.)-608(For )-108(the )-108(other )-108(case )-108(\(a )-108(dir)18(ectory\), )-108(the )-108(r)15(eturn )-108(value )-108(is )-108(the )-108(limit )-108(for)]TJ T* [(any FIFO cr)18(eated in that dir)18(ectory)111(.)]TJ -1.633 -1.6 Td [(6. )-633(The)]TJ -0.018 Tc 3.838 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(fer)18(enced )-281(\336le )-281(for)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.026 0 Td (_PC_SYMLINK_MAX)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.531 0 Td [(must )-281(be )-281(a )-281(dir)18(ectory)]TJ 0.781 Tc 9.275 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.644 0 Td [(he )-281(value)]TJ -0.018 Tc -31.537 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(turned )-277(is )-277(the )-277(maximum )-277(length )-277(of )-277(the )-277(string )-277(that )-277(a )-277(symbolic )-277(link )-277(in )-277(that)]TJ -0.856 -1.2 Td [(dir)18(ectory can contain.)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf -7.033 -3.12 Td (Example)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.6 -2.4 Td (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.017 0 Td (awk)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.8 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (1)Tj 0.5 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.676 -0.04 Td [(pr)18(ogram )-93(shown )-93(in )-93(Figur)]TJ 0.3435 Tc 11.112 0 Td (e2)Tj 0 Tc 1.322 0 Td [(.13 )-93(builds )-93(a )-93(C )-93(pr)18(ogram )-93(that )-93(prints )-93(the )-93(value )-93(of)]TJ -17.762 -1.2 Td (each)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.255 0 Td (pathconf)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.05 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.943 0 Td (sysconf)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td (symbol.)Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 2590.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9978 0 0 8.9978 129.5689 249.4391 Tm (#!/usr/bin/awk -f)Tj 0 -1.189 TD [(BEGIN )-1200({)]TJ 2.4 -1.189 Td (printf\("#include \\"apue.h\\"\\n"\))Tj T* (printf\("#include \\n"\))Tj T* (printf\("#include \\n"\))Tj 0 -1.189 TD (printf\("\\n"\))Tj 0 -1.189 TD (printf\("static void pr_sysconf\(char *, int\);\\n"\))Tj T* (printf\("static void pr_pathconf\(char *, char *, int\);\\n"\))Tj T* (printf\("\\n"\))Tj T* (printf\("int\\n"\))Tj T* (printf\("main\(int argc, char *argv[]\)\\n"\))Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47438 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf -0.037 Tc 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (11)Tj 0 Tc 0.963 0 Td (8)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.5 0 Td [(Files )-250(and )-250(Dir)18(ectories )]TJ 39.278 0 Td [(Chapter)-500(4)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 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0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 6318.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /TT1 1 Tf 8.9989 0 0 8.9989 129.5844 622.2243 Tm (#include "apue.h")Tj 0 -1.189 TD (#include )Tj 0 -1.783 TD (int)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (main\(void\))Tj T* ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(open\("tempfile", O_RDWR\) < 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_sys\("open error"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(unlink\("tempfile"\) < 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_sys\("unlink error"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (printf\("file unlinked\\n"\);)Tj T* (sleep\(15\);)Tj T* (printf\("done\\n"\);)Tj T* (exit\(0\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 4730.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 246.9675 456.9657 Tm (Figure 4.16)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.695 0 Td (Open a \336le and then)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 9.235 0 Td (unlink)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td (it)Tj 9.9982 0 0 9.9982 129.577 435.3696 Tm [(Running this pr)18(ogram gives us)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 8.9984 0 0 8.9984 147.5737 421.0722 Tm ($)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (ls -l tempfile)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 16.4 0 Td (look at how big the \336le is)Tj /TT1 1 Tf -17.6 -1.189 Td [(-rw-r----- )-600(1)-600(sar )-2400(413265408)-600(Jan 21 07:14 tempfile)]TJ T* ($)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (df /home)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 16.4 0 Td [(check how much fr)18(ee space is available)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf -17.6 -1.189 Td [(Filesystem )-1200(1K-blocks)-3000(Used )-600(Available )-600(Use% )-600(Mounted)-600(on)]TJ T* [(/dev/hda4 )-2400(11021440)-1200(1956332 )-1800(9065108)-1800(18% )-600(/home)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD ($)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (./a.out &)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 16.4 0 Td [(run the pr)18(ogram in Figur)]TJ 0.25 Tc 10.244 0 Td (e4)Tj 0 Tc 1.139 0 Td [(.16 in the backgr)18(ound)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf -28.983 -1.189 Td (1364)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 17.6 0 Td [(the shell prints its pr)18(ocess ID)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 0.6 Tc -17.6 -1.189 Td ($f)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (ile unlinked)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 15.8 0 Td (the \336le is unlinked)Tj /TT2 1 Tf -17.6 -1.189 Td (ls -l tempfile)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 17.6 0 Td [(see if the \336lename is still ther)18(e)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf -17.6 -1.189 Td (ls: tempfile: No such file or directory)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 25.6 0 Td [(the dir)18(ectory entry is gone)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf -25.6 -1.189 Td ($)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (df /home)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 16.4 0 Td (see if the space is available yet)Tj /TT1 1 Tf -17.6 -1.189 Td [(Filesystem )-1200(1K-blocks)-3000(Used )-600(Available )-600(Use% )-600(Mounted)-600(on)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(/dev/hda4 )-2400(11021440)-1200(1956332 )-1800(9065108)-1800(18% )-600(/home)]TJ 0.6 Tc T* ($d)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (one)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 15.8 0 Td [(the pr)18(ogram is done, all open \336les ar)]TJ 0.25 Tc 14.492 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.046 0 Td (losed)Tj /TT2 1 Tf -33.138 -1.189 Td (df /home)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 17.6 0 Td (now the disk space should be available)Tj /TT1 1 Tf -17.6 -1.189 Td [(Filesystem )-1200(1K-blocks)-3000(Used )-600(Available )-600(Use% )-600(Mounted)-600(on)]TJ T* [(/dev/hda4 )-2400(11021440)-1200(1552352 )-1800(9469088)-1800(15% )-600(/home)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 17.6 -1.189 Td (now the 394.1 MB of disk space ar)Tj 0.25 Tc 13.776 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.083 0 Td (vailable)Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5141.25 2392.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 50 50 l 0 50 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9976 0 0 9.9976 147.5646 216.3961 Tm [(This )-34(pr)18(operty )-34(of)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 7.522 0 Td (unlink)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.884 0 Td [(is )-34(often )-34(used )-34(by )-34(a )-34(pr)18(ogram )-34(to )-34(ensur)]TJ 0.2839 Tc 15.889 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.089 0 Td [(hat )-34(a )-34(temporary )-34(\336le)]TJ -30.184 -1.2 Td [(it )-118(cr)18(eates )-118(won\325t )-118(be )-118(left )-118(ar)18(ound )-118(in )-118(case )-118(the )-118(pr)18(ogram )-118(crashes.)-619(The )-118(pr)18(ocess )-118(cr)18(eates )-118(a )-118(\336le)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(using )-7(either)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 5.523 0 Td (open)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.658 0 Td (or)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.199 0 Td (creat)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.258 0 Td [(and )-7(then )-7(immediately )-7(calls)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 12.232 0 Td (unlink)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5075 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 4.971 0 Td [(he )-7(\336le )-7(is )-7(not )-7(deleted,)]TJ -29.839 -1.2 Td (however)Tj 0.5401 Tc 3.806 0 Td (,b)Tj 0 Tc 1.343 0 Td [(ecause )-290(it )-290(is )-290(still )-290(open.)-790(Only )-290(when )-290(the )-290(pr)17(ocess )-290(either )-290(closes )-290(the )-290(\336le )-290(or)]TJ -5.149 -1.2 Td (terminates, which causes the kernel to close all its open \336les, is th\ e \336le deleted.)Tj 1.8 -1.2 Td (If)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.17 0 Td (pathname)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.444 0 Td [(is )-250(a )-250(symbolic )-250(link,)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 9.173 0 Td (unlink)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 4.1 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(moves )-250(the )-250(symbolic )-250(link, )-250(not )-250(the )-250(\336le)]TJ -0.018 Tc -21.542 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(fer)18(enced )-41(by )-41(the )-41(link.)-541(Ther)18(e)-291(is)-291(no)-291(function )-41(to )-41(r)18(emove )-41(the )-41(\336le )-41(r)18(efer)18(enced )-41(by )-41(a )-41(symbolic)]TJ -0.856 -1.2 Td (link given the name of the link.)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47439 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(2.6)]TJ 40.777 0 Td (Options)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.556 0 Td (55)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 168.9199 668.9599 Tm (\245)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.489 0 Td (_POSIX_READER_WRITER_LOCKS)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -1.489 -1.6 Td (\245)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.489 0 Td (_POSIX_REALTIME_SIGNALS)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -1.489 -1.6 Td (\245)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.489 0 Td (_POSIX_SEMAPHORES)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -1.489 -1.6 Td (\245)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.489 0 Td (_POSIX_SPIN_LOCKS)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -1.489 -1.6 Td (\245)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.489 0 Td (_POSIX_THREAD_SAFE_FUNCTIONS)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -1.489 -1.6 Td (\245)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.489 0 Td (_POSIX_THREADS)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -1.489 -1.6 Td (\245)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.489 0 Td (_POSIX_TIMEOUTS)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -1.489 -1.6 Td (\245)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.489 0 Td (_POSIX_TIMERS)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -1.489 -1.68 Td [(These )-138(constants )-138(ar)]TJ 0.3885 Tc 8.385 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.479 0 Td [(e\336ned )-138(to )-138(have )-138(the )-138(value )-138(200809L.)-638(Their )-138(corr)15(esponding)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -9.864 -1.2 Td (_SC)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.05 0 Td (symbols ar)Tj 0.25 Tc 4.804 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td [(lso r)18(etained for backwar)]TJ 0.25 Tc 10.694 0 Td (dc)Tj 0 Tc 1.305 0 Td [(ompatibility)111(.)]TJ -22.215 -1.6 Td (5.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.133 0 Td (_PC_CHOWN_RESTRICTED)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 12.46 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.153 0 Td (_PC_NO_TRUNC)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 7.66 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (turn)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 2.366 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.4604 Tc (1w)Tj 0 Tc 2.343 0 Td [(ithout )-210(changing)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -27.84 -1.2 Td (errno)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.357 0 Td [(if )-107(the )-107(featur)18(e)-357(is)-357(not )-107(supported )-107(for )-107(the )-107(speci\336ed)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 21.67 0 Td (pathname)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.301 0 Td (or)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.298 0 Td (fd)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.6068 Tc (.O)Tj 0.3568 Tc 2.421 0 Td (na)Tj 0 Tc 1.439 0 Td (ll)Tj -34.485 -1.2 Td [(POSIX-conforming )-479(systems, )-479(the )-479(r)18(eturn )-479(value )-479(will )-479(be )-479(gr)18(eater )-479(than )-479(zer)18(o)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(\(indicating that the featur)18(e)-250(is)-250(supported\).)]TJ -2.133 -1.6 Td [(6. )-1133(The)]TJ -0.018 Tc 4.259 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(fer)18(enced )-202(\336le )-202(for)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.788 0 Td (_PC_CHOWN_RESTRICTED)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 12.452 0 Td [(must )-202(be )-202(either )-202(a )-202(\336le )-202(or )-202(a)]TJ -23.221 -1.2 Td [(dir)18(ectory)]TJ 0.6883 Tc 3.914 0 Td (.I)Tj 0 Tc 1.275 0 Td [(f)-438(it)-438(is)-438(a)-438(d)-1(ir)18(ectory)]TJ 0.4383 Tc 7.832 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 1.014 0 Td [(he )-188(r)18(eturn )-188(value )-188(indicates )-188(whether )-188(this )-188(option)]TJ -14.036 -1.2 Td [(applies to \336les within that dir)18(ectory)111(.)]TJ -2.133 -1.6 Td [(7. )-1133(The)]TJ -0.018 Tc 4.367 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(fer)18(enced )-310(\336le )-310(for)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.114 0 Td (_PC_NO_TRUNC)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.76 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.253 0 Td (_PC_2_SYMLINKS)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.96 0 Td [(must )-310(be )-310(a)]TJ -30.178 -1.2 Td [(dir)18(ectory)111(.)]TJ -2.133 -1.6 Td [(8. )-1133(For)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.907 0 Td (_PC_NO_TRUNC)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.2774 Tc (,t)Tj 0 Tc 8.053 0 Td [(he )-27(r)18(eturn )-27(value )-27(applies )-27(to )-27(\336lenames )-27(within )-27(the )-27(dir)15(ectory)111(.)]TJ -11.961 -1.6 Td [(9. )-1133(The)]TJ -0.018 Tc 4.057 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(fer)18(enced \336le for)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.183 0 Td (_PC_VDISABLE)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.45 0 Td (must be a terminal \336le.)Tj -19.546 -1.6 Td [(10. )-633(For)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.105 0 Td (_PC_ASYNC_IO)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 7.925 0 Td (_PC_PRIO_IO)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.475 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 7.825 0 Td (nd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.668 0 Td (_PC_SYNC_IO)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.475 Tc (,t)Tj 0 Tc 7.651 0 Td [(he )-225(r)18(efer)18(enced )-225(\336le)]TJ -27.041 -1.2 Td [(must not be a dir)18(ectory)111(.)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1270.25 3270.25 cm 0 0 m 3808 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 158.325 318.9617 Tm (Name of option)Tj 18.285 0 Td (Indicates ...)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 15.536 0 Td (name)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.417 0 Td [(ar)18(gument)]TJ ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1270.25 3150.25 cm 0 0 m 3808 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1270.25 3130.25 cm 0 0 m 3808 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 130.9764 304.9451 Tm (_POSIX_CHOWN_RESTRICTED )Tj 34.6 0 Td (_PC_CHOWN_RESTRICTED)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -20.3 0 Td (whether use of)Tj 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with)]TJ 2.25 -1.25 Td (the associated \336le)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -16.55 -1.25 Td (_POSIX2_SYMLINKS )Tj 34.6 0 Td (_PC_2_SYMLINKS)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -20.3 0 Td (whether symbolic links ar)Tj 0.25 Tc 11.436 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.153 0 Td (upported in the)Tj -10.339 -1.25 Td [(dir)18(ectory)]TJ ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1270.25 1810.25 cm 0 0 m 3808 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4058.25 1810.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1460 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2434.25 1810.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1460 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5078.25 1810.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1460 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1270.25 1810.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1460 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 195.1292 162.9609 Tm (Figure 2.18)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.695 0 Td (Options and)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 5.749 0 Td (name)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.417 0 Td [(ar)18(guments to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.102 0 Td (pathconf)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.05 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.943 0 Td (fpathconf)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47440 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (988)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td (Index)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 129.5922 670.9597 Tm ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.417 0 Td (header)Tj 0.5 Tc 2.972 0 Td (,2)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (7, 208, 895)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -10.639 -1.25 Td (stdout)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(variable, )-250(10,)-250(145, 154, 247)]TJ 11.407 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (248, 275, 901,)Tj -13.307 -1.25 Td (921, 930)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -2.7 -1.25 Td (STDOUT_FILENO)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 8.217 0 Td [(constant, )-250(9,)-250(62, 72, 145, 230, 235,)]TJ -5.517 -1.25 Td (378, 483, 537, 544, 549)Tj 9.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (550, 614, 618)Tj 5.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (620,)Tj -16.333 -1.25 Td (654)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (656, 729, 733, 739)Tj 7.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (740, 921)Tj -13.033 -1.25 Td [(Stevens, D. A.,)-500(xxxii)]TJ 0 -1.25 TD [(Stevens, E. M.,)-500(xxxii)]TJ T* [(Stevens, S. H.,)-500(xxxii)]TJ T* (Stevens, W)Tj 0.25 Tc 4.788 0 Td (.R)Tj 0 Tc 1.168 0 Td [(., )-250(xx,)-250(xxv\320xxvi, xxxii, 157, 291, 470,)]TJ -3.256 -1.25 Td (505, 589, 717, 793, 952)Tj -2.7 -1.25 Td [(sticky bit,)-500(107)]TJ 6.35 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td [(109, 1)55(17, 140)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -6.934 -1.25 Td (stime)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.417 0 Td [(function, )-250(190)]TJ -3.417 -1.25 Td [(Stonebraker)74(,)-250(M.)-250(R., )-250(743,)-250(953)]TJ T* [(ST)18(OP terminal character)]TJ 0.5 Tc 10.748 0 Td (,6)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (78, 680)Tj 3.083 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (682, 686, 689,)Tj -12.964 -1.25 Td (693)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -2.7 -1.25 Td (str2sig)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(function, )-250(380)]TJ -3.267 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(380)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (strace)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram, )-250(497)]TJ -4.017 -1.25 Td [(Strang, J.,)-500(712, 953)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf T* (strchr)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(function, )-250(767)]TJ -4.017 -1.25 Td [(str)18(eam orientation,)-500(144)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf T* (STREAM_MAX)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(38,)-250(40, 43, 49)]TJ -6.417 -1.25 Td [(STREAMS, )-250(xxii,)-250(88, 143, 501)]TJ 12.613 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (502, 506, 508, 510,)Tj -10.496 -1.25 Td (534, 560, 565, 648, 716)Tj 9.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (717, 722, 726, 740)Tj -12.867 -1.25 Td [(str)18(eams, memory)]TJ 0.5 Tc 7.544 0 Td (,1)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (71)Tj 1.083 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (174)Tj -10.461 -1.25 Td (STREAMS module)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.35 -1.25 Td (ldterm)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5 Tc 3.767 0 Td (,7)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (16, 726)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -5.017 -1.25 Td (pckt)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5 Tc 2.567 0 Td (,7)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (16, 740)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -3.817 -1.25 Td (ptem)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5 Tc 2.567 0 Td (,7)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (16, 726)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -3.817 -1.25 Td (ttcompat)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5 Tc 4.967 0 Td (,7)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (16, 726)Tj -7.567 -1.25 Td [(str)18(eams, standar)]TJ 0.25 Tc 7.233 0 Td (dI)Tj 0 Tc 1.198 0 Td [(/O, )-250(143)]TJ 3.725 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (144)Tj -12.74 -1.25 Td (STREAMS)Tj 4.666 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(based pipes, mounted,)-500(534)]TJ -3.649 -1.25 Td [(timing, )-250(565)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (strerror)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(function, )-250(15)]TJ 5.54 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (16, 24, 380, 442, 452, 471,)Tj -8.64 -1.25 Td (474, 478)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (479, 600, 615)Tj 5.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (618, 621)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (622, 657,)Tj -14.5 -1.25 Td (669, 823)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (827, 830, 833)Tj 5.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (834, 842, 899, 901,)Tj -10.333 -1.25 Td (904, 906, 931)Tj -1.35 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(15)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (strerror_r)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.417 0 Td [(function, )-250(443,)-250(452)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -6.417 -1.25 Td (strftime)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(function, )-250(190,)-250(192)]TJ 8.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (196, 264, 408, 452,)Tj -11.14 -1.25 Td (919)Tj -1.35 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(192)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (strftime_l)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.417 0 Td [(function, )-250(192)]TJ -5.067 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(192)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.417 0 Td (header)Tj 0.5 Tc 2.972 0 Td (,2)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (7, 895)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -10.639 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.017 0 Td (header)Tj 0.5 Tc 2.972 0 Td (,2)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (9)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -11.239 -1.25 Td (strip)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.417 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram, )-250(920)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -3.417 -1.25 Td (strlen)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(function, )-250(12,)-250(231, 945)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.017 -1.25 Td (strncasecmp)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.017 0 Td [(function, )-250(840)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -7.017 -1.25 Td (strncpy)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(function, )-250(809)]TJ -4.617 -1.25 Td [(Str)18(ong, H. 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)-187(Administrator)]TJ -0.055 Tc 21.161 0 Td [(\325s )-297(R)]TJ 0 Tc 1.716 0 Td [(efer)18(ence )-187(Manual)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 0.6871 Tc (.P)Tj -0.018 Tc 8.368 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(ntice )-187(Hall,)]TJ -35.41 -1.222 Td [(Englewood Clif)18(fs, NJ.)]TJ 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 179.9894 345.2793 Tm [(This )-81(is )-81(the )-81(system )-81(administrator)-74(\325s )-81(r)19(efer)18(ence )-81(manual )-81(for )-81(the )-81(SVR4 )-81(implementation )-81(for )-81(the )-81(Intel)]TJ 0 -1.25 Td [(80386 )-42(pr)18(ocessor)]TJ 0.542 Tc 6.954 0 Td (.I)Tj 0.292 Tc 1.129 0 Td (tc)Tj 0 Tc 1.062 0 Td [(ontains )-42(Sections )-42(1 )-42(\(commands\), )-42(4 )-42(\(\336le )-42(formats\), )-42(5 )-42(\(miscellaneous )-42(facilities\),)]TJ -9.145 -1.25 Td (and 7 \(special \336les\).)Tj 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 129.5925 307.6815 Tm [(Bach, M. J.)-500(1986.)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 7.916 0 Td (The Design of the UNIX Operating System)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5 Tc (.P)Tj -0.018 Tc 18.911 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(ntice Hall, Englewood Clif)18(fs, NJ.)]TJ 0.541 Tc 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 179.9894 294.3823 Tm (Ab)Tj 0 Tc 1.872 0 Td [(ook )-291(on )-291(the )-291(details )-291(of )-291(the )-291(design )-291(and )-291(implementation )-291(of )-291(the )-291(UNIX )-291(operating )-291(system.)]TJ -1.872 -1.25 Td [(Although )-42(actual )-42(UNIX )-42(System )-42(sour)19(ce )-42(code )-42(is )-42(not )-42(pr)18(ovided )-42(in )-42(this )-42(text )-42(\(since )-42(it )-42(was )-42(pr)22(oprietary)]TJ 0 -1.25 TD [(to )-51(A)74(T&T )-52(at )-52(the )-52(time\), )-52(many )-52(of )-52(the )-52(algorithms )-52(and )-52(data )-52(str)12(uctur)18(es )-52(used )-52(by )-52(the )-52(UNIX )-52(kernel )-52(ar)20(e)]TJ -0 -1.25 Td [(pr)18(esented and discussed.)-500(This book describes SVR2.)]TJ 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 129.5921 246.7852 Tm [(Bolsky)111(,)-446(M.)-446(I., )-196(and )-196(Korn, )-196(D. )-196(G.)-695(1995.)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 17.702 0 Td [(The )-196(New )-196(KornShell )-196(Command )-196(and )-196(Pr)18(ogramming )-196(Language,)]TJ -14.502 -1.222 Td (Second Edition)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5 Tc (.P)Tj -0.018 Tc 7.456 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(ntice Hall, Englewood Clif)18(fs, NJ.)]TJ 0.5515 Tc 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 179.9893 222.4866 Tm (Ab)Tj 0 Tc 1.883 0 Td [(ook )-301(describing )-301(how )-301(to )-301(use )-301(the )-301(Korn )-301(shell, )-301(both )-301(as )-301(a )-301(command )-301(interpr)12(eter )-302(and )-302(as )-302(a)]TJ -1.883 -1.25 Td [(pr)18(ogramming language.)]TJ 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 129.5925 194.8883 Tm [(Chen, )-132(D., )-132(Barkley)110(,)-382(R.)-382(E)-1(., )-132(and )-132(Lee, )-132(T)]TJ 0.3824 Tc 16.16 0 Td (.P)Tj 0.6324 Tc 1.107 0 Td (.1)Tj 0 Tc 1.382 0 Td [(990. )-382(\324)37(\324Insuring )-132(Impr)18(oved )-132(VM )-132(Performance: )-132(Some )-132(No-)]TJ -15.45 -1.222 Td [(Fault )-99(Policies,\325)37(\325)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 7.112 0 Td [(Pr)18(oceedings )-99(of )-99(the )-99(1990 )-99(W)20(inter )-99(USENIX )-99(Confer)20(ence)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 0.3487 Tc (,p)Tj 0 Tc 23.163 0 Td [(p. 1)55(1)]TJ 2.129 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td [(22, )-99(W)92(ashington,)]TJ -32.988 -1.222 Td (DC.)Tj 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 179.9898 159.5904 Tm [(Describes )-347(changes )-347(made )-347(to )-347(the )-347(virtual )-347(memory )-347(implementation )-347(of )-347(SVR4 )-347(to )-347(impr)18(ove )-347(its)]TJ T* (performance, especially for)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 12.267 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.943 0 Td (exec)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47443 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(14.4)]TJ 35.831 0 Td [(I/O )-250(Multiplexing)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 10.002 0 Td (507)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf -0.055 Tc 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 668.9599 Tm (Wi)Tj 0 Tc 1.236 0 Td (th)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.412 0 Td (poll)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.5039 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 3.445 0 Td [(nstead )-254(of )-254(building )-254(a )-254(set )-254(of )-254(descriptors )-254(for )-254(each )-254(condition )-254(\(r)19(eadability)111(,)]TJ -6.093 -1.2 Td (writability)Tj 0.469 Tc 4.543 0 Td (,a)Tj 0 Tc 1.219 0 Td [(nd )-219(exception )-219(condition\) )-219(as )-219(we )-219(did )-219(with)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 19.074 0 Td (select)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(,)-469(we)-469(build )-219(an )-219(array )-219(of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -24.836 -1.2 Td (pollfd)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.028 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(es, )-178(with )-178(each )-178(array )-178(element )-178(specifying )-178(a )-178(descriptor )-178(number )-178(and )-178(the)]TJ -4.028 -1.2 Td (conditions that we\325r)Tj 0.25 Tc 8.845 0 Td (ei)Tj 0 Tc 1.02 0 Td [(nter)18(ested in for that descriptor:)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.591 617.3329 Tm (struct pollfd {)Tj 1.2 -1.189 Td [(int )-1800(fd;)-4200(/* file descriptor to check, or <0 to ignore */)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(short )-600(events;)-1800(/* events of interest on fd */)]TJ T* [(short )-600(revents; )-600(/*)-600(events that occurred on fd */)]TJ -1.2 -1.189 Td (};)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5921 557.6063 Tm (The number of elements in the)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 13.751 0 Td (fdarray)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.194 0 Td (array is speci\336ed by)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 9.104 0 Td (nfds)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 183.5886 538.6075 Tm (Historically)Tj 0.5359 Tc 5.076 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 1.112 0 Td (her)Tj 0.5359 Tc 1.438 0 Td (eh)Tj 0 Tc 1.597 0 Td [(ave )-286(been )-286(dif)18(fer)18(ences )-286(in )-286(how )-286(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 15.888 0 Td (nfds)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.259 0 Td [(parameter )-286(was )-286(declar)19(ed. )-536(SVR3)]TJ -27.37 -1.25 Td [(speci\336ed )-73(the )-73(number )-73(of )-73(elements )-73(in )-73(the )-73(array )-73(as )-73(an)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 23.484 0 Td [(unsigned )277(long)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 0.3234 Tc (,w)Tj 0 Tc 8.931 0 Td [(hich )-73(seems )-73(excessive.)]TJ -32.414 -1.25 Td [(In )-9(the )-9(SVR4 )-9(manual )-9([A)74(T&T )-9(1990d], )-9(the )-9(pr)18(ototype )-9(for)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 23.669 0 Td (poll)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.66 0 Td [(showed )-9(the )-9(data )-9(type )-9(of )-9(the )-9(second)]TJ -26.329 -1.25 Td [(ar)18(gument )-5(as)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.739 0 Td (size_t)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.5046 Tc (.\()Tj 0 Tc 4.688 0 Td [(Recall )-5(the )-5(primitive )-5(system )-5(data )-5(types )-5(fr)18(om )-5(Figur)]TJ 0.2546 Tc 21.901 0 Td (e2)Tj 0 Tc 1.234 0 Td [(.21.\) )-255(But)-254(the )-5(actual)]TJ -33.562 -1.25 Td [(pr)18(ototype )-73(in )-73(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.588 0 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.123 0 Td [(header )-73(still )-73(showed )-73(the )-73(second )-73(ar)18(gument )-73(as )-73(an)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 21.516 0 Td [(unsigned )277(long)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj -34.227 -1.25 Td [(The )-110(Single )-110(UNIX )-110(Speci\336cation )-110(de\336nes )-110(the )-110(new )-110(type)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 23.948 0 Td (nfds_t)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.96 0 Td [(to )-110(allow )-110(the )-110(implementation )-110(to)]TJ -27.908 -1.25 Td [(select )-5(the )-5(appr)18(opriate )-5(type )-5(and )-5(hide )-5(the )-5(details )-5(fr)18(om )-5(applications.)-505(Note )-5(that )-5(this )-5(type )-5(has )-5(to )-5(be)]TJ 0 -1.25 TD [(lar)18(ge )-52(enough )-52(to )-52(hold )-52(an )-52(integer)]TJ 0.3018 Tc 14.078 0 Td (,s)Tj 0 Tc 0.976 0 Td [(ince )-52(the )-52(r)19(eturn )-52(value )-52(r)18(epr)18(esents )-52(the )-52(number )-52(of )-52(entries )-52(in )-52(the)]TJ -15.054 -1.25 Td (array with satis\336ed events.)Tj 0 -2.25 TD [(The )-47(SVID )-47(corr)18(esponding )-47(to )-47(SVR4 )-47([A)74(T&T )-47(1989] )-47(showed )-47(the )-47(\336rst )-47(ar)18(gument )-47(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 34.482 0 Td (poll)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.697 0 Td (as)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.221 0 Td (struct)Tj -38.4 -1.25 Td (pollfd)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 4.314 0 Td (fdarray)Tj /TT0 1 Tf ([])Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.3641 Tc (,w)Tj 0 Tc 5.592 0 Td [(her)18(eas )-114(the )-114(SVR4 )-114(manual )-114(page )-114([A)73(T&T )-114(1990d] )-114(showed )-114(this )-114(ar)18(gument )-114(as)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -9.906 -1.25 Td [(struct )-97(pollfd )-97(*)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 9.195 0 Td (fdarray)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.5974 Tc (.I)Tj 0.3474 Tc 4.128 0 Td (nt)Tj 0 Tc 1.255 0 Td [(he )-97(C )-97(language, )-97(both )-97(declarations )-97(ar)]TJ 0.3474 Tc 16.097 0 Td (ee)Tj 0 Tc 1.305 0 Td [(quivalent. )-347(W)]TJ 0.3474 Tc 5.952 0 Td (eu)Tj 0 Tc 1.429 0 Td [(se )-97(the)]TJ -39.363 -1.25 Td [(\336rst )-47(declaration )-47(to )-47(r)18(eiterate )-47(that)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 14.456 0 Td (fdarray)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.497 0 Td [(points )-47(to )-47(an )-47(array )-47(of )-47(str)10(uctur)18(es )-47(and )-47(not )-47(a )-47(pointer )-47(to)]TJ 0.25 Tc -18.953 -1.25 Td (as)Tj 0 Tc 1.174 0 Td [(ingle str)8(uctur)18(e.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5921 379.617 Tm [(To )-187(t)]TJ 0 Tc 1.646 0 Td [(ell )-3(the )-3(kernel )-3(which )-3(events )-3(we\325r)]TJ 0.2525 Tc 14.049 0 Td (ei)Tj 0 Tc 1.023 0 Td [(nter)18(ested )-2(in )-2(for )-2(each )-2(descriptor)72(,)-252(we)-252(h)-1(ave )-2(to )-2(set)]TJ -18.517 -1.2 Td (the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.67 0 Td (events)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.883 0 Td [(member )-33(of )-33(each )-33(array )-33(element )-33(to )-33(one )-33(or )-33(mor)20(e)-283(of)-283(the )-33(values )-33(in )-33(Figur)]TJ 0.2828 Tc 30.186 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.262 0 Td (4.17.)Tj -37 -1.2 Td [(On )-88(r)18(eturn, )-88(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.781 0 Td (revents)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.538 0 Td [(member )-88(is )-88(set )-88(by )-88(the )-88(kernel, )-88(ther)18(eby )-88(specifying )-88(which )-88(events)]TJ -11.319 -1.2 Td [(have )-362(occurr)18(ed )-362(for )-362(each )-362(descriptor)]TJ 0.8621 Tc 16.19 0 Td (.\()Tj 0 Tc 1.445 0 Td [(Note )-362(that)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.14 0 Td (poll)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.012 0 Td [(doesn\325t )-362(change )-362(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.612 0 Td (events)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -35.4 -1.2 Td (member)Tj 0.618 Tc 3.598 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.481 0 Td [(his )-118(behavior )-118(dif)18(fers )-118(fr)18(om )-118(that )-118(of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 15.016 0 Td (select)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.368 Tc (,w)Tj 0 Tc 5.052 0 Td [(hich )-118(modi\336es )-118(its )-118(ar)18(guments )-118(to)]TJ -25.147 -1.2 Td [(indicate what is r)18(eady)111(.\))]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1307.25 3008.25 cm 0 0 m 3878 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 192.5729 292.8049 Tm [(Input to)-1236(Result fr)18(om)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -0.237 -1.25 Td (events)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (?)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 5.312 0 Td (revents)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (?)Tj -10.659 0.625 Td (Name)Tj 28.619 0 Td (Description)Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1307.25 2788.25 cm 0 0 m 3878 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1307.25 2768.25 cm 0 0 m 3878 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 134.6798 268.7916 Tm (POLLIN)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.006 Tc 8.719 0 Td (\245\245)Tj 0 Tc 9.505 0 Td [(Data other than high priority data can be r)18(ead without blocking)]TJ 1.35 -1.25 Td (\(equivalent to)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 6.381 0 Td (POLLRDNORM|POLLRDBAND)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (\).)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -25.955 -1.25 Td (POLLRDNORM)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.006 Tc 8.719 0 Td (\245\245)Tj 0 Tc 9.505 0 Td [(Normal data can be r)18(ead without blocking.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -18.224 -1.25 Td (POLLRDBAND)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.006 Tc 8.719 0 Td (\245\245)Tj 0 Tc 9.505 0 Td [(Priority data can be r)18(ead without blocking.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -18.224 -1.25 Td (POLLPRI)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.006 Tc 8.719 0 Td (\245\245)Tj 0 Tc 9.505 0 Td [(High-priority data can be r)18(ead without blocking.)]TJ ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1307.25 2248.25 cm 0 0 m 3878 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 134.6717 216.788 Tm (POLLOUT)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.006 Tc 8.719 0 Td (\245\245)Tj 0 Tc 9.505 0 Td (Normal data can be written without blocking.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -18.224 -1.25 Td (POLLWRNORM)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.006 Tc 8.719 0 Td (\245\245)Tj 0 Tc 9.505 0 Td (Same as)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.811 0 Td (POLLOUT)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -22.035 -1.25 Td (POLLWRBAND)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.006 Tc 8.719 0 Td (\245\245)Tj 0 Tc 9.505 0 Td (Priority data can be written without blocking.)Tj ET q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1307.25 1928.25 cm 0 0 m 3878 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9976 0 0 7.9976 134.6636 184.7846 Tm (POLLERR)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 14.331 0 Td [(\245)-3287(An err)18(or has occurr)18(ed.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -14.331 -1.25 Td (POLLHUP)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 14.331 0 Td (\245)Tj 0.25 Tc 3.893 0 Td (Ah)Tj 0 Tc 1.61 0 Td [(angup has occurr)18(ed.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -19.834 -1.25 Td (POLLNVAL)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 14.331 0 Td [(\245)-3287(The descriptor does not r)18(efer)18(ence an open \336le.)]TJ ET q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1307.25 1608.25 cm 0 0 m 3878 0 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2765.25 1608.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1400 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2270.25 1608.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1400 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1867.25 1608.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1400 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 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)-113(gr)18(oup-execute )-113(bit.)-613(\(Recall )-113(Figur)]TJ 0.3634 Tc 15.916 0 Td (e4)Tj 0 Tc 1.342 0 Td [(.12.\) )-363(Since)-364(the )-113(set-gr)18(oup-ID )-113(bit)]TJ -24.896 -1.2 Td [(makes )-30(no )-30(sense )-30(when )-30(the )-30(gr)18(oup-execute )-30(bit )-30(is )-30(of)18(f, )-30(the )-30(designers )-30(of )-30(SVR3 )-30(chose )-30(this )-30(way)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(to )-8(specify )-8(that )-8(the )-8(locking )-8(for )-8(a )-8(\336le )-8(is )-8(to )-8(be )-8(mandatory )-8(locking )-8(and )-8(not )-8(advisory )-8(locking.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(What )-115(happens )-115(to )-115(a )-115(pr)16(ocess )-115(that )-115(tries )-115(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 18.288 0 Td (read)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.765 0 Td (or)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.306 0 Td (write)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.3653 Tc 3.365 0 Td (a\336)Tj 0 Tc 1.47 0 Td [(le )-115(that )-115(has )-115(mandatory)]TJ -28.995 -1.2 Td [(locking )-141(enabled )-141(and )-141(that )-141(part )-141(of )-141(the )-141(\336le )-141(is )-141(curr)20(ently )-141(locked )-141(by 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Tc 18.196 0 Td (,N)Tj 0 Tc 3.532 0 Td [(onblocking descriptor)74(,)]TJ -9.208 -1.25 Td (tries to)Tj 12.216 0 Td (tries to)Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2719.25 4832.25 cm 0 0 m 1925 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 192.8013 486.1125 Tm [(lock on r)18(egion held)]TJ 0.639 -1.375 Td [(by other pr)18(ocess)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.978 0 Td [(read )-2808(write )-2808(read )-2808(write)]TJ ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1848.25 4712.25 cm 0 0 m 2796 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1848.25 4692.25 cm 0 0 m 2796 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 210.6054 461.0893 Tm (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (ad lock)Tj 8.977 0 Td [(OK )-3695(blocks )-3695(OK)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 17.28 0 Td (EAGAIN)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -27.292 -1.25 Td [(write lock)-4949(blocks )-3044(blocks)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 21.185 0 Td [(EAGAIN )-1908(EAGAIN)]TJ ET q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1848.25 4472.25 cm 0 0 m 2796 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4175.25 4472.25 cm 0 0 m 0 360 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3686.25 4472.25 cm 0 0 m 0 580 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3198.25 4472.25 cm 0 0 m 0 360 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2699.25 4472.25 cm 0 0 m 0 580 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2719.25 4472.25 cm 0 0 m 0 580 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4644.25 4472.25 cm 0 0 m 0 580 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1848.25 4472.25 cm 0 0 m 0 580 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9976 0 0 7.9976 176.8909 429.0713 Tm [(Figure 14.1)37(1)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 6.158 0 Td [(Ef)18(fect of mandatory locking on)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 13.93 0 Td (read)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (sa)Tj 0 Tc 3.574 0 Td (nd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.443 0 Td (write)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(s)-250(by)-250(other pr)18(ocesses)]TJ 9.997 0 0 9.997 147.5561 402.6792 Tm [(In )-24(addition )-24(to )-24(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.033 0 Td (read)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.674 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.967 0 Td (write)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.274 0 Td [(functions )-24(in )-24(Figur)]TJ 0.2743 Tc 7.936 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.253 0 Td [(4.1)55(1, )-24(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.881 0 Td (open)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.674 0 Td [(function )-24(can)]TJ -33.493 -1.2 Td [(be )-320(af)18(fected )-320(by )-320(mandatory )-320(r)18(ecor)]TJ 0.5699 Tc 15.03 0 Td (dl)Tj 0 Tc 1.472 0 Td [(ocks )-320(held )-320(by )-320(another )-320(pr)18(ocess. )-570(Normally)111(,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 20.099 0 Td (open)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -36.6 -1.2 Td [(succeeds, )-131(even )-131(if )-131(the )-131(\336le )-131(being )-131(opened )-131(has )-131(outstanding )-131(mandatory )-131(r)19(ecor)]TJ 0.3809 Tc 33.192 0 Td (dl)Tj 0 Tc 1.283 0 Td [(ocks. )-381(The)]TJ -34.475 -1.2 Td (next)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.177 0 Td (read)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.674 0 Td (or)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.215 0 Td (write)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.274 0 Td [(follows )-24(the )-24(r)8(ules )-24(listed )-24(in )-24(Figur)]TJ 0.2739 Tc 13.884 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.253 0 Td [(4.1)55(1. )-274(But)-274(if )-24(the )-24(\336le )-24(being )-24(opened)]TJ -24.476 -1.2 Td [(has )-152(outstanding )-152(mandatory )-152(r)18(ecor)]TJ 0.402 Tc 15.181 0 Td (dl)Tj 0 Tc 1.304 0 Td [(ocks )-152(\(either )-152(r)18(ead )-152(locks )-152(or )-152(write )-152(locks\), )-152(and )-152(if )-152(the)]TJ -16.485 -1.2 Td (\337ags in the call to)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 7.997 0 Td (open)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td (specify either)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 6.181 0 Td (O_TRUNC)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td (or)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.191 0 Td (O_CREAT)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.2503 Tc (,t)Tj 0 Tc 5.026 0 Td (hen)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.893 0 Td (open)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 2.65 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(turns an err)17(or)]TJ -32.895 -1.2 Td (of)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.129 0 Td (EAGAIN)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td (immediately)Tj 0.25 Tc 5.479 0 Td (,r)Tj 0 Tc 0.877 0 Td [(egar)18(dless of whether)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.447 0 Td (O_NONBLOCK)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.25 0 Td (is speci\336ed.)Tj 7.9976 0 0 7.9976 183.5439 310.7068 Tm [(Only )-121(Solaris )-121(tr)18(eats )-121(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.491 0 Td (O_CREAT)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.571 0 Td [(\337ag )-121(as )-121(an )-121(err)17(or )-121(case.)-621(Linux )-121(allows )-121(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 18.055 0 Td (O_CREAT)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.571 0 Td [(\337ag )-121(to )-121(be)]TJ -37.69 -1.25 Td [(speci\336ed )-15(when )-15(opening )-15(a )-15(\336le )-15(with )-15(an )-15(outstanding )-15(mandatory )-15(lock.)-516(Generating )-15(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 37.143 0 Td (open)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.665 0 Td [(err)18(or)]TJ -39.808 -1.25 Td (for)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.675 0 Td (O_TRUNC)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.601 0 Td [(makes )-151(sense, )-151(because )-151(the )-151(\336le )-151(cannot )-151(be )-151(tr)8(uncated )-151(if )-151(it )-151(is )-151(r)18(ead )-151(locked )-151(or )-151(write)]TJ -6.276 -1.25 Td [(locked )-7(by )-7(another )-7(pr)18(ocess. )-257(Generating)-257(the )-7(err)18(or )-7(for)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 23.102 0 Td (O_CREAT)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.257 Tc (,h)Tj 0 Tc 5.289 0 Td (owever)Tj 0.257 Tc 3.224 0 Td (,m)Tj 0 Tc 1.39 0 Td [(akes )-7(little )-7(sense; )-7(this)]TJ -33.005 -1.25 Td [(\337ag )-48(says )-48(to )-48(cr)19(eate )-48(the )-48(\336le )-48(only )-48(if )-48(it )-48(doesn\325t )-48(alr)18(eady )-48(exist, )-48(but )-48(it )-48(has )-48(to )-48(exist )-48(to )-48(be )-48(r)24(ecor)]TJ 0.2976 Tc 38.164 0 Td (dl)Tj 0 Tc 1.2 0 Td (ocked)Tj -39.364 -1.25 Td [(by another pr)18(ocess.)]TJ 9.997 0 0 9.997 147.5547 238.7284 Tm [(This )-95(handling )-95(of )-95(locking )-95(con\337icts )-95(with)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 17.82 0 Td (open)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.745 0 Td [(can )-95(lead )-95(to )-95(surprising )-95(r)16(esults. )-345(While)]TJ -22.365 -1.2 Td [(developing )-229(the )-229(exer)18(cises )-229(in )-229(this )-229(section, )-229(a )-229(test )-229(pr)15(ogram )-229(was )-229(r)8(un )-229(that )-229(opened )-229(a )-229(\336le)]TJ T* [(\(whose )-2(mode )-2(speci\336ed )-2(mandatory )-2(locking\), )-2(established )-2(a )-2(r)18(ead )-2(lock )-2(on )-2(an )-2(entir)]TJ 0.252 Tc 34.699 0 Td (e\336)Tj 0 Tc 1.336 0 Td [(le, )-2(and)]TJ -36.035 -1.2 Td [(then )-13(went )-13(to )-13(sleep )-13(for )-13(a )-13(while.)-513(\(Recall )-13(fr)18(om )-13(Figur)]TJ 0.2629 Tc 21.982 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.242 0 Td (4.1)Tj 0.2629 Tc 1.195 0 Td (1t)Tj 0 Tc 1.089 0 Td [(hat )-13(a )-13(r)18(ead )-13(lock )-13(should )-13(pr)19(event)]TJ -25.507 -1.2 Td [(writing )-41(to )-41(the )-41(\336le )-41(by )-41(other )-41(pr)18(ocesses.\) )-291(During)-291(this )-41(sleep )-41(period, )-41(the )-41(following )-41(behavior)]TJ T* [(was seen in other typical UNIX System pr)18(ograms.)]TJ 0.883 Tc 1.8 -2.04 Td (\245T)Tj 0 Tc 2.102 0 Td [(he )-46(same )-46(\336le )-46(could )-46(be )-46(edited )-46(with )-46(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 16.837 0 Td (ed)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.496 0 Td (editor)Tj 0.2964 Tc 2.574 0 Td (,a)Tj 0 Tc 1.046 0 Td [(nd )-46(the )-46(r)18(esults )-46(written )-46(back )-46(to)]TJ -22.567 -1.2 Td [(disk! )-337(The)-338(mandatory )-87(r)18(ecor)]TJ 0.3374 Tc 12.218 0 Td (dl)Tj 0 Tc 1.239 0 Td [(ocking )-87(had )-87(no )-87(ef)18(fect )-87(at )-87(all.)-587(Using )-87(the )-87(system )-87(call)]TJ -13.458 -1.2 Td [(trace )-10(featur)]TJ 0.2605 Tc 5.022 0 Td (ep)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.341 0 Td (ro)Tj 0 Tc 0.923 0 Td [(vided )-10(by )-10(some )-10(versions )-10(of )-10(the )-10(UNIX )-10(System, )-10(it )-10(was )-10(seen )-10(that)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 27.225 0 Td (ed)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47446 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(10.10)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 30.286 0 Td (alarm)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.193 0 Td (pause)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td (Functions)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.354 0 Td (341)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 6690.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 129.5922 659.4594 Tm (#include "apue.h")Tj 0 -1.902 TD [(unsigned int)-2400(sleep2\(unsigned int\);)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(static void)-3000(sig_int\(int\);)]TJ 0 -1.902 TD (int)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (main\(void\))Tj 0 -1.189 TD ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td [(unsigned int)-2400(unslept;)]TJ 0 -1.902 TD (if \(signal\(SIGINT, sig_int\) == SIG_ERR\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_sys\("signal\(SIGINT\) error"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (unslept = sleep2\(5\);)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (printf\("sleep2 returned: %u\\n", unslept\);)Tj T* (exit\(0\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj 0 -1.902 TD (static void)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (sig_int\(int signo\))Tj T* ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (int )Tj 9.6 0 Td [(i,)-600(j;)]TJ -9.6 -1.189 Td [(volatile int)-2400(k;)]TJ 0 -1.902 TD (/*)Tj 0.6 Tc 0.6 -1.189 Td (*T)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (une these loops to run for more than 5 seconds)Tj -1.8 -1.189 Td [(*)-600(on)-600(whatever system this test program is run.)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD (*/)Tj -0.6 -1.189 Td (printf\("\\nsig_int starting\\n"\);)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (for \(i = 0; i < 300000; i++\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (for \(j = 0; j < 4000; j++\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td [(k)-600(+=)-600(i)-600(*)-600(j;)]TJ -4.8 -1.189 Td (printf\("sig_int finished\\n"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 3337.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 199.2121 317.6599 Tm (Figure 10.9)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.695 0 Td (Calling)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.47 0 Td (sleep2)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td [(fr)18(om a pr)18(ogram that catches other signals)]TJ 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 147.5827 293.6628 Tm [(When )-194(we )-194(execute )-194(the )-194(pr)18(ogram )-194(shown )-194(in )-194(Figur)]TJ 0.4436 Tc 21.856 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.423 0 Td [(0.9 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3.49 0 Td (eg)Tj 0 Tc 1.285 0 Td [(iven the curr)18(ent)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.26 0 Td (cmsghdr)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -13.792 -1.189 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e, or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.66 0 Td (NULL)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td [(if we\325r)18(e)-250(at)-250(the last one)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -29.651 -2.14 Td (unsigned int CMSG_LEN\(unsigned int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 21 0 Td (nbytes)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -3.963 -2.14 Td (Returns: size to allocate for data object)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 17.213 0 Td (nbytes)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.88 0 Td [(lar)18(ge)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 2502.25 cm 0 0 m 0 2103 l 3900 2103 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 183.578 222.6533 Tm [(The Single UNIX Speci\336cation de\336nes the \336rst thr)18(ee macr)18(os, but omits)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 31.331 0 Td (CMSG_LEN)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 197.6563 Tm (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.983 0 Td (CMSG_LEN)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.109 0 Td (macr)Tj 0.3089 Tc 2.204 0 Td (or)Tj 0 Tc 1.232 0 Td [(eturns )-59(the 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0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5911 668.9599 Tm (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.116 0 Td (recv)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.842 0 Td [(function )-192(is )-192(similar )-192(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.138 0 Td (read)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.4423 Tc (,b)Tj 0 Tc 3.645 0 Td [(ut )-192(allows )-192(us )-192(to )-192(specify )-192(some )-192(options )-192(to)]TJ -20.542 -1.2 Td [(contr)18(ol how we r)18(eceive the data.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5911 639.0617 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -2.14 TD (ssize_t recv\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 10.2 0 Td (sockfd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,v)Tj 0 Tc 4.262 0 Td (oid *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (buf)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 6.097 0 Td (ize_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3.6 0 Td (nbytes)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 4.43 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (\337ags)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -6.934 -2.14 Td (Returns: length of message in bytes,)Tj -15.335 -1.189 Td [(0)-250(if)-250(no)-250(messages ar)]TJ 0.25 Tc 8.298 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td [(vailable and peer has done an or)18(derly shutdown,)]TJ 15.626 -1.189 Td (or)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.191 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 5747.25 cm 0 0 m 0 734 l 3900 734 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 559.9128 Tm [(The )-111(\337ags )-111(that )-111(can )-111(be )-111(passed )-111(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 14.49 0 Td (recv)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.761 0 Td (ar)Tj 0.3607 Tc 0.877 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.264 0 Td [(ummarized )-111(in )-111(Figur)]TJ 0.3608 Tc 9.122 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.34 0 Td [(6.14. )-361(Only)-361(thr)18(ee )-111(ar)18(e)]TJ -29.854 -1.2 Td (de\336ned by the Single UNIX Speci\336cation.)Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1116.25 5256.25 cm 0 0 m 4067 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 364.7463 517.4868 Tm [(Fr)18(eeBSD )-1416(Linux)-1382(Mac OS X)-1198(Solaris)]TJ 1.276 -1.25 Td [(8.0 )-2993(3.2.0)-2618(10.6.8 )-2868(10)]TJ -28.579 0.625 Td (Flag)Tj 11.875 0 Td (Description)Tj 10.626 0 Td (POSIX.1)Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1116.25 5036.25 cm 0 0 m 4067 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1116.25 5016.25 cm 0 0 m 4067 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 115.5723 493.4616 Tm (MSG_CMSG_CLOEXEC)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 37.617 0 Td (\245)Tj -26.517 0 Td (Set the close-on-exec \337ag for \336le)Tj 1.35 -1.25 Td [(descriptors r)18(eceived over a)]TJ 0 -1.25 TD (UNIX domain socket \(see)Tj T* (Section 17.4\).)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -12.45 -1.25 Td (MSG_DONTWAIT)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.262 Tc 32.749 0 Td [(\245\245 )-356(\245)]TJ 0 Tc -21.649 0 Td (Enable nonblocking operation)Tj 1.35 -1.25 Td (\(equivalent to using)Tj /TT0 1 Tf T* (O_NONBLOCK)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (\).)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -12.45 -1.25 Td (MSG_ERRQUEUE)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 37.617 0 Td (\245)Tj -26.517 0 Td [(Receive err)18(or information as)]TJ 1.35 -1.25 Td (ancillary data.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -12.45 -1.25 Td (MSG_OOB)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.262 Tc 27.881 0 Td (\245\245\245\245\245)Tj 0 Tc -16.781 0 Td (Retrieve out-of-band data if)Tj 1.35 -1.25 Td [(supported by pr)18(otocol \(see)]TJ T* (Section 16.7\).)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -12.45 -1.25 Td (MSG_PEEK)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.262 Tc 27.881 0 Td (\245\245\245\245\245)Tj 0 Tc -16.781 0 Td (Return packet contents without)Tj 1.35 -1.25 Td (consuming the packet.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -12.45 -1.25 Td (MSG_TRUNC)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 37.617 0 Td (\245)Tj -26.517 0 Td [(Request that the r)18(eal length of)]TJ 1.35 -1.25 Td [(the packet be r)18(eturned, even)]TJ T* [(if it was tr)8(uncated.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -12.45 -1.25 Td (MSG_WAITALL)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.262 Tc 27.881 0 Td (\245\245\245\245\245)Tj -0.092 Tc -16.781 0 Td (Wa)Tj 0 Tc 1.408 0 Td (it until all data is available)Tj -0.058 -1.25 Td (\()Tj /TT0 1 Tf (SOCK_STREAM)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.183 0 Td (only\).)Tj ET q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1116.25 3096.25 cm 0 0 m 4067 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4774.25 3096.25 cm 0 0 m 0 2160 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4384.25 3096.25 cm 0 0 m 0 2160 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3995.25 3096.25 cm 0 0 m 0 2160 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3595.25 3096.25 cm 0 0 m 0 2160 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3615.25 3096.25 cm 0 0 m 0 2160 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3216.25 3096.25 cm 0 0 m 0 2160 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1984.25 3096.25 cm 0 0 m 0 2160 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5183.25 3096.25 cm 0 0 m 0 2160 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1116.25 3096.25 cm 0 0 m 0 2160 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9976 0 0 7.9976 240.3399 291.4925 Tm (Figure 16.14)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.195 0 Td (Flags used with)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 7.227 0 Td (recv)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td (socket calls)Tj 9.997 0 0 9.997 147.5559 262.7012 Tm [(When )-226(we )-226(specify )-226(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.374 0 Td (MSG_PEEK)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.276 0 Td [(\337ag, )-226(we )-226(can )-226(peek )-226(at )-226(the )-226(next )-226(data )-226(to )-226(be )-226(r)20(ead)]TJ -17.45 -1.2 Td [(without )-52(actually )-52(consuming )-52(it.)-552(The )-52(next )-52(call )-52(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 21.436 0 Td (read)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.702 0 Td [(or )-52(one )-52(of )-52(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.021 0 Td (recv)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.702 0 Td [(functions )-52(will)]TJ -0.018 Tc -32.86 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (turn the same data we peeked at.)Tj -0.055 Tc 0.944 -1.2 Td (Wi)Tj 0 Tc 1.236 0 Td (th)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.425 0 Td (SOCK_STREAM)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.117 0 Td [(sockets, )-267(we )-267(can )-267(r)18(eceive )-267(less )-267(data )-267(than )-267(we )-267(r)20(equested. )-517(The)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -11.578 -1.2 Td (MSG_WAITALL)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.923 0 Td [(\337ag )-73(inhibits )-73(this )-73(behavior)]TJ 0.3233 Tc 11.434 0 Td (,p)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.174 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (venting)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.704 0 Td (recv)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.723 0 Td [(fr)18(om )-73(r)18(eturning )-73(until )-73(all )-73(the)]TJ -26.815 -1.2 Td [(data )-345(we )-345(r)18(equested )-345(has )-345(been )-345(r)20(eceived. )-594(W)55(ith)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 21.718 0 Td (SOCK_DGRAM)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.594 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.288 0 Td (SOCK_SEQPACKET)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -30.6 -1.2 Td [(sockets, )-450(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.237 0 Td (MSG_WAITALL)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.3 0 Td [(\337ag )-450(pr)18(ovides )-450(no )-450(change )-450(in )-450(behavior)]TJ 0.7003 Tc 18.041 0 Td (,b)Tj 0 Tc 1.503 0 Td [(ecause )-450(these)]TJ -33.081 -1.2 Td [(message-based socket types alr)18(eady r)18(eturn an entir)]TJ 0.25 Tc 22.519 0 Td (em)Tj 0 Tc 1.612 0 Td [(essage in a single r)18(ead.)]TJ -22.331 -1.2 Td [(If )-229(the )-229(sender )-229(has )-229(called)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.544 0 Td (shutdown)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.279 0 Td [(\(Section )-229(16.2\) )-229(to )-229(end )-229(transmission, )-229(or )-229(if )-229(the)]TJ -18.624 -1.2 Td [(network )-78(pr)18(otocol )-78(supports )-78(or)19(derly )-78(shutdown )-78(by )-78(default )-78(and )-78(the )-78(sender )-78(has )-78(closed )-78(the)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD (socket, then)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 5.494 0 Td (recv)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td [(will r)18(eturn 0 when we have r)18(eceived all the data.)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47451 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(16.4)]TJ 31.974 0 Td [(Connection )-250(Establishment)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 13.859 0 Td (607)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5911 668.9599 Tm [(Ther)18(e)-457(is)-457(a)-457(p)]TJ -0.018 Tc 5.718 0 Td (ro)Tj 0 Tc 0.923 0 Td [(blem )-207(with )-207(the )-207(code )-207(shown )-207(in )-207(Figur)]TJ 0.4573 Tc 16.674 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.436 0 Td [(6.10: )-207(it )-207(isn\325t )-207(portable.)-708(This)]TJ -26.552 -1.2 Td [(technique )-112(works )-112(on )-112(Linux )-112(and )-112(Solaris, )-112(but )-112(doesn\325t )-112(work )-112(as )-112(expected )-112(on )-112(Fr)12(eeBSD )-113(and)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(Mac )-241(OS )-241(X.)-741(If )-241(the )-241(\336rst )-241(connection )-241(attempt )-241(fails, )-241(BSD)]TJ 24.859 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(based )-241(socket )-241(implementations)]TJ -25.192 -1.2 Td [(continue )-27(to )-27(fail )-27(successive )-27(connection )-27(attempts )-27(when )-27(the )-27(same )-27(socket )-27(descriptor )-27(is )-27(used)]TJ T* [(with )-100(TCP)]TJ 0.6003 Tc 4.18 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.463 0 Td [(his )-100(is )-100(a )-100(case )-100(of )-100(a )-100(pr)18(otocol-speci\336c )-100(behavior )-100(leaking )-100(thr)18(ough )-100(the )-100(\(pr)16(otocol-)]TJ -5.644 -1.2 Td [(independent\) )-47(socket )-47(interface )-47(and )-47(becoming )-47(visible )-47(to )-47(applications.)-549(The )-47(r)18(eason )-47(for )-47(this)]TJ T* [(is )-95(historical, )-95(and )-95(thus )-95(the )-95(Single )-95(UNIX )-95(Speci\336cation )-95(warns )-95(that )-95(the )-95(state )-95(of )-95(a )-95(socket )-95(is)]TJ T* (unde\336ned if)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 5.676 0 Td (connect)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td (fails.)Tj -8.326 -1.2 Td [(Because )-105(of )-105(this, )-105(portable )-105(applications )-105(need )-105(to )-105(close )-105(the )-105(socket )-105(if)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 29.28 0 Td (connect)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.555 0 Td [(fails. )-355(If)]TJ -35.636 -1.2 Td [(we )-12(want )-12(to )-12(r)17(etry)111(,)-262(we)-262(h)-1(ave )-12(to )-12(open )-12(a )-12(new )-12(socket.)-512(This )-12(mor)]TJ 0.2623 Tc 25.752 0 Td (ep)Tj 0 Tc 1.342 0 Td [(ortable )-12(technique )-12(is )-12(shown)]TJ -27.094 -1.2 Td (in Figur)Tj 0.25 Tc 3.506 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td [(6.1)55(1.)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 5418.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9989 0 0 8.9989 129.5844 532.2351 Tm (#include "apue.h")Tj 0 -1.189 TD (#include )Tj 0 -2.021 TD (#define MAXSLEEP 128)Tj 0 -2.021 TD (int)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (connect_retry\(int domain, int type, int protocol,)Tj 8.4 -1.189 Td (const struct sockaddr *addr, socklen_t alen\))Tj -8.4 -1.189 Td ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (int numsec, fd;)Tj 0 -2.021 TD (/*)Tj 0.6 Tc 0.6 -1.189 Td (*T)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (ry to connect with exponential backoff.)Tj -1.8 -1.189 Td (*/)Tj -0.6 -1.189 Td (for \(numsec = 1; numsec <= MAXSLEEP; numsec <<= 1\) {)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(\(fd = socket\(domain, type, protocol\)\) < 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (return\(-1\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(connect\(fd, addr, alen\) == 0\) {)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (/*)Tj 0.6 Tc 0.6 -1.189 Td (*C)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (onnection accepted.)Tj -1.8 -1.189 Td (*/)Tj -0.6 -1.189 Td (return\(fd\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj 0 -1.189 TD (close\(fd\);)Tj 0 -2.021 TD (/*)Tj 0.6 Tc 0.6 -1.189 Td (*D)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (elay before trying again.)Tj -1.8 -1.189 Td (*/)Tj -0.6 -1.189 Td (if \(numsec <= MAXSLEEP/2\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (sleep\(numsec\);)Tj -4.8 -1.189 Td (})Tj 0 -1.189 TD (return\(-1\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 1979.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 251.8707 181.9053 Tm [(Figure 16.1)37(1)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 6.158 0 Td [(Portable connect with r)18(etry)]TJ 9.9982 0 0 9.9982 129.5768 157.9096 Tm [(Note )-48(that )-48(because )-48(we )-48(might )-48(have )-48(to )-48(establish )-48(a )-48(new )-48(socket, )-48(it )-48(makes )-48(no )-48(sense )-48(to )-48(pass )-48(a)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(socket )-107(descriptor )-107(to )-107(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.975 0 Td (connect_retry)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.157 0 Td [(function. )-357(Instead)-357(of )-107(r)18(eturning )-107(an )-107(indication)]TJ -19.132 -1.2 Td [(of success, we now r)18(eturn a connected socket descriptor to the caller)74(.)]TJ ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5141.25 1339.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 50 50 l 0 50 l 0 0 l S Q Q EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47452 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (596)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Network )-250(IPC: )-250(Sockets)]TJ 38.741 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(16)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5911 670.2598 Tm (struct sockaddr_in6 {)Tj 1.2 -1.189 Td [(sa_family_t )-2400(sin6_family;)-2400(/* address family */)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(in_port_t )-3600(sin6_port;)-3600(/* port number */)]TJ T* [(uint32_t )-4200(sin6_flowinfo;)-1200(/* traffic class and flow info */)]TJ T* [(struct in6_addr sin6_addr;)-3600(/* IPv6 address */)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(uint32_t )-4200(sin6_scope_id;)-1200(/* set of interfaces for scope */)]TJ -1.2 -1.189 Td (};)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 588.0647 Tm [(These )-402(ar)]TJ 0.6517 Tc 4.106 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.457 0 Td [(he )-402(de\336nitions )-402(r)19(equir)18(ed )-402(by )-402(the )-402(Single )-402(UNIX )-402(Speci\336cation.)-900(Individual)]TJ -5.562 -1.2 Td [(implementations )-20(ar)]TJ 0.27 Tc 8.631 0 Td (ef)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.082 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(e)-270(to)-270(add )-20(mor)]TJ 0.2699 Tc 5.689 0 Td (e\336)Tj 0 Tc 1.354 0 Td [(elds. )-270(For)-270(example, )-20(on )-20(Linux, )-20(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 14.788 0 Td (sockaddr_in)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -32.4 -1.2 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e)-250(is)-250(de\336ned as)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5914 547.3672 Tm (struct sockaddr_in {)Tj 1.2 -1.189 Td [(sa_family_t )-2400(sin_family;)-2400(/* address family */)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(in_port_t )-3600(sin_port;)-3600(/* port number */)]TJ T* [(struct in_addr)-1200(sin_addr; )-3000(/*)-600(IPv4 address */)]TJ T* [(unsigned char)-1800(sin_zero[8]; )-1200(/*)-600(filler */)]TJ -1.2 -1.189 Td (};)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5925 475.8714 Tm (wher)Tj 0.25 Tc 2.272 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.055 0 Td (he)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.311 0 Td (sin_zero)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.05 0 Td (member is a \336ller \336eld that should be set to all-zer)Tj 0.25 Tc 22.129 0 Td (ov)Tj 0 Tc 1.361 0 Td (alues.)Tj -31.378 -1.2 Td [(Note )-240(that )-240(although )-240(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.249 0 Td (sockaddr_in)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.09 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.183 0 Td (sockaddr_in6)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.69 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(es )-240(ar)]TJ 0.49 Tc 5.76 0 Td (eq)Tj 0 Tc 1.529 0 Td (uite)Tj -37.301 -1.2 Td [(dif)18(fer)18(ent, )-85(they )-85(ar)]TJ 0.3355 Tc 7.534 0 Td (eb)Tj 0 Tc 1.367 0 Td [(oth )-85(passed )-85(to )-85(the )-85(socket )-85(r)18(outines )-85(cast )-85(to )-85(a)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 19.24 0 Td (sockaddr)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.135 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e. )-335(In)]TJ -33.277 -1.2 Td [(Section )-30(17.2, )-30(we )-30(will )-30(see )-30(that )-30(the )-30(str)8(uctur)18(e)-280(of)-280(a)-280(UNIX )-30(domain )-30(socket )-30(addr)18(ess )-30(is )-30(dif)18(fer)18(ent)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(fr)18(om both of the Internet domain socket addr)18(ess formats.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(It )-9(is )-9(sometimes )-9(necessary )-9(to )-9(print )-9(an )-9(addr)18(ess )-9(in )-9(a )-9(format )-9(that )-9(is )-9(understandable )-9(by )-9(a)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(person )-62(instead )-62(of )-62(a )-62(computer)]TJ 0.5617 Tc 13.069 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.425 0 Td [(he )-62(BSD )-62(networking )-62(softwar)]TJ 0.3118 Tc 12.393 0 Td (ei)Tj 0 Tc 1.082 0 Td [(ncluded )-62(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.632 0 Td (inet_addr)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -33.6 -1.2 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.964 0 Td (inet_ntoa)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.671 0 Td [(functions )-21(to )-21(convert )-21(between )-21(the )-21(binary )-21(addr)18(ess )-21(format )-21(and )-21(a )-21(string )-21(in)]TJ -7.635 -1.2 Td [(dotted-decimal )-326(notation )-326(\(a.b.c.d\).)-826(These )-326(functions, )-326(however)]TJ 0.5763 Tc 28.099 0 Td (,w)Tj 0 Tc 1.66 0 Td [(ork )-326(only )-326(with )-326(IPv4)]TJ -29.76 -1.2 Td [(addr)18(esses. )-807(T)90(wo )-557(new )-557(functions)-84(\321)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 16.347 0 Td (inet_ntop)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.207 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.5 0 Td (inet_pton)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.0833 Tc 5.483 0 Td (\321s)Tj 0 Tc 1.507 0 Td [(upport )-557(similar)]TJ -32.045 -1.2 Td [(functionality and work with both IPv4 and IPv6 addr)18(esses.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5912 337.9797 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.902 TD (const char *inet_ntop\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 15.6 0 Td (domain)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 4.8 0 Td (onst void *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 12 0 Td (addr)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -19.2 -1.189 Td (char *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 9 0 Td (str)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 2.911 0 Td (ocklen_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 5.4 0 Td (size)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -17.587 -1.902 Td [(Returns: pointer to addr)18(ess string on success,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 20.189 0 Td (NULL)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td [(on err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -35.763 -1.902 Td (int inet_pton\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 10.8 0 Td (domain)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 4.8 0 Td (onst char *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 12 0 Td (str)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -19.2 -1.189 Td (void *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 9 0 Td (addr)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -5.064 -1.902 Td (Returns: 1 on success, 0 if the format is invalid, or)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 22.128 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 2436.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1034 l 3900 1034 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 147.5823 228.8925 Tm (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.065 0 Td (inet_ntop)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.791 0 Td [(function )-141(converts )-141(a )-141(binary )-141(addr)18(ess )-141(in )-141(network )-141(byte )-141(or)15(der )-141(into )-141(a)]TJ -9.657 -1.2 Td [(text )-180(string;)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.332 0 Td (inet_pton)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.83 0 Td [(converts )-180(a )-180(text )-180(string )-180(into )-180(a )-180(binary )-180(addr)18(ess )-180(in )-180(network )-180(byte)]TJ -11.162 -1.2 Td [(or)18(der)]TJ 0.5 Tc 2.334 0 Td (.O)Tj 0 Tc 1.536 0 Td (nly two)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3.635 0 Td (domain)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td (values ar)Tj 0.25 Tc 3.989 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.153 0 Td (upported:)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 4.662 0 Td (AF_INET)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.943 0 Td (AF_INET6)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj -25.152 -1.2 Td (For)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.838 0 Td (inet_ntop)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.3407 Tc (,t)Tj 0 Tc 6.317 0 Td (he)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.402 0 Td (size)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.841 0 Td [(parameter )-91(speci\336es )-91(the )-91(size )-91(of )-91(the )-91(buf)18(fer )-91(\()]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 19.048 0 Td (str)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.3407 Tc (\)t)Tj 0.3408 Tc 2.111 0 Td (oh)Tj 0 Tc 1.469 0 Td [(old )-91(the)]TJ -35.824 -1.2 Td [(text )-150(string.)]TJ -0.09 Tc 5.521 0 Td (Tw)Tj 0.3999 Tc 1.357 0 Td (oc)Tj 0 Tc 1.39 0 Td [(onstants )-150(ar)]TJ 0.3999 Tc 4.987 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.49 0 Td [(e\336ned )-150(to )-150(make )-150(our )-150(job )-150(easier:)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 14.14 0 Td (INET_ADDRSTRLEN)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.4 0 Td (is)Tj -38.285 -1.2 Td [(lar)18(ge )-824(enough )-824(to )-824(hold )-824(a )-824(text )-824(string )-824(r)17(epr)18(esenting )-824(an )-824(IPv4 )-824(addr)18(ess, )-824(and)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0 -1.2 TD (INET6_ADDRSTRLEN)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.866 0 Td [(is )-16(lar)18(ge )-16(enough )-16(to )-16(hold )-16(a )-16(text )-16(string )-16(r)16(epr)18(esenting )-16(an )-16(IPv6 )-16(addr)18(ess.)]TJ -9.866 -1.2 Td (For)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.895 0 Td (inet_pton)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.398 Tc (,t)Tj 0 Tc 6.374 0 Td (he)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.459 0 Td (addr)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.231 0 Td [(buf)18(fer )-148(needs )-148(to )-148(be )-148(lar)18(ge )-148(enough )-148(to )-148(hold )-148(a )-148(32)]TJ 20.692 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(bit )-148(addr)18(ess )-148(if)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf -32.984 -1.2 Td (domain)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td (is)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.965 0 Td (AF_INET)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td [(or lar)18(ge enough to hold a 128)]TJ 12.894 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(bit addr)18(ess if)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 5.97 0 Td (domain)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td (is)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.965 0 Td (AF_INET6)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47453 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (572)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Interpr)18(ocess )-250(Communication)]TJ 38.741 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(15)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 183.589 670.9597 Tm [(The )-128(Single )-128(UNIX )-128(Speci\336cation )-128(shar)18(ed )-128(memory )-128(objects )-128(option )-128(includes )-128(alternative )-128(interfaces,)]TJ 0 -1.25 TD [(originally r)18(eal-time extensions, to access shar)18(ed memory)]TJ 0.5 Tc 24.848 0 Td (.W)Tj 0.25 Tc 1.658 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.34 0 Td (on\325t discuss them in this text.)Tj -0.092 Tc 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5911 640.9615 Tm (We)Tj 0 Tc 1.387 0 Td [(\325ve )-87(alr)18(eady )-87(seen )-87(one )-87(form )-87(of )-87(shar)18(ed )-87(memory )-87(when )-87(multiple )-87(pr)18(ocesses )-87(map )-87(the)]TJ -3.187 -1.2 Td [(same )-228(\336le )-228(into )-228(their )-228(addr)16(ess )-229(spaces.)-729(The )-229(XSI )-229(shar)18(ed )-229(memory )-229(dif)18(fers )-229(fr)18(om )-229(memory-)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(mapped )-106(\336les )-106(in )-106(that )-106(ther)17(e)-356(is)-356(n)]TJ 0.3561 Tc (oa)Tj 0 Tc 15.16 0 Td [(ssociated )-106(\336le.)-606(The )-106(XSI )-106(shar)18(ed )-106(memory )-106(segments )-106(ar)17(e)]TJ -15.16 -1.2 Td [(anonymous segments of memory)111(.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(The )-249(kernel )-249(maintains )-249(a )-249(str)9(uctur)]TJ 0.4987 Tc 14.82 0 Td (ew)Tj 0 Tc 1.812 0 Td [(ith )-249(at )-249(least )-249(the )-249(following )-249(members )-249(for )-249(each)]TJ -18.431 -1.2 Td [(shar)18(ed memory segment:)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5915 564.2661 Tm (struct shmid_ds {)Tj 1.2 -1.189 Td [(struct ipc_perm)-1200(shm_perm; )-1800(/*)-600(see Section 15.6.2 */)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD (size_t )Tj 10.2 0 Td [(shm_segsz;)-1800(/* size of segment in bytes */)]TJ -10.2 -1.189 Td (pid_t )Tj 10.2 0 Td [(shm_lpid;)-2400(/* pid of last shmop\(\) */)]TJ -10.2 -1.189 Td (pid_t )Tj 10.2 0 Td [(shm_cpid;)-2400(/* pid of creator */)]TJ -10.2 -1.189 Td [(shmatt_t )-4800(shm_nattch;)-1200(/* number of current attaches */)]TJ T* (time_t )Tj 10.2 0 Td [(shm_atime;)-1800(/* last-attach time */)]TJ -10.2 -1.189 Td (time_t )Tj 10.2 0 Td [(shm_dtime;)-1800(/* last-detach time */)]TJ -10.2 -1.189 Td (time_t )Tj 10.2 0 Td [(shm_ctime;)-1800(/* last-change time */)]TJ -10.2 -1.189 Td (.)Tj 0 -0.476 TD (.)Tj 0 -0.476 TD (.)Tj -1.2 -1.189 Td (};)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5926 430.714 Tm [(\(Implementations add other str)8(uctur)]TJ 0.25 Tc 16.153 0 Td (em)Tj 0 Tc 1.612 0 Td [(embers to support shar)18(ed memory segments.\))]TJ -15.965 -1.2 Td [(The )-182(type)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.5 0 Td (shmatt_t)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.232 0 Td [(is )-182(de\336ned )-182(to )-182(be )-182(an )-182(unsigned )-182(integer )-182(at )-182(least )-182(as )-182(lar)17(ge )-182(as )-182(an)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -11.532 -1.2 Td [(unsigned )350(short)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5 Tc (.F)Tj 0 Tc 9.356 0 Td (igur)Tj 0.25 Tc 1.827 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td [(5.30 lists the system limits that af)18(fect shar)18(ed memory)111(.)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1364.25 3879.25 cm 0 0 m 3764 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf -0.09 Tc 7.999 0 0 7.999 411.2786 379.8944 Tm (Ty)Tj 0 Tc 1.079 0 Td (pical values)Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3604.25 3759.25 cm 0 0 m 1524 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 367.1339 367.8738 Tm [(Fr)18(eeBSD )-1173(Linux)-1073(Mac OS X)-1229(Solaris)]TJ 1.275 -1.25 Td [(8.0 )-2750(3.2.0)-2309(10.6.8 )-2899(10)]TJ -18.702 1.375 Td (Description)Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1364.25 3539.25 cm 0 0 m 3764 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1364.25 3519.25 cm 0 0 m 3764 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 364.3166 343.8575 Tm [(33,554,432 )-750(32,768)-1184(4,194,304 )-934(derived)]TJ -28 0 Td [(maximum size in bytes of a shar)18(ed memory segment)]TJ 3.25 Tc 32 -1.25 Td [(11 )2066(1)]TJ 0 Tc 12.584 0 Td (1)Tj -44.584 0 Td [(minimum size in bytes of a shar)18(ed memory segment)]TJ 31 -1.25 Td [(192 )-1250(4,096)-4184(32 )-1899(128)]TJ -31 0 Td [(maximum number of shar)18(ed memory segments, systemwide)]TJ 31 -1.25 Td [(128 )-1250(4,096)]TJ 2.1495 Tc 9.934 0 Td (81)Tj 0 Tc 3.15 0 Td (28)Tj -44.084 0 Td [(maximum number of shar)18(ed memory segments, per pr)18(ocess)]TJ ET q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1364.25 3099.25 cm 0 0 m 3764 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4773.25 3099.25 cm 0 0 m 0 660 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4344.25 3099.25 cm 0 0 m 0 660 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4044.25 3099.25 cm 0 0 m 0 660 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3604.25 3099.25 cm 0 0 m 0 780 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5128.25 3099.25 cm 0 0 m 0 780 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1364.25 3099.25 cm 0 0 m 0 780 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9976 0 0 7.9976 228.5714 291.8524 Tm (Figure 15.30)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.195 0 Td [(System limits that af)18(fect shar)18(ed memory)]TJ 9.997 0 0 9.997 147.5559 267.8596 Tm (The \336rst function called is usually)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 15.23 0 Td (shmget)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(,)-250(to)-250(obtain a shar)18(ed memory identi\336er)74(.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9973 0 0 8.9973 147.556 251.1646 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.902 TD (int shmget\(key_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 10.2 0 Td (key)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 3.133 0 Td (ize_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3.6 0 Td (size)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 3.3 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (\337ag)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -3.008 -1.902 Td [(Returns: shar)18(ed memory ID if OK,)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 15.439 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 2125.25 cm 0 0 m 0 477 l 3900 477 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9964 0 0 9.9964 129.5534 198.9284 Tm [(In )-152(Section )-152(15.6.1, )-152(we )-152(described )-152(the )-152(r)8(ules )-152(for )-152(converting )-152(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 27.48 0 Td (key)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.735 0 Td [(into )-152(an )-152(identi\336er )-152(and)]TJ -29.215 -1.2 Td [(whether )-118(a )-118(new )-118(segment )-118(is )-118(cr)18(eated )-118(or )-118(an )-118(existing )-118(segment )-118(is )-118(r)14(efer)18(enced. )-368(When)]TJ 0.3685 Tc 36.236 0 Td (an)Tj 0 Tc 1.451 0 Td (ew)Tj -37.687 -1.2 Td [(segment is cr)18(eated, the following members of the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 21.929 0 Td (shmid_ds)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.05 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)]TJ 0.25 Tc 3.49 0 Td (ea)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.229 0 Td [(re )-36(i)]TJ 0 Tc 1.397 0 Td (nitialized.)Tj 0.883 Tc -31.295 -1.8 Td (\245T)Tj 0 Tc 2.102 0 Td (he)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.402 0 Td (ipc_perm)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.141 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e)-341(is)-341(initialized )-91(as )-91(described )-91(in )-91(Section )-91(15.6.2.)-590(The)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 26.155 0 Td (mode)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -33.311 -1.2 Td [(member )-233(of )-233(this )-233(str)7(uctur)18(e)-484(is)-484(s)1(et )-234(to )-234(the )-234(corr)18(esponding )-234(permission )-234(bits )-234(of)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 33.972 0 Td (\337ag)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj -33.972 -1.2 Td (These permissions ar)Tj 0.25 Tc 9.294 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.153 0 Td [(peci\336ed with the values fr)18(om Figur)]TJ 0.25 Tc 15.564 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (5.24.)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47454 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (410)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Thr)18(eads )]TJ 36.604 0 Td (Chapter)Tj -0.055 Tc 6.284 0 Td (11)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 668.9599 Tm (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(sour)18(ces )-663(for )-663(the )-663(r)18(eader\320writer )-663(lock,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 18.669 0 Td (pthread_rwlock_destroy)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 14.113 0 Td [(fr)18(ees )-663(those)]TJ -0.018 Tc -33.638 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(sour)18(ces. )-456(If)-456(we )-206(fr)18(ee )-206(the )-206(memory )-206(backing )-206(a )-206(r)18(eader\320writer )-206(lock )-206(without )-206(\336rst )-206(calling)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -0.856 -1.2 Td (pthread_rwlock_destroy)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 14.2 0 Td [(ny r)18(esour)18(ces assigned to the lock will be lost.)]TJ -0.092 Tc -12.4 -1.2 Td [(To )-233(l)]TJ 0 Tc 1.656 0 Td [(ock )-48(a )-48(r)18(eader\320writer )-48(lock )-48(in )-48(r)16(ead )-48(mode, )-48(we )-48(call)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 21.078 0 Td (pthread_rwlock_rdlock)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5484 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 13.919 0 Td (o)Tj -38.454 -1.2 Td [(write )-10(lock )-10(a )-10(r)18(eader\320writer )-10(lock, )-10(we )-10(call)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 17.47 0 Td (pthread_rwlock_wrlock)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5101 Tc (.R)Tj 0 Tc 14.028 0 Td [(egar)18(dless )-10(of )-10(how)]TJ -31.498 -1.2 Td [(we lock a r)18(eader\320writer lock, we can unlock it by calling)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 25.09 0 Td (pthread_rwlock_unlock)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5909 592.2645 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.783 TD (int pthread_rwlock_rdlock\(pthread_rwlock_t *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (rwlock)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -0 -1.783 Td (int pthread_rwlock_wrlock\(pthread_rwlock_t *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (rwlock)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -0 -1.783 Td (int pthread_rwlock_unlock\(pthread_rwlock_t *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (rwlock)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 20.386 -1.783 Td [(All r)18(eturn: 0 if OK, err)18(or number on failur)18(e)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 5236.25 cm 0 0 m 0 777 l 3900 777 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 147.5823 510.0388 Tm [(Implementations )-120(might )-120(place )-120(a )-120(limit )-120(on )-120(the )-120(number )-120(of )-120(times )-120(a )-120(r)18(eader\320writer )-120(lock)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(can )-580(be )-580(locked )-580(in )-580(shar)18(ed )-580(mode, )-580(so )-580(we )-580(need )-580(to )-580(check )-580(the )-580(r)16(eturn )-580(value )-580(of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0 -1.2 TD (pthread_rwlock_rdlock)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.7938 Tc (.E)Tj 0 Tc 15.255 0 Td [(ven )-1294(though)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.909 0 Td (pthread_rwlock_wrlock)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 14.144 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -37.307 -1.2 Td (pthread_rwlock_unlock)Tj 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BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9978 0 0 8.9978 129.5689 187.304 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.189 TD (#include )Tj 0 -2.021 TD (struct job {)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (struct job *j_next;)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (struct job *j_prev;)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47455 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (28)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3 0 Td [(UNIX )-250(Standar)18(dization )-250(and )-250(Implementations)]TJ 39.741 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(2)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 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0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 273.2852 Tm [([549 )167(\320 )167(562])-668(The)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.073 0 Td (signal_thread)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 8.199 0 Td [(function )-149(is )-149(r)8(un )-149(by )-149(the )-149(thr)18(ead )-149(that )-149(is )-149(r)16(esponsible )-149(for)]TJ -10.272 -1.2 Td [(handling )-181(signals.)-681(In )-181(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.593 0 Td (main)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.831 0 Td [(function, )-181(we )-181(initialized )-181(the )-181(signal )-181(mask )-181(to)]TJ -14.424 -1.2 Td (include)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.69 0 Td (SIGHUP)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.989 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.082 0 Td (SIGTERM)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.6389 Tc (.H)Tj 0 Tc 5.921 0 Td [(er)18(e, )-139(we )-139(call)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.591 0 Td (sigwait)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.589 0 Td [(to )-139(wait )-139(for )-139(one )-139(of)]TJ 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Td (})Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 2941.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 270.0756 Tm [([853 )167(\320 )167(870])-668(If )-120(the )-120(HTTP )-120(r)18(equest )-120(succeeds, )-120(we )-120(need )-120(to )-120(check )-120(the )-120(IPP )-120(status.)]TJ 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0 -1.2 TD (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(ach )-54(the )-54(end )-54(of )-54(the )-54(buf)18(fer )-54(without )-54(\336nding )-54(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 20.391 0 Td (Content-Length)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 8.704 0 Td (attribute,)Tj -29.951 -1.2 Td [(we r)18(ead mor)]TJ 0.25 Tc 5.586 0 Td (ef)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.062 0 Td (ro)Tj 0.25 Tc 0.923 0 Td (mt)Tj 0 Tc 1.459 0 Td [(he printer and continue the sear)18(ch.)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47464 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (12)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3 0 Td [(UNIX )-250(System )-250(Overview)]TJ 39.741 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(1)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 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Td [(Chapter )-250(14)-750(Solutions)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 11.976 0 Td (931)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 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4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 151.1909 670.2598 Tm (int )Tj 12 0 Td [(sockfd,)-600(err;)]TJ -12 -1.189 Td [(struct sigaction)-2400(sa;)]TJ 0 -2.14 TD (if \(argc != 2\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_quit\("usage: ruptime hostname"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (sa.sa_handler = sigalrm;)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (sa.sa_flags = 0;)Tj T* (sigemptyset\(&sa.sa_mask\);)Tj T* (if \(sigaction\(SIGALRM, &sa, NULL\) < 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_sys\("sigaction error"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (memset\(&hint, 0, sizeof\(hint\)\);)Tj T* (hint.ai_socktype = SOCK_DGRAM;)Tj T* (hint.ai_canonname = NULL;)Tj T* (hint.ai_addr = NULL;)Tj T* (hint.ai_next = NULL;)Tj T* (if \(\(err = getaddrinfo\(argv[1], "ruptime", &hint, &ailist\)\) != 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_quit\("getaddrinfo error: %s", gai_strerror\(err\)\);)Tj -2.4 -2.14 Td (for \(aip = ailist; aip != NULL; aip = aip->ai_next\) {)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(\(sockfd = socket\(aip->ai_family, SOCK_DGRAM, 0\)\) < 0\) {)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err = errno;)Tj 0.6 Tc -2.4 -1.189 Td (}e)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (lse {)Tj 0.6 -1.189 Td (print_uptime\(sockfd, aip\);)Tj T* (exit\(0\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj 0 -2.14 TD (fprintf\(stderr, "can\325t contact %s: %s\\n", argv[1], strerror\(err\)\)\ ;)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (exit\(1\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 3616.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 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)-227(if )-227(the )-227(server )-227(isn\325t)]TJ -0.008 Tc -24.842 -1.2 Td (ru)Tj 0 Tc 0.99 0 Td [(nning. )-253(T)]TJ 0.2533 Tc 3.867 0 Td (oa)Tj 0 Tc 1.299 0 Td [(void )-3(blocking )-3(inde\336nitely)110(,)-253(we)-253(s)-1(et )-3(an )-3(alarm )-3(clock )-3(befor)]TJ 0.2534 Tc 23.852 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.176 0 Td (alling)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.764 0 Td (recvfrom)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5141.25 1416.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 50 50 l 0 50 l 0 0 l S Q Q EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47469 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (600)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Network )-250(IPC: )-250(Sockets)]TJ 38.741 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(16)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 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[(str)8(uctur)18(e)-250(is)-250(de\336ned to include at least the following members:)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5909 655.4709 Tm (struct addrinfo {)Tj 1.2 -1.189 Td (int )Tj 10.8 0 Td [(ai_flags;)-3600(/* customize behavior */)]TJ -10.8 -1.189 Td (int )Tj 10.8 0 Td [(ai_family;)-3000(/* address family */)]TJ -10.8 -1.189 Td (int )Tj 10.8 0 Td [(ai_socktype;)-1800(/* socket type */)]TJ -10.8 -1.189 Td (int )Tj 10.8 0 Td [(ai_protocol;)-1800(/* protocol */)]TJ -10.8 -1.189 Td [(socklen_t )-4800(ai_addrlen;)-2400(/* length in bytes of address */)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(struct sockaddr)-1200(*ai_addr; )-3600(/*)-600(address */)]TJ T* (char )Tj 10.2 0 Td [(*ai_canonname;)-1200(/* canonical name of host */)]TJ -10.2 -1.189 Td [(struct addrinfo)-1200(*ai_next; )-3600(/*)-600(next in list */)]TJ T* (.)Tj 0 -0.476 TD (.)Tj 0 -0.476 TD (.)Tj -1.2 -1.189 Td (};)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.092 Tc 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5909 525.1287 Tm [(We )-313(c)]TJ 0 Tc 2.21 0 Td [(an )-129(supply )-129(an )-129(optional)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 10.437 0 Td (hint)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.046 0 Td [(to )-129(select )-129(addr)18(esses )-129(that )-129(meet )-129(certain )-129(criteria.)-626(The)]TJ -16.493 -1.2 Td [(hint )-437(is )-437(a )-437(template )-437(used )-437(for )-437(\336ltering )-437(addr)18(esses )-437(and )-437(uses )-437(only )-437(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 33.35 0 Td (ai_family)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -33.35 -1.2 Td (ai_flags)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 5.571 0 Td (ai_protocol)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5205 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 7.871 0 Td (nd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.714 0 Td (ai_socktype)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.121 0 Td [(\336elds. )-520(The)]TJ -0.018 Tc 5.625 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(maining )-270(integer )-270(\336elds)]TJ -28.756 -1.2 Td [(must )-73(be )-73(set )-73(to )-73(0, )-73(and )-73(the )-73(pointer )-73(\336elds )-73(must )-73(be )-73(null.)-573(Figur)]TJ 0.3229 Tc 26.623 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.302 0 Td [(6.7 )-73(summarizes )-73(the )-73(\337ags)]TJ -27.925 -1.2 Td (we can use in the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 7.855 0 Td (ai_flags)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.05 0 Td [(\336eld to customize how addr)18(esses and names ar)]TJ 0.25 Tc 20.833 0 Td (et)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.055 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (ated.)Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1406.25 4571.25 cm 0 0 m 3680 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 170.5675 449.1061 Tm (Flag )Tj 21.625 0 Td (Description)Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1406.25 4451.25 cm 0 0 m 3680 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1406.25 4431.25 cm 0 0 m 3680 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 144.574 435.0817 Tm (AI_ADDRCONFIG)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9 0 Td [(Query for whichever addr)18(ess type)]TJ 15.382 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (IPv4 or IPv6)Tj 5.453 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.583 -0.04 Td [(is con\336gur)18(ed.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -31.651 -1.25 Td (AI_ALL)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9 0 Td [(Look for both IPv4 and IPv6 addr)18(esses \(used only with)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 24.532 0 Td (AI_V4MAPPED)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (\).)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -34.432 -1.25 Td (AI_CANONNAME)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9 0 Td (Request a canonical name \(as opposed to an alias\).)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -9.9 -1.25 Td (AI_NUMERICHOST)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9 0 Td [(The host addr)18(ess is speci\336ed in numeric format; don\325t try to translate it.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -9.9 -1.25 Td (AI_NUMERICSERV)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9 0 Td (The service is speci\336ed as a numeric port number; don\325t try to tra\ nslate it.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -9.9 -1.25 Td (AI_PASSIVE)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9 0 Td [(Socket addr)18(ess is intended to be bound for listening.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -9.9 -1.25 Td (AI_V4MAPPED)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9 0 Td [(If no IPv6 addr)18(esses ar)]TJ 0.25 Tc 10.01 0 Td (ef)Tj 0 Tc 1.062 0 Td [(ound, r)18(eturn IPv4 addr)18(esses mapped in IPv6 format.)]TJ ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1406.25 3711.25 cm 0 0 m 3680 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2178.25 3711.25 cm 0 0 m 0 860 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5086.25 3711.25 cm 0 0 m 0 860 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1406.25 3711.25 cm 0 0 m 0 860 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 249.2802 353.0752 Tm (Figure 16.7)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.695 0 Td (Flags for)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 4.101 0 Td (addrinfo)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.05 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e)]TJ 9.9976 0 0 9.9976 147.5646 327.8813 Tm (If)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.137 0 Td (getaddrinfo)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.067 0 Td [(fails, )-217(we )-217(can\325t )-217(use)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.908 0 Td (perror)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.067 0 Td (or)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.408 0 Td (strerror)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.267 0 Td [(to )-217(generate )-217(an )-217(err)17(or)]TJ -29.656 -1.2 Td [(message. )-372(Instead,)-372(we )-122(need )-122(to )-122(call)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 15.848 0 Td (gai_strerror)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.572 0 Td [(to )-122(convert )-122(the )-122(err)18(or )-122(code )-122(r)18(eturned)]TJ -23.42 -1.2 Td [(into an err)18(or message.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9978 0 0 8.9978 147.5642 288.3908 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.902 TD (const char *gai_strerror\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 17.4 0 Td [(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.335 -1.902 Td [(Returns: a pointer to a string describing the err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 2497.25 cm 0 0 m 0 477 l 3900 477 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.997 0 0 9.997 147.5557 237.3488 Tm (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.924 0 Td (getnameinfo)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.85 0 Td [(function converts an addr)18(ess into host and service names.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9973 0 0 8.9973 147.5557 221.8534 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.189 TD (#include )Tj 0 -1.902 TD (int getnameinfo\(const struct sockaddr *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 28.8 0 Td (addr)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 3.633 0 Td (ocklen_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 5.4 0 Td (alen)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -28.233 -1.189 Td (char *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 9 0 Td (host)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 3.466 0 Td (ocklen_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 5.4 0 Td (hostlen)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -17.866 -1.189 Td (char *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 9 0 Td (service)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 4.541 0 Td (ocklen_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 5.4 0 Td (servlen)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 4.69 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (\337ags)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -10.743 -1.902 Td [(Returns: 0 if OK, nonzer)18(o)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 1511.25 cm 0 0 m 0 798 l 3900 798 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47470 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(20.8)]TJ 38.014 0 Td [(Sour)18(ce )-250(Code)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 7.819 0 Td (767)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 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l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 129.5922 659.4594 Tm [(348 )-2400(/*)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(349 )-3000(*)-600(Now read the actual index record.)-1200(We read it into the key)]TJ T* [(350 )-3000(*)-600(buffer that we malloced when we opened the database.)]TJ T* [(351 )-3000(*/)]TJ T* [(352 )-2400(if)-600(\(\(i = read\(db->idxfd, db->idxbuf, db->idxlen\)\) != db->idxlen\))]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(353 )-4800(err_dump\("_db_readidx:)-600(read error of index record"\);)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(354 )-2400(if)-600(\(db->idxbuf[db->idxlen-1] != NEWLINE\))-2400(/* sanity check */)]TJ T* [(355 )-4800(err_dump\("_db_readidx:)-600(missing newline"\);)]TJ T* [(356 )-2400(db->idxbuf[db->idxlen-1])]TJ 0.6 Tc 19.8 0 Td (=0)Tj 2.4 Tc 1.8 0 Td (;/)Tj 0.6 Tc 3.6 0 Td (*r)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (eplace newline with null */)Tj -27 -1.783 Td [(357 )-2400(/*)]TJ T* [(358 )-3000(*)-600(Find the separators in the index record.)]TJ T* [(359 )-3000(*/)]TJ T* [(360 )-2400(if)-600(\(\(ptr1 = strchr\(db->idxbuf, SEP\)\) == NULL\))]TJ T* [(361 )-4800(err_dump\("_db_readidx:)-600(missing first separator"\);)]TJ T* [(362 )-2400(*ptr1++)]TJ 0.6 Tc 9.6 0 Td (=0)Tj 9.6 Tc 1.8 0 Td (;/)Tj 0.6 Tc 10.8 0 Td (*r)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (eplace SEP with null */)Tj -24 -1.783 Td [(363 )-2400(if)-600(\(\(ptr2 = strchr\(ptr1, SEP\)\) == NULL\))]TJ T* [(364 )-4800(err_dump\("_db_readidx:)-600(missing second separator"\);)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(365 )-2400(*ptr2++)]TJ 0.6 Tc 9.6 0 Td (=0)Tj 9.6 Tc 1.8 0 Td (;/)Tj 0.6 Tc 10.8 0 Td (*r)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (eplace SEP with null */)Tj -24 -1.783 Td [(366 )-2400(if)-600(\(strchr\(ptr2, SEP\) != NULL\))]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(367 )-4800(err_dump\("_db_readidx:)-600(too many separators"\);)]TJ 0 -1.783 TD [(368 )-2400(/*)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(369 )-3000(*)-600(Get the starting offset and length of the data record.)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(370 )-3000(*/)]TJ T* [(371 )-2400(if)-600(\(\(db->datoff = atol\(ptr1\)\) < 0\))]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(372 )-4800(err_dump\("_db_readidx:)-600(starting offset < 0"\);)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(373 )-2400(if)-600(\(\(db->datlen = atol\(ptr2\)\) <= 0 || db->datlen > DATLEN_MAX\))]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(374 )-4800(err_dump\("_db_readidx:)-600(invalid length"\);)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(375 )-2400(return\(db->ptrval\); )-2400(/*)-600(return offset of next key in chain */)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(376 )-1200(})]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 3337.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 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(re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (cor)Tj 0.5695 Tc 1.367 0 Td (ds)Tj 0 Tc 1.604 0 Td [(hould )-319(be )-319(terminated )-319(with )-319(a )-319(newline, )-319(which )-319(we)]TJ -0.018 Tc -11.11 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(place )-74(with )-74(a )-74(null )-74(byte.)-574(If )-74(the )-74(index )-74(\336le )-74(is )-74(corr)9(upt, )-74(we )-74(terminate )-74(and )-74(dr)18(op)]TJ -0.856 -1.2 Td [(cor)18(e)-250(by)-250(calling)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.66 0 Td (err_dump)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj -11.66 -1.6 Td [([357 )167(\320 )167(367])]TJ -0.092 Tc 5 0 Td [(We )-424(s)]TJ 0 Tc 2.301 0 Td [(eparate )-240(the )-240(index )-240(r)18(ecor)]TJ 0.4899 Tc 10.839 0 Td (di)Tj 0 Tc 1.392 0 Td [(nto )-240(thr)18(ee )-240(\336elds: )-240(the )-240(key)]TJ 0.4898 Tc 11.183 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 1.066 0 Td [(he )-240(of)18(fset )-240(of )-240(the)]TJ -26.781 -1.2 Td [(corr)18(esponding )-99(data )-99(r)18(ecor)18(d, )-99(and )-99(the )-99(length )-99(of )-99(the )-99(data )-99(r)19(ecor)18(d. )-349(The)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 30.4 0 Td (strchr)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -30.4 -1.2 Td [(function )-218(\336nds )-218(the )-218(\336rst )-218(occurr)20(ence )-217(of )-217(the )-217(speci\336ed )-217(character )-217(in )-217(the )-217(given)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(string. )-451(Her)18(e)-451(we)-451(look )-201(for )-201(the )-201(character )-201(that )-201(separates )-201(\336elds )-201(in )-201(the )-201(r)15(ecor)18(d)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td (\()Tj /TT0 1 Tf (SEP)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (,w)Tj 0 Tc 3.467 0 Td (hich we de\336ne to be a colon\).)Tj -8.467 -1.6 Td [([368 )167(\320 )167(376])]TJ -0.092 Tc 5 0 Td [(We )-236(c)]TJ 0 Tc 2.133 0 Td [(onvert )-52(the )-52(data )-52(r)19(ecor)]TJ 0.3016 Tc 9.345 0 Td (do)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.459 0 Td (ff)Tj 0 Tc 0.648 0 Td [(set )-52(and )-52(length )-52(into )-52(integers )-52(and )-52(stor)]TJ 0.3016 Tc 16.191 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.107 0 Td [(hem )-52(in)]TJ -30.881 -1.2 Td (the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.776 0 Td (DB)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.589 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e. )-389(Then)-390(we )-139(r)18(eturn )-139(the )-139(of)18(fset 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BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (686)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.092 Tc 3.5 0 Td (Te)Tj 0 Tc 1 0 Td [(rminal )-250(I/O)]TJ 37.741 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(18)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 668.9599 Tm (CREAD)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.883 0 Td (\()Tj /TT0 1 Tf (c_cflag)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5302 Tc (,P)Tj 0 Tc 5.917 0 Td [(OSIX.1, )-280(Fr)18(eeBSD, )-280(Linux, )-280(Mac )-280(OS )-280(X, )-280(Solaris\))-780(If )-280(set, )-280(the)]TJ -0.018 Tc -5.917 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(ceiver is enabled and characters can be r)18(eceived.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -7.739 -1.648 Td (CRTSCTS)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.883 0 Td (\()Tj /TT0 1 Tf (c_cflag)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.4304 Tc (,F)Tj -0.018 Tc 5.769 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(eBSD, )-180(Linux, )-180(Mac )-180(OS )-180(X, )-180(Solaris\))-680(Behavior )-180(depends )-180(on)]TJ -6.625 -1.2 Td [(platform. )-431(For)-432(Solaris, )-181(enables )-181(outbound )-181(har)17(dwar)]TJ 0.4313 Tc 22.709 0 Td (e\337)Tj 0 Tc 1.518 0 Td [(ow )-181(contr)18(ol )-181(if )-181(set.)]TJ -24.228 -1.2 Td [(On )-316(the )-316(other )-316(thr)17(ee )-316(platforms, )-316(enables )-316(both )-316(inbound )-316(and )-316(outbound)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(har)18(dwar)]TJ 0.25 Tc 3.781 0 Td (e\337)Tj 0 Tc 1.337 0 Td [(ow contr)18(ol \(equivalent to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.373 0 Td (CCTS_OFLOW|CRTS_IFLOW)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (\).)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -23.374 -1.648 Td (CRTS_IFLOW)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.883 0 Td (\()Tj /TT0 1 Tf (c_cflag)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.4647 Tc (,F)Tj -0.018 Tc 5.804 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(eBSD, )-215(Mac )-215(OS )-215(X, )-215(Solaris\))-714(Request-T)92(o-Send)]TJ 20.569 0.04 Td (\()Tj -0.037 Tc 0.333 -0.04 Td (RT)Tj 0 Tc 1.244 0 Td (S)Tj 0.525 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.798 -0.04 Td (\337ow)Tj -30.129 -1.2 Td [(contr)18(ol of input.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -6.883 -1.648 Td (CRTSXOFF)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.883 0 Td (\()Tj /TT0 1 Tf (c_cflag)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.4492 Tc (,S)Tj 0 Tc 5.757 0 Td [(olaris\) )-449(If)-449(set, )-199(inbound )-199(har)18(dwar)]TJ 0.4491 Tc 14.524 0 Td (e\337)Tj 0 Tc 1.536 0 Td [(ow )-199(contr)18(ol )-199(is )-199(enabled.)]TJ -21.818 -1.2 Td [(The )-21(state )-21(of )-21(the )-21(Request-T)92(o-Send )-21(RS)]TJ 16.012 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(232 )-21(signal )-21(contr)18(ols )-21(the )-21(\337ow )-21(contr)18(ol.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -23.228 -1.648 Td (CSIZE)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.883 0 Td (\()Tj /TT0 1 Tf (c_cflag)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.3389 Tc (,P)Tj 0 Tc 5.726 0 Td [(OSIX.1, )-89(Fr)18(eeBSD, )-89(Linux, )-89(Mac )-89(OS )-89(X, )-89(Solaris\))-589(This )-89(\336eld )-89(is )-89(a)]TJ -5.726 -1.2 Td [(mask )-166(that )-166(speci\336es )-166(the )-166(number )-166(of )-166(bits )-166(per )-166(byte )-166(for )-166(both )-166(transmission)]TJ T* [(and )-215(r)18(eception. )-465(This)-465(size )-215(does )-215(not )-215(include )-215(the )-215(parity )-215(bit, )-215(if )-215(any)]TJ 0.7149 Tc 29.478 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.578 0 Td (he)Tj -31.056 -1.2 Td [(values )-9(for )-9(the )-9(\336eld )-9(de\336ned )-9(by )-9(this )-9(mask )-9(ar)20(e)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 19.656 0 Td (CS5)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.309 0 Td (CS6)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.309 0 Td (CS7)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.2588 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 2.809 0 Td (nd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.452 0 Td (CS8)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.2588 Tc (,f)Tj 0 Tc 2.642 0 Td (or)Tj -31.176 -1.2 Td [(5, 6, 7, and 8 bits per byte, r)18(espectively)111(.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -6.883 -1.648 Td (CSTOPB)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.883 0 Td (\()Tj /TT0 1 Tf (c_cflag)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.2806 Tc (,P)Tj 0 Tc 5.668 0 Td [(OSIX.1, )-31(Fr)18(eeBSD, )-31(Linux, )-31(Mac )-31(OS )-31(X, )-31(Solaris\))-528(If )-30(set, )-30(two )-30(stop)]TJ -5.668 -1.2 Td (bits ar)Tj 0.25 Tc 2.721 0 Td (eu)Tj 0 Tc 1.332 0 Td (sed; otherwise, one stop bit is used.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -10.936 -1.648 Td (ECHO)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.883 0 Td (\()Tj /TT0 1 Tf (c_lflag)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.4286 Tc (,P)Tj 0 Tc 5.816 0 Td [(OSIX.1, )-179(Fr)18(eeBSD, )-179(Linux, )-179(Mac )-179(OS )-179(X, )-179(Solaris\))-679(If )-179(set, )-179(input)]TJ -5.816 -1.2 Td [(characters )-74(ar)]TJ 0.3239 Tc 5.69 0 Td (ee)Tj 0 Tc 1.282 0 Td [(choed )-74(back )-74(to )-74(the )-74(terminal )-74(device.)-574(Input )-74(characters )-74(can)]TJ -6.972 -1.2 Td (be echoed in either canonical or noncanonical mode.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -6.883 -1.648 Td (ECHOCTL)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.883 0 Td (\()Tj /TT0 1 Tf (c_lflag)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.3036 Tc (,F)Tj -0.018 Tc 5.643 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(eBSD, )-54(Linux, )-54(Mac )-54(OS )-54(X, )-54(Solaris\))-554(If )-54(set )-54(and )-54(if)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 20.417 0 Td (ECHO)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.704 0 Td [(is )-54(set,)]TJ -29.619 -1.2 Td [(ASCII )-120(contr)18(ol )-120(characters )-120(\(those )-120(characters )-120(in )-120(the )-120(range )-120(0 )-120(thr)18(ough )-120(octal)]TJ T* [(37, )-89(inclusive\) )-89(other )-89(than )-89(the )-89(ASCII )-89(T)76(AB, )-89(the )-89(ASCII )-89(NL, )-89(and )-89(the )-89(ST)76(AR)37(T)]TJ T* [(and )-45(ST)18(OP )-45(characters )-45(ar)]TJ 0.2954 Tc 10.456 0 Td (ee)Tj 0 Tc 1.253 0 Td 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129.5922 659.4594 Tm (#include "apue.h")Tj 0 -1.902 TD [(int )-2400(globvar)]TJ 0.6 Tc 9.6 0 Td (=6)Tj 4.8 Tc 1.8 0 Td (;/)Tj 0.6 Tc 6 0 Td (*e)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (xternal variable in initialized data */)Tj -19.2 -1.902 Td (int)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (main\(void\))Tj 0 -1.189 TD ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td [(int )-2400(var;)-4800(/* automatic variable on the stack */)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(pid_t )-1200(pid;)]TJ 0 -1.902 TD (var = 88;)Tj 0 -1.189 TD [(printf\("before vfork\\n"\);)-1800(/* we don\325t flush stdio */)]TJ T* (if \(\(pid = vfork\(\)\) < 0\) {)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_sys\("vfork error"\);)Tj 0.6 Tc -2.4 -1.189 Td (}e)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td [(lse if \(pid == 0\) {)-3600(/* child */)]TJ 0.6 -1.189 Td (globvar++; )Tj 14.4 0 Td [(/*)-600(modify parent\325s variables */)]TJ -14.4 -1.189 Td (var++;)Tj T* (_exit\(0\); )Tj 14.4 0 Td [(/*)-600(child terminates */)]TJ -16.8 -1.189 Td (})Tj 0 -1.902 TD (/* parent continues here */)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (printf\("pid = %ld, glob = %d, var = %d\\n", \(long\)getpid\(\), 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590, 592, 607, 609, 621,)]TJ -1.317 -1.25 Td (625, 637)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (638, 640)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (641, 808)Tj -9.683 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(590)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (socketpair)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.417 0 Td [(function, )-250(148,)-250(331, 629)]TJ 10.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (630, 632,)Tj -14.34 -1.25 Td (634, 941)Tj -1.35 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(630)]TJ -1.35 -1.25 Td [(sockets, UNIX domain,)-500(629)]TJ 12.308 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (642)Tj -11.541 -1.25 Td [(timing, )-250(565)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (socklen_t)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.817 0 Td [(data type,)-500(606)]TJ 6.482 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (607, 609, 622, 625, 800)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -12.882 -1.25 Td (SOCK_RAW)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(constant, )-250(590)]TJ 6.063 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (591, 602)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -11.863 -1.25 Td (SOCK_SEQPACKET)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.817 0 Td [(constant, )-250(590)]TJ 6.063 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (591, 602, 605,)Tj -12.763 -1.25 Td (609, 612, 625)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -2.7 -1.25 Td (SOCK_STREAM)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.017 0 Td [(constant, )-250(319,)-250(590)]TJ 8.063 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (591, 602, 605,)Tj -12.963 -1.25 Td (609, 612, 614)Tj 5.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (616, 618)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (619, 625, 630, 635,)Tj -10.333 -1.25 Td (637, 640, 802, 808, 816)Tj -2.7 -1.25 Td [(Solaris, )-250(xxi\320xxii,)-250(xxv)]TJ 0.25 Tc 9.145 0 Td (,x)Tj 0 Tc 1.016 0 Td (xvii, 3)Tj 2.746 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (4, 26)Tj 2.083 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (27, 29)Tj 2.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (30,)Tj -16.624 -1.25 Td (35)Tj 1.083 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (36, 38, 41, 48)Tj 5.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (49, 57)Tj 2.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (60, 62, 64)Tj 4.083 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (65, 70, 76,)Tj -15.666 -1.25 Td (88, 102, 108)Tj 5.083 0.09 Td (\320)Tj -0.055 Tc 0.583 -0.09 Td (11)Tj 0 Tc 0.945 0 Td (3, 121)Tj 2.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (122, 129, 131)Tj 5.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (132, 138,)Tj -15.945 -1.25 Td (178, 182, 184)Tj 5.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (188, 208)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td [(209, 21)55(1)]TJ 3.528 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (212, 222,)Tj -14.445 -1.25 Td (225, 229, 240, 242, 244)Tj 9.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (245, 260, 277, 288, 290,)Tj -10.166 -1.25 Td (293, 296, 298, 303, 314, 316)Tj 11.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (323, 329,)Tj -12.166 -1.25 Td (334)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (335, 351, 355, 371, 373, 377, 379)Tj 13.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (380,)Tj -16.333 -1.25 Td (385, 388, 392, 396, 409, 426)Tj 11.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (427, 432, 439, 471,)Tj -12.166 -1.25 Td (485, 496)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (497, 499, 503, 530)Tj 7.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (531, 534, 559,)Tj -12.333 -1.25 Td (561, 563, 565, 567, 572)Tj 9.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (573, 576, 592, 594,)Tj -10.166 -1.25 Td (607)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td [(608, 61)55(1)]TJ 3.528 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (613, 627, 634, 648, 675)Tj 9.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (678,)Tj -16.445 -1.25 Td (684)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (691, 693, 700, 704, 716)Tj 9.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (717, 723)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (724,)Tj -16.5 -1.25 Td (726)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (727, 740)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td [(741, 744, 799, 91)55(1, 918, 925, 930,)]TJ -6.333 -1.25 Td (932, 935)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (936, 951)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -6.866 -1.25 Td (SOL_SOCKET)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(624)]TJ 6.063 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (625, 645)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (646,)Tj -14.53 -1.25 Td (650)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (652)Tj -4.866 -1.25 Td [(solutions to exer)18(cises, )-250(905)]TJ 11.651 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (945)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -12.235 -1.25 Td (SOMAXCONN)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.817 0 Td [(constant, )-250(608)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -5.817 -1.25 Td (SO_OOBINLINE)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(626)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -7.617 -1.25 Td (SO_PASSCRED)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.017 0 Td [(constant, )-250(651)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -7.017 -1.25 Td (SO_REUSEADDR)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(625)]TJ -7.617 -1.25 Td [(sour)18(ce code, availability)]TJ 0.5 Tc 10.547 0 Td (,x)Tj 0 Tc 1.266 0 Td (xx)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -11.813 -1.25 Td (S_OUTPUT)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(constant, )-250(510)]TJ -5.217 -1.25 Td [(Spaf)18(for)18(d, G.,)-500(181, 250, 298, 949)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0 -1.25 TD (spawn)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.417 0 Td [(function, )-250(234)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -3.417 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.817 0 Td (header)Tj 0.5 Tc 2.972 0 Td (,3)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (0)Tj -10.039 -1.25 Td [(spin locks,)-500(417)]TJ 6.742 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (418)Tj -7.325 -1.25 Td (spooling, printer)Tj 0.5 Tc 7.332 0 Td (,7)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (93)Tj 1.083 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (795)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -10.248 -1.25 Td (sprintf)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(function, )-250(159,)-250(549, 616, 622, 640, 655,)]TJ -1.917 -1.25 Td (657, 659, 668)Tj 5.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (669, 759, 772)Tj 5.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (773, 803,)Tj -12.333 -1.25 Td (818)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (819, 822)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (823, 825)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (827, 833)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (835, 837,)Tj -14.666 -1.25 Td (845, 945)Tj -1.35 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(159)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (spwd)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.817 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e, )-250(918)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -2.817 -1.25 Td (squid)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.417 0 Td [(login name,)-500(178)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 22.583 65 Td (S_RDBAND)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(constant, )-250(510)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -5.217 -1.25 Td (S_RDNORM)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(constant, )-250(510)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -5.217 -1.25 Td (sscanf)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(function, )-250(162,)-250(549, 551, 802)]TJ 12.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (803)Tj -15.29 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(162)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (ssh)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.217 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram, )-250(293)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -2.217 -1.25 Td (sshd)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.817 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram, )-250(465)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -2.817 -1.25 Td (SSIZE_MAX)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.817 0 Td [(constant, )-250(38,)-250(41, 71)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -5.817 -1.25 Td (ssize_t)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(data type,)-500(39, 59, 71)]TJ -4.617 -1.25 Td [(stack, )-250(205,)-250(215)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf T* (stackaddr)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.817 0 Td [(attribute, )-250(427)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -5.817 -1.25 Td (stacksize)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.817 0 Td [(attribute, )-250(427)]TJ -5.817 -1.25 Td (standar)Tj 0.25 Tc 3.32 0 Td (de)Tj 0 Tc 1.34 0 Td [(rr)18(or)]TJ 0.5 Tc 1.639 0 Td (,8)Tj 0.25 Tc 1.25 0 Td (,1)Tj 0 Tc 1 0 Td (45, 617)Tj -8.549 -1.25 Td (standar)Tj 0.25 Tc 3.32 0 Td (de)Tj 0 Tc 1.34 0 Td [(rr)18(or r)18(outines, )-250(898)]TJ 7.924 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (904)Tj -13.168 -1.25 Td (standar)Tj 0.25 Tc 3.32 0 Td (di)Tj 0 Tc 1.152 0 Td [(nput, )-250(8,)-250(145)]TJ -4.472 -1.25 Td (standar)Tj 0.25 Tc 3.32 0 Td (dI)Tj 0 Tc 1.198 0 Td (/O)Tj -3.168 -1.25 Td [(alternatives, )-250(174)]TJ 7.491 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (175)Tj -8.075 -1.25 Td [(buf)18(fering, )-250(145)]TJ 6.44 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (147, 231, 235, 265, 367, 552, 721,)Tj -5.673 -1.25 Td (752)Tj -1.35 -1.25 Td [(ef)18(\336ciency)]TJ 0.5 Tc 4.084 0 Td (,1)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (53)Tj 1.083 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (156)Tj -7 -1.25 Td [(implementation, )-250(164)]TJ 9.393 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (167)Tj -9.977 -1.25 Td (library)Tj 0.5 Tc 2.87 0 Td (,1)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (0, 143)Tj 2.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (175)Tj -7.287 -1.25 Td [(str)18(eams, )-250(143)]TJ 5.746 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (144)Tj -6.329 -1.25 Td [(versus unbuf)18(fer)18(ed I/O, timing,)-500(155)]TJ -1.35 -1.25 Td (standar)Tj 0.25 Tc 3.32 0 Td (do)Tj 0 Tc 1.407 0 Td [(utput, )-250(8,)-250(145, 617)]TJ -4.727 -1.25 Td [(standar)18(ds, )-250(25)]TJ 6.188 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (33)Tj -5.422 -1.25 Td [(dif)18(fer)18(ences, )-250(58)]TJ 6.647 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (59)Tj -8.581 -1.25 Td [(ST)74(AR)]TJ 0.25 Tc 2.473 0 Td (Tt)Tj 0 Tc 1.189 0 Td (erminal character)Tj 0.5 Tc 7.662 0 Td (,6)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (78, 680)Tj 3.083 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (682, 686, 689,)Tj -13.541 -1.25 Td (693)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -2.7 -1.25 Td (stat)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.817 0 Td [(function, )-250(4,)-250(7, 65, 93)]TJ 9.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (95, 97, 99, 107,)Tj -9.74 -1.25 Td (121)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (122, 124, 126)Tj 5.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (128, 131, 138, 140)Tj 7.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (141,)Tj -16.5 -1.25 Td (170, 331, 452, 586, 592, 628, 639)Tj 13.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (640, 670, 698,)Tj -14.166 -1.25 Td (908, 910, 942)Tj -1.35 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(93)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (stat)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.817 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e, )-250(93)]TJ 5.802 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (96, 98, 1)Tj -0.055 Tc 3.445 0 Td (11)Tj 0.25 Tc 0.945 0 Td (,1)Tj 0 Tc 0.945 0 Td (14, 124, 140, 147,)Tj -11.837 -1.25 Td (167, 170, 498, 518, 529, 535, 552, 557, 586, 638,)Tj T* (697)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (698, 757, 807, 832)Tj -4.866 -1.25 Td [(static variables,)-500(219)]TJ T* (ST)Tj -0.074 Tc 1.064 0 Td (AT)Tj 0 Tc 1.317 0 Td (US terminal character)Tj 0.5 Tc 9.541 0 Td (,6)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (78, 682, 687, 689, 703)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -13.172 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.417 0 Td (header)Tj 0.5 Tc 2.972 0 Td (,2)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (7, 162)Tj 2.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (163, 755, 758)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -13.805 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.017 0 Td (header)Tj 0.5 Tc 2.972 0 Td (,2)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (7)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.1666 Tc -11.239 -1.25 Td (__)Tj 0 Tc 1.367 0 Td [(STDC_IEC_559_ )433(_)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 8.983 0 Td [(constant, )-250(31)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -10.35 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.417 0 Td (header)Tj 0.5 Tc 2.972 0 Td (,2)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (7, 635)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -10.639 -1.25 Td (stderr)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(variable, )-250(145,)-250(483, 731, 901)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.017 -1.25 Td (STDERR_FILENO)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.217 0 Td [(constant, )-250(62,)-250(145, 618)]TJ 9.563 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (619, 643,)Tj -15.663 -1.25 Td (648, 652, 729)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -2.7 -1.25 Td (stdin)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.417 0 Td [(variable, )-250(10,)-250(145, 154, 214, 216, 550)]TJ 15.407 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (551,)Tj -16.707 -1.25 Td (654)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -2.7 -1.25 Td (STDIN_FILENO)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(9,)-250(62, 67, 72, 145, 308,)]TJ -4.917 -1.25 Td (378, 483, 539, 544, 549)Tj 9.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (550, 619, 655)Tj 5.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (656,)Tj -16.333 -1.25 Td [(679, 684, 709, 71)55(1, 728, 730)]TJ 11.528 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (732, 739)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (740)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -18.978 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.417 0 Td (header)Tj 0.5 Tc 2.972 0 Td (,2)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (7, 595)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -10.639 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.817 0 Td (header)Tj 0.5 Tc 2.972 0 Td (,1)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (0, 27, 38, 51, 145, 147, 151,)Tj -7.339 -1.25 Td (164, 168, 694, 755, 895)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47480 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (xxx)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Pr)18(eface )-250(to )-250(the )-250(First )-250(Edition)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 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(.F)Tj 0 Tc 4.951 0 Td [(or )-45(example, )-45(we)]TJ -32.156 -1.2 Td (could)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.789 0 Td (longjmp)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.494 0 Td [(fr)18(om)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 2.433 0 Td (cmd_add)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.494 0 Td [(with )-44(a)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 3.121 0 Td (val)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.516 0 Td [(of )-44(1 )-44(and )-44(also )-44(call)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.828 0 Td (longjmp)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.494 0 Td [(fr)18(om)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 2.433 0 Td (get_token)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -33.6 -1.2 Td [(with )-25(a)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 3.083 0 Td (val)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.497 0 Td [(of )-25(2.)-525(In )-25(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.285 0 Td (main)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.675 0 Td [(function, )-25(the )-25(r)18(eturn )-25(value )-25(fr)18(om)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 14.058 0 Td (setjmp)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.875 0 Td [(is )-25(either )-25(1 )-25(or )-25(2, )-25(and)]TJ -30.474 -1.2 Td [(we )-213(can )-213(test )-213(this )-213(value, )-213(if )-213(we )-213(want, )-213(and )-213(determine )-213(whether )-213(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 29.976 0 Td (longjmp)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.663 0 Td [(was 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0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 240.9126 145.4518 Tm [(Figure 7.1)37(1)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 5.658 0 Td (Example of)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 5.26 0 Td (setjmp)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.943 0 Td (longjmp)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47484 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (214)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Pr)18(ocess )-250(Envir)18(onment )]TJ 39.241 0 Td [(Chapter)-500(7)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 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550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 214.0183 146.4804 Tm (Figure 7.9)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.09 Tc 5.195 0 Td (Ty)Tj 0 Tc 1.079 0 Td [(pical pr)18(ogram skeleton for command pr)18(ocessing)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47485 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (652)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Advanced )-250(IPC)]TJ 38.741 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(17)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 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Td (return\(-1\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td [(if \(status >= 0\))-2400(/* final data has arrived */)]TJ 2.4 -1.189 Td [(return\(newfd\); )-600(/*)-600(descriptor, or -status */)]TJ -4.8 -1.189 Td (})Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 1840.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 213.3184 167.9788 Tm (Figure 17.16)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.195 0 Td [(Receiving cr)18(edentials over UNIX domain sockets)]TJ 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5846 145.1812 Tm [(On )-412(Fr)18(eeBSD, )-412(we )-412(specify)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 12.51 0 Td (SCM_CREDS)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.062 0 Td [(to )-412(transmit )-412(cr)18(edentials; )-412(on )-412(Linux, )-412(we )-412(use)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -18.572 -1.2 Td (SCM_CREDENTIALS)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47486 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(20.8)]TJ 38.014 0 Td [(Sour)18(ce )-250(Code)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 7.819 0 Td (757)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 6690.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 129.5922 659.4594 Tm [(60 )-1200(/*)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(61 )-1800(*)-600(Internal functions.)]TJ T* [(62 )-1800(*/)]TJ T* [(63 )-1200(static)-600(DB )-2400(*_db_alloc\(int\);)]TJ T* [(64 )-1200(static)-600(void )-1800(_db_dodelete\(DB)-600(*\);)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(65 )-1200(static)-600(int )-2400(_db_find_and_lock\(DB)-600(*, const char *, int\);)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(66 )-1200(static)-600(int )-2400(_db_findfree\(DB)-600(*, int, int\);)]TJ T* [(67 )-1200(static)-600(void )-1800(_db_free\(DB)-600(*\);)]TJ T* [(68 )-1200(static)-600(DBHASH )-600(_db_hash\(DB)-600(*, const char *\);)]TJ T* [(69 )-1200(static)-600(char )-1200(*_db_readdat\(DB)-600(*\);)]TJ T* [(70 )-1200(static)-600(off_t )-1200(_db_readidx\(DB)-600(*, off_t\);)]TJ T* [(71 )-1200(static)-600(off_t )-1200(_db_readptr\(DB)-600(*, off_t\);)]TJ T* [(72 )-1200(static)-600(void )-1800(_db_writedat\(DB)-600(*, const char *, off_t, int\);)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(73 )-1200(static)-600(void )-1800(_db_writeidx\(DB)-600(*, const char *, off_t, int, off_t\);)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(74 )-1200(static)-600(void )-1800(_db_writeptr\(DB)-600(*, off_t, off_t\);)]TJ 0 -2.378 TD [(75 )-1200(/*)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(76 )-1800(*)-600(Open or create a database.)-1200(Same arguments as open\(2\).)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(77 )-1800(*/)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(78 )-1200(DBHANDLE)]TJ T* [(79 )-1200(db_open\(const)-600(char *pathname, int oflag, ...\))]TJ T* [(80 )-1200({)]TJ T* [(81 )-3000(DB)]TJ 12 0 Td (*db;)Tj -12 -1.189 Td [(82 )-3000(int)]TJ 12 0 Td (len, mode;)Tj -12 -1.189 Td [(83 )-3000(size_t )-3000(i;)]TJ T* [(84 )-3000(char)-4800(asciiptr[PTR_SZ + 1],)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD (85 )Tj 12 0 Td [(hash[\(NHASH_DEF)-600(+)-600(1\))-600(*)-600(PTR_SZ + 2];)]TJ -12 -1.189 Td (86 )Tj 14.4 0 Td [(/*)-600(+2 for newline and null */)]TJ -14.4 -1.189 Td [(87 )-3000(struct)-600(stat statbuff;)]TJ 0 -2.378 TD [(88 )-3000(/*)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(89 )-3600(*)-600(Allocate a DB structure, and the buffers it needs.)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(90 )-3600(*/)]TJ T* [(91 )-3000(len)]TJ 0.6 Tc 7.2 0 Td (=s)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (trlen\(pathname\);)Tj -9 -1.189 Td [(92 )-3000(if)-600(\(\(db = _db_alloc\(len\)\) == NULL\))]TJ 0 -1.189 TD (93 )Tj 7.2 0 Td [(err_dump\("db_open:)-600(_db_alloc error for DB"\);)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 2802.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 256.1673 Tm [([60 )167(\320 )167(74])]TJ -0.092 Tc 4 0 Td [(We )-304(h)]TJ 0 Tc 2.339 0 Td [(ave )-120(chosen )-120(to )-120(name )-120(all )-120(the )-120(user)18(-callable )-120(\(public\) )-120(functions )-120(starting )-120(with)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -2.339 -1.2 Td (db_)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.241 0 Td [(and )-191(all )-191(the )-191(internal )-191(\(private\) )-191(functions 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(\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (2)Tj 0.5 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.5331 Tc 0.333 -0.04 Td (.I)Tj 0.2831 Tc 1.12 0 Td (ft)Tj 0 Tc 0.942 0 Td [(he )-33(caller )-33(wants)]TJ -28.307 -1.2 Td [(to )-306(cr)18(eate )-306(the )-306(database )-306(\336les, )-306(the )-306(optional )-306(thir)]TJ 0.5566 Tc 21.347 0 Td (da)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.668 0 Td (rg)Tj 0 Tc 0.933 0 Td [(ument )-307(speci\336es )-307(the )-307(\336le)]TJ -23.948 -1.2 Td [(permissions. )-460(The)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.435 0 Td (db_open)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.66 0 Td [(function )-210(opens )-210(the )-210(index )-210(\336le )-210(and )-210(the )-210(data )-210(\336le,)]TJ -13.095 -1.2 Td [(initializing )-508(the )-508(index )-508(\336le, )-508(if )-508(necessary)]TJ 1.0081 Tc 18.869 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.871 0 Td [(he )-508(function )-508(starts )-508(by )-508(calling)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -20.741 -1.2 Td (_db_alloc)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.65 0 Td (to allocate and initialize a)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 11.534 0 Td (DB)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.45 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e.)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47487 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(18.9)]TJ -0.092 Tc 33.471 0 Td (Te)Tj 0 Tc 1 0 Td [(rminal )-250(Identi\336cation)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 11.362 0 Td (697)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 151.1909 670.2598 Tm (if \(\(ddp->d_name = strdup\(dirname\)\) == NULL\) {)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (free\(ddp\);)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (return;)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj 0 -2.021 TD (ddp->d_next = NULL;)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (if \(tail == NULL\) {)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (head = ddp;)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (tail = ddp;)Tj 0.6 Tc -2.4 -1.189 Td (}e)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (lse {)Tj 0.6 -1.189 Td (tail->d_next = ddp;)Tj T* (tail = ddp;)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj 0 -2.021 TD (static void)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (cleanup\(void\))Tj T* ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td [(struct devdir)-1800(*ddp, *nddp;)]TJ 0 -2.021 TD (ddp = head;)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (while \(ddp != NULL\) {)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (nddp = ddp->d_next;)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (free\(ddp->d_name\);)Tj T* (free\(ddp\);)Tj T* (ddp = nddp;)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj T* (head = NULL;)Tj T* (tail = NULL;)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj 0 -2.021 TD (static char *)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (searchdir\(char *dirname, struct stat *fdstatp\))Tj T* ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td [(struct stat)-3000(devstat;)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD (DIR )Tj 9.6 0 Td (*dp;)Tj -9.6 -1.189 Td (int )Tj 9.6 0 Td (devlen;)Tj -9.6 -1.189 Td [(struct dirent)-1800(*dirp;)]TJ 0 -2.021 TD (strcpy\(pathname, dirname\);)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (if \(\(dp = opendir\(dirname\)\) == NULL\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (return\(NULL\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (strcat\(pathname, "/"\);)Tj T* (devlen = strlen\(pathname\);)Tj T* (while \(\(dirp = readdir\(dp\)\) != NULL\) {)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (strncpy\(pathname + devlen, dirp->d_name,)Tj 1.2 -1.189 Td (_POSIX_PATH_MAX - devlen\);)Tj -1.2 -2.021 Td (/*)Tj 0.6 Tc 0.6 -1.189 Td (*S)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (kip aliases.)Tj -1.8 -1.189 Td (*/)Tj -0.6 -1.189 Td (if \(strcmp\(pathname, "/dev/stdin"\) == 0 ||)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47488 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (638)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Advanced )-250(IPC)]TJ 38.741 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(17)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 172.7896 670.2598 Tm (goto errout;)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj 0 -2.021 TD (if \(listen\(fd, QLEN\) < 0\) { /* tell kernel we\325re a server */)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (rval = -4;)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (goto errout;)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj T* (return\(fd\);)Tj -2.4 -2.021 Td (errout:)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err = errno;)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (close\(fd\);)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (errno = err;)Tj T* (return\(rval\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 5221.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 251.8658 506.0583 Tm (Figure 17.8)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.695 0 Td (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.924 0 Td (serv_listen)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.85 0 Td (function)Tj 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5848 482.0611 Tm [(First, )-206(we )-206(cr)18(eate )-206(a )-206(single )-206(UNIX )-206(domain )-206(socket )-206(by )-206(calling)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 26.705 0 Td (socket)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 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Td (et)Tj 0.2754 Tc 1.081 0 Td (oa)Tj 0 Tc 1.321 0 Td [(void )-25(calling )-25(it )-25(fr)18(om )-25(multiple)]TJ -22.409 -1.2 Td [(thr)18(eads at the same time.)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47495 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (178)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(System )-250(Data )-250(Files )-250(and )-250(Information)]TJ 39.241 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(6)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 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1 1300.25 6450.25 cm 0 0 m 3892 0 l S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1300.25 6430.25 cm 0 0 m 3892 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 133.9679 634.9238 Tm (user name)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 13.714 0 Td [(char )-600(*pw_name)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 4.262 Tc 11.981 0 Td (\245\245\245\245\245)Tj 0 Tc -25.695 -1.25 Td [(encrypted passwor)18(d)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 13.714 0 Td [(char )-600(*pw_passwd)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 4.262 Tc 16.849 0 Td (\245\245\245\245)Tj 0 Tc -30.563 -1.25 Td (numerical user ID)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 13.714 0 Td [(uid_t )-600(pw_uid)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 4.262 Tc 11.981 0 Td (\245\245\245\245\245)Tj 0 Tc -25.695 -1.25 Td [(numerical gr)18(oup ID)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 13.714 0 Td [(gid_t )-600(pw_gid)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 4.262 Tc 11.981 0 Td (\245\245\245\245\245)Tj 0 Tc -25.695 -1.25 Td (comment \336eld)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 13.714 0 Td [(char )-600(*pw_gecos)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 4.262 Tc 16.849 0 Td (\245\245\245\245)Tj 0 Tc -30.563 -1.25 Td [(initial working dir)18(ectory)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 13.714 0 Td [(char )-600(*pw_dir)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 4.262 Tc 11.981 0 Td (\245\245\245\245\245)Tj 0 Tc -25.695 -1.25 Td [(initial shell \(user pr)18(ogram\))]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 13.714 0 Td [(char )-600(*pw_shell)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 4.262 Tc 11.981 0 Td (\245\245\245\245\245)Tj 0 Tc -25.695 -1.25 Td (user access class)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 13.714 0 Td [(char )-600(*pw_class)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 9.13 Tc 16.849 0 Td (\245\245)Tj 0 Tc -30.563 -1.25 Td [(next time to change passwor)18(d)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 13.714 0 Td (time_t pw_change)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.13 Tc 16.849 0 Td (\245\245)Tj 0 Tc -30.563 -1.25 Td (account expiration time)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 13.714 0 Td (time_t pw_expire)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.13 Tc 16.849 0 Td (\245\245)Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1300.25 5410.25 cm 0 0 m 3892 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3614.25 5410.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1260 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3225.25 5410.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1260 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2417.25 5410.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1260 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5192.25 5410.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1260 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1300.25 5410.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1260 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 0 Tc 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 254.7741 522.9059 Tm (Figure 6.1)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.195 0 Td (Fields in)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 4.025 0 Td (/etc/passwd)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.85 0 Td (\336le)Tj 9.9982 0 0 9.9982 147.5736 498.9102 Tm (Historically)Tj 0.3822 Tc 5.076 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 0.958 0 Td [(he )-132(passwor)]TJ 0.3822 Tc 5.149 0 Td (d\336)Tj 0 Tc 1.598 0 Td [(le )-132(has )-132(been )-132(stor)18(ed )-132(in)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.916 0 Td (/etc/passwd)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.982 0 Td [(and )-132(has )-132(been )-132(an)]TJ -31.48 -1.2 Td [(ASCII )-145(\336le.)-645(Each )-145(line )-145(contains )-145(the )-145(\336elds )-145(described )-145(in )-145(Figur)]TJ 0.3953 Tc 26.933 0 Td (e6)Tj 0 Tc 1.374 0 Td [(.1, )-145(separated )-145(by )-145(colons.)]TJ -28.307 -1.2 Td [(For example, four lines fr)18(om the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 14.466 0 Td (/etc/passwd)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.85 0 Td (\336le on Linux could be)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9984 0 0 8.9984 147.5739 455.0079 Tm (root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (squid:x:23:23::/var/spool/squid:/dev/null)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (nobody:x:65534:65534:Nobody:/home:/bin/sh)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (sar:x:205:105:Stephen Rago:/home/sar:/bin/bash)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9982 0 0 9.9982 129.5772 401.7073 Tm (Note the following points about these entries.)Tj 0.883 Tc 1.8 -2.04 Td (\245T)Tj 0 Tc 2.102 0 Td [(her)18(e)-263(is)-263(usually )-13(an )-13(entry )-13(with )-13(the )-13(user )-13(name)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 19.45 0 Td (root)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5128 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 3.776 0 Td [(his )-13(entry )-13(has )-13(a )-13(user )-13(ID )-13(of )-13(0)]TJ -23.839 -1.2 Td [(\(the super)8(user\).)]TJ 0.883 Tc -1.489 -1.6 Td (\245T)Tj 0 Tc 2.102 0 Td [(he )-21(encrypted )-21(passwor)]TJ 0.2712 Tc 9.782 0 Td (d\336)Tj 0 Tc 1.487 0 Td [(eld )-21(contains )-21(a )-21(single 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0.3712 Tc 10.882 0 Td (d\336)Tj 0 Tc 1.587 0 Td [(le )-121(entry )-121(can )-121(be )-121(empty)]TJ 0.6213 Tc 9.885 0 Td (.I)Tj 0.3713 Tc 1.208 0 Td (ft)Tj 0 Tc 1.03 0 Td [(he )-121(encrypted )-121(passwor)17(d)]TJ -25.117 -1.2 Td [(\336eld )-39(is )-39(empty)111(,)-289(it)-289(usually )-39(means )-39(that )-39(the )-39(user )-39(does )-39(not )-39(have )-39(a )-39(passwor)17(d. )-289(\(This)-289(is)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(not )-14(r)18(ecommended.\) )-264(The)-264(entry )-14(for)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 15.266 0 Td (squid)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.264 0 Td [(has )-14(one )-14(blank )-14(\336eld: )-14(the )-14(comment )-14(\336eld.)]TJ -18.53 -1.2 Td [(An empty comment \336eld has no ef)18(fect.)]TJ 0.883 Tc -1.489 -1.6 Td (\245T)Tj 0 Tc 2.102 0 Td [(he )-131(shell )-131(\336eld )-131(contains )-131(the )-131(name )-131(of )-131(the )-131(executable )-131(pr)19(ogram )-131(to )-131(be )-131(used )-131(as )-131(the)]TJ -0.613 -1.2 Td [(login )-171(shell )-171(for )-171(the )-171(user)]TJ 0.6713 Tc 10.506 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.534 0 Td [(he )-171(default )-171(value )-171(for )-171(an )-171(empty )-171(shell )-171(\336eld )-171(is )-171(usually)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -12.04 -1.2 Td (/bin/sh)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5256 Tc (.N)Tj 0 Tc 5.807 0 Td [(ote, )-26(however)]TJ 0.2756 Tc 5.683 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 0.852 0 Td [(hat )-26(the )-26(entry )-26(for)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.509 0 Td (squid)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.276 0 Td (has)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.782 0 Td (/dev/null)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.676 0 Td [(as )-25(the )-25(login)]TJ -30.583 -1.2 Td [(shell. )-385(Obviously)]TJ 0.3846 Tc 7.456 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 0.961 0 Td [(his )-135(is )-135(a )-135(device )-135(and )-135(cannot )-135(be )-135(executed, )-135(so )-135(its )-135(use )-135(her)21(e)-385(is)-385(t)1(o)]TJ -8.416 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(event anyone fr)18(om logging in to our system as user)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 23.877 0 Td (squid)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 183.567 169.3491 Tm [(Many )-307(services )-307(have )-307(separate )-307(user )-307(IDs )-307(for )-307(the )-307(daemon )-307(pr)18(ocesses )-307(\(Chapter )-307(13\) )-307(that )-307(help)]TJ 0 -1.25 TD [(implement )-89(the )-89(service.)-589(The)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 12.809 0 Td (squid)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.339 0 Td [(entry )-89(is )-89(for )-89(the )-89(pr)18(ocesses )-89(implementing )-89(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 19.917 0 Td (squid)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.339 0 Td [(pr)18(oxy)]TJ -39.404 -1.25 Td (cache service.)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47496 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(21.5)]TJ 38.014 0 Td [(Sour)18(ce )-250(Code)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 7.819 0 Td (835)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 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)167(317])-668(When )-101(the )-101(daemon )-101(starts, )-101(it )-101(calls)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 19.947 0 Td (build_qonstart)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 8.751 0 Td [(to )-101(build )-101(an )-101(in-memory)]TJ -23.697 -1.2 Td [(list )-44(of )-44(print )-44(jobs )-44(fr)18(om )-44(the )-44(disk )-44(\336les )-44(stor)18(ed )-44(in)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 19.95 0 Td (/var/spool/printer/reqs)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj -19.95 -1.2 Td [(If we can\325t open the dir)18(ectory)111(,)-250(no)-250(print jobs ar)]TJ 0.25 Tc 20.079 0 Td (ep)Tj 0 Tc 1.33 0 Td [(ending, so we r)18(eturn.)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47498 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (668)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Advanced )-250(IPC)]TJ 38.741 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(17)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 237.5857 670.2598 Tm (})Tj 0 -1.189 TD (numfd--;)Tj 0.6 Tc -2.4 -1.189 Td (}e)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td [(lse {)-4800(/* process client\325s request */)]TJ 0.6 -1.189 Td (handle_request\(buf, nread, pollfd[i].fd,)Tj 1.2 -1.189 Td (client[i].uid\);)Tj -3.6 -1.189 Td (})Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 5692.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 245.2426 553.1326 Tm (Figure 17.30)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.195 0 Td (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.924 0 Td (loop)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td (function using)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 6.663 0 Td (poll)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.092 Tc 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5847 529.1355 Tm [(To )-363(a)]TJ 0 Tc 1.996 0 Td [(llow )-179(for )-179(as )-179(many )-179(clients )-179(as )-179(ther)]TJ 0.4285 Tc 14.778 0 Td (ea)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.407 0 Td [(re )-215(p)]TJ 0 Tc 1.886 0 Td [(ossible )-178(open )-178(descriptors, )-178(we )-178(dynamically)]TJ -20.066 -1.2 Td [(allocate )-37(space )-37(for )-37(the )-37(array )-37(of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 13.432 0 Td (pollfd)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.887 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(es )-37(using )-37(the )-37(same )-37(strategy )-37(as )-37(used )-37(in )-37(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -17.319 -1.2 Td (client_alloc)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.45 0 Td (function for the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 7.118 0 Td (client)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td (array \(see Figur)Tj 0.25 Tc 6.944 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (7.27\).)Tj -0.092 Tc -24.791 -1.2 Td [(We )-279(u)]TJ 0 Tc 2.335 0 Td [(se )-95(the )-95(\336rst )-95(entry )-95(\(index )-95(0\) )-95(of )-95(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 15.047 0 Td (pollfd)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.945 0 Td [(array )-95(for )-95(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.041 0 Td (listenfd)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.145 0 Td [(descriptor)74(.)]TJ -34.312 -1.2 Td [(The )-215(arrival )-215(of )-215(a )-215(new )-215(client )-215(connection )-215(is )-215(indicated )-215(by )-215(a)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 26.691 0 Td (POLLIN)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.065 0 Td [(on )-215(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.445 0 Td (listenfd)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -34.2 -1.2 Td (descriptor)Tj 0.5 Tc 4.438 0 Td (.A)Tj 0.25 Tc 1.528 0 Td (sb)Tj 0 Tc 1.227 0 Td [(efor)18(e, we call)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.053 0 Td (serv_accept)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.85 0 Td (to accept the connection.)Tj -18.296 -1.2 Td [(For )-113(an )-113(existing )-113(client, )-113(we )-113(have )-113(to )-113(handle )-113(two )-113(dif)19(fer)18(ent )-113(events )-113(fr)18(om)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 30.911 0 Td (poll)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.3629 Tc (:ac)Tj 0 Tc 4.32 0 Td (lient)Tj -37.031 -1.2 Td [(termination )-230(is )-230(indicated )-230(by)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 13.08 0 Td (POLLHUP)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.48 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 5.43 0 Td [(nd )-230(a )-230(new )-230(r)18(equest )-230(fr)18(om )-230(an )-230(existing )-230(client )-230(is)]TJ -18.51 -1.2 Td [(indicated )-83(by)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.911 0 Td (POLLIN)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5834 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 5.046 0 Td [(he )-83(client )-83(can )-83(close )-83(its )-83(end )-83(of )-83(the )-83(connection )-83(while )-83(ther)15(e)-333(is)-333(s)-1(till)]TJ -10.957 -1.2 Td [(data )-106(to )-106(be )-106(r)18(ead )-106(fr)18(om )-106(the )-106(server)-74(\325s )-106(end )-106(of )-106(the )-106(connection.)-606(Even )-106(though )-106(the )-106(endpoint )-106(is)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(marked )-102(as )-102(hung )-102(up, )-102(the )-102(server )-102(can )-102(r)18(ead )-102(all )-102(the )-102(data )-102(queued )-102(on )-102(its )-102(end.)-599(But )-102(with )-102(this)]TJ T* (server)Tj 0.2584 Tc 2.663 0 Td (,w)Tj 0 Tc 1.342 0 Td [(hen )-8(we )-8(r)18(eceive )-8(the )-8(hangup )-8(fr)18(om )-8(the )-8(client, )-8(we )-8(can)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 22.493 0 Td (close)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.258 0 Td [(the )-8(connection )-8(to )-8(the)]TJ -29.757 -1.2 Td [(client, )-119(ef)18(fectively )-119(thr)18(owing )-119(away )-119(any )-119(queued )-119(data.)-620(Ther)18(e)-369(is)-369(no)-369(r)18(eason )-119(to )-119(pr)18(ocess )-119(any)]TJ -0.018 Tc -0 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(quests still r)18(emaining, since we can\325t send any r)18(esponses back.)]TJ 0.944 -1.2 Td [(As )-7(with )-7(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.394 0 Td (select)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.858 0 Td [(version )-8(of )-8(this )-8(function, )-8(new )-8(r)18(equests )-8(fr)18(om )-8(a )-8(client )-8(ar)]TJ 0.2576 Tc 23.555 0 Td (eh)Tj 0 Tc 1.319 0 Td (andled)Tj -35.926 -1.2 Td [(by )-41(calling )-41(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.326 0 Td (handle_request)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 8.691 0 Td [(function )-41(\(Figur)]TJ 0.2915 Tc 6.714 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.271 0 Td [(7.31\). )-291(This)-292(function )-41(is )-41(similar )-41(to )-41(the)]TJ -23.002 -1.2 Td [(earlier )-67(version )-67(\(Figur)]TJ 0.3171 Tc 9.462 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.296 0 Td [(7.22\). )-317(It)-317(calls )-67(the )-67(same )-67(function,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 14.729 0 Td (buf_args)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.117 0 Td (\(Figur)Tj 0.3171 Tc 2.716 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.296 0 Td [(7.23\), )-67(that)]TJ -34.616 -1.2 Td (calls)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.343 0 Td (cli_args)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.193 0 Td (\(Figur)Tj 0.3926 Tc 2.716 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.372 0 Td [(7.24\), )-143(but )-143(since )-143(it )-143(r)8(uns )-143(fr)18(om )-143(a )-143(daemon )-143(pr)21(ocess, )-142(it )-142(logs )-142(err)17(or)]TJ -11.623 -1.2 Td (messages instead of printing them on the standar)Tj 0.25 Tc 21.74 0 Td (de)Tj 0 Tc 1.34 0 Td [(rr)18(or)74(.)]TJ ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 3060.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9984 0 0 8.9984 129.5767 296.4446 Tm [(#include )-1800("opend.h")]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(#include )-1800()]TJ 0 -2.14 TD (void)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (handle_request\(char *buf, int nread, int clifd, uid_t uid\))Tj T* ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td [(int )-2400(newfd;)]TJ 0 -2.14 TD (if \(buf[nread-1] != 0\) {)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (snprintf\(errmsg, MAXLINE-1,)Tj 1.2 -1.189 Td ("request from uid %d not null terminated: %*.*s\\n",)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (uid, nread, nread, buf\);)Tj -1.2 -1.189 Td (send_err\(clifd, -1, errmsg\);)Tj T* (return;)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj T* (log_msg\("request: %s, from uid %d", buf, uid\);)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47499 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(16.6)]TJ 36.901 0 Td [(Socket )-250(Options)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 8.932 0 Td (625)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 668.9599 Tm (The)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 2.061 0 Td (lenp)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.11 0 Td [(ar)18(gument )-137(is )-137(a )-137(pointer )-137(to )-137(an )-137(integer)]TJ 0.6368 Tc 16.05 0 Td (.B)Tj 0 Tc 1.498 0 Td (efor)Tj 0.3868 Tc 1.735 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.31 0 Td (alling)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.898 0 Td (getsockopt)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(,)-387(we)-387(set )-137(the)]TJ -27.661 -1.2 Td [(integer )-23(to )-23(the )-23(size )-23(of )-23(the )-23(buf)16(fer )-23(wher)]TJ 0.2733 Tc 16.191 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.078 0 Td [(he )-23(option )-23(is )-23(to )-23(be )-23(copied.)-523(If )-23(the )-23(actual )-23(size )-23(of )-23(the)]TJ -17.269 -1.2 Td [(option )-66(is )-66(gr)19(eater )-66(than )-66(this )-66(size, )-66(the )-66(option )-66(is )-66(silently )-66(tr)10(uncated. )-316(If)-315(the )-66(actual )-66(size )-66(of )-66(the)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(option is less than this size, then the integer is updated with the actu\ al size on r)18(eturn.)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf -3.6 -2.88 Td (Example)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.6 -2.4 Td [(The )-117(function )-117(in )-117(Figur)]TJ 0.3671 Tc 9.738 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.346 0 Td [(6.12 )-117(fails )-117(to )-117(operate )-117(pr)18(operly )-117(when )-117(the )-117(server )-117(terminates )-117(and)]TJ -11.084 -1.2 Td [(we )-80(try )-80(to )-80(r)18(estart )-80(it )-80(immediately)]TJ 0.5798 Tc 14.034 0 Td (.N)Tj 0 Tc 1.661 0 Td (ormally)Tj 0.3298 Tc 3.351 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 0.906 0 Td [(he )-80(implementation )-80(of )-80(TCP )-80(will )-80(pr)18(event )-80(us)]TJ -19.952 -1.2 Td [(fr)18(om )-38(binding )-38(the )-38(same )-38(addr)18(ess )-38(until )-38(a )-38(timeout )-38(expir)18(es, )-38(which )-38(is )-38(usually )-38(on )-38(the )-38(or)18(der )-38(of)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(several )-165(minutes.)-665(Luckily)]TJ 0.4152 Tc 11.292 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 0.991 0 Td (he)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.476 0 Td (SO_REUSEADDR)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.615 0 Td [(socket )-165(option )-165(allows )-165(us )-165(to )-165(bypass )-165(this)]TJ -0.018 Tc -21.375 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (striction, as illustrated in Figur)Tj 0.25 Tc 13.592 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (6.22.)Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 5250.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9989 0 0 8.9989 129.5844 515.4371 Tm (#include "apue.h")Tj 0 -1.189 TD (#include )Tj T* (#include )Tj 0 -2.14 TD (int)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (initserver\(int type, const struct sockaddr *addr, socklen_t alen,)Tj 1.2 -1.189 Td (int qlen\))Tj -1.2 -1.189 Td ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (int fd, err;)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (int reuse = 1;)Tj 0 -2.14 TD (if \(\(fd = socket\(addr->sa_family, type, 0\)\) < 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (return\(-1\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(setsockopt\(fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, &reuse,)Tj 1.2 -1.189 Td (sizeof\(int\)\) < 0\))Tj 1.2 -1.189 Td (goto errout;)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(bind\(fd, addr, alen\) < 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (goto errout;)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(type == SOCK_STREAM || type == SOCK_SEQPACKET\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(listen\(fd, qlen\) < 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (goto errout;)Tj -4.8 -1.189 Td (return\(fd\);)Tj -2.4 -2.14 Td (errout:)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err = errno;)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (close\(fd\);)Tj T* (errno = err;)Tj T* (return\(-1\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 2175.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 184.2748 201.4817 Tm (Figure 16.22)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.195 0 Td [(Initialize a socket endpoint for use by a server with addr)18(ess r)18(euse)]TJ -0.092 Tc 9.9982 0 0 9.9982 129.5769 177.486 Tm [(To )-210(e)]TJ 0 Tc 1.822 0 Td [(nable )-26(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.344 0 Td (SO_REUSEADDR)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.476 0 Td [(option, )-26(we )-26(set )-26(an )-26(integer )-26(to )-26(a )-26(nonzer)]TJ 0.2758 Tc 16.243 0 Td (ov)Tj 0 Tc 1.387 0 Td [(alue )-26(and )-26(pass )-26(the)]TJ -31.271 -1.2 Td [(addr)18(ess )-56(of )-56(the )-56(integer )-56(as )-56(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 12.945 0 Td (val)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.528 0 Td [(ar)18(gument )-56(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.789 0 Td (setsockopt)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.5557 Tc (.W)Tj 0.3057 Tc 7.714 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.209 0 Td [(et )-56(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 2.803 0 Td (len)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.529 0 Td [(ar)18(gument )-56(to)]TJ -33.516 -1.2 Td (the size of an integer to indicate the size of the object to which)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 27.58 0 Td (val)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.472 0 Td (points.)Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5141.25 1535.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 50 50 l 0 50 l 0 0 l S Q Q EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47500 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (650)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Advanced )-250(IPC)]TJ 38.741 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(17)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 151.1909 670.2598 Tm [(msg.msg_name )-1800(=)-600(NULL;)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD (msg.msg_namelen = 0;)Tj T* (msg.msg_flags = 0;)Tj T* (if \(fd_to_send < 0\) {)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td [(msg.msg_control )-1800(=)-600(NULL;)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD (msg.msg_controllen = 0;)Tj 0 -1.189 TD [(buf[1] = -fd_to_send;)-1800(/* nonzero status means error */)]TJ T* (if \(buf[1] == 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (buf[1] = 1; /* -256, etc. would screw up protocol */)Tj 0.6 Tc -4.8 -1.189 Td (}e)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (lse {)Tj 0.6 -1.189 Td (if \(cmptr == NULL && \(cmptr = malloc\(CONTROLLEN\)\) == NULL\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (return\(-1\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td [(msg.msg_control )-1800(=)-600(cmptr;)]TJ T* (msg.msg_controllen = CONTROLLEN;)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (cmp = cmptr;)Tj 0 -1.189 TD [(cmp->cmsg_level )-600(=)-600(SOL_SOCKET;)]TJ T* [(cmp->cmsg_type )-1200(=)-600(SCM_RIGHTS;)]TJ T* [(cmp->cmsg_len )-1800(=)-600(RIGHTSLEN;)]TJ T* [(*\(int *\)CMSG_DATA\(cmp\) = fd_to_send;)-2400(/* the fd to pass */)]TJ T* (cmp = CMSG_NXTHDR\(&msg, cmp\);)Tj T* [(cmp->cmsg_level )-600(=)-600(SOL_SOCKET;)]TJ T* [(cmp->cmsg_type )-1200(=)-600(SCM_CREDTYPE;)]TJ T* [(cmp->cmsg_len )-1800(=)-600(CREDSLEN;)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD (credp = \(struct CREDSTRUCT *\)CMSG_DATA\(cmp\);)Tj -4.8 -1.189 Td (#if defined\(SCM_CREDENTIALS\))Tj 4.8 -1.189 Td (credp->uid = geteuid\(\);)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (credp->gid = getegid\(\);)Tj T* (credp->pid = getpid\(\);)Tj -4.8 -1.189 Td (#endif)Tj 4.8 -1.189 Td [(buf[1] = 0;)-3000(/* zero status means OK */)]TJ -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj T* (buf[0] = 0;)Tj 12 0 Td (/* null byte flag to recv_ufd\(\) */)Tj -12 -1.189 Td (if \(sendmsg\(fd, &msg, 0\) != 2\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (return\(-1\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (return\(0\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 2910.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 216.234 274.966 Tm (Figure 17.15)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.195 0 Td [(Sending cr)18(edentials over UNIX domain sockets)]TJ 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5846 254.5684 Tm [(Note that we need to initialize the cr)18(edentials str)8(uctur)]TJ 0.25 Tc 23.775 0 Td (eo)Tj 0 Tc 1.275 0 Td (nly on Linux.)Tj -23.25 -1.2 Td [(The )-110(function )-110(in )-110(Figur)]TJ 0.3596 Tc 9.716 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.339 0 Td [(7.16 )-110(is )-110(a )-110(modi\336ed )-110(version )-110(of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 13.31 0 Td (recv_fd)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.3597 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 5.254 0 Td (alled)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.532 0 Td (recv_ufd)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj -33.95 -1.2 Td [(that r)18(eturns the user ID of the sender thr)18(ough a r)18(efer)18(ence parameter)74(.)]TJ ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 2234.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9984 0 0 8.9984 129.5767 213.8595 Tm (#include "apue.h")Tj T* [(#include )-3000(/* struct msghdr */)]TJ T* (#include )Tj 0 -1.783 TD (#if defined\(SCM_CREDS\))Tj 19.2 0 Td (/* BSD interface */)Tj -19.2 -1.189 Td [(#define CREDSTRUCT)-3600(cmsgcred)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD (#define CR_UID)Tj 14.4 0 Td (cmcred_uid)Tj -14.4 -1.189 Td [(#define SCM_CREDTYPE)-2400(SCM_CREDS)]TJ T* [(#elif defined\(SCM_CREDENTIALS\))-1200(/* Linux interface */)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47501 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (646)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Advanced )-250(IPC)]TJ 38.741 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(17)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 6690.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 129.5922 659.4594 Tm (#include "apue.h")Tj 0 -1.189 TD (#include )Tj 0 -2.021 TD (/* size of control buffer to send/recv one file descriptor */)Tj 0 -1.189 TD [(#define CONTROLLEN)-1200(CMSG_LEN\(sizeof\(int\)\))]TJ 0 -2.021 TD [(static struct cmsghdr)-1800(*cmptr = NULL;)-1200(/* malloc\325ed first time */)]TJ T* (/*)Tj 0.6 Tc 0.6 -1.189 Td (*P)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (ass a file descriptor to another process.)Tj -1.8 -1.189 Td [(*)-600(If)-600(fd<0, then -fd is sent back instead as the error status.)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD (*/)Tj -0.6 -1.189 Td (int)Tj T* (send_fd\(int fd, int fd_to_send\))Tj T* ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td [(struct iovec)-2400(iov[1];)]TJ T* [(struct msghdr)-1800(msg;)]TJ T* (char )Tj 9.6 0 Td [(buf[2];)-600(/* send_fd\(\)/recv_fd\(\) 2-byte protocol */)]TJ -9.6 -2.021 Td (iov[0].iov_base = buf;)Tj T* [(iov[0].iov_len )-600(=)-600(2;)]TJ T* [(msg.msg_iov )-2400(=)-600(iov;)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(msg.msg_iovlen )-600(=)-600(1;)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(msg.msg_name )-1800(=)-600(NULL;)]TJ T* (msg.msg_namelen = 0;)Tj 0 -2.021 TD (if \(fd_to_send < 0\) {)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td [(msg.msg_control )-1800(=)-600(NULL;)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD (msg.msg_controllen = 0;)Tj 0 -1.189 TD [(buf[1] = -fd_to_send;)-1800(/* nonzero status means error */)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD (if \(buf[1] == 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (buf[1] = 1; /* -256, etc. would screw up protocol */)Tj 0.6 Tc -4.8 -1.189 Td (}e)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (lse {)Tj 0.6 -1.189 Td (if \(cmptr == NULL && \(cmptr = malloc\(CONTROLLEN\)\) == NULL\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (return\(-1\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td [(cmptr->cmsg_level )-600(=)-600(SOL_SOCKET;)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(cmptr->cmsg_type )-1200(=)-600(SCM_RIGHTS;)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(cmptr->cmsg_len )-1800(=)-600(CONTROLLEN;)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(msg.msg_control )-1800(=)-600(cmptr;)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD (msg.msg_controllen = CONTROLLEN;)Tj 0 -1.189 TD [(*\(int *\)CMSG_DATA\(cmptr\) = fd_to_send;)-3600(/* the fd to pass */)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(buf[1] = 0;)-3000(/* zero status means OK */)]TJ -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj 0 -2.021 TD (buf[0] = 0;)Tj 12 0 Td (/* null byte flag to recv_fd\(\) */)Tj -12 -1.189 Td (if \(sendmsg\(fd, &msg, 0\) != 2\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (return\(-1\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (return\(0\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 1603.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 206.5992 144.3407 Tm (Figure 17.13)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.195 0 Td (Sending a \336le descriptor over a UNIX domain socket)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47502 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (624)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Network )-250(IPC: )-250(Sockets)]TJ 38.741 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(16)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf -0.092 Tc 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5911 668.9599 Tm [(We )-184(c)]TJ 0 Tc 2.081 0 Td (an set a socket option with the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 13.648 0 Td (setsockopt)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.25 0 Td (function.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5913 652.2609 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.902 TD (int setsockopt\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 11.4 0 Td (sockfd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 4.262 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (level)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 3.634 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (option)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 4.355 0 Td (onst void *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (val)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -18.251 -1.189 Td (socklen_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 6 0 Td (len)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 11.851 -1.902 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 6028.25 cm 0 0 m 0 585 l 3900 585 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 589.2893 Tm (The)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.961 0 Td (level)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.121 0 Td [(ar)18(gument )-37(identi\336es )-37(the )-37(pr)18(otocol )-37(to )-37(which )-37(the )-37(option )-37(applies.)-537(If )-37(the )-37(option )-37(is )-37(a)]TJ -4.081 -1.2 Td [(generic )-119(socket-level )-119(option, )-119(then)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 15.028 0 Td (level)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.204 0 Td [(is )-119(set )-119(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.924 0 Td (SOL_SOCKET)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.6196 Tc (.O)Tj 0 Tc 7.656 0 Td (therwise,)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 4.43 0 Td (level)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.204 0 Td [(is )-120(set )-120(to)]TJ -35.445 -1.2 Td [(the )-133(number )-133(of )-133(the )-133(pr)18(otocol )-133(that )-133(contr)18(ols )-133(the )-133(option.)-633(Examples )-133(ar)22(e)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 30.743 0 Td (IPPROTO_TCP)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.982 0 Td (for)Tj -37.726 -1.2 Td [(TCP )-198(options )-198(and)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.279 0 Td (IPPROTO_IP)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.448 0 Td [(for )-198(IP )-198(options.)-698(Figur)]TJ 0.4479 Tc 9.758 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.427 0 Td [(6.21 )-198(summarizes )-198(the )-198(generic)]TJ -25.911 -1.2 Td (socket-level options de\336ned by the Single UNIX Speci\336cation.)Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1321.25 5201.25 cm 0 0 m 3849 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 154.7801 512.0678 Tm [(Option )-3584(T)90(ype of)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 10.504 0 Td (val)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.472 0 Td [(ar)18(gument )]TJ 16.729 0 Td (Description)Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1321.25 5081.25 cm 0 0 m 3849 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1321.25 5061.25 cm 0 0 m 3849 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 136.1033 498.0405 Tm [(SO_ACCEPTCONN )-900(int)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 20.116 0 Td (Return whether a socket is enabled for listening)Tj 1.35 -1.25 Td (\()Tj /TT0 1 Tf (getsockopt)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.583 0 Td (only\).)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -28.049 -1.25 Td [(SO_BROADCAST )-1500(int)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 20.116 0 Td [(Br)18(oadcast datagrams if)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.408 0 Td (*val)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td [(is nonzer)18(o.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -33.174 -1.25 Td [(SO_DEBUG )-3900(int)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 20.116 0 Td (Debugging in network drivers enabled if)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 18.32 0 Td (*val)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td [(is nonzer)18(o.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -41.086 -1.25 Td [(SO_DONTROUTE )-1500(int)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 20.116 0 Td [(Bypass normal r)18(outing if)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.218 0 Td (*val)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td [(is nonzer)18(o.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -33.984 -1.25 Td [(SO_ERROR )-3900(int)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 20.116 0 Td [(Return and clear pending socket err)18(or \()]TJ /TT0 1 Tf (getsockopt)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 23.607 0 Td (only\).)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -43.723 -1.25 Td [(SO_KEEPALIVE )-1500(int)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 20.116 0 Td (Periodic keep-alive messages enabled if)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 17.773 0 Td (*val)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td [(is nonzer)18(o.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -40.539 -1.25 Td [(SO_LINGER )-3300(struct)-600(linger)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 20.116 0 Td (Delay time when unsent messages exist and socket is closed.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -20.116 -1.25 Td [(SO_OOBINLINE )-1500(int)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 20.116 0 Td (Out-of-band data placed inline with normal data if)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 22.676 0 Td (*val)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td (is)Tj -23.976 -1.25 Td [(nonzer)18(o.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.466 -1.25 Td [(SO_RCVBUF )-3300(int)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 20.116 0 Td [(The size in bytes of the r)18(eceive buf)18(fer)74(.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -20.116 -1.25 Td [(SO_RCVLOWAT )-2100(int)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 20.116 0 Td [(The minimum amount of data in bytes to r)18(eturn on a r)18(eceive)]TJ 1.35 -1.25 Td (call.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -21.466 -1.25 Td [(SO_RCVTIMEO )-2100(struct)-600(timeval)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 20.116 0 Td [(The timeout value for a socket r)18(eceive call.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -20.116 -1.25 Td [(SO_REUSEADDR )-1500(int)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 20.116 0 Td [(Reuse addr)18(esses in)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.605 0 Td (bind)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td (if)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.874 0 Td (*val)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td [(is nonzer)18(o.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -34.895 -1.25 Td [(SO_SNDBUF )-3300(int)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 20.116 0 Td [(The size in bytes of the send buf)18(fer)74(.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -20.116 -1.25 Td [(SO_SNDLOWAT )-2100(int)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 20.116 0 Td (The minimum amount of data in bytes to transmit in a send)Tj 1.35 -1.25 Td (call.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -21.466 -1.25 Td [(SO_SNDTIMEO )-2100(struct)-600(timeval)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 20.116 0 Td (The timeout value for a socket send call.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -20.116 -1.25 Td [(SO_TYPE )-4500(int)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 20.116 0 Td (Identify the socket type \()Tj /TT0 1 Tf (getsockopt)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 17.222 0 Td (only\).)Tj ET q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1321.25 3041.25 cm 0 0 m 3849 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2910.25 3041.25 cm 0 0 m 0 2160 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2045.25 3041.25 cm 0 0 m 0 2160 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5170.25 3041.25 cm 0 0 m 0 2160 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1321.25 3041.25 cm 0 0 m 0 2160 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9976 0 0 7.9976 273.9698 286.0742 Tm (Figure 16.21)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.195 0 Td (Socket options)Tj 9.997 0 0 9.997 147.5559 259.6821 Tm (The)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.974 0 Td (val)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.521 0 Td [(ar)18(gument )-50(points )-50(to )-50(a )-50(data )-50(str)10(uctur)18(e)-300(or)-300(an)-300(i)1(nteger)]TJ 0.2996 Tc 21.808 0 Td (,d)Tj 0 Tc 1.161 0 Td [(epending )-50(on )-50(the )-50(option.)]TJ -28.263 -1.2 Td [(Some )-51(options )-51(ar)]TJ 0.301 Tc 7.228 0 Td (eo)Tj 0 Tc 1.326 0 Td (n/of)Tj 0.301 Tc 2.049 0 Td (fs)Tj 0 Tc 1.058 0 Td [(witches. )-301(If)-301(the )-51(integer )-51(is )-51(nonzer)18(o, )-51(then )-51(the )-51(option )-51(is )-51(enabled.)]TJ -11.661 -1.2 Td [(If )-52(the )-52(integer )-52(is )-52(zer)18(o, )-52(then )-52(the )-52(option )-52(is )-52(disabled.)-553(The)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 24.253 0 Td (len)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.525 0 Td [(ar)18(gument )-52(speci\336es )-52(the )-52(size )-52(of)]TJ -25.778 -1.2 Td (the object to which)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 8.574 0 Td (val)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.472 0 Td (points.)Tj -0.092 Tc -8.246 -1.2 Td [(We )-184(c)]TJ 0 Tc 2.081 0 Td [(an \336nd out the curr)18(ent value of an option with the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 22.409 0 Td (getsockopt)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.25 0 Td (function.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9973 0 0 8.9973 147.5567 195.0015 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.902 TD (int getsockopt\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 11.4 0 Td (sockfd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 4.262 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (level)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 3.634 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (option)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,v)Tj 0 Tc 4.355 0 Td (oid *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 8.4 0 Td (val)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -26.651 -1.189 Td (socklen_t *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 12 0 Td (lenp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.851 -1.902 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 1456.25 cm 0 0 m 0 584 l 3900 584 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47503 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(21.5)]TJ 38.014 0 Td [(Sour)18(ce )-250(Code)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 7.819 0 Td (799)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 668.9599 Tm (The next \336le is the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.304 0 Td (print.h)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td [(header)74(.)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 6570.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 1.8 Tc 8.9989 0 0 8.9989 134.9838 647.4213 Tm (1#)Tj 0 Tc 3 0 Td (ifndef _PRINT_H)Tj 1.8 Tc -3 -1.189 Td (2#)Tj 0 Tc 3 0 Td (define _PRINT_H)Tj 1.8 Tc -3 -2.021 Td (3/)Tj 0 Tc 3 0 Td (*)Tj 2.4 Tc -3 -1.189 Td (4*)Tj 0 Tc 4.2 0 Td (Print server header file.)Tj 2.4 Tc -4.2 -1.189 Td (5*)Tj 0 Tc 3.6 0 Td (/)Tj 1.8 Tc -3.6 -1.189 Td (6#)Tj 0 Tc 3 0 Td (include )Tj 1.8 Tc -3 -1.189 Td (7#)Tj 0 Tc 3 0 Td (include )Tj 1.8 Tc -3 -1.189 Td (8#)Tj 0 Tc 3 0 Td (include )Tj 1.8 Tc -3 -1.189 Td (9#)Tj 0 Tc 3 0 Td (include )Tj -3.6 -2.021 Td [(10 )-1200(#define)-600(CONFIG_FILE )-1800("/etc/printer.conf")]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(11 )-1200(#define)-600(SPOOLDIR )-3600("/var/spool/printer")]TJ T* [(12 )-1200(#define)-600(JOBFILE )-4200("jobno")]TJ T* [(13 )-1200(#define)-600(DATADIR )-4200("data")]TJ T* [(14 )-1200(#define)-600(REQDIR )-4800("reqs")]TJ 0 -2.021 TD [(15 )-1200(#if)-600(defined\(BSD\))]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(16 )-1200(#define)-600(LPNAME )-4800("daemon")]TJ T* [(17 )-1200(#elif)-600(defined\(MACOS\))]TJ T* [(18 )-1200(#define)-600(LPNAME )-4800("_lp")]TJ T* [(19 )-1200(#else)]TJ T* [(20 )-1200(#define)-600(LPNAME )-4800("lp")]TJ T* [(21 )-1200(#endif)]TJ ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 4062.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9982 0 0 9.9982 129.5767 382.1592 Tm [([1 )167(\320 )167(9])]TJ -0.092 Tc 4 0 Td [(We )-321(i)]TJ 0 Tc 2.065 0 Td [(nclude )-137(all )-137(header )-137(\336les )-137(that )-137(an )-137(application )-137(might )-137(need )-137(if )-137(it )-137(included )-137(this)]TJ -2.065 -1.2 Td (header)Tj 0.8148 Tc 2.972 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.678 0 Td [(his )-315(makes )-315(it )-315(easy )-315(for )-315(applications )-315(to )-315(include)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 22.077 0 Td (print.h)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.765 0 Td (without)Tj -31.492 -1.2 Td (having to track down all the header dependencies.)Tj -4 -1.72 Td [([10 )167(\320 )167(14])]TJ -0.092 Tc 4 0 Td [(We )-278(d)]TJ 0 Tc 2.342 0 Td [(e\336ne )-94(the )-94(\336les )-94(and )-94(dir)18(ectories )-94(for )-94(the )-94(implementation.)-594(The )-94(con\336guration)]TJ -2.342 -1.2 Td [(\336le )-381(containing )-381(the )-381(host )-381(names )-381(of )-381(the )-381(printer )-381(spooling )-381(daemon )-381(and )-381(the)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(network-attached )-159(printer )-159(is)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 12.829 0 Td (/etc/printer.conf)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.6587 Tc (.C)Tj 0 Tc 11.818 0 Td [(opies )-159(of )-159(the )-159(\336les )-159(to )-159(be)]TJ -24.646 -1.2 Td [(printed )-304(will )-304(be )-304(stor)18(ed )-304(in )-304(the )-304(dir)16(ectory)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 18.953 0 Td (/var/spool/printer/data)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 14.354 0 Td (and)Tj -33.307 -1.2 Td [(contr)18(ol )-580(information )-580(for )-580(each )-580(r)18(equest )-580(will )-580(be )-580(stor)18(ed )-580(in )-580(the )-580(dir)19(ectory)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf T* (/var/spool/printer/reqs)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.7648 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 15.428 0 Td [(he )-265(\336le )-265(containing )-265(the )-265(next )-265(job )-265(number )-265(is)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -15.428 -1.2 Td (/var/spool/printer/jobno)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj 0 -1.8 TD [(The )-8(dir)18(ectories )-8(must )-8(be )-8(cr)18(eated )-8(by )-8(an )-8(administrator )-8(and )-8(be )-8(owned )-8(by )-8(the )-8(same)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(user )-209(account )-209(under )-209(which )-209(the )-209(printer )-209(spooling )-209(daemon )-209(r)11(uns. )-459(The)-458(daemon)]TJ T* [(won\325t )-172(try )-172(to )-172(cr)18(eate )-172(these )-172(dir)20(ectories )-172(if )-172(they )-172(don\325t )-172(exist, )-172(because )-172(the )-172(daemon)]TJ T* [(would )-145(need )-145(r)18(oot )-145(privileges )-145(to )-145(cr)18(eate )-145(dir)18(ectories )-145(in)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 23.379 0 Td (/var/spool)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.6454 Tc (.W)Tj 0.3954 Tc 7.803 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.485 0 Td (esign)Tj -32.668 -1.2 Td [(the )-127(daemon )-127(to )-127(do )-127(as )-127(little )-127(as )-127(possible )-127(while )-127(r)8(unning )-127(as )-127(r)14(oot )-127(to )-127(minimize )-127(the)]TJ T* [(chance of cr)18(eating a security hole.)]TJ -4 -1.72 Td [([15 )167(\320 )167(21])-668(Next, )-110(we )-110(de\336ne )-110(the )-110(account )-110(name )-110(under )-110(which )-110(the )-110(printer )-110(spooling )-110(daemon)]TJ 4 -1.2 Td [(will )-114(r)8(un. )-364(On)-364(Linux )-114(and )-114(Solaris, )-114(this )-114(name )-114(is)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 20.721 0 Td (lp)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.6138 Tc (.O)Tj 0.3638 Tc 2.85 0 Td (nM)Tj 0 Tc 1.892 0 Td [(ac )-114(OS )-114(X, )-114(the )-114(name )-114(is)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -25.463 -1.2 Td (_lp)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.7712 Tc (.F)Tj -0.018 Tc 3.377 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(eBSD, )-271(however)]TJ 0.5212 Tc 6.966 0 Td (,d)Tj 0 Tc 1.382 0 Td [(oesn\325t )-271(de\336ne )-271(a )-271(separate )-271(account )-271(for )-271(the )-271(printer)]TJ -12.582 -1.2 Td [(spooling daemon, so we use the account r)18(eserved for system daemons.)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47504 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(18.2)]TJ 39.439 0 Td (Overview)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.394 0 Td (675)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 668.9599 Tm [(Figur)18(es )-11(18.3 )-11(thr)18(ough )-11(18.6\).)-511(The )-11(handling )-11(of )-11(terminal )-11(devices )-11(is )-11(complicated )-11(by )-11(the )-11(lar)20(ge)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(number )-357(of )-357(options )-357(available )-357(for )-357(terminal )-357(devices )-357(and )-357(the )-357(challenge )-357(of )-357(trying )-357(to)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(determine )-71(which )-71(options )-71(ar)]TJ 0.321 Tc 12.414 0 Td (er)Tj 0 Tc 1.177 0 Td [(equir)18(ed )-71(for )-71(a )-71(particular )-71(device )-71(\(be )-71(it )-71(a )-71(terminal, )-71(modem,)]TJ -13.591 -1.2 Td [(printer)74(,)-250(or)-250(whatever\).)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1403.25 6070.25 cm 0 0 m 3685 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 382.8421 598.9281 Tm [(Fr)18(eeBSD )-250(Linux )-250(Mac)-250(OS X)-500(Solaris)]TJ 1.276 -1.25 Td [(8.0 )-1827(3.2.0)-1735(10.6.8 )-2170(10)]TJ -29.043 0.625 Td (Flag)Tj 10.698 0 Td (Description)Tj 11.9 0 Td (POSIX.1)Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1403.25 5850.25 cm 0 0 m 3685 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1403.25 5830.25 cm 0 0 m 3685 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 144.334 574.8965 Tm (CBAUDEXT)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.5 0 Td (extended baud rate)Tj 35.771 0 Td (\245)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -43.271 -1.25 Td (CCAR_OFLOW)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.5 0 Td [(DCD \337ow contr)18(ol of output)]TJ 7.0815 Tc 23.913 0 Td (\245\245)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0 Tc -31.413 -1.25 Td (CCTS_OFLOW)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.5 0 Td [(CTS \337ow contr)18(ol of output)]TJ 7.0815 Tc 23.913 0 Td (\245\245)Tj 0 Tc 11.858 0 Td (\245)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -43.271 -1.25 Td (CDSR_OFLOW)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.5 0 Td [(DSR \337ow contr)18(ol of output)]TJ 7.0815 Tc 23.913 0 Td (\245\245)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0 Tc -31.414 -1.25 Td (CDTR_IFLOW)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.5 0 Td [(DTR \337ow contr)18(ol of input)]TJ 7.0815 Tc 23.913 0 Td (\245\245)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0 Tc -31.414 -1.25 Td (CIBAUDEXT)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.5 0 Td (extended input baud rate)Tj 35.771 0 Td (\245)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -43.271 -1.25 Td (CIGNORE)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.5 0 Td (ignor)Tj 0.25 Tc 2.352 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.173 0 Td [(ontr)18(ol \337ags)]TJ 7.0815 Tc 20.388 0 Td (\245\245)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0 Tc -31.414 -1.25 Td (CLOCAL)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.5 0 Td (ignor)Tj 0.25 Tc 2.352 0 Td (em)Tj 0 Tc 1.612 0 Td (odem status lines)Tj 4.629 Tc 14.714 0 Td (\245\245)Tj 3.3795 Tc 8.937 0 Td [(\245\245 )3445(\245)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0 Tc -35.115 -1.25 Td (CMSPAR)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.5 0 Td (mark or space parity)Tj 27.615 0 Td (\245)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -35.115 -1.25 Td (CREAD)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.5 0 Td [(enable r)18(eceiver )]TJ 18.678 0 Td (\245)Tj 3.096 Tc 5.235 0 Td [(\245\245 )3063(\245)]TJ 0 Tc 11.858 0 Td (\245)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -43.271 -1.25 Td (CRTSCTS)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.5 0 Td [(enable har)18(dwar)]TJ 0.25 Tc 6.915 0 Td (e\337)Tj 0 Tc 1.337 0 Td [(ow contr)18(ol )]TJ 15.661 0 Td (\245)Tj 3.3795 Tc 3.703 0 Td [(\245\245 )3445(\245)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0 Tc -35.115 -1.25 Td (CRTS_IFLOW)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.037 Tc 7.5 0 Td (RT)Tj 0.25 Tc 1.244 0 Td (S\337)Tj 0 Tc 1.383 0 Td [(ow contr)18(ol of input)]TJ 7.0815 Tc 21.286 0 Td (\245\245)Tj 0 Tc 11.858 0 Td (\245)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -43.271 -1.25 Td (CRTSXOFF)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.5 0 Td [(enable input har)18(dwar)]TJ 0.25 Tc 9.568 0 Td (e\337)Tj 0 Tc 1.337 0 Td [(ow contr)18(ol )]TJ 24.866 0 Td (\245)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -43.271 -1.25 Td (CSIZE)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.5 0 Td (character size mask)Tj 4.629 Tc 18.678 0 Td (\245\245)Tj 3.3795 Tc 8.937 0 Td [(\245\245 )3445(\245)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0 Tc -35.115 -1.25 Td (CSTOPB)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.5 0 Td (send two stop bits, else one)Tj 4.629 Tc 18.678 0 Td (\245\245)Tj 3.3795 Tc 8.937 0 Td [(\245\245 )3445(\245)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0 Tc -35.115 -1.25 Td (HUPCL)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.5 0 Td (hang up on last close)Tj 4.629 Tc 18.678 0 Td (\245\245)Tj 3.3795 Tc 8.937 0 Td [(\245\245 )3445(\245)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0 Tc -35.115 -1.25 Td (MDMBUF)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.5 0 Td (same as)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.71 0 Td (CCAR_OFLOW)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.0815 Tc 20.203 0 Td (\245\245)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0 Tc -31.413 -1.25 Td (PARENB)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.5 0 Td (parity enable)Tj 4.629 Tc 18.678 0 Td (\245\245)Tj 3.3795 Tc 8.937 0 Td [(\245\245 )3445(\245)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0 Tc -35.115 -1.25 Td (PAREXT)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.5 0 Td (mark or space parity)Tj 35.771 0 Td (\245)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -43.271 -1.25 Td (PARODD)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.5 0 Td (odd parity)Tj 0.25 Tc 4.576 0 Td (,e)Tj 0 Tc 0.979 0 Td (lse even)Tj 4.629 Tc 13.123 0 Td (\245\245)Tj 3.3795 Tc 8.937 0 Td [(\245\245 )3445(\245)]TJ ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1403.25 3810.25 cm 0 0 m 3685 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3769.25 3810.25 cm 0 0 m 0 2260 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3355.25 3810.25 cm 0 0 m 0 2260 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1983.25 3810.25 cm 0 0 m 0 2260 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5088.25 3810.25 cm 0 0 m 0 2260 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1403.25 3810.25 cm 0 0 m 0 2260 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 0 Tc 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 259.6177 362.9129 Tm (Figure 18.3)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 5.695 0 Td (c_cflag)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td (terminal \337ags)Tj ET q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1423.25 3310.25 cm 0 0 m 3646 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9976 0 0 7.9976 380.8457 322.9031 Tm [(Fr)18(eeBSD )-250(Linux )-250(Mac)-250(OS X)-500(Solaris)]TJ 1.276 -1.25 Td [(8.0 )-1827(3.2.0)-1735(10.6.8 )-2170(10)]TJ -29.461 0.625 Td (Flag)Tj 10.457 0 Td (Description)Tj 12.559 0 Td (POSIX.1)Tj ET q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1423.25 3090.25 cm 0 0 m 3646 0 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1423.25 3070.25 cm 0 0 m 3646 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9971 0 0 7.9971 146.2353 298.8924 Tm (BRKINT)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.7 0 Td (generate)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 4.046 0 Td (SIGINT)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td (on BREAK)Tj 4.629 Tc 12.1 0 Td (\245\245)Tj 3.3795 Tc 8.937 0 Td [(\245\245 )3445(\245)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0 Tc -34.634 -1.25 Td (ICRNL)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.7 0 Td (map CR to NL on input)Tj 4.629 Tc 19.996 0 Td (\245\245)Tj 3.3795 Tc 8.937 0 Td [(\245\245 )3445(\245)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0 Tc -34.634 -1.25 Td (IGNBRK)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.7 0 Td (ignor)Tj 0.25 Tc 2.352 0 Td (eB)Tj 0 Tc 1.34 0 Td (REAK condition)Tj 4.629 Tc 16.304 0 Td (\245\245)Tj 3.3795 Tc 8.937 0 Td [(\245\245 )3445(\245)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0 Tc -34.634 -1.25 Td (IGNCR)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.7 0 Td (ignor)Tj 0.25 Tc 2.352 0 Td (eC)Tj 15.5385 Tc 1.438 0 Td (R\245)Tj 3.096 Tc 21.442 0 Td [(\245\245 )3063(\245)]TJ 0 Tc 11.858 0 Td (\245)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -42.789 -1.25 Td (IGNPAR)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.7 0 Td (ignor)Tj 0.25 Tc 2.352 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.173 0 Td [(haracters with parity err)18(ors )-4108(\245)]TJ 3.096 Tc 21.706 0 Td [(\245\245 )3063(\245)]TJ 0 Tc 11.858 0 Td (\245)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -42.789 -1.25 Td (IMAXBEL)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.7 0 Td (ring bell on input queue full)Tj 3.096 Tc 25.231 0 Td [(\245\245 )3063(\245)]TJ 0 Tc 11.858 0 Td (\245)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -42.789 -1.25 Td (INLCR)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.7 0 Td (map NL to CR on input)Tj 4.629 Tc 19.996 0 Td (\245\245)Tj 3.3795 Tc 8.937 0 Td [(\245\245 )3445(\245)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0 Tc -34.634 -1.25 Td (INPCK)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.7 0 Td (enable input parity checking)Tj 4.629 Tc 19.996 0 Td (\245\245)Tj 3.3795 Tc 8.937 0 Td [(\245\245 )3445(\245)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0 Tc -34.634 -1.25 Td (ISTRIP)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.7 0 Td (strip eighth bit of)Tj 0.25 Tc 7.634 0 Td (fi)Tj 0 Tc 0.874 0 Td (nput characters)Tj 4.629 Tc 11.488 0 Td (\245\245)Tj 3.3795 Tc 8.937 0 Td [(\245\245 )3445(\245)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0 Tc -34.634 -1.25 Td (IUCLC)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.7 0 Td [(map upper)18(case to lower)18(case on input)]TJ 7.5495 Tc 28.933 0 Td (\245\245)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0 Tc -34.634 -1.25 Td (IUTF8)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.7 0 Td (input is UTF)Tj 5.565 0.09 Td (-)Tj 22.5355 Tc 0.333 -0.09 Td (8\245)Tj 0 Tc 27.021 0 Td (\245)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -38.619 -1.25 Td (IXANY)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.7 0 Td [(enable any characters to r)18(estart output)]TJ 4.629 Tc 19.996 0 Td (\245\245)Tj 3.3795 Tc 8.937 0 Td [(\245\245 )3445(\245)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0 Tc -34.634 -1.25 Td (IXOFF)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.7 0 Td [(enable start/stop input \337ow contr)18(ol )-3885(\245)]TJ 3.096 Tc 25.232 0 Td [(\245\245 )3063(\245)]TJ 0 Tc 11.858 0 Td (\245)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -42.789 -1.25 Td (IXON)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.7 0 Td [(enable start/stop output \337ow contr)18(ol )-3283(\245)]TJ 3.096 Tc 25.232 0 Td [(\245\245 )3063(\245)]TJ 0 Tc 11.858 0 Td (\245)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -42.789 -1.25 Td (PARMRK)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.7 0 Td [(mark parity err)18(ors )]TJ 19.996 0 Td (\245)Tj 3.096 Tc 5.235 0 Td [(\245\245 )3063(\245)]TJ 0 Tc 11.858 0 Td (\245)Tj ET q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1423.25 1550.25 cm 0 0 m 3646 0 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3749.25 1550.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1760 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3336.25 1550.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1760 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1859.25 1550.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1760 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5069.25 1550.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1760 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1423.25 1550.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1760 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9966 0 0 7.9966 259.571 136.9425 Tm (Figure 18.4)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 5.695 0 Td (c_iflag)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td (terminal \337ags)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47505 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(16.5)]TJ 37.602 0 Td [(Data )-250(T)90(ransfer)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 8.231 0 Td (613)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5911 668.9599 Tm [(If )-9(we )-9(ar)]TJ 0.2594 Tc 3.379 0 Td (ei)Tj 0 Tc 1.029 0 Td [(nter)18(ested )-9(in )-9(the )-9(identity )-9(of )-9(the )-9(sender)]TJ 0.2594 Tc 16.523 0 Td (,w)Tj 0.2595 Tc 1.343 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.183 0 Td [(an )-9(use)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.107 0 Td (recvfrom)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.059 0 Td [(to )-9(obtain )-9(the)]TJ -33.424 -1.2 Td [(sour)18(ce addr)18(ess fr)18(om which the data was sent.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5907 637.8617 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -2.14 TD (ssize_t recvfrom\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 12.6 0 Td (sockfd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,v)Tj 0 Tc 4.262 0 Td (oid *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 8.4 0 Td (buf)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 3.097 0 Td (ize_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3.6 0 Td (len)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 3.023 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (\337ags)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -26.582 -1.189 Td (struct sockaddr *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 15.6 0 Td (addr)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -15.6 -1.189 Td (socklen_t *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 12 0 Td (addrlen)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.255 -2.14 Td (Returns: length of message in bytes,)Tj -15.335 -1.189 Td [(0)-250(if)-250(no)-250(messages ar)]TJ 0.25 Tc 8.298 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td [(vailable and peer has done an or)18(derly shutdown,)]TJ 15.626 -1.189 Td (or)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.191 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 5521.25 cm 0 0 m 0 948 l 3900 948 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 536.1157 Tm (If)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 0.924 0 Td (addr)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.087 0 Td [(is )-4(non-null, )-4(it )-4(will )-4(contain )-4(the )-4(addr)18(ess )-4(of )-4(the )-4(socket )-4(endpoint )-4(fr)21(om )-4(which )-4(the )-4(data)]TJ -3.01 -1.2 Td [(was )-53(sent.)-553(When )-53(calling)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.879 0 Td (recvfrom)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(,)-303(we)-303(need )-53(to )-53(set )-53(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 13.82 0 Td (addrlen)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.359 0 Td [(parameter )-53(to )-53(point )-53(to )-53(an)]TJ -28.058 -1.2 Td [(integer )-23(containing )-23(the )-23(size )-23(in )-23(bytes )-23(of )-23(the )-23(socket )-23(buf)18(fer )-23(to )-23(which)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 28.699 0 Td (addr)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.106 0 Td [(points. )-273(On)]TJ -0.018 Tc 5.184 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (turn,)Tj -36.844 -1.2 Td [(the integer is set to the actual size of the addr)18(ess in bytes.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(Because )-155(it )-155(allows )-155(us )-155(to )-155(r)16(etrieve )-155(the )-155(addr)18(ess )-155(of )-155(the )-155(sender)72(,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 27.018 0 Td (recvfrom)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.206 0 Td [(is )-155(typically)]TJ -34.024 -1.2 Td [(used with connectionless sockets.)-500(Otherwise,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 20.385 0 Td (recvfrom)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.05 0 Td (behaves identically to)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 9.866 0 Td (recv)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj -0.092 Tc -33.501 -1.2 Td [(To )-241(r)]TJ 0 Tc 1.751 0 Td [(eceive )-57(data )-57(into )-57(multiple )-57(buf)18(fers, )-57(similar )-57(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 19.63 0 Td (readv)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.307 0 Td [(\(Section )-57(14.6\), )-57(or )-57(if )-57(we )-57(want)]TJ -26.487 -1.2 Td [(to r)18(eceive ancillary data \(Section 17.4\), we can use)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 22.227 0 Td (recvmsg)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9989 0 0 8.9989 147.5822 433.028 Tm (#include )Tj T* (ssize_t recvmsg\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 12 0 Td (sockfd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 4.262 0 Td (truct msghdr *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (msg)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 11.867 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (\337ags)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -6.474 -2.14 Td (Returns: length of message in bytes,)Tj -15.335 -1.189 Td [(0)-250(if)-250(no)-250(messages ar)]TJ 0.25 Tc 8.298 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td [(vailable and peer has done an or)18(derly shutdown,)]TJ 15.626 -1.189 Td (or)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.191 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 3686.25 cm 0 0 m 0 735 l 3900 735 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9982 0 0 9.9982 129.5767 352.6965 Tm (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.13 0 Td (msghdr)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.056 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)]TJ 0.4557 Tc 3.49 0 Td (e\()Tj 0 Tc 1.268 0 Td [(which )-206(we )-206(saw )-206(used )-206(with)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 12.233 0 Td (sendmsg)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(\))-456(is)-456(u)1(sed )-206(by)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.297 0 Td (recvmsg)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.656 0 Td (to)Tj -38.128 -1.2 Td [(specify )-18(the )-18(input )-18(buf)18(fers )-18(to )-18(be )-18(used )-18(to )-18(r)18(eceive )-18(the )-18(data.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 24.804 0 Td [(We )-203(c)]TJ 0 Tc 2.099 0 Td [(an )-18(set )-18(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 4.503 0 Td (\337ags)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.146 0 Td [(ar)18(gument )-18(to)]TJ -33.554 -1.2 Td [(change )-285(the )-285(default )-285(behavior )-285(of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 15.137 0 Td (recvmsg)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.7848 Tc (.O)Tj 0.5348 Tc 6.021 0 Td (nr)Tj 0 Tc 1.494 0 Td [(eturn, )-285(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.092 0 Td (msg_flags)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.935 0 Td [(\336eld )-285(of )-285(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -33.678 -1.2 Td (msghdr)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.022 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e)-422(is)-422(s)-1(et )-172(to )-172(indicate )-172(various )-172(characteristics )-172(of )-172(the )-172(data )-172(r)16(eceived. )-422(\(The)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.022 -1.2 Td (msg_flags)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.701 0 Td [(\336eld )-51(is )-51(ignor)18(ed )-51(on )-51(entry )-51(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 12.286 0 Td (recvmsg)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(.\) )-301(The)-301(possible )-51(values )-51(on )-51(r)18(eturn )-51(fr)18(om)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -17.987 -1.2 Td (recvmsg)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.523 0 Td (ar)Tj 0.3226 Tc 0.877 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.226 0 Td [(ummarized )-73(in )-73(Figur)]TJ 0.3226 Tc 9.046 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.302 0 Td [(6.15. )-322(W)92(e\325ll )-72(see )-72(an )-72(example )-72(that )-72(uses)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 16.632 0 Td (recvmsg)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.522 0 Td (in)Tj -38.127 -1.2 Td (Chapter 17.)Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1308.25 2571.25 cm 0 0 m 3875 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 364.7644 249.1002 Tm [(Fr)18(eeBSD )-1416(Linux)-1382(Mac OS X)-1198(Solaris)]TJ 1.276 -1.25 Td [(8.0 )-2993(3.2.0)-2618(10.6.8 )-2868(10)]TJ -27.379 0.625 Td (Flag)Tj 10.675 0 Td (Description)Tj 10.626 0 Td (POSIX.1)Tj ET q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1308.25 2351.25 cm 0 0 m 3875 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1308.25 2331.25 cm 0 0 m 3875 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9976 0 0 7.9976 134.7996 225.0925 Tm (MSG_CTRUNC)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.262 Tc 25.481 0 Td (\245\245\245\245\245)Tj 0 Tc -16.781 0 Td [(Contr)18(ol data was tr)8(uncated.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -8.7 -1.25 Td (MSG_EOR)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.262 Tc 25.481 0 Td (\245\245\245\245\245)Tj 0 Tc -16.781 0 Td [(End of r)18(ecor)]TJ 0.25 Tc 5.406 0 Td (dw)Tj 0 Tc 1.695 0 Td [(as r)18(eceived.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -15.801 -1.25 Td (MSG_ERRQUEUE)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 35.217 0 Td (\245)Tj -26.517 0 Td [(Err)18(or information was r)18(eceived)]TJ 1.35 -1.25 Td (as ancillary data.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -10.05 -1.25 Td (MSG_OOB)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.262 Tc 25.481 0 Td (\245\245\245\245\245)Tj 0 Tc -16.781 0 Td [(Out-of-band data was r)18(eceived.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -8.7 -1.25 Td (MSG_TRUNC)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.262 Tc 25.481 0 Td (\245\245\245\245\245)Tj 0 Tc -16.781 0 Td [(Normal data was tr)8(uncated.)]TJ ET q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1308.25 1711.25 cm 0 0 m 3875 0 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4774.25 1711.25 cm 0 0 m 0 860 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4384.25 1711.25 cm 0 0 m 0 860 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3995.25 1711.25 cm 0 0 m 0 860 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3596.25 1711.25 cm 0 0 m 0 860 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3616.25 1711.25 cm 0 0 m 0 860 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3216.25 1711.25 cm 0 0 m 0 860 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1984.25 1711.25 cm 0 0 m 0 860 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5183.25 1711.25 cm 0 0 m 0 860 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1308.25 1711.25 cm 0 0 m 0 860 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9971 0 0 7.9971 223.6955 153.1049 Tm (Figure 16.15)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.195 0 Td [(Flags r)18(eturned in)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.802 0 Td (msg_flags)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.65 0 Td (by)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.359 0 Td (recvmsg)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47506 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (594)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Network )-250(IPC: )-250(Sockets)]TJ 38.741 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(16)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 668.9599 Tm [(byte )-281(would )-281(contain )-281(1, )-281(r)20(egar)18(dless )-280(of )-280(the )-280(byte )-280(or)16(dering. )-530(If)-531(we )-280(wer)]TJ 0.5305 Tc 31.364 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.336 0 Td [(hen )-280(to )-280(cast )-280(a)]TJ -32.699 -1.2 Td [(character )-58(pointer )-58(\()]TJ /TT0 1 Tf (cp)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(\))-308(to)-308(the )-58(addr)18(ess )-58(of )-58(the )-58(integer)74(,)-308(we)-308(would )-58(see )-58(a )-58(dif)18(fer)18(ence )-58(fr)18(om )-58(the)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(byte )-105(or)18(dering. )-355(On)]TJ 0.3549 Tc 8.684 0 Td (al)Tj 0 Tc 1.146 0 Td [(ittle-endian )-105(pr)18(ocessor)74(,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.213 0 Td (cp[0])Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.355 0 Td [(would )-105(r)18(efer )-105(to )-105(the )-105(least )-105(signi\336cant)]TJ -23.397 -1.2 Td [(byte )-233(and )-233(contain )-233(1;)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.558 0 Td (cp[3])Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.483 0 Td [(would )-233(r)18(efer )-233(to )-233(the )-233(most )-233(signi\336cant )-233(byte )-233(and )-233(contain )-233(4.)]TJ -13.041 -1.2 Td (Compar)Tj 0.2928 Tc 3.616 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.098 0 Td [(hat )-43(to )-43(a )-43(big-endian )-43(pr)19(ocessor)]TJ 0.2928 Tc 12.891 0 Td (,w)Tj 0 Tc 1.377 0 Td [(her)18(e)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 2.21 0 Td (cp[0])Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.293 0 Td [(would )-43(contain )-43(4, )-43(r)18(eferring )-43(to )-43(the)]TJ -24.484 -1.2 Td [(most )-21(signi\336cant )-21(byte, )-21(and)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.722 0 Td (cp[3])Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.271 0 Td [(would )-21(contain )-21(1, )-21(r)17(eferring )-21(to )-21(the )-21(least )-21(signi\336cant )-21(byte.)]TJ -14.993 -1.2 Td (Figur)Tj 0.25 Tc 2.383 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td [(6.6 summarizes the byte or)18(dering for the four platforms discussed in this text.)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2167.25 5758.25 cm 0 0 m 2157 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 220.7455 567.7319 Tm [(Operating system)-1500(Pr)18(ocessor ar)18(chitectur)]TJ 1.876 Tc 18.596 0 Td (eB)Tj 0 Tc 2.966 0 Td [(yte or)18(der)]TJ ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2167.25 5638.25 cm 0 0 m 2157 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2167.25 5618.25 cm 0 0 m 2157 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 220.7323 553.7003 Tm [(Fr)18(eeBSD 8.0)-4057(Intel Pentium)]TJ 20.575 0 Td (little-endian)Tj -20.575 -1.25 Td [(Linux 3.2.0)-4505(Intel Cor)]TJ 0.25 Tc 13.255 0 Td (ei)Tj 5.8 Tc 1.02 0 Td (5l)Tj 0 Tc 6.591 0 Td (ittle-endian)Tj -20.866 -1.25 Td [(Mac OS X 10.6.8)-2240(Intel Cor)]TJ 0.25 Tc 13.255 0 Td (e2D)Tj 0 Tc 2.253 0 Td [(uo )-3668(little-endian)]TJ -15.508 -1.25 Td (Solaris 10)Tj 9.358 0 Td [(Sun SP)92(ARC )]TJ 11.217 0 Td (big-endian)Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2167.25 5198.25 cm 0 0 m 2157 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3793.25 5198.25 cm 0 0 m 0 560 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2896.25 5198.25 cm 0 0 m 0 560 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4324.25 5198.25 cm 0 0 m 0 560 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2167.25 5198.25 cm 0 0 m 0 560 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 251.7276 501.6796 Tm (Figure 16.6)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.695 0 Td [(Byte or)18(der for test platforms)]TJ -0.092 Tc -14.219 -3.1 Td [(To )-467(c)]TJ 0 Tc 2.044 0 Td [(onfuse )-283(matters )-283(further)]TJ 0.5333 Tc 10.406 0 Td (,s)Tj 0 Tc 1.207 0 Td [(ome )-283(pr)18(ocessors )-283(can )-283(be )-283(con\336gur)18(ed )-283(for )-283(either )-283(little-endian )-283(or)]TJ -13.657 -1.25 Td (big-endian operation.)Tj 9.9976 0 0 9.9976 147.5646 443.8934 Tm [(Network )-30(pr)18(otocols )-30(specify )-30(a )-30(byte )-30(or)18(dering )-30(so )-30(that )-30(heter)18(ogeneous )-30(computer )-30(systems)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(can )-123(exchange )-123(pr)18(otocol )-123(information )-123(without )-123(confusing )-123(the )-123(byte )-123(or)18(dering. )-373(The)-373(TCP/IP)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(otocol )-363(suite )-363(uses )-363(big-endian )-363(byte )-363(or)17(der)]TJ 0.8632 Tc 19.822 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.726 0 Td [(he )-363(byte )-363(or)18(dering )-363(becomes )-363(visible )-363(to)]TJ -21.548 -1.2 Td [(applications )-504(when )-504(they )-504(exchange )-504(formatted )-504(data.)]TJ -0.055 Tc 25.315 0 Td (Wi)Tj 0 Tc 1.236 0 Td [(th )-504(TCP/IP)]TJ 0.754 Tc 5.006 0 Td (,a)Tj 0 Tc 1.504 0 Td [(ddr)18(esses )-504(ar)18(e)]TJ -33.061 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(esented )-235(in )-235(network )-235(byte )-235(or)18(der)74(,)-485(so)-485(applications )-235(sometimes )-235(need )-235(to )-235(translate )-235(them)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(between )-59(the )-59(pr)18(ocessor )176(\325s)-309(byte )-59(or)18(der )-59(and )-59(the )-59(network )-59(byte )-59(or)19(der)]TJ 0.5588 Tc 28.279 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.422 0 Td [(his )-59(is )-59(common )-59(when)]TJ -29.7 -1.2 Td [(printing an addr)18(ess in a human-r)18(eadable form, for example.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(Four )-130(functions )-130(ar)]TJ 0.3805 Tc 7.869 0 Td (ep)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.461 0 Td (ro)Tj 0 Tc 0.923 0 Td [(vided )-130(to )-130(convert )-130(between )-130(the )-130(pr)18(ocessor )-130(byte )-130(or)18(der )-130(and )-130(the)]TJ -12.052 -1.2 Td [(network byte or)18(der for TCP/IP applications.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9978 0 0 8.9978 147.5654 332.4202 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.783 TD (uint32_t htonl\(uint32_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 14.4 0 Td (hostint32)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.182 -1.783 Td [(Returns: 32-bit integer in network byte or)18(der)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -19.582 -1.783 Td (uint16_t htons\(uint16_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 14.4 0 Td (hostint16)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.182 -1.783 Td [(Returns: 16-bit integer in network byte or)18(der)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -19.582 -1.783 Td (uint32_t ntohl\(uint32_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 14.4 0 Td (netint32)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.022 -1.783 Td [(Returns: 32-bit integer in host byte or)18(der)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.422 -1.783 Td (uint16_t ntohs\(uint16_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 14.4 0 Td (netint16)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.022 -1.783 Td [(Returns: 16-bit integer in host byte or)18(der)]TJ ET q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 1996.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1419 l 3900 1419 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.997 0 0 9.997 129.5611 187.2438 Tm (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.931 0 Td (h)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.857 0 Td [(is )-7(for )-7(\324)38(\324host\325)]TJ 0.2566 Tc 5.14 0 Td (\325b)Tj 0 Tc 1.088 0 Td [(yte )-6(or)18(der)]TJ 0.2565 Tc 3.952 0 Td (,a)Tj 0 Tc 1.006 0 Td [(nd )-6(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.093 0 Td (n)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.856 0 Td [(is )-6(for )-6(\324)36(\324network\325)]TJ 0.2565 Tc 6.98 0 Td (\325b)Tj 0 Tc 1.087 0 Td [(yte )-6(or)18(der)]TJ 0.5065 Tc 3.952 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.369 0 Td (he)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.317 0 Td (l)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.856 0 Td [(is )-6(for )-6(\324)36(\324long\325)37(\325)]TJ -33.485 -1.2 Td [(\(i.e., )-68(4)]TJ 2.671 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(byte\) )-68(integer)]TJ 0.3184 Tc 5.599 0 Td (,a)Tj 0 Tc 1.068 0 Td [(nd )-68(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.217 0 Td (s)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.918 0 Td [(is )-68(for )-68(\324)36(\324short\325)]TJ 0.3184 Tc 5.659 0 Td (\325\()Tj 0 Tc 0.929 0 Td [(i.e., )-68(2)]TJ 2.338 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(byte\) )-68(integer)]TJ 0.5685 Tc 5.599 0 Td (.A)Tj 0 Tc 1.596 0 Td [(lthough )-68(we )-68(include)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -30.263 -1.2 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 8.226 0 Td [(to )-176(use )-176(these )-176(functions, )-176(system )-176(implementations )-176(often )-176(declar)]TJ 0.4264 Tc 27.578 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.231 0 Td (hese)Tj -37.036 -1.2 Td [(functions )-18(in )-18(other )-18(headers )-18(that )-18(ar)]TJ 0.2685 Tc 14.755 0 Td (ei)Tj 0 Tc 1.039 0 Td [(ncluded )-18(by)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.267 0 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5185 Tc (.I)Tj 0 Tc 8.906 0 Td [(t)-268(is)-268(a)-1(lso )-18(common )-18(for)]TJ -29.966 -1.2 Td [(systems to implement these functions as macr)18(os.)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47507 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(15.8)]TJ 38.437 0 Td [(Semaphor)18(es)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 7.396 0 Td (567)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1401.25 6670.25 cm 0 0 m 3689 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf -0.09 Tc 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 403.9038 658.9605 Tm (Ty)Tj 0 Tc 1.079 0 Td (pical values)Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3513.25 6550.25 cm 0 0 m 1577 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 353.3296 646.9224 Tm [(Fr)18(eeBSD )-1627(Linux )-1627(Mac)-250(OS X)-1229(Solaris)]TJ 1.276 -1.25 Td [(8.0 )-3204(3.2.0)-3112(10.6.8 )-2899(10)]TJ -17.177 1.375 Td (Description)Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1401.25 6330.25 cm 0 0 m 3689 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1401.25 6310.25 cm 0 0 m 3689 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 357.5116 622.8879 Tm [(32,767 )-2079(32,767)-2612(32,767 )-1899(65,535)]TJ -26.675 0 Td [(maximum value of any semaphor)18(e)]TJ 26.675 -1.25 Td [(16,384 )-2079(32,767)-2612(16,384 )-1899(32,767)]TJ -26.675 0 Td [(maximum value of any semaphor)18(e\325s adjust-on-exit value)]TJ 28.425 -1.25 Td [(10 )-3329(128)-2612(87,381 )-3149(128)]TJ -28.425 0 Td (maximum number of semaphor)Tj 0.25 Tc 14.075 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.153 0 Td (ets, systemwide)Tj 13.198 -1.25 Td [(60 )-2079(32,000)-2612(87,381 )-1559(derived)]TJ -28.426 0 Td [(maximum number of semaphor)18(es, systemwide)]TJ 28.426 -1.25 Td [(60 )-3329(250)-2612(87,381 )-3149(512)]TJ -28.426 0 Td [(maximum number of semaphor)18(es per semaphor)]TJ 0.25 Tc 21.345 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.153 0 Td (et)Tj 5.928 -1.25 Td [(30 )-2079(32,000)-2612(87,381 )-1559(derived)]TJ -28.425 0 Td [(maximum number of undo str)8(uctur)18(es, systemwide)]TJ 28.425 -1.25 Td [(10 )-1275(unlimited)-3559(10 )-1559(derived)]TJ -28.425 0 Td [(maximum number of undo entries per undo str)8(uctur)18(es)]TJ 27.925 -1.25 Td [(100 )-3829(32)]TJ 3.3995 Tc 11.442 0 Td (55)Tj 0 Tc 4.399 0 Td (12)Tj -43.766 0 Td (maximum number of operations per)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 16.348 0 Td (semop)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td (call)Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1401.25 5490.25 cm 0 0 m 3689 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4736.25 5490.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1060 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4306.25 5490.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1060 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3878.25 5490.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1060 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3513.25 5490.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1180 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5090.25 5490.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1180 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1401.25 5490.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1180 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 235.2635 530.8726 Tm (Figure 15.28)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.195 0 Td [(System limits that af)18(fect semaphor)18(es)]TJ 9.9976 0 0 9.9976 147.5648 504.4789 Tm [(When )-88(we )-88(want )-88(to )-88(use )-88(XSI )-88(semaphor)16(es, )-88(we )-88(\336rst )-88(need )-88(to )-88(obtain )-88(a )-88(semaphor)16(e)-338(ID)-338(b)-1(y)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td (calling the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 4.842 0 Td (semget)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td (function.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9978 0 0 8.9978 147.5649 476.9855 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.783 TD (int semget\(key_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 10.2 0 Td (key)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 3.133 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (nsems)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 4.301 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (\337ag)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.115 -1.783 Td [(Returns: semaphor)18(e)-250(ID)-250(if)-250(OK,)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 13.345 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 4405.25 cm 0 0 m 0 456 l 3900 456 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.997 0 0 9.997 129.5611 428.0716 Tm [(In )-152(Section )-152(15.6.1, )-152(we )-152(described )-152(the )-152(r)8(ules )-152(for )-152(converting )-152(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 27.48 0 Td (key)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.735 0 Td [(into )-152(an )-152(identi\336er )-152(and)]TJ -29.215 -1.2 Td [(discussed )-39(whether )-39(a )-39(new )-39(set )-39(is )-39(cr)20(eated )-39(or )-39(an )-39(existing )-39(set )-39(is )-39(r)20(efer)18(enced. )-289(When)]TJ 0.2886 Tc 34.799 0 Td (an)Tj 0 Tc 1.371 0 Td [(ew )-39(set)]TJ -36.17 -1.2 Td [(is cr)18(eated, the following members of the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 17.95 0 Td (semid_ds)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.05 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)]TJ 0.25 Tc 3.49 0 Td (ea)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.229 0 Td [(re )-36(i)]TJ 0 Tc 1.397 0 Td (nitialized.)Tj 0.883 Tc -27.316 -1.56 Td (\245T)Tj 0 Tc 2.102 0 Td (he)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.402 0 Td (ipc_perm)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.141 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e)-341(is)-341(initialized )-91(as )-91(described )-91(in )-91(Section )-91(15.6.2.)-590(The)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 26.155 0 Td (mode)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -33.311 -1.2 Td [(member )-234(of )-234(this )-234(str)9(uctur)18(e)-484(is)-484(s)1(et )-234(to )-234(the )-234(corr)18(esponding )-234(permission )-234(bits )-234(of)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 33.972 0 Td (\337ag)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj -33.972 -1.2 Td (These permissions ar)Tj 0.25 Tc 9.294 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.153 0 Td [(peci\336ed with the values fr)18(om Figur)]TJ 0.25 Tc 15.564 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (5.24.)Tj -28.729 -1.48 Td (\245)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.489 0 Td (sem_otime)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.65 0 Td (is set to 0.)Tj -7.139 -1.48 Td (\245)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.489 0 Td (sem_ctime)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.65 0 Td [(is set to the curr)18(ent time.)]TJ -7.139 -1.48 Td (\245)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.489 0 Td (sem_nsems)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.65 0 Td (is set to)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3.566 0 Td (nsems)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj -10.705 -1.56 Td [(The )-281(number )-281(of )-281(semaphor)18(es )-281(in )-281(the )-281(set )-281(is)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 19.795 0 Td (nsems)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.7811 Tc (.I)Tj 0.5311 Tc 3.869 0 Td (fan)Tj 0 Tc 2.477 0 Td [(ew )-281(set )-281(is )-281(being )-281(cr)18(eated)]TJ -27.941 -1.2 Td [(\(typically )-43(by )-43(the )-43(server\), )-43(we )-43(must )-43(specify)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 18.731 0 Td (nsems)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.5427 Tc (.I)Tj 0 Tc 3.631 0 Td [(f)-293(we)-293(a)]TJ -0.018 Tc 2.731 0 Td [(re )-79(re)]TJ 0 Tc 2.005 0 Td [(fer)18(encing )-43(an )-43(existing )-43(set )-43(\(a)]TJ -27.098 -1.2 Td (client\), we can specify)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 9.963 0 Td (nsems)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.751 0 Td (as 0.)Tj -10.914 -1.2 Td (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.924 0 Td (semctl)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td (function is the catchall for various semaphor)Tj 0.25 Tc 19.677 0 Td (eo)Tj 0 Tc 1.275 0 Td (perations.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9973 0 0 8.9973 140.3587 253.0241 Tm (#include )Tj T* (int semctl\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 9 0 Td (semid)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 4.134 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (semnum)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 5.246 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (cmd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,.)Tj 0 Tc 3.485 0 Td (.. /* union semun)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 10.8 0 Td [(ar)18(g)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 1.915 0 Td (*/ \);)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -7.792 -1.783 Td (Returns: \(see following\))Tj ET q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 2165.25 cm 0 0 m 0 456 l 3900 456 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9964 0 0 9.9964 129.5534 204.1265 Tm [(The )-34(fourth )-34(ar)18(gument )-34(is )-34(optional, )-34(depending )-34(on )-34(the )-34(command )-34(r)18(equested, )-34(and )-34(if )-34(pr)18(esent,)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD (is of type)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 4.306 0 Td (semun)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (,au)Tj 0 Tc 4.853 0 Td [(nion of various command-speci\336c ar)18(guments:)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9968 0 0 8.9968 147.547 179.0355 Tm (union semun {)Tj 1.2 -1.189 Td (int )Tj 10.8 0 Td [(val;)-1800(/* for SETVAL */)]TJ -10.8 -1.189 Td [(struct semid_ds)-1200(*buf; )-1200(/*)-600(for IPC_STAT and IPC_SET */)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(unsigned short)-1800(*array; /* for GETALL and SETALL */)]TJ -1.2 -1.189 Td (};)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 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0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 6670.25 cm 0 0 m 4255 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 329.6122 658.9605 Tm [(Fr)18(eeBSD )-250(Linux )-250(Mac)-250(OS X)-500(Solaris)]TJ 1.276 -1.25 Td [(8.0 )-1827(3.2.0)-1735(10.6.8 )-2170(10)]TJ -28.372 0.625 Td (Name)Tj 10.427 0 Td (Description)Tj 11.234 0 Td [(ISO C)-500(SUS)]TJ 21.906 0 Td (Default action)Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 6450.25 cm 0 0 m 4255 0 l S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 6430.25 cm 0 0 m 4255 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 99.62 634.9238 Tm (SIGABRT)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.5 0 Td (abnormal termination \()Tj /TT0 1 Tf (abort)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.1985 Tc (\)\245)Tj 2.7085 Tc 20.533 0 Td [(\245\245 )2571(\245)]TJ 3.564 Tc 11.002 0 Td (\245\245)Tj 0 Tc 6.459 0 Td [(terminate+cor)18(e)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -44.494 -1.25 Td (SIGALRM)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.5 0 Td [(timer expir)18(ed \()]TJ /TT0 1 Tf (alarm)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 10.639 Tc (\)\245)Tj 3.096 Tc 23.847 0 Td [(\245\245 )3063(\245)]TJ 1.683 Tc 11.858 0 Td (\245t)Tj 0 Tc 2.615 0 Td (erminate)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -44.82 -1.25 Td (SIGBUS)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.5 0 Td [(har)18(dwar)]TJ 0.25 Tc 3.781 0 Td (ef)Tj 0 Tc 1.062 0 Td (ault )Tj 15.69 0 Td (\245)Tj 3.096 Tc 3.314 0 Td [(\245\245 )3063(\245)]TJ 1.683 Tc 11.858 0 Td (\245t)Tj 0 Tc 2.615 0 Td [(erminate+cor)18(e)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -44.82 -1.25 Td (SIGCANCEL)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.5 0 Td [(thr)18(eads library internal use)]TJ 1.683 Tc 35.705 0 Td (\245i)Tj 0 Tc 2.58 0 Td [(gnor)18(e)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -44.785 -1.25 Td (SIGCHLD)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.5 0 Td (change in status of child)Tj 2.7085 Tc 20.533 0 Td [(\245\245 )2571(\245)]TJ 3.564 Tc 11.002 0 Td (\245\245)Tj 0 Tc 6.459 0 Td [(ignor)18(e)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -44.494 -1.25 Td (SIGCONT)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.5 0 Td [(continue stopped pr)18(ocess )]TJ 20.533 0 Td (\245)Tj 3.096 Tc 3.314 0 Td [(\245\245 )3063(\245)]TJ 1.683 Tc 11.858 0 Td (\245c)Tj 0 Tc 2.733 0 Td [(ontinue/ignor)18(e)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -44.938 -1.25 Td (SIGEMT)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.5 0 Td [(har)18(dwar)]TJ 0.25 Tc 3.781 0 Td (ef)Tj 0 Tc 1.062 0 Td (ault )Tj 19.004 0 Td (\245)Tj 3.3795 Tc 3.703 0 Td [(\245\245 )3445(\245)]TJ 0 Tc 10.444 0 Td [(terminate+cor)18(e)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -44.494 -1.25 Td (SIGFPE)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.5 0 Td (arithmetic exception)Tj 2.1115 Tc 17.815 0 Td [(\245\245 )1765(\245)]TJ 3.3795 Tc 9.734 0 Td [(\245\245 )3445(\245)]TJ 0 Tc 10.444 0 Td [(terminate+cor)18(e)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -44.494 -1.25 Td (SIGFREEZE)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.5 0 Td [(checkpoint fr)18(eeze )]TJ 35.705 0 Td [(\245)-1683(ignor)18(e)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -42.205 -1.25 Td (SIGHUP)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.5 0 Td (hangup )Tj 20.533 0 Td (\245)Tj 3.096 Tc 3.314 0 Td [(\245\245 )3063(\245)]TJ 1.683 Tc 11.858 0 Td (\245t)Tj 0 Tc 2.615 0 Td (erminate)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -44.82 -1.25 Td (SIGILL)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.5 0 Td [(illegal instr)8(uction )]TJ 17.815 0 Td (\245)Tj 2.7085 Tc 2.718 0 Td [(\245\245 )2571(\245)]TJ 3.564 Tc 11.002 0 Td (\245\245)Tj 0 Tc 6.459 0 Td [(terminate+cor)18(e)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -44.494 -1.25 Td (SIGINFO)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.5 0 Td [(status r)18(equest fr)18(om keyboar)]TJ 10.9295 Tc 12.307 0 Td (d\245)Tj 5.853 Tc 19.228 0 Td (\245i)Tj 0 Tc 6.75 0 Td [(gnor)18(e)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -44.785 -1.25 Td (SIGINT)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.5 0 Td [(terminal interr)8(upt character)]TJ 2.1115 Tc 17.815 0 Td [(\245\245 )1765(\245)]TJ 3.3795 Tc 9.734 0 Td [(\245\245 )3445(\245)]TJ 0 Tc 10.444 0 Td (terminate)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -44.494 -1.25 Td (SIGIO)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.5 0 Td [(asynchr)18(onous I/O)]TJ 3.096 Tc 23.847 0 Td [(\245\245 )3063(\245)]TJ 1.683 Tc 11.858 0 Td (\245t)Tj 0 Tc 2.615 0 Td [(erminate/ignor)18(e)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -44.82 -1.25 Td (SIGIOT)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.5 0 Td [(har)18(dwar)]TJ 0.25 Tc 3.781 0 Td (ef)Tj 0 Tc 1.062 0 Td (ault )Tj 19.004 0 Td (\245)Tj 3.3795 Tc 3.703 0 Td [(\245\245 )3445(\245)]TJ 0 Tc 10.444 0 Td [(terminate+cor)18(e)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -44.494 -1.25 Td (SIGJVM1)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.5 0 Td (Java virtual machine internal use)Tj 1.683 Tc 35.705 0 Td (\245i)Tj 0 Tc 2.58 0 Td [(gnor)18(e)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -44.785 -1.25 Td (SIGJVM2)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.5 0 Td (Java virtual machine internal use)Tj 1.683 Tc 35.705 0 Td (\245i)Tj 0 Tc 2.58 0 Td [(gnor)18(e)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -44.785 -1.25 Td (SIGKILL)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.5 0 Td (termination )Tj 20.533 0 Td (\245)Tj 3.096 Tc 3.314 0 Td [(\245\245 )3063(\245)]TJ 1.683 Tc 11.858 0 Td (\245t)Tj 0 Tc 2.615 0 Td (erminate)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -44.82 -1.25 Td (SIGLOST)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 6.5 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(sour)18(ce lost)]TJ 1.683 Tc 34.849 0 Td (\245t)Tj 0 Tc 2.615 0 Td (erminate)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -44.82 -1.25 Td (SIGLWP)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.5 0 Td [(thr)18(eads library internal use)]TJ 11.2515 Tc 23.847 0 Td (\245\245)Tj 0 Tc 14.147 0 Td [(terminate/ignor)18(e)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -44.494 -1.25 Td (SIGPIPE)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.5 0 Td [(write to pipe with no r)18(eaders )]TJ 20.533 0 Td (\245)Tj 3.096 Tc 3.314 0 Td [(\245\245 )3063(\245)]TJ 1.683 Tc 11.858 0 Td (\245t)Tj 0 Tc 2.615 0 Td (erminate)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -44.82 -1.25 Td (SIGPOLL)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.5 0 Td (pollable event \()Tj /TT0 1 Tf (poll)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 18.0005 Tc (\)\245)Tj 1.683 Tc 35.705 0 Td (\245t)Tj 0 Tc 2.615 0 Td (erminate)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -44.82 -1.25 Td (SIGPROF)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.5 0 Td [(pr)18(o\336ling time alarm \()]TJ /TT0 1 Tf (setitimer)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 8.6345 Tc (\)\245)Tj 3.3795 Tc 27.549 0 Td [(\245\245 )3445(\245)]TJ 0 Tc 10.444 0 Td (terminate)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -44.494 -1.25 Td (SIGPWR)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.5 0 Td [(power fail/r)18(estart )]TJ 27.549 0 Td (\245)Tj 1.683 Tc 8.156 0 Td (\245t)Tj 0 Tc 2.615 0 Td [(erminate/ignor)18(e)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -44.82 -1.25 Td (SIGQUIT)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.5 0 Td (terminal quit character)Tj 2.7085 Tc 20.533 0 Td [(\245\245 )2571(\245)]TJ 3.564 Tc 11.002 0 Td (\245\245)Tj 0 Tc 6.459 0 Td [(terminate+cor)18(e)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -44.494 -1.25 Td (SIGSEGV)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.5 0 Td [(invalid memory r)18(efer)18(ence )]TJ 17.815 0 Td (\245)Tj 2.7085 Tc 2.718 0 Td [(\245\245 )2571(\245)]TJ 3.564 Tc 11.002 0 Td (\245\245)Tj 0 Tc 6.459 0 Td [(terminate+cor)18(e)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -44.494 -1.25 Td (SIGSTKFLT)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.5 0 Td [(copr)18(ocessor stack fault)]TJ 9.8385 Tc 27.549 0 Td (\245t)Tj 0 Tc 10.771 0 Td (erminate)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -44.82 -1.25 Td (SIGSTOP)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.5 0 Td (stop )Tj 20.533 0 Td (\245)Tj 3.096 Tc 3.314 0 Td [(\245\245 )3063(\245)]TJ 1.683 Tc 11.858 0 Td (\245s)Tj 0 Tc 2.713 0 Td [(top pr)18(ocess)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -44.918 -1.25 Td (SIGSYS)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.5 0 Td (invalid system call)Tj 20.071 0 Td [(XSI )-1997(\245)]TJ 3.3795 Tc 7.478 0 Td [(\245\245 )3445(\245)]TJ 0 Tc 10.444 0 Td [(terminate+cor)18(e)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -44.494 -1.25 Td (SIGTERM)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.5 0 Td (termination )Tj 17.815 0 Td (\245)Tj 2.7085 Tc 2.718 0 Td [(\245\245 )2571(\245)]TJ 3.564 Tc 11.002 0 Td (\245\245)Tj 0 Tc 6.459 0 Td (terminate)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -44.494 -1.25 Td (SIGTHAW)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.5 0 Td (checkpoint thaw)Tj 1.683 Tc 35.705 0 Td (\245i)Tj 0 Tc 2.58 0 Td [(gnor)18(e)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -44.785 -1.25 Td (SIGTHR)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.5 0 Td [(thr)18(eads library internal use)]TJ 13.5405 Tc 23.847 0 Td (\245t)Tj 0 Tc 14.473 0 Td (erminate)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -44.82 -1.25 Td (SIGTRAP)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.5 0 Td [(har)18(dwar)]TJ 0.25 Tc 3.781 0 Td (ef)Tj 0 Tc 1.062 0 Td (ault )Tj 15.228 0 Td (XSI)Tj 3.096 Tc 3.777 0 Td [(\245\245 )3063(\245)]TJ 1.683 Tc 11.858 0 Td (\245t)Tj 0 Tc 2.615 0 Td [(erminate+cor)18(e)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -44.82 -1.25 Td (SIGTSTP)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.5 0 Td (terminal stop character)Tj 2.7085 Tc 20.533 0 Td [(\245\245 )2571(\245)]TJ 3.564 Tc 11.002 0 Td (\245\245)Tj 0 Tc 6.459 0 Td [(stop pr)18(ocess)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -44.494 -1.25 Td (SIGTTIN)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.5 0 Td [(backgr)18(ound r)18(ead fr)18(om contr)18(ol tty)]TJ 2.7085 Tc 20.533 0 Td [(\245\245 )2571(\245)]TJ 3.564 Tc 11.002 0 Td (\245\245)Tj 0 Tc 6.459 0 Td [(stop pr)18(ocess)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -44.494 -1.25 Td (SIGTTOU)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.5 0 Td [(backgr)18(ound write to contr)18(ol tty)]TJ 2.7085 Tc 20.533 0 Td [(\245\245 )2571(\245)]TJ 3.564 Tc 11.002 0 Td (\245\245)Tj 0 Tc 6.459 0 Td [(stop pr)18(ocess)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -44.494 -1.25 Td (SIGURG)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.5 0 Td [(ur)18(gent condition \(sockets\))]TJ 2.7085 Tc 20.533 0 Td [(\245\245 )2571(\245)]TJ 3.564 Tc 11.002 0 Td (\245\245)Tj 0 Tc 6.459 0 Td [(ignor)18(e)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -44.494 -1.25 Td (SIGUSR1)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.5 0 Td [(user)18(-de\336ned signal)]TJ 2.7085 Tc 20.533 0 Td [(\245\245 )2571(\245)]TJ 3.564 Tc 11.002 0 Td (\245\245)Tj 0 Tc 6.459 0 Td (terminate)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -44.494 -1.25 Td (SIGUSR2)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.5 0 Td [(user)18(-de\336ned signal)]TJ 2.7085 Tc 20.533 0 Td [(\245\245 )2571(\245)]TJ 3.564 Tc 11.002 0 Td (\245\245)Tj 0 Tc 6.459 0 Td (terminate)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -44.494 -1.25 Td (SIGVTALRM)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.5 0 Td (virtual time alarm \()Tj /TT0 1 Tf (setitimer)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.7365 Tc (\)X)Tj 0 Tc 20.739 0 Td [(SI )-1997(\245)]TJ 3.3795 Tc 6.811 0 Td [(\245\245 )3445(\245)]TJ 0 Tc 10.444 0 Td (terminate)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -44.494 -1.25 Td (SIGWAITING)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.5 0 Td [(thr)18(eads library internal use)]TJ 1.683 Tc 35.705 0 Td (\245i)Tj 0 Tc 2.58 0 Td [(gnor)18(e)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -44.785 -1.25 Td (SIGWINCH)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.5 0 Td (terminal window size change)Tj 3.096 Tc 23.847 0 Td [(\245\245 )3063(\245)]TJ 1.683 Tc 11.858 0 Td (\245i)Tj 0 Tc 2.58 0 Td [(gnor)18(e)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -44.785 -1.25 Td (SIGXCPU)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.5 0 Td (CPU limit exceeded \()Tj /TT0 1 Tf (setrlimit)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.9845 Tc (\)X)Tj 0 Tc 20.739 0 Td [(SI )-1997(\245)]TJ 3.3795 Tc 6.811 0 Td [(\245\245 )3445(\245)]TJ 0 Tc 10.444 0 Td (terminate or)Tj 0 -1.25 TD [(terminate+cor)18(e)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -44.494 -1.25 Td (SIGXFSZ)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.5 0 Td (\336le size limit exceeded \()Tj /TT0 1 Tf (setrlimit)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.7565 Tc (\)X)Tj 0 Tc 20.738 0 Td [(SI )-1997(\245)]TJ 3.3795 Tc 6.811 0 Td [(\245\245 )3445(\245)]TJ 0 Tc 10.445 0 Td (terminate or)Tj T* [(terminate+cor)18(e)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -44.494 -1.25 Td (SIGXRES)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 6.5 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(sour)18(ce contr)18(ol exceeded)]TJ 1.683 Tc 34.849 0 Td (\245i)Tj 0 Tc 2.58 0 Td [(gnor)18(e)]TJ ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 1710.25 cm 0 0 m 4255 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4536.25 1710.25 cm 0 0 m 0 4960 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3276.25 1710.25 cm 0 0 m 0 4960 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2841.25 1710.25 cm 0 0 m 0 4960 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1496.25 1710.25 cm 0 0 m 0 4960 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5211.25 1710.25 cm 0 0 m 0 4960 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 1710.25 cm 0 0 m 0 4960 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 248.0793 152.9725 Tm (Figure 10.1)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.695 0 Td (UNIX System signals)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47513 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (70)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3 0 Td [(File )-250(I/O)]TJ 39.741 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(3)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1498.25 6670.25 cm 0 0 m 3496 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 178.7333 658.9605 Tm (Name of option)Tj 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server.)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(44 )-3600(*/)]TJ T* [(45 )-3000(if)-600(\(\(host = get_printserver\(\)\) == NULL\))]TJ T* (46 )Tj 7.2 0 Td [(err_quit\("print:)-600(no print server defined"\);)]TJ -7.2 -1.189 Td [(47 )-3000(if)-600(\(\(err = getaddrlist\(host, "print", &ailist\)\) != 0\))]TJ T* (48 )Tj 7.2 0 Td [(err_quit\("print:)-600(getaddrinfo error: %s", gai_strerror\(err\)\);)]TJ -7.2 -2.021 Td [(49 )-3000(for)-600(\(aip = ailist; aip != NULL; aip = aip->ai_next\) {)]TJ T* (50 )Tj 7.2 0 Td [(if)-600(\(\(sfd = connect_retry\(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0,)]TJ -7.2 -1.189 Td (51 )Tj 8.4 0 Td [(aip->ai_addr,)-600(aip->ai_addrlen\)\) < 0\) {)]TJ -8.4 -1.189 Td (52 )Tj 9.6 0 Td (err)Tj 0.6 Tc 2.4 0 Td (=e)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (rrno;)Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 4471.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 423.0672 Tm [([34 )167(\320 )167(41])-668(When)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.245 0 Td (getopt)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.202 0 Td [(completes )-352(pr)18(ocessing )-352(the )-352(command )-352(options, )-352(it )-352(leaves )-352(the)]TJ -7.446 -1.2 Td (variable)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.931 0 Td (optind)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.957 0 Td [(set )-107(to )-107(the )-107(index )-107(of )-107(the )-107(\336rst )-107(nonoptional )-107(ar)21(gument. )-357(If)-356(this )-107(is)]TJ -7.887 -1.2 Td [(any )-18(value )-18(other )-18(than )-18(the )-18(index )-18(of )-18(the )-18(last )-18(ar)18(gument, )-18(then )-18(the )-18(wr)18(ong )-18(number )-18(of)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(ar)18(guments )-143(was )-143(speci\336ed )-143(\(we )-143(support )-143(only )-143(one )-143(nonoptional )-143(ar)17(gument\). )-393(Our)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(err)18(or )-224(pr)18(ocessing )-224(includes )-224(checks )-224(to )-224(ensur)]TJ 0.4744 Tc 19.279 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.279 0 Td [(hat )-224(we )-224(can )-224(open )-224(the )-224(\336le )-224(to )-224(be)]TJ -20.558 -1.2 Td [(printed )-82(and )-82(that )-82(it )-82(is )-82(a )-82(r)19(egular )-82(\336le )-82(\(as )-82(opposed )-82(to )-82(a )-82(dir)18(ectory )-82(or )-82(other )-82(type )-82(of)]TJ T* (\336le\).)Tj -4 -1.72 Td [([42 )167(\320 )167(48])]TJ -0.092 Tc 4 0 Td [(We )-236(g)]TJ 0 Tc 2.245 0 Td [(et )-52(the )-52(name )-52(of )-52(the )-52(host )-52(wher)]TJ 0.3018 Tc 12.863 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.107 0 Td [(he )-52(printer )-52(spooling )-52(daemon )-52(is )-52(r)8(unning )-52(by)]TJ -16.214 -1.2 Td [(calling )-76(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.994 0 Td (get_printserver)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.326 0 Td [(function )-76(fr)18(om)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.498 0 Td (util.c)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5759 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 5.039 0 Td [(hen )-76(we )-76(translate )-76(the)]TJ -25.856 -1.2 Td [(host )-389(name )-389(into )-389(a )-389(network )-389(addr)18(ess )-389(by )-389(calling)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 22.889 0 Td (getaddrlist)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.239 0 Td [(\(also )-389(fr)18(om)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -30.128 -1.2 Td (util.c)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (\).)Tj 0 -1.8 TD [(Note )-137(that )-137(we )-137(specify )-137(the )-137(service )-137(as )-137(\324)38(\324print.\325)]TJ 0.6368 Tc 19.658 0 Td (\325A)Tj 0.3868 Tc 1.693 0 Td (sp)Tj 0 Tc 1.412 0 Td [(art )-137(of )-137(installing )-137(the )-137(printer)]TJ -22.763 -1.2 Td [(spooling )-12(daemon )-12(on )-12(a )-12(system, )-12(we )-12(need )-12(to )-12(make )-12(sur)]TJ 0.2623 Tc 22.926 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.067 0 Td (hat)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.67 0 Td (/etc/services)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 8.062 0 Td (\(or)Tj -33.726 -1.2 Td [(the )-25(equivalent )-25(database\) )-25(has )-25(an )-25(entry )-25(for )-25(the )-25(printer )-25(service.)-525(When )-25(we )-25(select )-25(a)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(port )-189(number )-189(for )-189(the )-189(daemon, )-189(it )-189(would )-189(be )-189(a )-189(good )-189(idea )-189(to )-189(select )-189(one )-189(that )-189(is)]TJ T* [(privileged, )-118(to )-118(pr)18(event )-118(malicious )-118(users )-118(fr)18(om )-118(writing )-118(applications )-118(that )-118(pr)18(etend)]TJ T* [(to )-87(be )-87(a )-87(printer )-87(spooling )-87(daemon )-87(but )-87(instead )-87(steal )-87(copies )-87(of )-87(the )-87(\336les )-87(we )-87(try )-87(to)]TJ T* [(print. )-532(This)-532(means )-282(that )-282(the )-282(port )-282(number )-282(should )-282(be )-282(less )-282(than )-282(1,024 )-282(\(r)21(ecall)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(Section )-27(16.3.4\) )-27(and )-27(that )-27(our )-27(daemon )-27(will )-27(have )-27(to )-27(r)8(un )-27(with )-27(super)8(user )-27(privileges)]TJ T* [(to allow it to bind to a r)18(eserved port.)]TJ -4 -1.72 Td [([49 )167(\320 )167(52])]TJ -0.092 Tc 4 0 Td [(We )-371(t)]TJ 0 Tc 2.15 0 Td [(ry )-187(to )-187(connect )-187(to )-187(the )-187(daemon )-187(using )-187(one )-187(addr)18(ess )-187(at )-187(a )-187(time )-187(fr)18(om )-187(the )-187(list)]TJ -0.018 Tc -2.15 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(turned )-98(by)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.801 0 Td (getaddrinfo)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5978 Tc (.W)Tj 0.3478 Tc 8.356 0 Td (ew)Tj 0 Tc 1.661 0 Td [(ill )-98(try )-98(to )-98(send )-98(the )-98(\336le )-98(to )-98(the )-98(daemon )-98(using)]TJ -15.673 -1.2 Td [(the \336rst addr)18(ess to which we can connect.)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47515 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (630)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Advanced )-250(IPC)]TJ 38.741 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(17)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5911 670.2598 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.902 TD (int socketpair\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 11.4 0 Td (domain)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 4.8 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (type)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 3.522 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td [(pr)18(otocol)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 5.021 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (sockfd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf ([2]\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -3.292 -1.902 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 6315.25 cm 0 0 m 0 478 l 3900 478 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 617.9858 Tm [(Although )-185(the )-185(interface )-185(is )-185(suf)18(\336ciently )-185(general )-185(to )-185(allow)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 25.206 0 Td (socketpair)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.435 0 Td [(to )-185(be )-185(used )-185(with)]TJ -31.641 -1.2 Td [(other )-28(domains, )-28(operating )-28(systems )-28(typically )-28(pr)18(ovide )-28(support )-28(only )-28(for )-28(the )-28(UNIX )-28(domain.)]TJ ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2850 5456.6 792 360 re S Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2904 5024.6 288 143.996 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 293.6471 507.8086 Tm (socket)Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 3300 5024.6 288 143.996 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 333.22 507.7781 Tm (socket)Tj ET q 0.99976 0 0 0.99976 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 304.8 545.66 cm 0 0 m 1.8 -7.2 l -1.8 -7.2 l f Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3048 5456.6001 cm 0 0 m 18 -72 l -18 -72 l h S Q Q q 0.9997 0 0 0.9997 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 304.8 516.86 cm 0 0 m -1.8 7.2 l 1.8 7.2 l f Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3048 5168.6001 cm 0 0 m -18 72 l 18 72 l h S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3048.25 5384.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -144 l S Q Q q 0.9996401 0 0 0.9996401 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 344.4 545.66 cm 0 0 m 1.8 -7.2 l -1.8 -7.2 l f Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3444 5456.6001 cm 0 0 m 18 -72 l -18 -72 l h S Q Q q 0.9995801 0 0 0.9995801 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 344.4 516.86 cm 0 0 m -1.8 7.2 l 1.8 7.2 l f Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3444 5168.6001 cm 0 0 m -18 72 l 18 72 l h S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3444.25 5384.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -144 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9962 0 0 7.9962 292.6595 548.6366 Tm [(fd[0])-1950(fd[1])]TJ ET q 0.9995201 0 0 0.9995201 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 304.8 502.46 cm 0 0 m 1.8 -7.2 l -1.8 -7.2 l f Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3048 5024.6001 cm 0 0 m 18 -72 l -18 -72 l h S Q Q q 0.9994601 0 0 0.9994601 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 344.4 502.46 cm 0 0 m 1.8 -7.2 l -1.8 -7.2 l f Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3444 5024.6001 cm 0 0 m 18 -72 l -18 -72 l h S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3048 5017.3999 cm 0 0 m 0 -68.4 l 0 -114 33 -148.8 99 -172.8 c 165 -196.8 231 -196.8 297 -172.8 c 363 -148.8 396 -114 396 -68.4 c 396 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9952 0 0 7.9952 302.6344 584.5492 Tm [(user pr)18(ocess)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf -3.044 -15.93 Td (Figure 17.1)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.25 Tc 5.695 0 Td (As)Tj 0 Tc 1.452 0 Td (ocket pair)Tj 0.2567 Tc 9.994 0 0 9.994 147.5118 430.8014 Tm (Ap)Tj 0 Tc 1.636 0 Td [(air )-7(of )-7(connected )-7(UNIX )-7(domain )-7(sockets )-7(acts )-7(like )-7(a )-7(full-duplex )-7(pipe: )-7(both )-7(ends )-7(ar)22(e)]TJ -3.436 -1.2 Td [(open )-180(for )-180(r)18(eading )-180(and )-180(writing )-180(\(see )-180(Figur)]TJ 0.4296 Tc 18.522 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.409 0 Td [(7.1\). )-430(W)92(e\325ll )-180(r)18(efer )-180(to )-180(these )-180(as )-180(\324)39(\324fd-pipes\325)]TJ 0.4296 Tc 17.49 0 Td (\325t)Tj 0 Tc 1.034 0 Td (o)Tj -38.454 -1.2 Td [(distinguish them fr)18(om normal, half-duplex pipes.)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf -3.6 -2.88 Td [(Example )195(\321)]TJ /TT3 1 Tf 5.28 0 Td (fd_pipe)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 4.478 0 Td (Function)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -6.158 -2.16 Td (Figur)Tj 0.4913 Tc 2.383 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.47 0 Td [(7.2 )-241(shows )-241(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.921 0 Td (fd_pipe)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.691 0 Td [(function, )-241(which )-241(uses )-241(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.973 0 Td (socketpair)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.491 0 Td [(function )-241(to)]TJ -33.93 -1.2 Td [(cr)18(eate a pair of connected UNIX domain str)18(eam sockets.)]TJ ET q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 3374.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9941 0 0 8.9941 129.5145 327.7426 Tm (#include "apue.h")Tj 0 -1.189 TD (#include )Tj 0 -1.902 TD (/*)Tj 0.6 Tc 0.6 -1.189 Td (*R)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (eturns a full-duplex pipe \(a UNIX domain socket\) with)Tj 0.6 Tc -1.8 -1.189 Td (*t)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (he two file descriptors returned in fd[0] and fd[1].)Tj -1.8 -1.189 Td (*/)Tj -0.6 -1.189 Td (int)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (fd_pipe\(int fd[2]\))Tj 0 -1.189 TD ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (return\(socketpair\(AF_UNIX, SOCK_STREAM, 0, fd\)\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj ET q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 2097.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9942 0 0 7.9942 253.6613 193.5986 Tm (Figure 17.2)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.695 0 Td [(Cr)18(eating a full-duplex pipe)]TJ -14.475 -3.1 Td [(Some )-119(BSD)]TJ 4.712 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(based )-119(systems )-119(use )-119(UNIX )-119(domain )-119(sockets )-119(to )-119(implement )-119(pipes.)-618(But )-119(when)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 33.471 0 Td (pipe)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.769 0 Td (is)Tj -41.285 -1.25 Td [(called, )-60(the )-60(write )-60(end )-60(of )-60(the )-60(\336rst )-60(descriptor )-60(and )-60(the )-60(r)18(ead )-60(end )-60(of )-60(the )-60(second )-60(descriptor )-60(ar)]TJ 0.3104 Tc 39.204 0 Td (eb)Tj 0 Tc 1.342 0 Td (oth)Tj -40.546 -1.25 Td [(closed. )-250(T)]TJ 0.25 Tc 4.066 0 Td (og)Tj 0 Tc 1.352 0 Td (et a full-duplex pipe, we must call)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 15.304 0 Td (socketpair)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.25 0 Td [(dir)18(ectly)111(.)]TJ ET q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5141.25 1449.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 50 50 l 0 50 l 0 0 l S Q Q EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47516 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (602)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Network )-250(IPC: )-250(Sockets)]TJ 38.741 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(16)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 172.7896 670.2598 Tm (printf\("unspecified"\);)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (break;)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (default:)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (printf\("unknown"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj 0 -2.14 TD (void)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (print_type\(struct addrinfo *aip\))Tj 0 -1.189 TD ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (printf\(" type "\);)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (switch \(aip->ai_socktype\) {)Tj T* (case SOCK_STREAM:)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (printf\("stream"\);)Tj T* (break;)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (case SOCK_DGRAM:)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (printf\("datagram"\);)Tj T* (break;)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (case SOCK_SEQPACKET:)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (printf\("seqpacket"\);)Tj T* (break;)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (case SOCK_RAW:)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (printf\("raw"\);)Tj T* (break;)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (default:)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (printf\("unknown \(%d\)", aip->ai_socktype\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj 0 -2.14 TD (void)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (print_protocol\(struct addrinfo *aip\))Tj T* ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (printf\(" protocol "\);)Tj T* (switch \(aip->ai_protocol\) {)Tj T* (case 0:)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (printf\("default"\);)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (break;)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (case IPPROTO_TCP:)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (printf\("TCP"\);)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (break;)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (case IPPROTO_UDP:)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (printf\("UDP"\);)Tj T* (break;)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (case IPPROTO_RAW:)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (printf\("raw"\);)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (break;)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (default:)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (printf\("unknown \(%d\)", aip->ai_protocol\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47517 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(16.2)]TJ 35.358 0 Td [(Socket )-250(Descriptors)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 10.475 0 Td (591)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 668.9599 Tm (TCP)Tj 2.205 0.04 Td (\()Tj -0.09 Tc 0.333 -0.04 Td (Tr)Tj 0 Tc 0.918 0 Td [(ansmission )-29(Contr)18(ol )-29(Pr)18(otocol)]TJ 12.562 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.5291 Tc 0.333 -0.04 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.392 0 Td [(he )-29(default )-29(pr)18(otocol )-29(for )-29(a)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.051 0 Td (SOCK_DGRAM)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.279 0 Td [(socket )-29(in)]TJ -35.073 -1.2 Td (the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.811 0 Td (AF_INET)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.624 0 Td [(communication )-174(domain )-174(is )-174(UDP)]TJ 14.901 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td [(User )-174(Datagram )-174(Pr)18(otocol)]TJ 11.038 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.674 Tc 0.333 -0.04 Td (.F)Tj 0 Tc 1.48 0 Td (igur)Tj 0.424 Tc 1.827 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.403 0 Td (6.3)Tj -37.75 -1.2 Td [(lists the pr)18(otocols de\336ned for the Internet domain sockets.)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2044.25 6250.25 cm 0 0 m 2403 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 222.4893 616.926 Tm [(Pr)18(otocol )]TJ 14.534 0 Td (Description)Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2044.25 6130.25 cm 0 0 m 2403 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2044.25 6110.25 cm 0 0 m 2403 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 208.3985 602.8915 Tm (IPPROTO_IP)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.7 0 Td [(IPv4 Internet Pr)18(otocol)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -8.7 -1.25 Td (IPPROTO_IPV6)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.7 0 Td [(IPv6 Internet Pr)18(otocol \(optional in POSIX.1\))]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -8.7 -1.25 Td (IPPROTO_ICMP)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.7 0 Td [(Internet Contr)18(ol Message Pr)18(otocol)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -8.7 -1.25 Td (IPPROTO_RAW)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.7 0 Td [(Raw IP packets pr)18(otocol \(optional in POSIX.1\))]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -8.7 -1.25 Td (IPPROTO_TCP)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.09 Tc 8.7 0 Td (Tr)Tj 0 Tc 0.918 0 Td [(ansmission Contr)18(ol Pr)18(otocol)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -9.618 -1.25 Td (IPPROTO_UDP)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.7 0 Td [(User Datagram Pr)18(otocol)]TJ ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2044.25 5490.25 cm 0 0 m 2403 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2720.25 5490.25 cm 0 0 m 0 760 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4447.25 5490.25 cm 0 0 m 0 760 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2044.25 5490.25 cm 0 0 m 0 760 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 221.3149 530.8726 Tm (Figure 16.3)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.695 0 Td [(Pr)18(otocols de\336ned for Internet domain sockets)]TJ -0.055 Tc 9.9976 0 0 9.9976 147.5648 506.8783 Tm (Wi)Tj 0 Tc 1.236 0 Td [(th )-269(a )-269(datagram )-269(\()]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.568 0 Td (SOCK_DGRAM)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.5188 Tc (\)i)Tj 0 Tc 7.143 0 Td [(nterface, )-269(no )-269(logical )-269(connection )-269(needs )-269(to )-269(exist)]TJ -17.747 -1.2 Td [(between )-299(peers )-299(for )-299(them )-299(to )-299(communicate.)-799(All )-299(you )-299(need )-299(to )-299(do )-299(is )-299(send )-299(a )-299(message)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(addr)18(essed to the socket being used by the peer pr)18(ocess.)]TJ 0.8424 Tc 1.8 -1.2 Td (Ad)Tj 0 Tc 2.231 0 Td [(atagram, )-592(ther)18(efor)18(e, )-592(pr)18(ovides )-592(a )-592(connectionless )-592(service.)]TJ 0.8423 Tc 27.603 0 Td (Ab)Tj 0 Tc 2.173 0 Td [(yte )-592(str)18(eam)]TJ -33.808 -1.2 Td (\()Tj /TT0 1 Tf (SOCK_STREAM)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(\), )-79(in )-79(contrast, )-79(r)17(equir)18(es )-79(that, )-79(befor)]TJ 0.3295 Tc 21.691 0 Td (ey)Tj 0 Tc 1.364 0 Td [(ou )-79(can )-79(exchange )-79(data, )-79(you )-79(set )-79(up )-79(a)]TJ -23.055 -1.2 Td [(logical )-10(connection )-10(between )-10(your )-10(socket )-10(and )-10(the )-10(socket )-10(belonging )-10(to )-10(the )-10(peer )-10(with )-10(which)]TJ T* (you wish to communicate.)Tj 0.5398 Tc 1.8 -1.2 Td (Ad)Tj 0 Tc 1.929 0 Td [(atagram )-290(is )-290(a )-290(self-contained )-290(message.)-790(Sending )-290(a )-290(datagram )-290(is )-290(analogous )-290(to)]TJ -3.729 -1.2 Td [(mailing )-50(someone )-50(a )-50(letter)]TJ 0.5505 Tc 10.957 0 Td (.Y)Tj 0 Tc 1.376 0 Td [(ou )-50(can )-50(mail )-50(many )-50(letters, )-50(but )-50(you )-50(can\325t )-50(guarantee )-50(the )-50(or)13(der)]TJ -12.332 -1.2 Td [(of )-66(delivery)]TJ 0.3162 Tc 4.751 0 Td (,a)Tj 0 Tc 1.066 0 Td [(nd )-66(some )-66(might )-66(get )-66(lost )-66(along )-66(the )-66(way)]TJ 0.5662 Tc 16.965 0 Td (.E)Tj 0 Tc 1.427 0 Td [(ach )-66(letter )-66(contains )-66(the )-66(addr)18(ess )-66(of)]TJ -24.21 -1.2 Td [(the )-21(r)18(ecipient, )-21(making )-21(the )-21(letter )-21(independent )-21(fr)18(om )-21(all )-21(the )-21(others.)-521(Each )-21(letter )-21(can )-21(even )-21(go)]TJ T* [(to dif)18(fer)18(ent r)18(ecipients.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(In )-76(contrast, )-76(using )-76(a )-76(connection-oriented )-76(pr)18(otocol )-76(for )-76(communicating )-76(with )-76(a )-76(peer )-76(is)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(like )-75(making )-75(a )-75(phone )-75(call.)-575(First, )-75(you )-75(need )-75(to )-75(establish )-75(a )-75(connection )-75(by )-75(placing )-75(a )-75(phone)]TJ T* [(call, )-32(but )-32(after )-32(the )-32(connection )-32(is )-32(in )-32(place, )-32(you )-32(can )-32(communicate )-32(bidir)17(ectionally )-32(with )-32(each)]TJ T* (other)Tj 0.6482 Tc 2.254 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.511 0 Td [(he )-148(connection )-148(is )-148(a )-148(peer)18(-to-peer )-148(communication )-148(channel )-148(over )-148(which )-148(you )-148(talk.)]TJ -0.092 Tc -3.765 -1.2 Td (Yo)Tj 0 Tc 1.121 0 Td [(ur )-136(wor)18(ds )-136(contain )-136(no )-136(addr)18(essing )-136(information, )-136(as )-136(a )-136(point-to-point )-136(virtual )-136(connection)]TJ -1.121 -1.2 Td [(exists )-10(between )-10(both )-10(ends )-10(of )-10(the )-10(call, )-10(and )-10(the )-10(connection )-10(itself )-10(implies )-10(a )-10(particular )-10(sour)19(ce)]TJ T* (and destination.)Tj 1.8 -1.2 Td (A)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.036 0 Td (SOCK_STREAM)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.858 0 Td [(socket )-8(pr)18(ovides )-8(a )-8(byte-str)18(eam )-8(service; )-8(applications )-8(ar)]TJ 0.2583 Tc 23.556 0 Td (eu)Tj 0 Tc 1.34 0 Td (nawar)Tj 0.2583 Tc 2.793 0 Td (eo)Tj 0 Tc 1.283 0 Td (f)Tj -38.667 -1.2 Td [(message )-25(boundaries.)-525(This )-25(means )-25(that )-25(when )-25(we )-25(r)18(ead )-25(data )-25(fr)18(om )-25(a)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 29.1 0 Td (SOCK_STREAM)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.875 0 Td (socket,)Tj -35.975 -1.2 Td [(it )-33(might )-33(not )-33(r)18(eturn )-33(the )-33(same )-33(number )-33(of )-33(bytes )-33(written )-33(by )-33(the )-33(sender)]TJ 0.5336 Tc 29.883 0 Td (.W)Tj 0.2836 Tc 1.692 0 Td (ew)Tj 0 Tc 1.597 0 Td [(ill )-34(eventually)]TJ -33.171 -1.2 Td (get everything sent to us, but it might take several function calls.)Tj 1.8 -1.2 Td (A)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.063 0 Td (SOCK_SEQPACKET)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.685 0 Td [(socket )-35(is )-35(just )-35(like )-35(a)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.617 0 Td (SOCK_STREAM)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.885 0 Td [(socket )-35(except )-35(that )-35(we )-35(get )-35(a)]TJ -27.049 -1.2 Td [(message-based )-55(service )-55(instead )-55(of )-55(a )-55(byte-str)18(eam )-55(service.)-555(This )-55(means )-55(that )-55(the )-55(amount )-55(of)]TJ T* [(data )-27(r)18(eceived )-27(fr)18(om )-27(a)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.411 0 Td (SOCK_SEQPACKET)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.678 0 Td [(socket )-27(is )-27(the )-27(same )-27(amount )-27(as )-27(was )-27(written.)-530(The)]TJ -18.088 -1.2 Td [(Str)18(eam )-159(Contr)18(ol )-159(T)90(ransmission )-159(Pr)19(otocol)]TJ 17.646 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (SCTP)Tj 2.451 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.742 -0.04 Td [(pr)18(ovides )-159(a )-159(sequential )-159(packet )-159(service )-159(in)]TJ -21.172 -1.2 Td (the Internet domain.)Tj 1.8 -1.2 Td (A)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.355 0 Td (SOCK_RAW)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.377 0 Td [(socket )-327(pr)18(ovides )-327(a )-327(datagram )-327(interface )-327(dir)18(ectly )-327(to )-327(the )-327(underlying)]TJ -8.533 -1.2 Td [(network )-122(layer )-122(\(which )-122(means )-122(IP )-122(in )-122(the )-122(Internet )-122(domain\).)-625(Applications )-122(ar)]TJ 0.3724 Tc 33.101 0 Td (er)Tj 0 Tc 1.228 0 Td (esponsible)Tj -34.33 -1.2 Td [(for )-14(building )-14(their )-14(own )-14(pr)18(otocol )-14(headers )-14(when )-14(using )-14(this )-14(interface, )-14(because )-14(the )-14(transport)]TJ T* [(pr)18(otocols )-51(\(TCP )-51(and )-51(UDP)]TJ 0.3008 Tc 10.982 0 Td (,f)Tj 0 Tc 0.884 0 Td [(or )-51(example\) )-51(ar)]TJ 0.3008 Tc 6.502 0 Td (eb)Tj 0 Tc 1.333 0 Td [(ypassed. )-301(Super)8(user )-51(privileges )-51(ar)]TJ 0.3009 Tc 14.742 0 Td (er)Tj 0 Tc 1.157 0 Td [(equir)18(ed)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47518 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (606)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Network )-250(IPC: )-250(Sockets)]TJ 38.741 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(16)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 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Td [(When )-243(we )-243(try )-243(to )-243(connect )-243(to )-243(a )-243(server)]TJ 0.4935 Tc 16.997 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 1.069 0 Td [(he )-243(connect )-243(r)18(equest )-243(might )-243(fail )-243(for )-243(several)]TJ -0.018 Tc -19.867 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(asons. )-494(For)]TJ 0.4939 Tc 5.461 0 Td (ac)Tj 0 Tc 1.438 0 Td [(onnect )-244(r)18(equest )-244(to )-244(succeed, )-244(the )-244(machine )-244(to )-244(which )-244(we )-244(ar)]TJ 0.4938 Tc 26.201 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.299 0 Td [(rying )-244(to)]TJ -35.255 -1.2 Td [(connect )-16(must )-16(be )-16(up )-16(and )-16(r)10(unning, )-16(the )-16(server )-16(must )-16(be )-16(bound )-16(to )-16(the )-16(addr)18(ess )-16(we )-16(ar)]TJ 0.2658 Tc 35.55 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.071 0 Td (rying)Tj -36.62 -1.2 Td [(to )-93(contact, )-93(and )-93(ther)]TJ 0.3428 Tc 8.775 0 Td (em)Tj 0 Tc 1.705 0 Td [(ust )-93(be )-93(r)18(oom )-93(in )-93(the )-93(server)-74(\325s )-93(pending )-93(connect )-93(queue )-93(\(we\325ll )-93(learn)]TJ -10.48 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-0.018 Tc (re)Tj 0 Tc 10.36 0 Td (mtp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -19.456 -1.783 Td [(Returns: 0 if slept for r)18(equested time or)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 17.504 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 1583.25 cm 0 0 m 0 456 l 3900 456 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9976 0 0 9.9976 129.5689 144.8142 Tm [(This )-13(function )-13(suspends )-13(the )-13(calling )-13(pr)19(ocess )-13(until )-13(either )-13(the )-13(r)18(equested )-13(time )-13(has )-13(elapsed )-13(or)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(the )-10(function )-10(is )-10(interr)8(upted )-10(by )-10(a )-10(signal.)-509(The)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 19.395 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.76 0 Td (qtp)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.556 0 Td [(parameter )-10(speci\336es )-10(the )-10(amount )-10(of )-10(time)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47524 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (460)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Thr)18(ead )-250(Contr)18(ol )]TJ 38.741 0 Td [(Chapter)-500(12)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 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2.4 -1.189 Td (err_cont\(err, "can\325t unlock lock2 in child handler"\);)Tj -4.8 -1.189 Td (})Tj 0 -1.902 TD (void *)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (thr_fn\(void *arg\))Tj T* ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (printf\("thread started...\\n"\);)Tj T* (pause\(\);)Tj T* (return\(0\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj 0 -1.902 TD (int)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (main\(void\))Tj T* ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td [(int )-4800(err;)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(pid_t )-3600(pid;)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(pthread_t )-1200(tid;)]TJ 0 -1.902 TD (if \(\(err = pthread_atfork\(prepare, parent, child\)\) != 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_exit\(err, "can\325t install fork handlers"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(\(err = pthread_create\(&tid, NULL, thr_fn, 0\)\) != 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_exit\(err, "can\325t create thread"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.902 Td (sleep\(2\);)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (printf\("parent about to fork...\\n"\);)Tj 0 -1.902 TD (if \(\(pid = fork\(\)\) < 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_quit\("fork failed"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td [(else if \(pid == 0\))-1200(/* child */)]TJ 2.4 -1.189 Td (printf\("child returned from fork\\n"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td [(else )-4200(/*)-600(parent */)]TJ 2.4 -1.189 Td (printf\("parent returned from fork\\n"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (exit\(0\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 1540.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 249.974 138.0224 Tm (Figure 12.17)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 6.25 0 Td (pthread_atfork)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 8.65 0 Td (example)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47525 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(1)55(1.5 )]TJ 34.775 0 Td [(Thr)18(ead )-250(T)92(ermination)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 11.058 0 Td (391)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 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[(printf\(" )-600(structure)-600(at 0x%lx\\n", \(unsigned long\)fp\);)]TJ T* [(printf\(" )-600(foo.a)]TJ 0.6 Tc 9.6 0 Td (=%)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (d\\n", fp->a\);)Tj -11.4 -1.189 Td [(printf\(" )-600(foo.b)]TJ 0.6 Tc 9.6 0 Td (=%)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (d\\n", fp->b\);)Tj -11.4 -1.189 Td [(printf\(" )-600(foo.c)]TJ 0.6 Tc 9.6 0 Td (=%)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (d\\n", fp->c\);)Tj -11.4 -1.189 Td [(printf\(" )-600(foo.d)]TJ 0.6 Tc 9.6 0 Td (=%)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (d\\n", fp->d\);)Tj -13.8 -1.189 Td (})Tj 0 -1.783 TD (void *)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (thr_fn1\(void *arg\))Tj 0 -1.189 TD ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td [(struct foo)-1200(foo = {1, 2, 3, 4};)]TJ 0 -1.783 TD (printfoo\("thread 1:\\n", &foo\);)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (pthread_exit\(\(void *\)&foo\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj 0 -1.783 TD (void *)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (thr_fn2\(void *arg\))Tj 0 -1.189 TD ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (printf\("thread 2: ID is %lu\\n", \(unsigned long\)pthread_self\(\)\);)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (pthread_exit\(\(void *\)0\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj 0 -1.783 TD (int)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (main\(void\))Tj 0 -1.189 TD ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td [(int )-4800(err;)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(pthread_t )-1200(tid1,)-600(tid2;)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(struct foo)-1200(*fp;)]TJ 0 -1.783 TD (err = pthread_create\(&tid1, NULL, thr_fn1, NULL\);)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (if \(err != 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_exit\(err, "can\325t create thread 1"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (err = pthread_join\(tid1, \(void *\)&fp\);)Tj T* (if \(err != 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_exit\(err, "can\325t join with thread 1"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (sleep\(1\);)Tj T* (printf\("parent starting second thread\\n"\);)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47526 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(1)55(1.4 )]TJ 36.361 0 Td [(Thr)18(ead )-250(Cr)18(eation)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 9.472 0 Td (387)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 668.9599 Tm (Figur)Tj 0.3199 Tc 2.383 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.244 0 Td [(1.2 )-70(cr)18(eates )-70(one )-70(thr)18(ead )-70(and )-70(prints )-70(the )-70(pr)18(ocess )-70(and )-70(thr)19(ead )-70(IDs )-70(of )-70(the )-70(new )-70(thr)18(ead)]TJ -3.627 -1.2 Td [(and the initial thr)18(ead.)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 6498.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9989 0 0 8.9989 129.5844 640.2222 Tm (#include "apue.h")Tj 0 -1.189 TD (#include )Tj 0 -2.14 TD (pthread_t ntid;)Tj T* (void)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (printids\(const char *s\))Tj T* ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td [(pid_t )-3600(pid;)]TJ T* [(pthread_t )-1200(tid;)]TJ 0 -2.14 TD (pid = getpid\(\);)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (tid = pthread_self\(\);)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (printf\("%s pid %lu tid %lu \(0x%lx\)\\n", s, \(unsigned long\)pid,)Tj 1.2 -1.189 Td (\(unsigned long\)tid, \(unsigned long\)tid\);)Tj -3.6 -1.189 Td (})Tj 0 -2.14 TD (void *)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (thr_fn\(void *arg\))Tj T* ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (printids\("new thread: "\);)Tj T* (return\(\(void *\)0\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj 0 -2.14 TD (int)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (main\(void\))Tj T* ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td [(int )-2400(err;)]TJ 0 -2.14 TD (err = pthread_create\(&ntid, NULL, thr_fn, NULL\);)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (if \(err != 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_exit\(err, "can\325t create thread"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (printids\("main thread:"\);)Tj T* (sleep\(1\);)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (exit\(0\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 2738.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 265.4042 257.7916 Tm [(Figure 1)37(1.2)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 6.25 0 Td [(Printing thr)18(ead IDs)]TJ 9.9982 0 0 9.9982 129.5767 233.7959 Tm [(This )-88(example )-88(has )-88(two )-88(oddities, )-88(which )-88(ar)]TJ 0.338 Tc 18.338 0 Td (en)Tj 0 Tc 1.399 0 Td [(ecessary )-88(to )-88(handle )-88(races )-88(between )-88(the )-88(main)]TJ -19.737 -1.2 Td [(thr)18(ead )-62(and )-62(the )-62(new )-62(thr)19(ead. )-312(\(W)92(e\325ll )-62(learn )-62(better )-62(ways )-62(to )-62(deal )-62(with )-62(these )-62(conditions )-62(later)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(in )-42(this )-42(chapter)73(.\) )-292(The)-293(\336rst )-42(is )-42(the )-42(need )-42(to )-42(sleep )-42(in )-42(the )-42(main )-42(thr)16(ead. )-292(If)-292(it )-42(doesn\325t )-42(sleep, )-42(the)]TJ T* [(main )-139(thr)18(ead )-139(might )-139(exit, )-139(ther)18(eby )-139(terminating )-139(the )-139(entir)]TJ 0.3888 Tc 24.358 0 Td (ep)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.469 0 Td (ro)Tj 0 Tc 0.923 0 Td [(cess )-139(befor)]TJ 0.3889 Tc 4.448 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.194 0 Td [(he )-139(new )-139(thr)18(ead)]TJ -32.391 -1.2 Td [(gets )-178(a )-178(chance )-178(to )-178(r)6(un. )-428(This)-429(behavior )-178(is )-178(dependent )-178(on )-178(the )-178(operating )-178(system\325s )-178(thr)15(eads)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td (implementation and scheduling algorithms.)Tj 1.8 -1.2 Td [(The )-410(second )-410(oddity )-410(is )-410(that )-410(the )-410(new )-410(thr)18(ead )-410(obtains )-410(its )-410(thr)18(ead )-410(ID )-410(by )-410(calling)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.8 -1.2 Td (pthread_self)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.738 0 Td [(instead )-288(of )-288(r)18(eading )-288(it )-288(out )-288(of )-288(shar)18(ed )-288(memory )-288(or )-288(r)18(eceiving )-288(it )-288(as )-288(an)]TJ -7.738 -1.2 Td [(ar)18(gument )-273(to )-273(its )-273(thr)18(ead-start )-273(r)16(outine. )-523(Recall)-524(that)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 23.173 0 Td (pthread_create)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.924 0 Td [(will )-273(r)18(eturn )-273(the)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47527 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (348)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td (Signals )Tj 36.187 0 Td [(Chapter)-3054(10)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 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error"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(sigismember\(&pendmask, SIGQUIT\)\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (printf\("\\nSIGQUIT pending\\n"\);)Tj -2.4 -2.14 Td (/*)Tj 0.6 Tc 0.6 -1.189 Td (*R)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (estore signal mask which unblocks SIGQUIT.)Tj -1.8 -1.189 Td (*/)Tj -0.6 -1.189 Td (if \(sigprocmask\(SIG_SETMASK, &oldmask, NULL\) < 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_sys\("SIG_SETMASK error"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (printf\("SIGQUIT unblocked\\n"\);)Tj 0 -2.14 TD [(sleep\(5\); )-1200(/*)-600(SIGQUIT here will terminate with core file */)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD (exit\(0\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj 0 -2.14 TD (static void)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (sig_quit\(int signo\))Tj T* ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (printf\("caught SIGQUIT\\n"\);)Tj T* (if \(signal\(SIGQUIT, SIG_DFL\) == SIG_ERR\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_sys\("can\325t reset SIGQUIT"\);)Tj -4.8 -1.189 Td (})Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 1719.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 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cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 3916.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 221.0562 375.5504 Tm (Figure 10.7)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.695 0 Td (Simple, incomplete implementation of)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 17.181 0 Td (sleep)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9982 0 0 9.9982 129.5769 351.5547 Tm [(This )-12(function )-12(looks )-12(like 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[(stor)18(e)-286(it)-286(when )-36(we\325r)]TJ 0.2857 Tc 8.071 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.376 0 Td [(one. )-286(W)]TJ 0.2857 Tc 3.301 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.209 0 Td [(an )-36(corr)18(ect )-36(this )-36(by )-36(saving )-36(the )-36(r)18(eturn )-36(value )-36(fr)20(om)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -14.812 -1.2 Td (signal)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td [(and r)18(esetting the disposition befor)]TJ 0.25 Tc 15.141 0 Td (eo)Tj 0 Tc 1.275 0 Td [(ur function r)18(eturns.)]TJ -21.899 -1.84 Td [(3. )-633(Ther)18(e)-319(is)-319(a)-319(r)-1(ace )-69(condition )-69(between )-69(the )-69(\336rst )-69(call )-69(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 23.875 0 Td (alarm)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.319 0 Td [(and )-69(the )-69(call )-69(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.756 0 Td (pause)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj -32.317 -1.2 Td [(On )-54(a )-54(busy )-54(system, )-54(it\325s )-54(possible )-54(for )-54(the )-54(alarm )-54(to )-54(go )-54(of)]TJ 0.3037 Tc 23.68 0 Td (fa)Tj 0 Tc 1.137 0 Td [(nd )-54(the )-54(signal )-54(handler )-54(to)]TJ -24.816 -1.2 Td [(be )-50(called 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l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 129.5922 659.4594 Tm (#include "apue.h")Tj 0 -1.189 TD (#include )Tj 0 -2.021 TD (int)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (main\(void\))Tj T* ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td [(pid_t )-1200(pid;)]TJ 0 -2.021 TD (if \(\(pid = fork\(\)\) < 0\) {)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_sys\("fork error"\);)Tj 0.6 Tc -2.4 -1.189 Td (}e)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td [(lse if \(pid == 0\) {)-3600(/* first child */)]TJ 0.6 -1.189 Td (if \(\(pid = fork\(\)\) < 0\))Tj 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221.8454 280.2144 Tm (Figure 8.8)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.092 Tc 5.195 0 Td (Av)Tj 0 Tc 1.251 0 Td [(oid zombie pr)18(ocesses by calling)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 14.212 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td (twice)Tj -0.092 Tc 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 147.5823 256.2173 Tm [(We )-317(c)]TJ 0 Tc 2.214 0 Td (all)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.465 0 Td (sleep)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.383 0 Td [(in )-133(the )-133(second )-133(child )-133(to )-133(ensur)]TJ 0.3831 Tc 12.818 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.188 0 Td [(hat )-133(the )-133(\336rst )-133(child )-133(terminates )-133(befor)18(e)]TJ -22.869 -1.2 Td [(printing )-18(the )-18(par)18(ent )-18(pr)18(ocess )-18(ID.)-520(After )-18(a)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 17.472 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.2685 Tc (,e)Tj 0 Tc 3.398 0 Td [(ither )-18(the )-18(par)18(ent )-18(or )-18(the )-18(child )-18(can )-18(continue)]TJ -20.869 -1.2 Td [(executing; )-238(we )-238(never )-238(know )-238(which )-238(will )-238(r)18(esume )-238(execution )-238(\336rst.)-738(If )-238(we )-238(didn\325t )-238(put )-238(the)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(second )-91(child )-91(to )-91(sleep, )-91(and )-91(if )-91(it )-91(r)19(esumed )-91(execution )-91(after )-91(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 26.926 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.741 0 Td (befor)Tj 0.3409 Tc 2.288 0 Td (ei)Tj 0 Tc 1.111 0 Td [(ts )-91(par)18(ent, )-91(the)]TJ -33.066 -1.2 Td [(par)18(ent pr)18(ocess ID that it printed would be that of its par)18(ent, not pr)18(ocess ID 1.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(Executing the pr)18(ogram in Figur)]TJ 0.25 Tc 13.909 0 Td (e8)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (.8 gives us)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9989 0 0 8.9989 147.5824 179.5265 Tm ($)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (./a.out)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc -1.2 -1.189 Td ($s)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (econd child, parent pid = 1)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5845 150.8299 Tm [(Note )-184(that )-184(the )-184(shell )-184(prints )-184(its )-184(pr)18(ompt )-184(when )-184(the )-184(original )-184(pr)18(ocess )-184(terminates, )-184(which )-184(is)]TJ T* (befor)Tj 0.25 Tc 2.288 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.055 0 Td [(he second child prints its par)18(ent pr)18(ocess ID.)]TJ ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5141.25 1388.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 50 50 l 0 50 l 0 0 l S Q Q EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47530 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (166)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td (Standar)Tj 0.5 Tc 3.421 0 Td (dI)Tj 0 Tc 1.448 0 Td [(/O )-250(Library)]TJ 34.372 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(5)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 129.5922 670.2598 Tm (int)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (is_linebuffered\(FILE *fp\))Tj T* ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (return\(fp->_flags & __SLBF\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj 0 -2.021 TD (int)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (buffer_size\(FILE *fp\))Tj T* ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (return\(fp->_bf._size\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj 0 -2.021 TD (#elif defined\(_IONBF\))Tj 0 -2.021 TD (#ifdef _LP64)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (#define _flag __pad[4])Tj 0 -1.189 TD (#define _ptr __pad[1])Tj 0 -1.189 TD (#define _base __pad[2])Tj T* (#endif)Tj 0 -2.021 TD (int)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (is_unbuffered\(FILE *fp\))Tj 0 -1.189 TD ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (return\(fp->_flag & _IONBF\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj 0 -2.021 TD (int)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (is_linebuffered\(FILE *fp\))Tj T* ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (return\(fp->_flag & _IOLBF\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj 0 -2.021 TD (int)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (buffer_size\(FILE *fp\))Tj T* ({)Tj T* (#ifdef _LP64)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (return\(fp->_base - fp->_ptr\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (#else)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (return\(BUFSIZ\); /* just a guess */)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (#endif)Tj T* (})Tj 0 -2.021 TD (#else)Tj 0 -2.021 TD (#error unknown stdio implementation!)Tj 0 -2.021 TD (#endif)Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 2022.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 216.0381 186.1667 Tm [(Figure 5.1)37(1)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 5.658 0 Td [(Print buf)18(fering for various standar)]TJ 0.25 Tc 15.223 0 Td (dI)Tj 0 Tc 1.198 0 Td [(/O str)18(eams)]TJ 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5845 157.3701 Tm [(Note )-56(that )-56(we )-56(perform )-56(I/O )-56(on )-56(each )-56(str)18(eam )-56(befor)]TJ 0.3063 Tc 21.451 0 Td (ep)Tj 0 Tc 1.386 0 Td [(rinting )-56(its )-56(buf)18(fering )-56(status, )-56(since )-56(the)]TJ -22.837 -1.2 Td [(\336rst )-23(I/O )-23(operation )-23(usually )-23(causes )-23(the )-23(buf)18(fers )-23(to )-23(be )-23(allocated )-23(for )-23(a )-23(str)14(eam. )-273(The)-274(str)8(uctur)18(e)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(members )-37(and )-37(the )-37(constants )-37(used )-37(in )-37(this )-37(example )-37(ar)]TJ 0.2866 Tc 22.862 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.377 0 Td [(e\336ned )-37(by )-37(the )-37(implementations )-37(of)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47531 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(4.22)]TJ 34.82 0 Td [(Reading )-250(Dir)18(ectories)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 11.013 0 Td (133)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 129.5922 670.2598 Tm [(#define FTW_DNR 3)-4200(/* directory that can\325t be read */)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD (#define FTW_NS)Tj 4.2 Tc 9.6 0 Td (4/)Tj 0.6 Tc 5.4 0 Td (*f)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (ile that we can\325t stat */)Tj -16.8 -1.902 Td [(static char *fullpath;)-3600(/* contains full pathname for every file */)]TJ T* (static size_t pathlen;)Tj 0 -1.902 TD (static int)Tj 16.8 0 Td (/* we return whatever func\(\) returns */)Tj -16.8 -1.189 Td (myftw\(char *pathname, Myfunc *func\))Tj 0 -1.189 TD ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td [(fullpath = path_alloc\(&pathlen\);)-2400(/* malloc PATH_MAX+1 bytes */)]TJ 21.6 -1.189 Td (/* \(Figure 2.16\) */)Tj -21.6 -1.189 Td (if \(pathlen <= strlen\(pathname\)\) {)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (pathlen = strlen\(pathname\) * 2;)Tj T* (if \(\(fullpath = realloc\(fullpath, pathlen\)\) == NULL\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_sys\("realloc failed"\);)Tj -4.8 -1.189 Td (})Tj T* (strcpy\(fullpath, pathname\);)Tj T* (return\(dopath\(func\)\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj 0 -1.902 TD (/*)Tj 0.6 Tc 0.6 -1.189 Td (*D)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (escend through the hierarchy, starting at "fullpath".)Tj -1.8 -1.189 Td [(*)-600(If)-600("fullpath" is anything other than a directory, we lstat\(\) it,)]TJ 0.6 Tc 0 -1.189 TD (*c)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td [(all func\(\), and return.)-1200(For a directory, we call ourself)]TJ 0.6 Tc -1.8 -1.189 Td (*r)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (ecursively for each name in the directory.)Tj -1.8 -1.189 Td (*/)Tj -0.6 -1.189 Td (static int)Tj 16.8 0 Td (/* we return whatever func\(\) returns */)Tj -16.8 -1.189 Td (dopath\(Myfunc* func\))Tj 0 -1.189 TD ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td [(struct stat)-3000(statbuf;)]TJ T* [(struct dirent)-1800(*dirp;)]TJ T* (DIR )Tj 9.6 0 Td (*dp;)Tj -9.6 -1.189 Td (int )Tj 9.6 0 Td [(ret,)-600(n;)]TJ -9.6 -1.902 Td [(if \(lstat\(fullpath, &statbuf\) < 0\))-1200(/* stat error */)]TJ 2.4 -1.189 Td (return\(func\(fullpath, &statbuf, FTW_NS\)\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td [(if \(S_ISDIR\(statbuf.st_mode\) == 0\))-1200(/* not a directory */)]TJ 2.4 -1.189 Td (return\(func\(fullpath, &statbuf, FTW_F\)\);)Tj -2.4 -1.902 Td (/*)Tj 0.6 Tc 0.6 -1.189 Td (*I)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td [(t\325s a directory.)-1200(First call func\(\) for the directory,)]TJ 0.6 Tc -1.8 -1.189 Td (*t)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (hen process each filename in the directory.)Tj -1.8 -1.189 Td (*/)Tj -0.6 -1.189 Td (if \(\(ret = func\(fullpath, &statbuf, FTW_D\)\) != 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (return\(ret\);)Tj 0.6 Tc -2.4 -1.902 Td (n=s)Tj 0 Tc 3 0 Td (trlen\(fullpath\);)Tj -3 -1.189 Td [(if \(n + NAME_MAX + 2 > pathlen\) {)-1800(/* expand path buffer */)]TJ 2.4 -1.189 Td (pathlen *= 2;)Tj T* (if \(\(fullpath = realloc\(fullpath, pathlen\)\) == NULL\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_sys\("realloc failed"\);)Tj -4.8 -1.189 Td (})Tj T* (fullpath[n++] = \325/\325;)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47532 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(4.24)]TJ 34.629 0 Td [(Device )-250(Special )-250(Files)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 11.204 0 Td (139)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 172.7896 670.2598 Tm (if \(S_ISCHR\(buf.st_mode\) || S_ISBLK\(buf.st_mode\)\) {)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (printf\(" \(%s\) rdev = %d/%d",)Tj 4.8 -1.189 Td (\(S_ISCHR\(buf.st_mode\)\) ? "character" : "block",)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (major\(buf.st_rdev\), minor\(buf.st_rdev\)\);)Tj -7.2 -1.189 Td (})Tj 0 -1.189 TD (printf\("\\n"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj 0 -2.259 TD (exit\(0\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 5606.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 239.5792 544.5736 Tm (Figure 4.25)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.695 0 Td (Print)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.448 0 Td (st_dev)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.943 0 Td (st_rdev)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td (values)Tj 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5847 514.5772 Tm [(Running this pr)18(ogram on Linux gives us the following output:)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9989 0 0 8.9989 147.5826 491.88 Tm ($)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (./a.out / /home/sar /dev/tty[01])Tj /TT0 1 Tf -1.2 -1.189 Td (/: dev = 8/3)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (/home/sar: dev = 8/4)Tj T* (/dev/tty0: dev = 0/5 \(character\) rdev = 4/0)Tj T* (/dev/tty1: dev = 0/5 \(character\) rdev = 4/1)Tj 0 -1.189 TD ($)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (mount)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 16.4 0 Td [(which dir)18(ectories ar)]TJ 0.25 Tc 7.889 0 Td (em)Tj 0 Tc 1.417 0 Td (ounted on which devices?)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -26.906 -1.189 Td (/dev/sda3 on / type ext3 \(rw,errors=remount-ro,commit=0\))Tj 0 -1.189 TD (/dev/sda4 on /home type ext3 \(rw,commit=0\))Tj T* ($)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (ls -l /dev/tty[01] /dev/sda[34])Tj /TT0 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3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 668.9599 Tm [(Then the pr)18(ototype becomes)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5911 652.2609 Tm (Sigfunc *signal\(int, Sigfunc *\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.092 Tc 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 634.2619 Tm (We)Tj 0 Tc 1.387 0 Td [(\325ve )-43(included )-43(this)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.737 0 Td (typedef)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.493 0 Td (in)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.166 0 Td (apue.h)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.893 0 Td [(\(Appendix )-43(B\) )-43(and )-43(use )-43(it )-43(with )-43(the )-43(functions )-43(in)]TJ -18.677 -1.2 Td [(this chapter)74(.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(If )-7(we )-7(examine )-7(the )-7(system\325s )-7(header)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 15.481 0 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(,)-257(we)-257(will )-7(pr)18(obably )-7(\336nd )-7(declarations)]TJ -17.281 -1.2 Td (of the form)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5908 581.5651 Tm [(#define SIG_ERR)-1800(\(void \(*\)\(\)\)-1)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(#define SIG_DFL)-1800(\(void \(*\)\(\)\)0)]TJ T* [(#define SIG_IGN)-1800(\(void \(*\)\(\)\)1)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5919 542.1675 Tm [(These )-70(constants )-70(can )-70(be )-70(used )-70(in )-70(place )-70(of )-70(the )-70(\324)41(\324pointer )-69(to )-69(a )-69(function )-69(that )-69(takes )-69(an )-69(integer)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(ar)18(gument )-67(and )-67(r)18(eturns )-67(nothing,\325)]TJ 0.3166 Tc 14.091 0 Td (\325t)Tj 0 Tc 0.921 0 Td [(he )-67(second )-67(ar)18(gument )-67(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.592 0 Td (signal)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.3167 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 4.667 0 Td [(nd )-67(the )-67(r)18(eturn )-67(value)]TJ -30.27 -1.2 Td [(fr)18(om)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 2.423 0 Td (signal)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5337 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 4.997 0 Td [(he )-34(thr)18(ee )-34(values )-34(used )-34(for )-34(these )-34(constants )-34(need )-34(not )-34(be)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 23.474 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1, )-34(0, )-34(and )-34(1.)-532(They)]TJ -30.894 -1.2 Td [(must )-144(be )-144(thr)19(ee )-144(values )-144(that )-144(can )-144(never )-144(be )-144(the )-144(addr)18(ess )-144(of )-144(any )-144(declarable )-144(function.)-642(Most)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td (UNIX systems use the values shown.)Tj /TT2 1 Tf -3.6 -2.4 Td (Example)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.6 -2.16 Td (Figur)Tj 0.3835 Tc 2.383 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.362 0 Td [(0.2 )-133(shows )-133(a )-133(simple )-133(signal )-133(handler )-133(that )-133(catches )-133(either )-133(of )-133(the )-133(two )-133(user)12(-de\336ned)]TJ -3.745 -1.2 Td [(signals )-36(and )-36(prints )-36(the )-36(signal )-36(number)]TJ 0.5364 Tc 16.264 0 Td (.I)Tj 0.2864 Tc 1.123 0 Td (nS)Tj 0 Tc 1.393 0 Td [(ection )-36(10.10, )-36(we )-36(describe )-36(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 12.976 0 Td (pause)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.286 0 Td (function,)Tj -35.043 -1.2 Td [(which simply suspends the calling pr)18(ocess until a signal is r)18(eceived.)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 4174.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9989 0 0 8.9989 129.5844 407.8501 Tm (#include "apue.h")Tj 0 -1.902 TD [(static void sig_usr\(int\);)-1800(/* one handler for both signals */)]TJ T* (int)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (main\(void\))Tj T* ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(signal\(SIGUSR1, sig_usr\) == SIG_ERR\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_sys\("can\325t catch SIGUSR1"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(signal\(SIGUSR2, sig_usr\) == SIG_ERR\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_sys\("can\325t catch SIGUSR2"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (for \( ; ; \))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (pause\(\);)Tj -4.8 -1.189 Td (})Tj 0 -1.902 TD (static void)Tj 0 -1.189 TD [(sig_usr\(int signo\))-3600(/* argument is signal number */)]TJ T* ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(signo == SIGUSR1\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (printf\("received SIGUSR1\\n"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (else if \(signo == SIGUSR2\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (printf\("received SIGUSR2\\n"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (else)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_dump\("received signal %d\\n", signo\);)Tj -4.8 -1.189 Td (})Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 1591.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 215.0253 143.1122 Tm (Figure 10.2)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.695 0 Td [(Simple pr)18(ogram to catch)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.096 0 Td (SIGUSR1)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.943 0 Td (SIGUSR2)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47539 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(10.16)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 33.403 0 Td (sigsuspend)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.5 0 Td (Function)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.93 0 Td (361)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 129.5922 670.2598 Tm (static void)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (sig_int\(int signo\))Tj T* ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (pr_mask\("\\nin sig_int: "\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 6227.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 229.2845 606.6262 Tm (Figure 10.22)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.195 0 Td [(Pr)18(otecting a critical r)18(egion fr)18(om a signal)]TJ 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5846 582.6291 Tm (When)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.989 0 Td (sigsuspend)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 6.346 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(turns, )-96(it )-96(sets )-96(the )-96(signal )-96(mask )-96(to )-96(its )-96(value )-96(befor)]TJ 0.3456 Tc 20.993 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.151 0 Td [(he )-96(call.)-596(In )-96(this)]TJ -32.334 -1.2 Td [(example, )-51(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.989 0 Td (SIGINT)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.901 0 Td [(signal )-51(will )-51(be )-51(blocked, )-51(so )-51(we )-51(r)16(estor)]TJ 0.3013 Tc 15.733 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.106 0 Td [(he )-51(signal )-51(mask )-51(to )-51(the )-51(value)]TJ -26.729 -1.2 Td (that we saved earlier \()Tj /TT0 1 Tf (oldmask)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (\).)Tj 1.8 -1.2 Td [(Running the pr)18(ogram fr)18(om Figur)]TJ 0.25 Tc 14.631 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td [(0.22 pr)18(oduces the following output:)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9989 0 0 8.9989 147.5826 529.9354 Tm ($)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (./a.out)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -1.2 -1.189 Td (program start:)Tj T* (in critical region: SIGINT)Tj /TT1 1 Tf T* (\366C)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 20 0 Td (type the interrupt character)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -20 -1.189 Td (in sig_int: SIGINT SIGUSR1)Tj T* (after return from sigsuspend: SIGINT)Tj T* (program exit:)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.092 Tc 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5847 447.7457 Tm [(We )-288(a)]TJ 0 Tc 2.241 0 Td (dded)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.666 0 Td (SIGUSR1)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.554 0 Td [(to )-104(the )-104(mask )-104(installed )-104(when )-104(we )-104(called)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 17.298 0 Td (sigsuspend)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.354 0 Td [(so )-104(that )-104(when)]TJ -33.112 -1.2 Td [(the )-108(signal )-108(handler )-108(ran, )-108(we )-108(could )-108(tell )-108(that )-108(the )-108(mask )-108(had )-108(actually )-108(changed.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 33.989 0 Td [(We )-292(c)]TJ 0 Tc 2.189 0 Td [(an )-108(see)]TJ -36.178 -1.2 Td (that when)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 4.711 0 Td (sigsuspend)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 6.25 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(turns, it r)18(estor)18(es the signal mask to its value befor)]TJ 0.25 Tc 21.912 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.055 0 Td (he call.)Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5141.25 4238.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 50 50 l 0 50 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /TT2 1 Tf 9.9982 0 0 9.9982 93.5832 393.7281 Tm (Example)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.6 -2.04 Td [(Another )-75(use )-75(of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.048 0 Td (sigsuspend)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.325 0 Td [(is )-75(to )-75(wait )-75(for )-75(a )-75(signal )-75(handler )-75(to )-75(set )-75(a )-75(global )-75(variable.)-575(In)]TJ -13.373 -1.2 Td [(the )-182(pr)18(ogram )-182(shown )-182(in )-182(Figur)]TJ 0.4325 Tc 13.199 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.411 0 Td [(0.23, )-182(we )-182(catch )-182(both )-182(the )-182(interr)8(upt )-182(signal )-182(and )-182(the )-182(quit)]TJ -14.611 -1.2 Td [(signal, but want to wake up the main r)18(outine only when the quit signal is caught.)]TJ ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 3422.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9978 0 0 8.9978 129.5689 332.6182 Tm (#include "apue.h")Tj 0 -1.902 TD [(volatile sig_atomic_t)-1800(quitflag; )-1200(/*)-600(set nonzero by signal handler */)]TJ T* (static void)Tj 0 -1.189 TD [(sig_int\(int signo\))-1200(/* one signal handler for SIGINT and SIGQUIT */)]TJ T* ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(signo == SIGINT\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (printf\("\\ninterrupt\\n"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (else if \(signo == SIGQUIT\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td [(quitflag = 1;)-1800(/* set flag for main loop */)]TJ -4.8 -1.189 Td (})Tj 0 -1.902 TD (int)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (main\(void\))Tj T* ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td [(sigset_t )-1800(newmask,)-600(oldmask, zeromask;)]TJ 0 -1.902 TD (if \(signal\(SIGINT, sig_int\) == SIG_ERR\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_sys\("signal\(SIGINT\) error"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(signal\(SIGQUIT, sig_int\) == SIG_ERR\))Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47540 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (360)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td (Signals )Tj 36.187 0 Td [(Chapter)-3054(10)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 93.5944 668.9599 Tm (Example)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.6 -2.4 Td (Figur)Tj 0.3746 Tc 2.383 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.354 0 Td [(0.22 )-125(shows )-125(the )-125(corr)19(ect )-125(way )-125(to )-125(pr)18(otect )-125(a 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0.3591 Tc 0.877 0 Td (er)Tj 0 Tc 1.215 0 Td [(eplaced )-109(with )-109(calls )-109(to)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 9.696 0 Td (setjmp)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.959 0 Td (and)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 2.052 0 Td (longjmp)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.559 0 Td [(on )-109(Linux )-109(\(or)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 6.082 0 Td (_setjmp)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -34.8 -1.2 Td (and)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.943 0 Td (_longjmp)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.05 0 Td [(on Fr)18(eeBSD\), the \336nal line of output becomes)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 8.9941 0 0 8.9941 147.5031 175.1845 Tm (ending main: SIGUSR1)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9934 0 0 9.9934 129.515 157.1964 Tm [(This )-56(means )-56(that )-56(the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 9.122 0 Td (main)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.706 0 Td [(function )-56(is )-56(executing )-56(with )-56(the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 13.647 0 Td (SIGUSR1)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.506 0 Td [(signal )-56(blocked, )-56(after)]TJ -29.981 -1.2 Td (the call to)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 4.535 0 Td (setjmp)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 4.963 0 Td [(his pr)18(obably isn\325t what we want.)]TJ ET q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5141.25 1453.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 50 50 l 0 50 l 0 0 l S Q Q EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47542 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (356)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td (Signals )Tj 36.187 0 Td [(Chapter)-3054(10)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 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0.0998621 0 0 0.0998621 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1544.25 2678.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.0998621 0 0 0.0998621 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1473.25 2678.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9885 0 0 7.9885 311.5071 253.4747 Tm (session)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -21.235 -2.305 Td (Figure 9.9)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.195 0 Td [(Summary of job contr)18(ol featur)18(es with for)18(egr)18(ound and backgr)18(ound jobs, and terminal driver)]TJ 9.9856 0 0 9.9856 129.4137 208.699 Tm [(gr)18(oup )-174(to )-174(the )-174(actual )-174(terminal.)-673(The )-174(dashed )-174(line )-174(corr)18(esponding )-174(to )-174(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 31.732 0 Td (SIGTTOU)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.624 0 Td (signal)Tj -36.356 -1.2 Td [(means )-6(that )-6(whether )-6(the )-6(output )-6(fr)18(om )-6(a )-6(pr)18(ocess )-6(in )-6(the )-6(backgr)18(ound )-6(pr)18(ocess )-6(gr)18(oup )-6(appears)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD (on the terminal is an option.)Tj 1.8 -1.2 Td [(Is )-271(job )-271(contr)18(ol )-271(necessary )-271(or )-271(desirable?)-768(Job )-270(contr)18(ol )-270(was )-270(originally )-270(designed )-270(and)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(implemented )-58(befor)]TJ 0.3081 Tc 8.501 0 Td (ew)Tj 0 Tc 1.621 0 Td [(indowing )-58(terminals )-58(wer)]TJ 0.3081 Tc 10.77 0 Td (ew)Tj 0 Tc 1.621 0 Td [(idespr)18(ead. )-308(Some)-308(people )-58(claim )-58(that )-58(a)]TJ -22.513 -1.2 Td [(well-designed )-169(windowing )-169(system )-169(r)18(emoves )-169(any )-169(need )-169(for )-169(job )-169(contr)20(ol. )-419(Some)-419(complain)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(that )-23(the )-23(implementation )-23(of )-23(job )-23(contr)17(ol )167(\321 )167(r)17(equiring )-23(support )-23(fr)18(om )-23(the )-23(kernel, )-23(the )-23(terminal)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47545 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (300)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Pr)18(ocess )-250(Relationships)]TJ 39.241 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(9)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 668.9599 Tm [(if )-265(the )-265(host )-265(does.)-765(The )-265(Bourne-again )-265(shell )-265(also )-265(supports )-265(job )-265(contr)15(ol. )-515(W)92(e\325ll )-265(just )-265(talk)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(generically )-142(about )-142(a )-142(shell )-142(that )-142(supports )-142(job )-142(contr)18(ol, )-142(versus )-142(one )-142(that )-142(doesn\325t, )-142(when )-142(the)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(dif)18(fer)18(ence between the various shells doesn\325t matter)74(.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(When )-69(we )-69(start )-69(a )-69(backgr)18(ound )-69(job, )-69(the )-69(shell )-69(assigns )-69(it )-69(a )-69(job )-69(identi\336er )-69(and )-69(prints )-69(one)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(or )-12(mor)18(e)-262(of)-262(t)-1(he )-12(pr)18(ocess )-12(IDs.)-512(The )-12(following )-12(script )-12(shows )-12(how )-12(the )-12(Korn )-12(shell )-12(handles )-12(this:)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5912 604.2637 Tm ($)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (make all > Make.out &)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -1.2 -1.189 Td [([1] )-2400(1475)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD ($)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (pr *.c | lpr &)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -1.2 -1.189 Td [([2] )-2400(1490)]TJ T* ($)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 16 0 Td [(just pr)18(ess RETURN)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -16 -1.189 Td [([2] +)-1200(Done )]TJ 12.6 0 Td [(pr)-600(*.c | lpr &)]TJ -12.6 -1.189 Td [([1] +)-1200(Done )]TJ 12.6 0 Td [(make)-600(all > Make.out &)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5923 522.0687 Tm (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2 0 Td (make)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.726 0 Td [(is )-76(job )-76(number )-76(1 )-76(and )-76(the )-76(starting )-76(pr)18(ocess )-76(ID )-76(is )-76(1475.)-576(The )-76(next )-76(pipeline )-76(is )-76(job)]TJ -4.726 -1.2 Td [(number )-7(2 )-7(and )-7(the )-7(pr)18(ocess )-7(ID )-7(of )-7(the )-7(\336rst )-7(pr)18(ocess )-7(is )-7(1490.)-507(When )-7(the )-7(jobs )-7(ar)]TJ 0.257 Tc 32.526 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.347 0 Td [(one )-7(and )-7(we)]TJ -33.873 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ess RETURN, the shell tells us that the jobs ar)]TJ 0.2502 Tc 21.023 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.173 0 Td [(omplete. )-250(The)]TJ -0.018 Tc 6.279 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(ason we have to pr)17(ess)]TJ -29.331 -1.2 Td [(RETURN )-198(is )-198(to )-198(have )-198(the )-198(shell )-198(print )-198(its )-198(pr)18(ompt. )-448(The)-448(shell )-198(doesn\325t )-198(print )-198(the )-198(changed)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(status )-13(of )-13(backgr)18(ound )-13(jobs )-13(at )-13(any )-13(random )-13(time)]TJ 0.0833 Tc 20.451 0 Td (\321o)Tj 0 Tc 1.629 0 Td [(nly )-13(right )-13(befor)18(e)-263(it)-263(prints )-13(its )-13(pr)18(ompt, )-13(to)]TJ -22.08 -1.2 Td [(let )-125(us )-125(enter )-125(a )-125(new )-125(command )-125(line.)-625(If )-125(the )-125(shell )-125(didn\325t )-125(do )-125(this, )-125(it )-125(could )-125(pr)20(oduce )-125(output)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD (while we wer)Tj 0.25 Tc 5.98 0 Td (ee)Tj 0 Tc 1.208 0 Td (ntering an input line.)Tj -5.388 -1.2 Td [(The )-70(interaction )-70(with )-70(the )-70(terminal )-70(driver )-70(arises )-70(because )-70(a )-70(special )-70(terminal )-70(character)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(af)18(fects )-415(the )-415(for)17(egr)18(ound )-415(job: )-415(the )-415(suspend )-415(key )-415(\(typically )-415(Contr)16(ol)]TJ 30.391 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(Z\). )-665(Entering)-666(this)]TJ -30.724 -1.2 Td [(character )-77(causes )-77(the )-77(terminal )-77(driver )-77(to )-77(send )-77(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 21.781 0 Td (SIGTSTP)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.527 0 Td [(signal )-77(to )-77(all )-77(pr)18(ocesses )-77(in )-77(the)]TJ -26.308 -1.2 Td [(for)18(egr)18(ound )-74(pr)18(ocess )-74(gr)18(oup. )-324(The)-323(jobs )-74(in )-74(any )-74(backgr)18(ound )-74(pr)18(ocess )-74(gr)18(oups )-74(ar)18(en\325t )-74(af)20(fected.)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(The )-195(terminal )-195(driver )-195(looks )-195(for )-195(thr)19(ee )-195(special )-195(characters, )-195(which )-195(generate )-195(signals )-195(to )-195(the)]TJ T* [(for)18(egr)18(ound pr)18(ocess gr)18(oup.)]TJ 0.883 Tc 1.8 -1.92 Td (\245T)Tj 0 Tc 2.102 0 Td [(he interr)8(upt character \(typically DELETE or Contr)18(ol)]TJ 22.954 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td (C\) generates)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 5.762 0 Td (SIGINT)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj 0.883 Tc -31.151 -1.6 Td (\245T)Tj 0 Tc 2.102 0 Td [(he quit character \(typically Contr)18(ol-backslash\) generates)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 25.132 0 Td (SIGQUIT)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj 0.883 Tc -27.234 -1.6 Td (\245T)Tj 0 Tc 2.102 0 Td [(he suspend character \(typically Contr)18(ol)]TJ 17.416 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td (Z\) generates)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 5.72 0 Td (SIGTSTP)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj -27.371 -1.92 Td [(In )-62(Chapter )-62(18, )-62(we\325ll )-62(see )-62(how )-62(we )-62(can )-62(change )-62(these )-62(thr)13(ee )-62(characters )-62(to )-62(be )-62(any )-62(characters)]TJ T* [(we )-169(choose )-169(and )-169(how )-169(we )-169(can )-169(disable )-169(the )-169(terminal )-169(driver)-78(\325s )-170(pr)18(ocessing )-170(of )-170(these )-170(special)]TJ T* (characters.)Tj 1.8 -1.2 Td [(Another )-13(job )-13(contr)18(ol )-13(condition )-13(can )-13(arise )-13(that )-13(must )-13(be )-13(handled )-13(by )-13(the )-13(terminal )-13(driver)73(.)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(Since )-90(we )-90(can )-90(have )-90(a )-90(for)16(egr)18(ound )-90(job )-90(and )-90(one )-90(or )-90(mor)]TJ 0.3406 Tc 23.581 0 Td (eb)Tj 0 Tc 1.373 0 Td [(ackgr)18(ound )-91(jobs, )-91(which )-91(of )-91(these)]TJ -0.018 Tc -24.954 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(ceives )-69(the )-69(characters )-69(that )-69(we )-69(enter )-69(at )-69(the )-69(terminal?)-565(Only )-68(the )-68(for)17(egr)18(ound )-68(job )-68(r)17(eceives)]TJ -0.856 -1.2 Td [(terminal )-62(input.)-562(It )-62(is )-62(not )-62(an )-62(err)18(or )-62(for )-62(a )-62(backgr)22(ound )-62(job )-62(to )-62(try )-62(to )-62(r)18(ead )-62(fr)18(om )-62(the )-62(terminal,)]TJ T* [(but )-134(the )-134(terminal )-134(driver )-134(detects )-134(this )-134(and )-134(sends )-134(a )-134(special )-134(signal )-134(to )-134(the )-134(backgr)18(ound )-134(job:)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf T* (SIGTTIN)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.6457 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 5.709 0 Td [(his )-146(signal )-146(normally )-146(stops )-146(the )-146(backgr)20(ound )-146(job; )-146(by )-146(using )-146(the )-146(shell, )-146(we )-146(ar)19(e)]TJ -5.709 -1.2 Td [(noti\336ed )-57(of )-57(this )-57(event )-57(and )-57(can )-57(bring )-57(the )-57(job )-57(into )-57(the )-57(for)20(egr)18(ound )-57(so )-57(that )-57(it )-57(can )-57(r)18(ead )-57(fr)19(om)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(the terminal.)-500(The following example demonstrates this:)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5911 170.9897 Tm ($)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (cat > temp.foo &)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 14.8 0 Td [(start in backgr)18(ound, but it\325ll r)18(ead fr)18(om standard input)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -16 -1.189 Td [([1] )-2400(1681)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD ($)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 16 0 Td [(we pr)18(ess RETURN)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -16 -1.189 Td [([1] + Stopped \(SIGTTIN\))-3600(cat > temp.foo &)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47546 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(10.3)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 35.803 0 Td (signal)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.1 0 Td (Function)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.93 0 Td (325)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf -0.092 Tc 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5911 668.9599 Tm [(We )-204(i)]TJ 0 Tc 1.948 0 Td [(nvoke )-20(the )-20(pr)18(ogram )-20(in )-20(the )-20(backgr)18(ound )-20(and )-20(use )-20(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 22.573 0 Td (kill)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.4 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (1)Tj 0.5 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.603 -0.04 Td [(command )-20(to )-20(send )-20(it)]TJ -30.157 -1.2 Td [(signals. )-524(Note)-524(that )-274(the )-274(term)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 13.575 0 Td (kill)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.802 0 Td [(in )-274(the )-274(UNIX )-274(System )-274(is )-274(a )-274(misnomer)]TJ 0.7741 Tc 16.835 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.637 0 Td (he)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.585 0 Td (kill)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.4 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (1)Tj 0.5 0.04 Td (\))Tj -38.667 -1.24 Td [(command )-145(and )-145(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.715 0 Td (kill)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.4 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (2)Tj 0.5 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.728 -0.04 Td [(function )-145(just )-145(send )-145(a )-145(signal )-145(to )-145(a )-145(pr)18(ocess )-145(or )-145(pr)18(ocess )-145(gr)14(oup.)]TJ -12.676 -1.2 Td [(Whether )-325(that )-325(signal )-325(terminates )-325(the )-325(pr)18(ocess )-325(depends )-325(on )-325(which )-325(signal )-325(is )-325(sent )-325(and)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(whether the pr)18(ocess has arranged to catch the signal.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5913 604.2637 Tm ($)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (./a.out &)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 18.8 0 Td [(start pr)18(ocess in backgr)18(ound)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -20 -1.189 Td [([1] )-3000(7216)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 20 0 Td [(job-contr)18(ol shell prints job number and pr)18(ocess ID)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -20 -1.189 Td ($)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (kill -USR1 7216)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 18.8 0 Td (send it)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.945 0 Td (SIGUSR1)Tj -22.945 -1.189 Td (received SIGUSR1)Tj 0 -1.189 TD ($)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (kill -USR2 7216)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 18.8 0 Td (send it)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.945 0 Td (SIGUSR2)Tj -22.945 -1.189 Td (received SIGUSR2)Tj T* ($)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (kill 7216)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 18.8 0 Td (now send it)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 4.917 0 Td (SIGTERM)Tj -24.917 -1.189 Td [([1]+ )-600(Terminated)-4800(./a.out)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5927 511.3693 Tm [(When )-49(we )-49(send )-49(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.634 0 Td (SIGTERM)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.499 0 Td [(signal, )-49(the )-49(pr)18(ocess )-49(is )-49(terminated, )-49(since )-49(it )-49(doesn\325t )-49(catch )-49(the)]TJ -13.133 -1.2 Td (signal, and the default action for the signal is termination.)Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5141.25 4994.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 50 50 l 0 50 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /TT2 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 93.5888 475.343 Tm [(Pr)20(ogram Star)-20(t-Up)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 3.6 -2.16 Td [(When )-296(a )-296(pr)18(ogram )-296(is )-296(executed, )-296(the )-296(status )-296(of )-296(all )-296(signals )-296(is )-296(either )-296(default 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failur)18(e)]TJ ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 1961.25 cm 0 0 m 0 478 l 3900 478 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9982 0 0 9.9982 129.5767 181.4273 Tm [(In )-19(the )-19(default )-19(cir)17(cumstances,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 12.998 0 Td (pthread_cancel)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.67 0 Td [(will )-20(cause )-20(the )-20(thr)18(ead )-20(speci\336ed )-20(by)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 15.08 0 Td (tid)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.381 0 Td (to)Tj -38.128 -1.2 Td [(behave )-115(as )-115(if )-115(it )-115(had )-115(called)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.824 0 Td (pthread_exit)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.565 0 Td [(with )-115(an )-115(ar)17(gument )-115(of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.761 0 Td (PTHREAD_CANCELED)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj -29.15 -1.2 Td (However)Tj 0.3296 Tc 4.056 0 Td (,at)Tj 0 Tc 1.735 0 Td [(hr)18(ead )-80(can )-80(elect )-80(to )-80(ignor)20(e)-330(or)-330(o)1(therwise )-80(contr)18(ol )-80(how )-80(it )-80(is )-80(canceled.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 29.785 0 Td [(We )-264(w)]TJ 0 Tc 2.551 0 Td (ill)Tj -38.127 -1.2 Td [(discuss )-80(this )-80(in )-80(detail )-80(in )-80(Section )-80(12.7.)-580(Note )-80(that)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 21.421 0 Td (pthread_cancel)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.73 0 Td [(doesn\325t )-80(wait )-80(for )-80(the)]TJ -30.151 -1.2 Td [(thr)18(ead to terminate; it mer)18(ely makes the r)18(equest.)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47550 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(18.3)]TJ 32.499 0 Td [(Special )-250(Input )-250(Characters)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 13.334 0 Td (681)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 668.9599 Tm [(ERASE2 )-1505(The)-343(alternate )-93(erase )-93(character )-93(\(backspace\).)-595(This )-93(character )-93(is )-93(tr)18(eated )-93(exactly)]TJ 5.448 -1.2 Td (like the erase character)Tj 10.346 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (ERASE)Tj 3.193 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (.)Tj -19.653 -1.96 Td [(INTR )-2749(The)-355(interr)8(upt )-105(character)]TJ 0.6046 Tc 15.812 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.468 0 Td [(his )-105(character )-105(is )-105(r)19(ecognized )-104(on )-104(input )-104(if )-104(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 19.32 0 Td (ISIG)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -31.152 -1.2 Td [(\337ag )-115(is )-115(set )-115(and )-115(generates )-115(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 13.1 0 Td (SIGINT)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.965 0 Td [(signal )-115(that )-115(is )-115(sent )-115(to )-115(all )-115(pr)18(ocesses )-115(in)]TJ -17.065 -1.2 Td [(the )-377(for)18(egr)18(ound )-377(pr)18(ocess )-377(gr)18(oup )-377(\(r)18(efer )-377(to )-377(Figur)]TJ 0.6274 Tc 21.79 0 Td (e9)Tj 0 Tc 1.606 0 Td [(.7\). )-627(This)-628(character )-377(is)]TJ -23.397 -1.2 Td [(discar)18(ded when pr)18(ocessed \(i.e., it is not passed to the pr)18(ocess\).)]TJ -5.448 -1.96 Td [(KILL )-2913(The)-373(kill )-123(character)]TJ 0.6232 Tc 13.288 0 Td (.\()Tj 0 Tc 1.206 0 Td [(The )-123(name )-123(\324)37(\324kill\325)37(\325)-373(is)-373(over)8(used; )-123(r)18(ecall )-123(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 18.025 0 Td (kill)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.773 0 Td (function)Tj -29.845 -1.2 Td [(used )-218(to )-218(send )-218(a )-218(signal )-218(to )-218(a )-218(pr)15(ocess. )-468(This)-469(character )-218(should )-218(be )-218(called )-218(the)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(line-erase )-88(character; )-88(it )-88(has )-88(nothing )-88(to )-88(do )-88(with )-88(signals.\))-588(It )-88(is )-88(r)18(ecognized )-88(on)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(input )-11(in )-11(canonical )-11(mode )-11(\()]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.35 0 Td (ICANON)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(\). )-261(It)-260(erases )-11(the )-11(entir)]TJ 0.2606 Tc 12.281 0 Td (el)Tj 0 Tc 1.031 0 Td [(ine )-10(and )-10(is )-10(discar)17(ded)]TJ -24.662 -1.2 Td [(when pr)18(ocessed \(i.e., it is not passed to the pr)18(ocess\).)]TJ -5.448 -1.96 Td [(LNEXT )-1865(The)-254(literal-next )-4(character)]TJ 0.5036 Tc 16.429 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.367 0 Td [(his )-4(character )-4(is )-4(r)18(ecognized )-4(on )-4(input )-4(in )-4(extended)]TJ -12.348 -1.2 Td [(mode )-43(\()]TJ /TT0 1 Tf (IEXTEN)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.2935 Tc (\)a)Tj 0 Tc 7.872 0 Td [(nd )-43(causes )-43(any )-43(special )-43(meaning )-43(of )-43(the )-43(next )-43(character )-43(to )-43(be)]TJ -7.872 -1.2 Td [(ignor)18(ed. )-304(This)-304(works )-54(for )-54(all )-54(special )-54(characters )-54(listed )-54(in )-54(this )-54(section.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 30.335 0 Td [(We )-238(c)]TJ 0 Tc 2.135 0 Td (an)Tj -32.47 -1.2 Td [(use )-2(this )-2(character )-2(to )-2(type )-2(any )-2(character )-2(to )-2(a )-2(pr)22(ogram. )-252(The)-251(LNEXT )-1(character)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(is )-16(discar)18(ded )-16(when )-16(pr)18(ocessed, )-16(but )-16(the )-16(next )-16(character )-16(enter)18(ed )-16(is )-16(passed )-16(to )-16(the)]TJ T* [(pr)18(ocess.)]TJ -5.448 -1.96 Td [(NL )-3756(The)-281(newline )-31(character)]TJ 0.2807 Tc 15.212 0 Td (,a)Tj 0 Tc 1.031 0 Td [(lso )-31(called )-31(the )-31(line )-31(delimiter)]TJ 0.5306 Tc 12.001 0 Td (.W)Tj 0.2806 Tc 1.689 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.204 0 Td [(annot )-31(change )-31(this)]TJ -25.689 -1.2 Td (character)Tj 0.7539 Tc 3.991 0 Td (.I)Tj 0 Tc 1.341 0 Td [(t)-504(is)-504(r)18(ecognized )-254(on )-254(input )-254(in )-254(canonical )-254(mode )-254(\()]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 21.373 0 Td (ICANON)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(\). )-504(This)]TJ -26.705 -1.2 Td [(character is r)18(eturned to the r)18(eading pr)18(ocess.)]TJ -5.448 -1.96 Td [(QUIT )-2684(The)-287(quit )-37(character)]TJ 0.537 Tc 13.467 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.4 0 Td [(his )-37(character )-37(is )-37(r)18(ecognized )-37(on )-37(input )-37(if )-37(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 18.78 0 Td (ISIG)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.687 0 Td [(\337ag )-37(is)]TJ -30.886 -1.2 Td [(set. )-366(The)-366(quit )-116(character )-116(generates )-116(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 17.05 0 Td (SIGQUIT)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.566 0 Td [(signal, )-116(which )-116(is )-116(sent )-116(to )-116(all)]TJ -21.616 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ocesses )-348(in )-348(the )-348(for)17(egr)18(ound )-348(pr)18(ocess )-348(gr)18(oup )-348(\(r)18(efer )-348(to )-348(Figur)]TJ 0.5983 Tc 27.883 0 Td (e9)Tj 0 Tc 1.577 0 Td [(.7\). )-598(This)]TJ -29.461 -1.2 Td [(character is discar)18(ded when pr)18(ocessed \(i.e., it is not passed to the pr)18(ocess\).)]TJ 0 -1.92 TD [(Recall )-65(fr)18(om )-65(Figur)]TJ 0.315 Tc 7.825 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.294 0 Td [(0.1 )-65(that )-65(the )-65(dif)18(fer)18(ence )-65(between )-65(INTR )-65(and )-65(QUIT )-65(is )-65(that)]TJ -9.119 -1.2 Td [(the )-209(QUIT )-209(character )-209(not )-209(only )-209(terminates )-209(the )-209(pr)20(ocess )-209(by )-209(default, )-209(but )-209(also)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD (generates a)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 5.22 0 Td (core)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td (\336le.)Tj -13.318 -1.96 Td [(REPRINT )-866(The)]TJ -0.018 Tc 7.526 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(print )-154(character)]TJ 0.6544 Tc 6.59 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.517 0 Td [(his )-154(character )-154(is )-154(r)18(ecognized )-154(on )-154(input )-154(in )-154(extended,)]TJ -11.042 -1.2 Td [(canonical )-38(mode )-38(\(both)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.903 0 Td (IEXTEN)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.888 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.981 0 Td (ICANON)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.888 0 Td [(\337ags )-38(set\) )-38(and )-38(causes )-38(all )-38(unr)18(ead)]TJ -19.66 -1.2 Td [(input )-68(to )-68(be )-68(output )-68(\(r)19(eechoed\). )-318(This)-317(character )-68(is )-68(discar)18(ded )-68(when )-68(pr)19(ocessed)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(\(i.e., it is not passed to the pr)18(ocess\).)]TJ -5.448 -1.96 Td [(ST)74(AR)]TJ 2.362 Tc 2.473 0 Td (TT)Tj 0 Tc 3.588 0 Td [(he )-22(start )-22(character)]TJ 0.5223 Tc 7.568 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.385 0 Td [(his )-22(character )-22(is )-22(r)18(ecognized )-22(on )-22(input )-22(if )-22(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 18.662 0 Td (IXON)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.672 0 Td [(\337ag )-22(is)]TJ -30.901 -1.2 Td [(set )-183(and )-183(is )-183(automatically )-183(generated )-183(as )-183(output )-183(if )-183(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 23.935 0 Td (IXOFF)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.433 0 Td [(\337ag )-183(is )-183(set.)-682(A)]TJ -0.018 Tc -27.368 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(ceived )-207(ST)74(AR)]TJ 0.4575 Tc 5.799 0 Td (Tc)Tj 0 Tc 1.514 0 Td [(haracter )-207(with)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.569 0 Td (IXON)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.858 0 Td [(set )-207(causes )-207(stopped )-207(output )-207(\(fr)18(om )-207(a)]TJ -17.596 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(eviously )-277(enter)18(ed )-277(ST)18(OP )-277(character\) )-277(to )-277(r)20(estart. )-527(In)-526(this )-277(case, )-277(the )-277(ST)75(AR)37(T)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(character is discar)18(ded when pr)18(ocessed \(i.e., it is not passed to the pr)18(ocess\).)]TJ 0 -1.92 TD (When)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.041 0 Td (IXOFF)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.398 0 Td [(is )-148(set, )-148(the )-148(terminal )-148(driver )-148(automatically )-148(generates )-148(a )-148(ST)72(AR)37(T)]TJ -6.439 -1.2 Td [(character )-167(to )-167(r)18(esume )-167(input )-167(that )-167(it )-167(had )-167(pr)15(eviously )-168(stopped, )-168(when )-168(the )-168(new)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(input will not over\337ow the input buf)18(fer)74(.)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47551 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(10.1)]TJ 32.9463 Tc 5.388 0 Td (1S)Tj 0 Tc 33.971 0 Td [(ignal )-250(Sets)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 6.474 0 Td (345)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5911 668.9599 Tm [(Using )-28(this )-28(implementation,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 12.399 0 Td (sigaddset)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.678 0 Td [(turns )-28(on )-28(a )-28(single )-28(bit )-28(and)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.114 0 Td (sigdelset)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.678 0 Td (turns)Tj -36.67 -1.2 Td (of)Tj 0.2589 Tc 0.861 0 Td (fas)Tj 0 Tc 1.775 0 Td [(ingle )-9(bit;)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.137 0 Td (sigismember)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.859 0 Td [(tests )-9(a )-9(certain )-9(bit.)-509(Since )-9(no )-9(signal )-9(is )-9(ever )-9(number)18(ed )-9(0, )-9(we)]TJ -13.631 -1.2 Td [(subtract )-85(1 )-85(fr)19(om )-85(the )-85(signal )-85(number )-85(to )-85(obtain )-85(the )-85(bit )-85(to )-85(manipulate.)-583(Figur)]TJ 0.3348 Tc 32.791 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.314 0 Td [(0.12 )-85(shows)]TJ -34.105 -1.2 Td (implementations of these functions.)Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 6210.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9989 0 0 8.9989 129.5844 611.4256 Tm [(#include )-1800()]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(#include )-1800()]TJ 0 -1.902 TD (/*)Tj 0.6 Tc 0.6 -1.189 Td (*<)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (signal.h> usually defines NSIG to include signal number 0.)Tj -1.8 -1.189 Td (*/)Tj -0.6 -1.189 Td [(#define SIGBAD\(signo\))-1800(\(\(signo\) <= 0 || \(signo\) >= NSIG\))]TJ 0 -1.902 TD (int)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (sigaddset\(sigset_t *set, int signo\))Tj 0 -1.189 TD ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(SIGBAD\(signo\)\) {)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (errno = EINVAL;)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (return\(-1\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj T* [(*set |= 1 << \(signo - 1\);)-4200(/* turn bit on */)]TJ T* (return\(0\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj 0 -1.902 TD (int)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (sigdelset\(sigset_t *set, int signo\))Tj T* ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(SIGBAD\(signo\)\) {)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (errno = EINVAL;)Tj T* (return\(-1\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj T* [(*set &= \367\(1 << \(signo - 1\)\);)-2400(/* turn bit off */)]TJ T* (return\(0\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj 0 -1.902 TD (int)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (sigismember\(const sigset_t *set, int signo\))Tj T* ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(SIGBAD\(signo\)\) {)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (errno = EINVAL;)Tj T* (return\(-1\);)Tj 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10.049 0 Td (sigaddset)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 5.9 0 Td (sigdelset)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 6.4 0 Td (nd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.443 0 Td (sigismember)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.092 Tc 9.9982 0 0 9.9982 129.5772 173.5868 Tm [(We )-391(m)]TJ 0 Tc 2.727 0 Td [(ight )-207(be )-207(tempted )-207(to )-207(implement )-207(these )-207(thr)18(ee )-207(functions )-207(as )-207(one-line )-207(macr)14(os )-207(in )-207(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -2.727 -1.2 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.294 0 Td (header)Tj 0.2939 Tc 2.972 0 Td (,b)Tj 0 Tc 1.097 0 Td [(ut )-44(POSIX.1 )-44(r)18(equir)18(es )-44(us )-44(to )-44(check )-44(the )-44(signal )-44(number )-44(ar)19(gument )-44(for)]TJ -10.363 -1.2 Td [(validity )-14(and )-14(to )-14(set)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.281 0 Td (errno)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.264 0 Td [(if )-14(it )-14(is )-14(invalid.)-514(This )-14(is )-14(mor)]TJ 0.2638 Tc 11.601 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.354 0 Td [(if)18(\336cult )-14(to )-14(do )-14(in )-14(a )-14(macr)]TJ 0.2638 Tc 9.8 0 Td (ot)Tj 0 Tc 1.136 0 Td [(han )-14(in 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)-250(525,)-250(949)]TJ -6.585 -1.25 Td [(shar)18(ed)]TJ 1.35 -1.25 Td [(libraries, )-250(206)]TJ 5.952 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (207, 226, 753, 920, 947)Tj -6.535 -1.25 Td (memory)Tj 0.5 Tc 3.631 0 Td (,5)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (34, 571)Tj 3.083 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (578)Tj -9.898 -1.25 Td [(sharing, \336le,)-500(74)]TJ 7.038 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (77, 231)Tj -7.621 -1.25 Td (shell,)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 2.817 0 Td (see)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.417 0 Td (Bourne shell, Bourne-again shell, C shell,)Tj -1.534 -1.25 Td (Debian Almquist shell, Korn shell, TENEX C)Tj T* (shell)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 23.3 66.25 Td (SHELL)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.417 0 Td [(envir)18(onment variable,)-500(21)55(1, 288, 737)]TJ -3.417 -1.25 Td [(shell, job-contr)18(ol, )-250(294,)-250(299, 306)]TJ 13.678 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (307, 325, 358, 377,)Tj -11.562 -1.25 Td (379, 734)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (735)Tj -6.866 -1.25 Td [(shell layers,)-500(299)]TJ T* [(shells, )-250(3)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf T* (S_HIPRI)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(510)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.617 -1.25 Td (shmat)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.417 0 Td [(function, )-250(559,)-250(573)]TJ 8.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (576)Tj -10.69 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(574)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (shmatt_t)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(data type,)-500(572)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -5.217 -1.25 Td (shmctl)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(function, )-250(558,)-250(562, 573)]TJ 10.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (575)Tj -13.29 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(573)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (shmdt)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.417 0 Td [(function, )-250(574)]TJ -2.067 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(574)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (shmget)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(function, )-250(557)]TJ 6.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (558, 572, 575)Tj -9.29 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(572)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (shmid_ds)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e, )-250(572)]TJ 6.302 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (574)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -12.102 -1.25 Td (SHMLBA)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(constant, )-250(574)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.017 -1.25 Td (SHM_LOCK)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(constant, )-250(573)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -5.217 -1.25 Td (SHM_RDONLY)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(574)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -6.417 -1.25 Td (SHM_RND)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(574)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.617 -1.25 Td (SHRT_MAX)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(constant, )-250(37)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -5.217 -1.25 Td (SHRT_MIN)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(constant, )-250(37)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -5.217 -1.25 Td (shutdown)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(function, )-250(331,)-250(592)]TJ 8.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (593, 612)Tj -12.49 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(592)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (SHUT_RD)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(592)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.617 -1.25 Td (SHUT_RDWR)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.817 0 Td [(constant, )-250(592)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -5.817 -1.25 Td (SHUT_WR)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(592)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.617 -1.25 Td (SI_ASYNCIO)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(353)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -6.417 -1.25 Td (S_IFBLK)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(134)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.617 -1.25 Td (S_IFCHR)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(134)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.617 -1.25 Td (S_IFDIR)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(134)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.617 -1.25 Td (S_IFIFO)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(134)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.617 -1.25 Td (S_IFLNK)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(1)55(14, 134)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.617 -1.25 Td (S_IFMT)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(constant, )-250(97)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.017 -1.25 Td (S_IFREG)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(134)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.617 -1.25 Td (S_IFSOCK)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(constant, )-250(134,)-250(634)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -5.217 -1.25 Td (sig2str)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(function, )-250(380)]TJ 6.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (381)Tj -9.89 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(380)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (SIG2STR_MAX)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.017 0 Td [(constant, )-250(380)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -7.017 -1.25 Td (SIGABRT)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(signal, )-250(236,)-250(240)]TJ 6.977 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (241, 275, 313, 317)Tj 7.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (319,)Tj -17.644 -1.25 Td (365)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (367, 381, 924)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -4.867 -1.25 Td (sigaction)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.817 0 Td [(function, )-250(59,)-250(323, 326, 329)]TJ 11.54 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (331, 333,)Tj -15.24 -1.25 Td (335)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (336, 349)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (355, 366, 370, 374, 376, 455,)Tj -6.333 -1.25 Td (468, 476, 478)Tj 5.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (479, 510, 621, 815, 939)Tj -7.516 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(350)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (sigaction)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.817 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e, )-250(350,)-250(354)]TJ 8.302 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (355, 366, 369, 374,)Tj -12.002 -1.25 Td (376, 379, 467, 476, 478, 621, 814)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -2.7 -1.25 Td (sigaddset)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.817 0 Td [(function, )-250(331,)-250(344)]TJ 8.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (345, 348, 360,)Tj -11.74 -1.25 Td (362)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (363, 370, 374, 378, 456, 478)Tj 11.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (479, 701,)Tj -14.333 -1.25 Td (815, 933)Tj -1.35 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(344)]TJ 7.775 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (345)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -9.709 -1.25 Td (SIGALRM)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(signal, )-250(313)]TJ 4.977 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (314, 317, 330)Tj 5.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (332, 338)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (340,)Tj -17.81 -1.25 Td (342)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (343, 347, 354, 356)Tj 7.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (357, 364)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (365,)Tj -14.5 -1.25 Td (373)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (374, 621)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47554 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (134)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Files )-250(and )-250(Dir)18(ectories )]TJ 39.241 0 Td [(Chapter)-500(4)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 151.1909 670.2598 Tm (fullpath[n] = 0;)Tj 0 -1.902 TD [(if \(\(dp = opendir\(fullpath\)\) == NULL\))-1800(/* can\325t read directory */)]TJ 2.4 -1.189 Td (return\(func\(fullpath, &statbuf, FTW_DNR\)\);)Tj -2.4 -1.902 Td (while \(\(dirp = readdir\(dp\)\) != NULL\) {)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td [(if \(strcmp\(dirp->d_name, "."\) == 0)-1200(||)]TJ 2.4 -1.189 Td (strcmp\(dirp->d_name, ".."\) == 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td [(continue; )-3600(/*)-600(ignore dot and dot-dot */)]TJ -4.8 -1.189 Td (strcpy\(&fullpath[n], dirp->d_name\); /* append name after "/" */)Tj 0 -1.189 TD [(if \(\(ret = dopath\(func\)\) != 0\))-3600(/* recursive */)]TJ 2.4 -1.189 Td [(break; )-600(/*)-600(time to leave */)]TJ -4.8 -1.189 Td (})Tj T* [(fullpath[n-1] = 0;)-1200(/* erase everything from slash onward */)]TJ 0 -1.902 TD (if \(closedir\(dp\) < 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_ret\("can\325t close directory %s", fullpath\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (return\(ret\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj T* (static int)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (myfunc\(const char *pathname, const struct stat *statptr, int type\))Tj T* ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (switch \(type\) {)Tj T* (case FTW_F:)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (switch \(statptr->st_mode & S_IFMT\) {)Tj 0 -1.189 TD [(case S_IFREG:)-1800(nreg++; )-2400(break;)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(case S_IFBLK:)-1800(nblk++; )-2400(break;)]TJ T* [(case S_IFCHR:)-1800(nchr++; )-2400(break;)]TJ T* [(case S_IFIFO:)-1800(nfifo++; )-1800(break;)]TJ T* [(case S_IFLNK:)-1800(nslink++; )-1200(break;)]TJ T* [(case S_IFSOCK:)-1200(nsock++; )-1800(break;)]TJ T* [(case S_IFDIR:)-1800(/* directories should have type = FTW_D */)]TJ 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_dump\("for S_IFDIR for %s", pathname\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj 0 -1.189 TD (break;)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (case FTW_D:)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (ndir++;)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (break;)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (case FTW_DNR:)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_ret\("can\325t read directory %s", pathname\);)Tj T* (break;)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (case FTW_NS:)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_ret\("stat error for %s", pathname\);)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (break;)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (default:)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_dump\("unknown type %d for pathname %s", type, pathname\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj 0 -1.189 TD (return\(0\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 1583.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 193.2528 142.3019 Tm (Figure 4.22)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.695 0 Td [(Recursively descend a dir)18(ectory hierar)18(chy)]TJ 0.25 Tc 18.445 0 Td (,c)Tj 0 Tc 0.944 0 Td (ounting \336le types)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47555 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (574)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Interpr)18(ocess )-250(Communication)]TJ 38.741 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(15)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5911 668.9599 Tm [(Once )-5(a )-5(shar)18(ed )-5(memory )-5(segment )-5(has )-5(been )-5(cr)19(eated, )-5(a )-5(pr)18(ocess )-5(attaches )-5(it )-5(to )-5(its )-5(addr)19(ess)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td (space by calling)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 7.262 0 Td (shmat)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5911 640.2616 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.902 TD (void *shmat\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 9.6 0 Td (shmid)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 4.245 0 Td (onst void *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (addr)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 10.233 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (\337ag)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -14.063 -1.902 Td [(Returns: pointer to shar)18(ed memory segment if OK,)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 22.649 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 6015.25 cm 0 0 m 0 478 l 3900 478 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 587.9894 Tm [(The )-23(addr)18(ess )-23(in )-23(the )-23(calling )-23(pr)17(ocess )-23(at )-23(which )-23(the )-23(segment )-23(is )-23(attached )-23(depends )-23(on )-23(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 37.167 0 Td (addr)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -37.167 -1.2 Td [(ar)18(gument and whether the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 12.063 0 Td (SHM_RND)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td (bit is speci\336ed in)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 7.692 0 Td (\337ag)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj 0.883 Tc -22.405 -1.8 Td (\245I)Tj 0 Tc 1.826 0 Td (f)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 0.65 0 Td (addr)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.15 0 Td [(is )-67(0, )-67(the )-67(segment )-67(is )-67(attached )-67(at )-67(the )-67(\336rst )-67(available )-67(addr)18(ess )-67(selected )-67(by )-67(the)]TJ -3.137 -1.2 Td [(kernel. )-250(This)-250(is the r)18(ecommended technique.)]TJ 0.883 Tc -1.489 -1.6 Td (\245I)Tj 0 Tc 1.826 0 Td (f)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 0.677 0 Td (addr)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.178 0 Td [(is )-94(nonzer)]TJ 0.3445 Tc 4.126 0 Td (oa)Tj 0 Tc 1.391 0 Td (nd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.538 0 Td (SHM_RND)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.544 0 Td [(is )-94(not )-94(speci\336ed, )-94(the )-94(segment )-94(is )-94(attached )-94(at )-94(the)]TJ -14.79 -1.2 Td [(addr)18(ess given by)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 7.758 0 Td (addr)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj 0.883 Tc -9.247 -1.6 Td (\245I)Tj 0 Tc 1.826 0 Td (f)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 0.816 0 Td (addr)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.316 0 Td [(is )-233(nonzer)]TJ 0.4828 Tc 4.264 0 Td (oa)Tj 0 Tc 1.529 0 Td (nd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.676 0 Td (SHM_RND)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.683 0 Td [(is )-233(speci\336ed, )-233(the )-233(segment )-233(is )-233(attached )-233(at )-233(the)]TJ -15.62 -1.2 Td [(addr)18(ess )-227(given )-227(by )-227(\()]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 8.773 0 Td (addr)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 2.31 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.026 0 Td (\()Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (addr)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.643 0 Td (modulus)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 4.438 0 Td (SHMLBA)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(\)\). )-477(The)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.394 0 Td (SHM_RND)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.677 0 Td (command)Tj -31.262 -1.2 Td [(stands )-15(for )-15(\324)37(\324r)18(ound.\325)37(\325)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.194 0 Td (SHMLBA)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.865 0 Td [(stands )-15(for )-15(\324)37(\324low )-15(boundary )-15(addr)18(ess )-15(multiple\325)]TJ 0.2653 Tc 19.435 0 Td (\325a)Tj 0 Tc 1.043 0 Td [(nd )-15(is)]TJ -33.538 -1.2 Td [(always )-11(a )-11(power )-11(of )-11(2.)-511(What )-11(the )-11(arithmetic )-11(does )-11(is )-11(r)18(ound )-11(the )-11(addr)18(ess )-11(down )-11(to )-11(the)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD (next multiple of)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 7.297 0 Td (SHMLBA)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj -10.586 -1.8 Td [(Unless )-205(we )-205(plan )-205(to )-205(r)9(un )-205(the )-205(application )-205(on )-205(only )-205(a )-205(single )-205(type )-205(of )-205(har)19(dwar)]TJ 0.4549 Tc 33.83 0 Td (e\()Tj 0 Tc 1.267 0 Td [(which )-205(is)]TJ -35.097 -1.2 Td [(highly )-116(unlikely )-116(today\), )-116(we )-116(should )-116(not )-116(specify )-116(the )-116(addr)18(ess )-116(wher)]TJ 0.3657 Tc 28.957 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.171 0 Td [(he )-116(segment )-116(is )-116(to )-116(be)]TJ -30.128 -1.2 Td [(attached. )-272(Instead,)-272(we )-22(should )-22(specify )-22(an)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 17.988 0 Td (addr)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.105 0 Td [(of )-22(0 )-22(and )-22(let )-22(the )-22(system )-22(choose )-22(the )-22(addr)18(ess.)]TJ -18.293 -1.2 Td [(If )-194(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 2.946 0 Td (SHM_RDONLY)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.444 0 Td [(bit )-194(is )-194(speci\336ed )-194(in)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 8.469 0 Td (\337ag)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.4442 Tc (,t)Tj 0 Tc 2.509 0 Td [(he )-194(segment )-194(is )-194(attached )-194(as )-194(r)17(ead-only)111(.)]TJ -22.168 -1.2 Td [(Otherwise, the segment is attached as r)18(ead\320write.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(The )-30(value )-30(r)18(eturned )-30(by)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.193 0 Td (shmat)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.28 0 Td [(is )-30(the )-30(addr)18(ess )-30(at )-30(which )-30(the )-30(segment )-30(is )-30(attached, )-30(or)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 22.678 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (1)Tj -37.951 -1.2 Td [(if )-181(an )-181(err)18(or )-181(occurr)19(ed. )-431(If)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.121 0 Td (shmat)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.431 0 Td [(succeeds, )-181(the )-181(kernel )-181(will )-181(incr)18(ement )-181(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 18.448 0 Td (shm_nattch)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -33 -1.2 Td (counter in the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 6.385 0 Td (shmid_ds)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.05 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)]TJ 0.25 Tc 3.49 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td [(ssociated with the shar)18(ed memory segment.)]TJ -14.354 -1.2 Td [(When )-15(we\325r)]TJ 0.2652 Tc 4.876 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.355 0 Td [(one )-15(with )-15(a )-15(shar)18(ed )-15(memory )-15(segment, )-15(we )-15(call)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 19.795 0 Td (shmdt)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.265 0 Td [(to )-15(detach )-15(it.)-516(Note)]TJ -31.091 -1.2 Td [(that )-261(this )-261(does )-261(not )-261(r)18(emove )-261(the )-261(identi\336er )-261(and )-261(its )-261(associated )-261(data )-261(str)8(uctur)]TJ 0.511 Tc 33.973 0 Td (ef)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.323 0 Td (ro)Tj 0.511 Tc 0.923 0 Td (mt)Tj 0 Tc 1.72 0 Td (he)Tj -37.939 -1.2 Td [(system. )-669(The)-669(identi\336er )-419(r)18(emains )-419(in )-419(existence )-419(until )-419(some )-419(pr)19(ocess )-419(\(often )-419(a )-419(server\))]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(speci\336cally r)18(emoves it by calling)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 14.61 0 Td (shmctl)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td (with a command of)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.861 0 Td (IPC_RMID)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9989 0 0 8.9989 147.5815 287.3255 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.902 TD (int shmdt\(const void *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (addr)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 26.851 -1.902 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 2486.25 cm 0 0 m 0 477 l 3900 477 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9982 0 0 9.9982 129.5767 235.0777 Tm (The)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 2.157 0 Td (addr)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.316 0 Td [(ar)18(gument )-233(is )-233(the )-233(value )-233(that )-233(was )-233(r)18(eturned )-233(by )-233(a )-233(pr)21(evious )-233(call )-233(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 29.875 0 Td (shmat)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.7326 Tc (.I)Tj 0 Tc 4.32 0 Td (f)Tj -38.667 -1.2 Td (successful,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 4.974 0 Td (shmdt)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.255 0 Td [(will )-5(decr)18(ement )-5(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.518 0 Td (shm_nattch)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.255 0 Td [(counter )-5(in )-5(the )-5(associated)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.199 0 Td (shmid_ds)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -34.2 -1.2 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e.)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf -3.6 -2.64 Td (Example)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.6 -2.16 Td (Wher)Tj 0.3155 Tc 2.438 0 Td (eak)Tj 0 Tc 2.166 0 Td [(ernel )-65(places )-65(shar)17(ed )-65(memory )-65(segments )-65(that )-65(ar)]TJ 0.3154 Tc 20.337 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.294 0 Td [(ttached )-65(with )-65(an )-65(addr)18(ess )-65(of )-65(0)]TJ -26.235 -1.2 Td [(is )-488(highly )-488(system )-488(dependent.)-988(Figur)]TJ 0.7382 Tc 17.251 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.717 0 Td [(5.31 )-488(shows )-488(a )-488(pr)18(ogram )-488(that )-488(prints )-488(some)]TJ -18.968 -1.2 Td (information on wher)Tj 0.25 Tc 9.175 0 Td (eo)Tj 0 Tc 1.275 0 Td (ne particular system places various types of data.)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47556 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(15.9)]TJ 36.454 0 Td [(Shar)18(ed )-250(Memory)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 9.379 0 Td (575)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 6690.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 129.5922 659.4594 Tm (#include "apue.h")Tj 0 -1.189 TD (#include )Tj 0 -2.14 TD [(#define ARRAY_SIZE)-1200(40000)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD (#define MALLOC_SIZE 100000)Tj T* [(#define SHM_SIZE)-2400(100000)]TJ T* [(#define SHM_MODE)-2400(0600 )-1800(/*)-600(user read/write */)]TJ 0 -2.14 TD [(char )-1800(array[ARRAY_SIZE];)-1200(/* uninitialized data = bss */)]TJ 0 -2.14 TD (int)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (main\(void\))Tj T* ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td [(int )-2400(shmid;)]TJ T* [(char )-1800(*ptr,)-600(*shmptr;)]TJ 0 -2.14 TD (printf\("array[] from %p to %p\\n", \(void *\)&array[0],)Tj 1.2 -1.189 Td (\(void *\)&array[ARRAY_SIZE]\);)Tj -1.2 -1.189 Td (printf\("stack around %p\\n", \(void *\)&shmid\);)Tj 0 -2.14 TD (if \(\(ptr = malloc\(MALLOC_SIZE\)\) == NULL\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_sys\("malloc error"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (printf\("malloced from %p to %p\\n", \(void *\)ptr,)Tj 1.2 -1.189 Td (\(void *\)ptr+MALLOC_SIZE\);)Tj -1.2 -2.14 Td (if \(\(shmid = shmget\(IPC_PRIVATE, SHM_SIZE, SHM_MODE\)\) < 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_sys\("shmget error"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(\(shmptr = shmat\(shmid, 0, 0\)\) == \(void *\)-1\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_sys\("shmat error"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (printf\("shared memory attached from %p to %p\\n", \(void *\)shmptr,)Tj 1.2 -1.189 Td (\(void *\)shmptr+SHM_SIZE\);)Tj -1.2 -2.14 Td (if \(shmctl\(shmid, IPC_RMID, 0\) < 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_sys\("shmctl error"\);)Tj -2.4 -2.14 Td (exit\(0\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 2866.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 222.4173 270.5855 Tm (Figure 15.31)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.195 0 Td (Print wher)Tj 0.25 Tc 4.72 0 Td (ev)Tj 0 Tc 1.294 0 Td (arious types of data ar)Tj 0.25 Tc 9.838 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.153 0 Td [(tor)18(ed)]TJ 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5845 246.5884 Tm [(Running )-243(this )-243(pr)18(ogram )-243(on )-243(a )-243(64)]TJ 14.438 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(bit )-243(Intel-based )-243(Linux )-243(system )-243(gives )-243(us )-243(the )-243(following)]TJ -14.771 -1.2 Td (output:)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9989 0 0 8.9989 147.5825 217.8919 Tm ($)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (./a.out)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -1.2 -1.189 Td (array[] from 0x6020c0 to 0x60bd00)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (stack around 0x7fff957b146c)Tj T* (malloced from 0x9e3010 to 0x9fb6b0)Tj T* (shared memory attached from 0x7fba578ab000 to 0x7fba578c36a0)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5846 157.0991 Tm (Figur)Tj 0.4246 Tc 2.383 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.404 0 Td [(5.32 )-175(shows )-175(a )-175(pictur)]TJ 0.4246 Tc 8.976 0 Td (eo)Tj 0.4245 Tc 1.45 0 Td (ft)Tj 0 Tc 1.084 0 Td [(his, )-174(similar )-174(to )-174(what )-174(we )-174(said )-174(was )-174(a )-174(typical )-174(memory)]TJ -15.296 -1.2 Td [(layout )-130(in )-130(Figur)]TJ 0.38 Tc 6.838 0 Td (e7)Tj 0 Tc 1.359 0 Td [(.6. )-380(Note)-380(that )-130(the )-130(shar)18(ed )-130(memory )-130(segment )-130(is )-130(placed )-130(well )-130(below )-130(the)]TJ -8.197 -1.2 Td (stack.)Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5141.25 1331.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 50 50 l 0 50 l 0 0 l S Q Q EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47557 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (570)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Interpr)18(ocess )-250(Communication)]TJ 38.741 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(15)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 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immediately)111(.)]TJ 0 -1.8 TD [(If the semaphor)18(e\325s value is nonzer)18(o, the following conditions apply)111(.)]TJ 0 -1.6 TD [(a. )-633(If)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 2.553 0 Td (IPC_NOWAIT)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.25 0 Td [(is speci\336ed, r)18(eturn is made with an err)18(or of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 19.285 0 Td (EAGAIN)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj -28.088 -1.6 Td [(b. )-580(If)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 2.703 0 Td (IPC_NOWAIT)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.4 0 Td [(is )-150(not )-150(speci\336ed, )-150(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.341 0 Td (semzcnt)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.6 0 Td [(value )-150(for )-150(this )-150(semaphor)]TJ 0.4003 Tc 10.928 0 Td (ei)Tj 0 Tc 1.17 0 Td (s)Tj -33.51 -1.2 Td [(incr)18(emented )-41(\(since )-41(the )-41(caller )-41(is )-41(about )-41(to )-41(go )-41(to )-41(sleep\), )-41(and )-41(the )-41(calling )-41(pr)15(ocess)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td (is suspended until one of the following occurs.)Tj T* [(i. )-1215(The)-535(semaphor)18(e\325s )-285(value )-285(becomes )-285(0.)-785(The )-285(value )-285(of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 25.768 0 Td (semzcnt)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.735 0 Td [(for )-285(this)]TJ -28.496 -1.2 Td [(semaphor)18(e)-250(is)-250(decr)18(emented \(since the calling pr)18(ocess is done waiting\).)]TJ -2.006 -1.6 Td [(ii. )-924(The)-352(semaphor)18(e)-352(is)-352(r)17(emoved )-102(fr)18(om )-102(the )-102(system.)-604(In )-102(this )-102(case, )-102(the )-102(function)]TJ -0.018 Tc 2.006 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(turns an err)18(or of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.483 0 Td (EIDRM)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj -10.345 -1.6 Td [(iii. )-633(A)-257(signal )-7(is )-7(caught )-7(by )-7(the )-7(pr)16(ocess, )-7(and )-7(the )-7(signal )-7(handler )-7(r)16(eturns. )-257(In)-258(this)]TJ 2.006 -1.2 Td (case, the value of)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 7.803 0 Td (semzcnt)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td [(for this semaphor)17(e)-250(is)-250(d)-1(ecr)18(emented \(since the)]TJ -12.253 -1.2 Td [(calling )-93(pr)18(ocess )-93(is )-93(no )-93(longer )-93(waiting\), )-93(and )-93(the )-93(function )-93(r)18(eturns )-93(an )-93(err)15(or)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td (of)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.129 0 Td (EINTR)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj -8.201 -1.8 Td (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.964 0 Td (semop)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.29 0 Td [(function )-40(operates )-40(atomically; )-40(it )-40(does )-40(either )-40(all )-40(the )-40(operations )-40(in )-40(the )-40(array )-40(or)]TJ -5.254 -1.2 Td (none of them.)Tj /TT1 1 Tf -3.6 -3 Td (Semaphore Adjustment on)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 13.002 0 Td (exit)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -9.402 -2.16 Td [(As )-102(we )-102(mentioned )-102(earlier)74(,)-352(it)-352(i)]TJ 0.3521 Tc (sap)Tj -0.018 Tc 15.197 0 Td (ro)Tj 0 Tc 0.923 0 Td [(blem )-102(if )-102(a )-102(pr)18(ocess )-102(terminates )-102(while )-102(it )-102(has )-102(r)17(esour)18(ces)]TJ -16.12 -1.2 Td [(allocated )-381(thr)18(ough )-381(a )-381(semaphor)18(e. )-631(Whenever)-631(we )-381(specify )-381(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 28.869 0 Td (SEM_UNDO)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.431 0 Td [(\337ag )-381(for )-381(a)]TJ -34.3 -1.2 Td (semaphor)Tj 0.2766 Tc 4.392 0 Td (eo)Tj 0 Tc 1.302 0 Td [(peration )-27(and )-27(we )-27(allocate )-27(r)20(esour)18(ces )-27(\(a)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 16.749 0 Td (sem_op)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.877 0 Td [(value )-27(less )-27(than )-27(0\), )-27(the )-27(kernel)]TJ -0.018 Tc -26.319 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(members )-280(how )-280(many )-280(r)18(esour)18(ces )-280(we )-280(allocated )-280(fr)18(om )-280(that )-280(particular )-280(semaphor)]TJ 0.5301 Tc 35.415 0 Td (e\()Tj 0 Tc 1.342 0 Td (the)Tj -37.613 -1.2 Td [(absolute )-433(value )-433(of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.088 0 Td (sem_op)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(\). )-683(When)-683(the )-433(pr)18(ocess )-433(terminates, )-433(either )-433(voluntarily )-433(or)]TJ -9.088 -1.2 Td (involuntarily)Tj 0.4223 Tc 5.708 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 0.998 0 Td [(he )-172(kernel )-172(checks )-172(whether )-172(the )-172(pr)18(ocess )-172(has )-172(any )-172(outstanding )-172(semaphor)15(e)]TJ -6.706 -1.2 Td [(adjustments and, if so, applies the adjustment to the corr)18(esponding semaphor)18(e.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(If )-257(we )-257(set )-257(the )-257(value )-257(of )-257(a )-257(semaphor)]TJ 0.5067 Tc 16.355 0 Td (eu)Tj 0 Tc 1.589 0 Td (sing)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.36 0 Td (semctl)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5067 Tc (,w)Tj 0 Tc 5.191 0 Td [(ith )-257(either )-257(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.658 0 Td (SETVAL)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.107 0 Td (or)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -38.059 -1.2 Td (SETALL)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.878 0 Td [(commands, )-28(the )-28(adjustment )-28(value )-28(for )-28(that )-28(semaphor)20(e)-278(in)-278(a)1(ll )-28(pr)18(ocesses )-27(is )-27(set )-27(to )-27(0.)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf -7.478 -3 Td [(Example )195(\321 )195(Timing)-279(Comparison of Semaphores, Recor)]TJ 0.278 Tc 25.542 0 Td (dL)Tj 0 Tc 1.5 0 Td [(oc)20(king, and Mute)]TJ -0.01 Tc 8.133 0 Td (xe)Tj 0 Tc 1.102 0 Td (s)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -32.677 -2.16 Td [(If )-92(we )-92(ar)]TJ 0.3416 Tc 3.543 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.245 0 Td [(haring )-92(a )-92(single )-92(r)19(esour)18(ce )-92(among )-92(multiple )-92(pr)18(ocesses, )-92(we )-92(can )-92(use )-92(one )-92(of )-92(thr)21(ee)]TJ -4.788 -1.2 Td [(techniques )-57(to )-57(coor)18(dinate )-57(access.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 14.789 0 Td [(We )-241(c)]TJ 0 Tc 2.138 0 Td [(an )-57(use )-57(a )-57(a )-57(semaphor)16(e, )-57(r)18(ecor)]TJ 0.3073 Tc 12.469 0 Td (dl)Tj 0 Tc 1.209 0 Td [(ocking, )-57(or )-57(a )-57(mutex)]TJ -30.605 -1.2 Td [(that )-14(is )-14(mapped )-14(into )-14(the )-14(addr)18(ess )-14(spaces )-14(of )-14(both )-14(pr)19(ocesses. )-264(It\325s)-264(inter)18(esting )-14(to )-14(compar)]TJ 0.264 Tc 36.87 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.069 0 Td (he)Tj -37.939 -1.2 Td [(timing dif)18(fer)18(ences between the thr)18(ee techniques.)]TJ -0.055 Tc 1.8 -1.2 Td (Wi)Tj 0 Tc 1.236 0 Td [(th )-141(a )-141(semaphor)18(e, )-141(we )-141(cr)18(eate )-141(a )-141(semaphor)]TJ 0.3911 Tc 17.686 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.294 0 Td [(et )-141(consisting )-141(of )-141(a )-141(single )-141(member )-141(and)]TJ -22.016 -1.2 Td [(initialize )-157(the )-157(semaphor)18(e\325s )-157(value )-157(to )-157(1.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 17.557 0 Td [(To )-342(a)]TJ 0 Tc 1.975 0 Td [(llocate )-158(the )-158(r)19(esour)18(ce, )-158(we )-158(call)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 13.12 0 Td (semop)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.408 0 Td [(with )-158(a)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -36.059 -1.2 Td (sem_op)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.014 0 Td (of)Tj /TT3 1 Tf 1.293 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1; )-164(to )-164(r)18(elease )-164(the )-164(r)19(esour)18(ce, )-164(we )-164(perform )-164(a)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 19.321 0 Td (sem_op)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.014 0 Td (of)Tj /TT4 1 Tf 1.293 0 Td (+)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1. )-414(W)]TJ 0.4137 Tc 2.871 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.393 0 Td [(lso )-164(specify)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -34.197 -1.2 Td (SEM_UNDO)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.099 0 Td [(with )-49(each )-49(operation, )-49(to )-49(handle )-49(the )-49(case )-49(of )-49(a )-49(pr)14(ocess )-50(that )-50(terminates )-50(without)]TJ -0.018 Tc -5.099 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(leasing its r)18(esour)18(ce.)]TJ -0.055 Tc 0.944 -1.2 Td (Wi)Tj 0 Tc 1.236 0 Td [(th )-33(r)18(ecor)]TJ 0.2831 Tc 3.414 0 Td (dl)Tj 0 Tc 1.185 0 Td [(ocking, )-33(we )-33(cr)18(eate )-33(an )-33(empty )-33(\336le )-33(and )-33(use )-33(the )-33(\336rst )-33(byte )-33(of )-33(the )-33(\336le )-33(\(which)]TJ -7.635 -1.2 Td [(need )-66(not )-66(exist\) )-66(as )-66(the )-66(lock )-66(byte.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 14.745 0 Td [(To )-250(a)]TJ 0 Tc 1.883 0 Td [(llocate )-66(the )-66(r)19(esour)18(ce, )-66(we )-66(obtain )-66(a )-66(write )-66(lock )-66(on )-66(the)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47558 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (56)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3 0 Td [(UNIX )-250(Standar)18(dization )-250(and )-250(Implementations)]TJ 39.741 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(2)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 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(726)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (727, 742, 944)Tj -3.517 -1.25 Td [(pr)18(ocess gr)18(oup ID,)-500(304)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (session)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e, )-250(310)]TJ 6.302 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td [(31)55(1, 318, 464)]TJ -11.502 -1.25 Td (set)Tj 1.35 -1.25 Td (descriptor)Tj 0.5 Tc 4.438 0 Td (,5)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (03, 505, 532, 933)Tj -5.688 -1.25 Td [(signal, )-250(336,)-250(344)]TJ 6.977 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (345, 532, 933)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -8.911 -1.25 Td (SETALL)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(constant, )-250(568,)-250(570)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.017 -1.25 Td (setasync)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(function, de\336nition of,)-500(939)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -5.217 -1.25 Td (setbuf)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(function, )-250(146)]TJ 6.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (147, 150, 171, 175, 247)Tj 9.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (248,)Tj -18.107 -1.25 Td (701, 930)Tj -1.35 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(146)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td 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0 Td [(function, )-250(183)]TJ 6.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (184, 442, 452)Tj -10.49 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(183)]TJ -1.35 -1.25 Td [(set-gr)18(oup-ID, )-250(98)]TJ 7.522 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (99, 102, 107)Tj 5.083 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td [(108, 1)55(10, 129, 140,)]TJ -11.072 -1.25 Td (233, 253, 317, 496, 546, 723)Tj -1.35 -1.25 Td [(saved, )-250(56,)-250(98, 257)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (setgroups)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.817 0 Td [(function, )-250(184)]TJ -4.467 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(184)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (sethostent)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.417 0 Td [(function, )-250(452,)-250(597)]TJ -5.067 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(597)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (sethostname)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.017 0 Td [(function, )-250(189)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -7.017 -1.25 Td (setitimer)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.817 0 Td [(function, )-250(317,)-250(320, 322, 381)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -5.817 -1.25 Td (_setjmp)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(function, )-250(355,)-250(358)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.617 -1.25 Td (setjmp)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(function, )-250(197,)-250(213, 215)]TJ 10.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (219, 225, 340, 343,)Tj -11.94 -1.25 Td (355)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (356, 358, 381, 924)Tj -3.517 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(215)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.417 0 Td (header)Tj 0.5 Tc 2.972 0 Td (,2)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (7)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47562 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(3.14)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 36.903 0 Td (fcntl)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td (Function)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.93 0 Td (85)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 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(descriptor 5.)Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5141.25 5225.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 50 50 l 0 50 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /TT2 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 93.5888 487.7015 Tm (Example)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.6 -2.4 Td [(When )-196(we )-196(modify )-196(either )-196(the )-196(\336le )-196(descriptor )-196(\337ags )-196(or )-196(the )-196(\336le )-196(status )-196(\337ags, )-196(we )-196(must )-196(be)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(car)18(eful )-101(to )-101(fetch )-101(the )-101(existing )-101(\337ag )-101(value, )-101(modify )-101(it )-101(as )-101(desir)18(ed, )-101(and )-101(then )-101(set )-101(the )-101(new )-101(\337ag)]TJ T* [(value. )-295(W)]TJ 0.2947 Tc 4.141 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.218 0 Td [(an\325t )-45(simply )-45(issue )-45(an)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.214 0 Td (F_SETFD)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.495 0 Td [(or )-45(an)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 2.612 0 Td (F_SETFL)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.495 0 Td [(command, )-45(as )-45(this )-45(could )-45(turn)]TJ -26.174 -1.2 Td (of)Tj 0.25 Tc 0.861 0 Td (f\337)Tj 0 Tc 1.191 0 Td (ag bits that 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l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9984 0 0 8.9984 129.5767 385.7895 Tm (#include "apue.h")Tj 0 -1.189 TD (#include )Tj 0 -2.021 TD (void)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (set_fl\(int fd, int flags\) /* flags are file status flags to turn on */\ )Tj T* ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td [(int )-2400(val;)]TJ 0 -2.021 TD (if \(\(val = fcntl\(fd, F_GETFL, 0\)\) < 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_sys\("fcntl F_GETFL error"\);)Tj -2.4 -2.021 Td [(val |= flags;)-4200(/* turn on flags */)]TJ 0 -2.021 TD (if \(fcntl\(fd, F_SETFL, val\) < 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_sys\("fcntl F_SETFL error"\);)Tj -4.8 -1.189 Td (})Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 2334.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 199.0442 217.3458 Tm (Figure 3.12)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.09 Tc 5.695 0 Td (Tu)Tj 0 Tc 1.126 0 Td [(rn on one or mor)18(e)-250(of)-250(the \336le status \337ags for a descriptor)]TJ 9.9976 0 0 9.9976 129.5687 192.1519 Tm (If we change the middle statement to)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9978 0 0 8.9978 147.5644 174.3862 Tm [(val &= \367flags;)-3600(/* turn flags off */)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9976 0 0 9.9976 129.5687 155.3205 Tm [(we )-231(have )-231(a )-231(function )-231(named)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 13.108 0 Td (clr_fl)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.4814 Tc (,w)Tj 0 Tc 5.165 0 Td [(hich )-231(we\325ll )-231(use )-231(in )-231(some )-231(later )-231(examples.)-734(This)]TJ -18.273 -1.2 Td (statement logically ANDs the one\325s complement of)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 22.737 0 Td (flags)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td [(with the curr)18(ent)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.376 0 Td (val)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47563 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(8.10)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 36.579 0 Td (exec)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.9 0 Td (Functions)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.354 0 Td (251)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 668.9599 Tm [(functions, )-20(however)]TJ 0.2704 Tc 8.457 0 Td (,u)Tj 0 Tc 1.123 0 Td [(se )-20(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 2.831 0 Td (environ)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.47 0 Td [(variable )-20(in )-20(the )-20(calling )-20(pr)18(ocess )-20(to )-20(copy )-20(the )-20(existing)]TJ -16.882 -1.2 Td [(envir)18(onment )-31(for )-31(the )-31(new )-31(pr)17(ogram. )-281(\(Recall)-281(our )-31(discussion )-31(of )-31(the )-31(envir)18(onment )-31(strings )-31(in)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(Section )-4(7.9 )-4(and )-4(Figur)]TJ 0.254 Tc 9.281 0 Td (e7)Tj 0 Tc 1.233 0 Td [(.8. )-254(W)]TJ 0.2539 Tc 2.412 0 Td (em)Tj 0 Tc 1.616 0 Td [(entioned )-4(that )-4(if )-4(the )-4(system )-4(supported )-4(such )-4(functions )-4(as)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -14.542 -1.2 Td (setenv)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.95 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.043 0 Td (putenv)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(,)-350(we)-350(could )-100(change )-100(the )-100(curr)18(ent )-100(envir)18(onment )-100(and )-100(the )-100(envir)19(onment)]TJ -5.993 -1.2 Td [(of )-35(any )-35(subsequent )-35(child )-35(pr)19(ocesses, )-35(but )-35(we )-35(couldn\325t )-35(af)18(fect )-35(the )-35(envir)18(onment )-35(of )-35(the )-35(par)22(ent)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(pr)18(ocess.\) )-350(Normally)]TJ 0.3504 Tc 8.66 0 Td (,ap)Tj -0.018 Tc 2.052 0 Td (ro)Tj 0 Tc 0.923 0 Td [(cess )-100(allows )-100(its )-100(envir)18(onment )-100(to )-100(be )-100(pr)16(opagated )-100(to )-100(its )-100(childr)17(en,)]TJ -11.635 -1.2 Td [(but )-135(in )-135(some )-135(cases, )-135(a )-135(pr)18(ocess )-135(wants )-135(to )-135(specify )-135(a )-135(certain )-135(envir)13(onment )-135(for )-135(a )-135(child.)-637(One)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(example )-310(of )-310(the )-310(latter )-310(is )-310(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 13.794 0 Td (login)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.56 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram )-310(when )-310(a )-310(new )-310(login )-310(shell )-310(is )-310(initiated.)]TJ -17.354 -1.2 Td [(Normally)111(,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.753 0 Td (login)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.321 0 Td [(cr)18(eates )-71(a )-71(speci\336c )-71(envir)18(onment )-71(with )-71(only )-71(a )-71(few )-71(variables )-71(de\336ned )-71(and)]TJ -8.073 -1.2 Td [(lets )-21(us, )-21(thr)18(ough )-21(the )-21(shell )-21(start-up )-21(\336le, )-21(add )-21(variables )-21(to )-21(the )-21(envir)17(onment )-21(when )-21(we )-21(log )-21(in.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td (Befor)Tj 0.25 Tc 2.346 0 Td (eu)Tj 0 Tc 1.332 0 Td [(sing ISO C pr)18(ototypes, the ar)18(guments to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 17.981 0 Td (execle)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td (wer)Tj 0.25 Tc 1.69 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.153 0 Td (hown as)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5911 531.1982 Tm (char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (pathname)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 9.344 0 Td (har *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf [(ar)18(g0)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,.)Tj 0 Tc 6.615 0 Td (.., char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf [(ar)18(gn)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,\()Tj 0 Tc 9.671 0 Td (char *\)0, char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (envp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf ([])Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5927 512.1295 Tm [(This )-180(syntax )-180(speci\336cally )-180(shows )-180(that )-180(the )-180(\336nal )-180(ar)15(gument )-180(is )-180(the )-180(addr)18(ess )-180(of )-180(the )-180(array )-180(of)]TJ T* [(character )-79(pointers )-79(to )-79(the )-79(envir)18(onment )-79(strings.)-579(The )-79(ISO )-79(C )-79(pr)18(ototype )-79(doesn\325t )-79(show )-79(this,)]TJ T* [(as )-141(all )-141(the )-141(command)]TJ 9.015 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(line )-141(ar)18(guments, )-141(the )-141(null )-141(pointer)]TJ 0.391 Tc 14.487 0 Td (,a)Tj 0 Tc 1.141 0 Td [(nd )-141(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 3.362 0 Td (envp)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.336 0 Td [(pointer )-141(ar)]TJ 0.391 Tc 4.488 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.294 0 Td (hown)Tj -36.456 -1.2 Td (with the ellipsis notation \()Tj /TT0 1 Tf (...)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (\).)Tj 1.8 -1.2 Td [(The )-9(ar)18(guments )-9(for )-9(these )-9(seven)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 13.793 0 Td (exec)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.659 0 Td [(functions )-9(ar)]TJ 0.2592 Tc 5.267 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.349 0 Td [(if)18(\336cult )-9(to )-9(r)18(emember)]TJ 0.5092 Tc 8.719 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.372 0 Td [(he )-9(letters)]TJ -34.96 -1.2 Td [(in )-185(the )-185(function )-185(names )-185(help )-185(somewhat.)-685(The )-185(letter)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 23.31 0 Td (p)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.035 0 Td [(means )-185(that )-185(the )-185(function )-185(takes )-185(a)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf -24.345 -1.2 Td (\336lename)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.721 0 Td [(ar)18(gument )-109(and )-109(uses )-109(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.751 0 Td (PATH)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.759 0 Td [(envir)18(onment )-109(variable )-109(to )-109(\336nd )-109(the )-109(executable )-109(\336le.)]TJ -17.23 -1.2 Td [(The )-47(letter)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.564 0 Td (l)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.897 0 Td [(means )-47(that )-47(the )-47(function )-47(takes )-47(a )-47(list )-47(of )-47(ar)18(guments )-47(and )-47(is )-47(mutually )-47(exclusive)]TJ -5.461 -1.2 Td [(with )-35(the )-35(letter)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.571 0 Td (v)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.2851 Tc (,w)Tj 0 Tc 1.969 0 Td [(hich )-35(means )-35(that )-35(it )-35(takes )-35(an)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 12.196 0 Td [(ar)18(gv)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf ([])Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.3 0 Td (vector)Tj 0.5351 Tc 2.681 0 Td (.F)Tj 0 Tc 1.341 0 Td (inally)Tj 0.2852 Tc 2.4 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 0.861 0 Td [(he )-35(letter)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.927 0 Td (e)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.885 0 Td (means)Tj -36.132 -1.2 Td [(that )-269(the )-269(function )-269(takes )-269(an)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 12.791 0 Td (envp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf ([])Tj 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Td (log_sys\("serv_accept error: %d", clifd\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (client_add\(clifd, uid\);)Tj 0 -2.14 TD (/* possibly increase the size of the pollfd array */)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (if \(numfd == maxfd\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (pollfd = grow_pollfd\(pollfd, &maxfd\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (pollfd[numfd].fd = clifd;)Tj T* (pollfd[numfd].events = POLLIN;)Tj T* (pollfd[numfd].revents = 0;)Tj T* (numfd++;)Tj T* (log_msg\("new connection: uid %d, fd %d", uid, clifd\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj 0 -2.14 TD (for \(i = 1; i < numfd; i++\) {)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(pollfd[i].revents & POLLHUP\) {)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (goto hungup;)Tj 0.6 Tc -2.4 -1.189 Td (}e)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (lse if \(pollfd[i].revents & POLLIN\) {)Tj 0.6 -1.189 Td (/* read argument buffer from client */)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (if \(\(nread = read\(pollfd[i].fd, buf, MAXLINE\)\) < 0\) {)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (log_sys\("read error on fd %d", pollfd[i].fd\);)Tj 0.6 Tc -2.4 -1.189 Td (}e)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (lse if \(nread == 0\) {)Tj -11.4 -1.189 Td (hungup:)Tj 12 -1.189 Td (/* the client closed the connection */)Tj T* (log_msg\("closed: uid %d, fd %d",)Tj 1.2 -1.189 Td (client[i].uid, pollfd[i].fd\);)Tj -1.2 -1.189 Td (client_del\(pollfd[i].fd\);)Tj T* (close\(pollfd[i].fd\);)Tj T* (if \(i < \(numfd-1\)\) {)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (/* pack the array */)Tj T* (pollfd[i].fd = pollfd[numfd-1].fd;)Tj T* (pollfd[i].events = pollfd[numfd-1].events;)Tj T* (pollfd[i].revents = pollfd[numfd-1].revents;)Tj T* [(i--; )-1800(/*)-600(recheck this entry */)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47566 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(17.6)]TJ 31.183 0 Td [(An )-250(Open )-250(Server)]TJ 0.5 Tc 7.572 0 Td (,V)Tj 0 Tc 1.361 0 Td [(ersion )-250(2)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 5.717 0 Td (665)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 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-1.189 Td [(rset = allset;)-1200(/* rset gets modified each time around */)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD (if \(\(n = select\(maxfd + 1, &rset, NULL, NULL, NULL\)\) < 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (log_sys\("select error"\);)Tj -2.4 -2.14 Td (if \(FD_ISSET\(listenfd, &rset\)\) {)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (/* accept new client request */)Tj T* (if \(\(clifd = serv_accept\(listenfd, &uid\)\) < 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (log_sys\("serv_accept error: %d", clifd\);)Tj 0.6 Tc -2.4 -1.189 Td (i=c)Tj 0 Tc 3 0 Td (lient_add\(clifd, uid\);)Tj -3 -1.189 Td (FD_SET\(clifd, &allset\);)Tj T* (if \(clifd > maxfd\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td [(maxfd = clifd;)-1200(/* max fd for select\(\) */)]TJ -2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(i > maxi\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td [(maxi = i;)-1800(/* max index in client[] array */)]TJ -2.4 -1.189 Td (log_msg\("new connection: uid %d, fd %d", uid, clifd\);)Tj T* (continue;)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj 0 -2.14 TD [(for \(i = 0; i <= maxi; i++\) {)-1800(/* go through client[] array */)]TJ 2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(\(clifd = client[i].fd\) < 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (continue;)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(FD_ISSET\(clifd, &rset\)\) {)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (/* read argument buffer from client */)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (if \(\(nread = read\(clifd, buf, MAXLINE\)\) < 0\) {)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (log_sys\("read error on fd %d", clifd\);)Tj 0.6 Tc -2.4 -1.189 Td (}e)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (lse if \(nread == 0\) {)Tj 0.6 -1.189 Td (log_msg\("closed: uid %d, fd %d",)Tj 1.2 -1.189 Td (client[i].uid, clifd\);)Tj -1.2 -1.189 Td [(client_del\(clifd\); )-600(/*)-600(client has closed cxn */)]TJ T* (FD_CLR\(clifd, &allset\);)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (close\(clifd\);)Tj 0.6 Tc -2.4 -1.189 Td (}e)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td [(lse {)-2400(/* process client\325s request */)]TJ 0.6 -1.189 Td (handle_request\(buf, nread, clifd, client[i].uid\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 2632.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 240.4431 247.1493 Tm (Figure 17.29)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.195 0 Td (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.924 0 Td (loop)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td (function using)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 6.663 0 Td (select)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 147.5826 219.5527 Tm [(This )-121(function )-121(calls)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.681 0 Td (serv_listen)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.971 0 Td (\(Figur)Tj 0.3715 Tc 2.716 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.351 0 Td [(7.8\) )-121(to )-121(cr)17(eate )-121(the )-121(server)-74(\325s )-121(endpoint )-121(for)]TJ -21.52 -1.2 Td [(the )-59(client )-59(connections.)-559(The )-59(r)18(emainder )-59(of )-59(the )-59(function )-59(is )-59(a )-59(loop )-59(that )-59(starts )-59(with )-59(a )-59(call )-59(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0 -1.2 TD (select)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.5 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 4.873 0 Td [(wo conditions can be tr)8(ue after)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 13.909 0 Td (select)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 3.85 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (turns.)Tj -21.688 -1.68 Td [(1. )-633(The)-404(descriptor)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.627 0 Td (listenfd)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.204 0 Td [(can )-154(be )-154(r)18(eady )-154(for )-154(r)17(eading, )-154(which )-154(means )-154(that )-154(a )-154(new)]TJ -12.199 -1.2 Td [(client )-25(has )-25(called)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.361 0 Td (cli_conn)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.5254 Tc (.T)Tj 0.2754 Tc 6.096 0 Td (oh)Tj 0 Tc 1.403 0 Td [(andle )-25(this, )-25(we )-25(call)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.277 0 Td (serv_accept)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.876 0 Td (\(Figur)Tj 0.2755 Tc 2.716 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.254 0 Td (7.9\))Tj -33.984 -1.2 Td [(and )-42(then )-42(update )-42(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.337 0 Td (client)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.892 0 Td [(array )-42(and )-42(associated )-42(bookkeeping )-42(information )-42(for)]TJ -13.229 -1.2 Td [(the )-165(new )-165(client.)-664(\(W)]TJ 0.4147 Tc 8.68 0 Td (ek)Tj 0 Tc 1.45 0 Td [(eep )-165(track )-165(of )-165(the )-165(highest )-165(descriptor )-165(number )-165(for )-165(the )-165(\336rst)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47567 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (664)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Advanced )-250(IPC)]TJ 38.741 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(17)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 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-1.189 TD (main\(int argc, char *argv[]\))Tj T* ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td [(int )-2400(c;)]TJ 0 -2.14 TD (log_open\("open.serv", LOG_PID, LOG_USER\);)Tj 0 -2.14 TD [(opterr = 0;)-3000(/* don\325t want getopt\(\) writing to stderr */)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD (while \(\(c = getopt\(argc, argv, "d"\)\) != EOF\) {)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (switch \(c\) {)Tj T* [(case \325d\325:)-4200(/* debug */)]TJ 2.4 -1.189 Td (debug = log_to_stderr = 1;)Tj T* (break;)Tj -2.4 -2.14 Td (case \325?\325:)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_quit\("unrecognized option: -%c", optopt\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj 0 -2.14 TD (if \(debug == 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (daemonize\("opend"\);)Tj -2.4 -2.14 Td [(loop\(\); )-2400(/*)-600(never returns */)]TJ -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 4108.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 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[(function. )-261(Figur)]TJ 0.2614 Tc 6.851 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.24 0 Td [(7.29 )-11(shows )-11(one )-11(version )-11(that )-11(uses)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 14.681 0 Td (select)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.2613 Tc (;F)Tj 0 Tc 4.667 0 Td (igur)Tj 0.2613 Tc 1.827 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.24 0 Td [(7.30 )-11(shows )-11(another)]TJ -30.507 -1.2 Td (version that uses)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 7.696 0 Td (poll)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 3360.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9984 0 0 8.9984 129.5767 326.4792 Tm [(#include )-1800("opend.h")]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(#include )-1800()]TJ 0 -2.14 TD (void)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (loop\(void\))Tj 0 -1.189 TD ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td [(int )-2400(i,)-600(n, maxfd, maxi, listenfd, clifd, nread;)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(char )-1800(buf[MAXLINE];)]TJ T* [(uid_t )-1200(uid;)]TJ T* [(fd_set )-600(rset,)-600(allset;)]TJ 0 -2.14 TD (FD_ZERO\(&allset\);)Tj T* (/* obtain fd to listen for client requests on */)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (if \(\(listenfd = serv_listen\(CS_OPEN\)\) < 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (log_sys\("serv_listen error"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (FD_SET\(listenfd, &allset\);)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (maxfd = listenfd;)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (maxi = -1;)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47568 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(15.10)]TJ 35.018 0 Td [(POSIX )-250(Semaphor)18(es)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 10.815 0 Td (581)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 668.9599 Tm (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.043 0 Td (sem_unlink)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.369 0 Td [(function )-119(r)18(emoves )-119(the )-119(name )-119(of )-119(the )-119(semaphor)20(e. )-369(If)-368(ther)]TJ 0.3687 Tc 24.312 0 Td (ea)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.348 0 Td [(re )-155(n)]TJ 0.3686 Tc 1.807 0 Td (oo)Tj 0 Tc 1.461 0 Td (pen)Tj -0.018 Tc -37.338 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(fer)18(ences )-169(to )-169(the )-169(semaphor)17(e, )-169(then )-169(it )-169(is )-169(destr)16(oyed. )-419(Otherwise,)-420(destr)8(uction )-169(is )-169(deferr)17(ed)]TJ -0.856 -1.2 Td [(until the last open r)18(efer)18(ence is closed.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(Unlike with XSI semaphor)18(es, we can only adjust the value of a POSIX semaphor)]TJ 0.25 Tc 35.362 0 Td (eb)Tj 0 Tc 1.282 0 Td (y)Tj -38.444 -1.2 Td [(one )-6(with )-6(a )-6(single )-6(function )-6(call.)-507(Decr)18(ementing )-6(the )-6(count )-6(is )-6(analogous )-6(to )-6(locking )-6(a )-6(binary)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(semaphor)18(e)-250(or)-250(acquiring a r)18(esour)18(ce associated with a counting semaphor)18(e.)]TJ 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 183.5888 588.9647 Tm [(Note )-47(that )-47(ther)17(e)-297(is)-297(no)-297(d)-1(istinction )-47(of )-47(semaphor)]TJ 0.2974 Tc 20.069 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.102 0 Td [(ype )-47(with )-47(POSIX )-47(semaphor)17(es. )-297(Whether)-298(we )-47(use)]TJ 0.4923 Tc -21.171 -1.25 Td (ab)Tj 0 Tc 1.545 0 Td [(inary )-242(semaphor)18(e)-492(or)-492(a)-492(c)-1(ounting )-242(semaphor)]TJ 0.4923 Tc 19.419 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.582 0 Td [(epends )-242(on )-242(how )-242(we )-242(initialize )-242(and )-242(use )-242(the)]TJ -22.547 -1.25 Td [(semaphor)18(e. )-410(If)]TJ 0.4101 Tc 6.861 0 Td (as)Tj 0 Tc 1.334 0 Td (emaphor)Tj 0.4101 Tc 3.968 0 Td (eo)Tj 0 Tc 1.435 0 Td [(nly )-160(ever )-160(has )-160(a )-160(value )-160(of )-160(0 )-160(or )-160(1, )-160(then )-160(it )-160(is )-160(a )-160(binary )-160(semaphor)16(e.)]TJ -13.599 -1.25 Td [(When )-18(a )-18(binary )-18(semaphor)]TJ 0.268 Tc 11.216 0 Td (eh)Tj 0 Tc 1.329 0 Td [(as )-18(a )-18(value )-18(of )-18(1, )-18(we )-18(say )-18(that )-18(it )-18(is )-18(\324)37(\324unlocked;\325)]TJ 0.268 Tc 19.152 0 Td (\325w)Tj 0 Tc 1.38 0 Td [(hen )-18(it )-18(has )-18(a )-18(value )-18(of)]TJ -33.077 -1.25 Td [(0, we say that it is \324)37(\324locked.\325)37(\325)]TJ -0.092 Tc 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5907 528.9683 Tm [(To )-482(d)]TJ 0 Tc 2.226 0 Td [(ecr)18(ement )-298(the )-298(value )-298(of )-298(a )-298(semaphor)18(e, )-298(we )-298(can )-298(use )-298(either )-298(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 28.685 0 Td (sem_wait)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.348 0 Td (or)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -38.059 -1.2 Td (sem_trywait)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.85 0 Td (function.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5908 494.2703 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.902 TD (int sem_trywait\(sem_t *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (sem)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -0 -1.902 Td (int sem_wait\(sem_t *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (sem)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 25.251 -1.902 Td [(Both r)18(eturn: 0 if OK,)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 9.213 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 4384.25 cm 0 0 m 0 649 l 3900 649 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf -0.055 Tc 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 424.889 Tm (Wi)Tj 0 Tc 1.236 0 Td [(th )-196(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.188 0 Td (sem_wait)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.246 0 Td [(function, )-196(we )-196(will )-196(block )-196(if )-196(the )-196(semaphor)]TJ 0.4465 Tc 18.449 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.369 0 Td [(ount )-196(is )-196(0.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 5.111 0 Td [(We )-381(w)]TJ 0 Tc 2.668 0 Td (on\325t)Tj -0.018 Tc -37.268 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(turn )-69(until )-69(we )-69(have )-69(successfully )-69(decr)20(emented )-68(the )-68(semaphor)]TJ 0.3185 Tc 26.513 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.241 0 Td [(ount )-68(or )-68(ar)]TJ 0.3185 Tc 4.512 0 Td (ei)Tj 0 Tc 1.089 0 Td [(nterr)8(upted)]TJ -34.211 -1.2 Td (by a signal.)Tj -0.092 Tc 5.503 0 Td [(We )-184(c)]TJ 0 Tc 2.081 0 Td (an use the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 4.725 0 Td (sem_trywait)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.85 0 Td [(function to avoid blocking.)-500(If the semaphor)17(e)]TJ -19.16 -1.2 Td [(count )-73(is )-73(zer)]TJ 0.3232 Tc 5.218 0 Td (ow)Tj 0 Tc 1.703 0 Td [(hen )-73(we )-73(call)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.451 0 Td (sem_trywait)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(,)-323(it)-323(will )-73(r)18(eturn)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 13.228 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.3231 Tc (1w)Tj 0 Tc 2.206 0 Td (ith)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.522 0 Td (errno)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.323 0 Td [(set )-73(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 2.747 0 Td (EAGAIN)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -35.4 -1.2 Td (instead of blocking.)Tj 0.4774 Tc 1.8 -1.2 Td (At)Tj 0 Tc 1.581 0 Td (hir)Tj 0.4774 Tc 1.25 0 Td (da)Tj 0 Tc 1.588 0 Td [(lternative )-227(is )-227(to )-227(block )-227(for )-227(a )-227(bounded )-227(amount )-227(of )-227(time.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 25.542 0 Td [(We )-411(c)]TJ 0 Tc 2.308 0 Td [(an )-227(use )-227(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -34.07 -1.2 Td (sem_timedwait)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.05 0 Td (function for this purpose.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9989 0 0 8.9989 147.5826 336.1997 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.189 TD (#include )Tj 0 -1.902 TD (int sem_timedwait\(sem_t *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 20.4 0 Td (sem)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -9.6 -1.189 Td (const struct timespec *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 19.2 0 Td (tsptr)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -3.149 -1.902 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 2761.25 cm 0 0 m 0 691 l 3900 691 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9982 0 0 9.9982 129.5767 262.5527 Tm (The)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.954 0 Td (tsptr)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.224 0 Td [(ar)18(gument )-30(speci\336es )-30(the )-30(absolute )-30(time )-30(when )-30(we )-30(want )-30(to )-30(give )-30(up )-30(waiting )-30(for )-30(the)]TJ -4.178 -1.2 Td [(semaphor)18(e. )-308(The)-307(timeout )-58(is )-58(based )-58(on )-58(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 18.45 0 Td (CLOCK_REALTIME)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.708 0 Td [(clock )-58(\(r)18(ecall )-58(Figur)]TJ 0.3078 Tc 7.995 0 Td (e6)Tj 0 Tc 1.287 0 Td [(.8\). )-308(If)]TJ -36.439 -1.2 Td [(the )-79(semaphor)]TJ 0.3288 Tc 6.108 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.252 0 Td [(an )-79(be )-79(decr)18(emented )-79(immediately)]TJ 0.3288 Tc 14.329 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 0.905 0 Td [(hen )-79(the )-79(value )-79(of )-79(the )-79(timeout )-79(doesn\325t)]TJ -22.594 -1.2 Td [(matter )167(\321 )167(even)-324(though )-74(it )-74(might )-74(specify )-74(some )-74(time )-74(in )-74(the )-74(past, )-74(the )-74(attempt )-74(to )-74(decr)20(ement)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(the )-14(semaphor)]TJ 0.2636 Tc 6.043 0 Td (ew)Tj 0 Tc 1.577 0 Td [(ill )-14(still )-14(succeed.)-513(If )-13(the )-13(timeout )-13(expir)18(es )-13(without )-13(being )-13(able )-13(to )-13(decr)14(ement)]TJ -7.619 -1.2 Td [(the )-438(semaphor)]TJ 0.6881 Tc 6.467 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.611 0 Td [(ount, )-438(then)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.652 0 Td (sem_timedwait)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.488 0 Td [(will )-438(r)18(eturn)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 5.845 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.6882 Tc (1w)Tj 0 Tc 2.571 0 Td (ith)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.887 0 Td (errno)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.688 0 Td [(set )-438(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -36.211 -1.2 Td (ETIMEDOUT)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj -0.092 Tc 1.8 -1.2 Td [(To )-358(i)]TJ 0 Tc 1.782 0 Td [(ncr)18(ement )-174(the )-174(value )-174(of )-174(a )-174(semaphor)18(e, )-174(we )-174(call )-174(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 22.515 0 Td (sem_post)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.224 0 Td [(function. )-424(This)-423(is)]TJ -31.321 -1.2 Td [(analogous )-138(to )-138(unlocking )-138(a )-138(binary )-138(semaphor)19(e)-388(or)-388(r)18(eleasing )-138(a )-138(r)18(esour)18(ce )-138(associated )-138(with )-138(a)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(counting semaphor)18(e.)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47569 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (582)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Interpr)18(ocess )-250(Communication)]TJ 38.741 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(15)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5911 658.2605 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.902 TD (int sem_post\(sem_t *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (sem)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 26.851 -1.902 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 6195.25 cm 0 0 m 0 478 l 3900 478 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 147.5823 605.9873 Tm [(If )-125(a )-125(pr)18(ocess )-125(is )-125(blocked )-125(in )-125(a )-125(call )-125(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 15.804 0 Td (sem_wait)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.175 0 Td (\(or)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.649 0 Td (sem_timedwait)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.3747 Tc (\)w)Tj 0 Tc 9.342 0 Td [(hen )-125(we )-125(call)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -33.769 -1.2 Td (sem_post)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.771 Tc (,t)Tj 0 Tc 6.147 0 Td [(he )-521(pr)18(ocess )-521(is )-521(awakened )-521(and )-521(the )-521(semaphor)]TJ 0.771 Tc 21.71 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.694 0 Td [(ount )-521(that )-521(was )-521(just)]TJ -29.551 -1.2 Td [(incr)18(emented by)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.142 0 Td (sem_post)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.05 0 Td [(is decr)18(emented by)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.324 0 Td (sem_wait)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.05 0 Td (\(or)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.524 0 Td (sem_timedwait)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (\).)Tj -25.29 -1.2 Td [(When )-54(we )-54(want )-54(to )-54(use )-54(POSIX )-54(semaphor)18(es )-54(within )-54(a )-54(single )-54(pr)19(ocess, )-54(it )-54(is )-54(easier )-54(to )-54(use)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(unnamed )-470(semaphor)18(es. )-720(This)-720(only )-470(changes )-470(the )-470(way )-470(we )-470(cr)18(eate )-470(and )-470(destr)19(oy )-470(the)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(semaphor)18(e. )-250(T)]TJ 0.25 Tc 6.142 0 Td (oc)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.24 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(ate an unnamed semaphor)18(e, we call the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 17.724 0 Td (sem_init)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.05 0 Td (function.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9989 0 0 8.9989 147.5826 529.2965 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.902 TD (int sem_init\(sem_t *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (sem)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 15.356 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td [(pshar)18(ed)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,u)Tj 0 Tc 4.893 0 Td (nsigned int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 7.2 0 Td (value)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -2.398 -1.902 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 4906.25 cm 0 0 m 0 477 l 3900 477 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9982 0 0 9.9982 129.5767 477.0341 Tm (The)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 2.31 0 Td [(pshar)18(ed)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 3.729 0 Td [(ar)18(gument )-386(indicates )-386(if )-386(we )-386(plan )-386(to )-386(use )-386(the )-386(semaphor)]TJ 0.6361 Tc 25.412 0 Td (ew)Tj 0 Tc 1.949 0 Td [(ith )-386(multiple)]TJ -33.4 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ocesses. )-365(If)-365(so, )-115(we )-115(set )-115(it )-115(to )-115(a )-115(nonzer)]TJ 0.3652 Tc 17.107 0 Td (ov)Tj 0 Tc 1.476 0 Td [(alue. )-365(The)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 4.777 0 Td (value)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.532 0 Td [(ar)18(gument )-115(speci\336es )-115(the )-115(initial)]TJ -25.892 -1.2 Td [(value of the semaphor)18(e.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(Instead )-131(of )-131(r)18(eturning )-131(a )-131(pointer )-131(to )-131(the )-131(semaphor)]TJ 0.3814 Tc 21.37 0 Td (el)Tj 0 Tc 1.151 0 Td (ike)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.707 0 Td (sem_open)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.181 0 Td [(does, )-131(we )-131(need )-131(to)]TJ -31.21 -1.2 Td (declar)Tj 0.2907 Tc 2.702 0 Td (eav)Tj 0 Tc 2.125 0 Td [(ariable )-41(of )-41(type)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.722 0 Td (sem_t)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.291 0 Td [(and )-41(pass )-41(its )-41(addr)18(ess )-41(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.435 0 Td (sem_init)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.091 0 Td [(for )-41(initialization.)-541(If)]TJ -30.366 -1.2 Td [(we )-99(plan )-99(to )-99(use )-99(the )-99(semaphor)]TJ 0.3489 Tc 13.189 0 Td (eb)Tj 0 Tc 1.381 0 Td [(etween )-99(two )-99(pr)18(ocesses, )-99(we )-99(need )-99(to )-99(ensur)]TJ 0.3489 Tc 18.227 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.154 0 Td [(hat )-99(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 3.493 0 Td (sem)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -37.444 -1.2 Td [(ar)18(gument points into the memory extent that is shar)18(ed between the pr)18(ocesses.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(When )-57(we )-57(ar)]TJ 0.3072 Tc 5.447 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.397 0 Td [(one )-57(using )-57(the )-57(unnamed )-57(semaphor)18(e, )-57(we )-57(can )-57(discar)17(d)-307(it)-307(b)]TJ 0.3073 Tc (yc)Tj 0 Tc 26.15 0 Td [(alling )-57(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -34.795 -1.2 Td (sem_destroy)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.85 0 Td (function.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9984 0 0 8.9984 147.5731 364.3544 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.902 TD (int sem_destroy\(sem_t *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (sem)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 26.851 -1.902 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 3257.25 cm 0 0 m 0 477 l 3900 477 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9976 0 0 9.9976 129.5689 312.1051 Tm [(After )-203(calling)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.173 0 Td (sem_destroy)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(,)-453(we)-453(c)-1(an\325t )-203(use )-203(any )-203(of )-203(the )-203(semaphor)]TJ 0.4533 Tc 23.268 0 Td (ef)Tj 0 Tc 1.265 0 Td [(unctions )-203(with)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 6.738 0 Td (sem)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -37.444 -1.2 Td [(unless we r)18(einitialize it by calling)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 14.995 0 Td (sem_init)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.05 0 Td (again.)Tj -18.245 -1.2 Td [(One )-20(other )-20(function )-20(is )-20(available )-20(to )-20(allow )-20(us )-20(to )-20(r)18(etrieve )-20(the )-20(value )-20(of )-20(a )-20(semaphor)21(e. )-270(W)92(e)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td (call the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.413 0 Td (sem_getvalue)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.45 0 Td (function for this purpose.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9978 0 0 8.9978 147.5649 259.4177 Tm (#include )Tj T* (int sem_getvalue\(sem_t *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 19.8 0 Td (sem)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 3.356 0 Td (nt *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 7.8 0 Td (valp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -4.105 -1.902 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 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)-426(for)]TJ -25.89 -1.2 Td (debugging.)Tj 7.9976 0 0 7.9976 183.5444 139.1982 Tm (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.924 0 Td (sem_getvalue)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.45 0 Td (function is not supported by Mac OS X 10.6.8.)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47570 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (580)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Interpr)18(ocess )-250(Communication)]TJ 38.741 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(15)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 668.9599 Tm [(cr)18(eation )-151(mask )-151(\(Sections )-151(4.5 )-151(and )-151(4.8\).)-653(Note, )-151(however)]TJ 0.4015 Tc 23.932 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 0.977 0 Td [(hat )-151(only )-151(r)18(ead )-151(and )-151(write )-151(access)]TJ -24.91 -1.2 Td (matter)Tj 0.3007 Tc 2.835 0 Td (,b)Tj 0 Tc 1.104 0 Td [(ut )-51(the )-51(interfaces )-51(don\325t )-51(allow )-51(us )-51(to 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/T1_1 1 Tf -37.067 -1.2 Td [(ar)18(gument )-194(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.066 0 Td (O_CREAT|O_EXCL)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.6942 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 9.957 0 Td [(his )-194(will )-194(cause)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.787 0 Td (sem_open)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.244 0 Td [(to )-194(fail )-194(if )-194(the )-194(semaphor)17(e)]TJ -28.054 -1.2 Td [(alr)18(eady exists.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 1.8 -1.2 Td [(To )-528(p)]TJ -0.018 Tc 2.262 0 Td (ro)Tj 0 Tc 0.923 0 Td [(mote )-344(portability)111(,)-594(we)-594(m)1(ust )-344(follow )-344(certain )-344(conventions )-344(when )-344(selecting )-344(a)]TJ -4.985 -1.2 Td (semaphor)Tj 0.25 Tc 4.392 0 Td (en)Tj 0 Tc 1.311 0 Td (ame.)Tj 0.883 Tc -3.903 -1.8 Td (\245T)Tj 0 Tc 2.102 0 Td [(he )-220(\336rst )-220(character )-220(in )-220(the )-220(name )-220(should )-220(be )-220(a )-220(slash )-220(\(/\).)-724(Although )-220(ther)18(e)-470(is)-470(n)-1(o)]TJ -0.018 Tc -0.613 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(quir)18(ement )-77(that )-77(an )-77(implementation )-77(of )-77(POSIX )-77(semaphor)18(es )-77(uses )-77(the )-77(\336le )-77(system,)]TJ -0.856 -1.2 Td [(if )-127(the )-127(\336le )-127(system)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 7.988 0 Td (is)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.044 0 Td [(used, )-127(we )-127(want )-127(to )-127(r)16(emove )-128(any )-128(ambiguity )-128(as )-128(to )-128(the )-128(starting)]TJ -9.032 -1.2 Td [(point fr)18(om which the name is interpr)18(eted.)]TJ 0.883 Tc -1.489 -1.6 Td (\245T)Tj 0 Tc 2.102 0 Td [(he )-254(name )-254(should )-254(contain )-254(no )-254(other )-254(slashes )-254(to )-254(avoid )-254(implementation-de\336ned)]TJ -0.613 -1.2 Td (behavior)Tj 0.8141 Tc 3.837 0 Td (.F)Tj 0 Tc 1.62 0 Td [(or )-314(example, )-314(if )-314(the )-314(\336le )-314(system )-314(is )-314(used, )-314(the )-314(names)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 24.397 0 Td (/mysem)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.164 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -34.018 -1.2 Td (//mysem)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.772 0 Td [(would )-322(evaluate )-322(to )-322(the )-322(same )-322(\336lename, )-322(but )-322(if )-322(the )-322(implementation)]TJ -4.772 -1.2 Td [(doesn\325t )-15(use )-15(the )-15(\336le )-15(system, )-15(the )-15(two )-15(names )-15(could )-15(be )-15(tr)17(eated )-15(as )-15(dif)18(fer)18(ent )-15(\(consider)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(what )-55(would )-55(happen )-55(if )-55(the )-55(implementation )-55(hashed )-55(the )-55(name )-55(to )-55(an )-55(integer )-55(value)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(used to identify the semaphor)18(e\).)]TJ 0.883 Tc -1.489 -1.6 Td (\245T)Tj 0 Tc 2.102 0 Td [(he )-126(maximum )-126(length )-126(of )-126(the )-126(semaphor)]TJ 0.3765 Tc 16.977 0 Td (en)Tj 0 Tc 1.437 0 Td [(ame )-126(is )-126(implementation )-126(de\336ned.)-628(The)]TJ -19.027 -1.2 Td [(name )-272(should )-272(be )-272(no )-272(longer )-272(than)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 15.63 0 Td (_POSIX_NAME_MAX)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.521 0 Td (\(Figur)Tj 0.5215 Tc 2.716 0 Td (e2)Tj 0 Tc 1.501 0 Td [(.8\) )-271(characters,)]TJ -29.367 -1.2 Td [(because )-4(this )-4(is )-4(the )-4(minimum )-4(acceptable )-4(limit )-4(to )-4(the )-4(maximum )-4(name )-4(length )-4(if )-4(the)]TJ T* (implementation does use the \336le system.)Tj -1.489 -1.8 Td (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.134 0 Td (sem_open)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.26 0 Td [(function )-210(r)18(eturns )-210(a )-210(semaphor)]TJ 0.46 Tc 13.165 0 Td (ep)Tj 0 Tc 1.54 0 Td [(ointer )-210(that )-210(we )-210(can )-210(pass )-210(to )-210(other)]TJ -23.899 -1.2 Td (semaphor)Tj 0.3347 Tc 4.392 0 Td (ef)Tj 0 Tc 1.147 0 Td [(unctions )-85(when )-85(we )-85(want )-85(to )-85(operate )-85(on )-85(the )-85(semaphor)20(e. )-335(When)-335(we )-85(ar)]TJ 0.3348 Tc 30.43 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.425 0 Td (one)Tj -37.393 -1.2 Td [(with )-242(the )-242(semaphor)18(e, )-242(we )-242(can )-242(call )-242(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 17.74 0 Td (sem_close)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.892 0 Td [(function )-242(to )-242(r)18(elease )-242(any )-242(r)17(esour)18(ces)]TJ -23.632 -1.2 Td [(associated with the semaphor)18(e.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5924 308.2815 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.902 TD (int sem_close\(sem_t *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (sem)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 26.851 -1.902 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 2695.25 cm 0 0 m 0 478 l 3900 478 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 147.5823 256.0293 Tm [(If )-8(our )-8(pr)18(ocess )-8(exits )-8(without )-8(having )-8(\336rst )-8(called)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 20.561 0 Td (sem_close)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.2582 Tc (,t)Tj 0 Tc 6.234 0 Td [(he )-8(kernel )-8(will )-8(close )-8(any)]TJ -28.595 -1.2 Td [(open )-24(semaphor)18(es )-24(automatically)]TJ 0.5242 Tc 13.997 0 Td (.N)Tj 0 Tc 1.605 0 Td [(ote )-24(that )-24(this )-24(doesn\325t )-24(af)17(fect )-24(the )-24(state )-24(of )-24(the )-24(semaphor)18(e)]TJ -15.603 -1.2 Td [(value )167(\321 )167(if)-485(we )-234(have )-234(incr)18(emented )-234(its )-234(value, )-234(this )-234(doesn\325t )-234(change )-234(just )-234(because )-234(we )-234(exit.)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(Similarly)111(,)-564(if)-564(we)-564(call)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.881 0 Td (sem_close)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5641 Tc (,t)Tj 0 Tc 6.54 0 Td [(he )-314(semaphor)]TJ 0.5641 Tc 6.017 0 Td (ev)Tj 0 Tc 1.608 0 Td [(alue )-314(is )-314(unaf)18(fected. )-564(Ther)18(e)-564(is)-564(no)]TJ -24.047 -1.2 Td (mechanism equivalent to the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 13.003 0 Td (SEM_UNDO)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.05 0 Td [(\337ag found with XSI semaphor)18(es.)]TJ -0.092 Tc -16.253 -1.2 Td [(To )-184(d)]TJ 0 Tc 1.928 0 Td [(estr)18(oy a named semaphor)18(e, we can use the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 19.116 0 Td (sem_unlink)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.25 0 Td (function.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9989 0 0 8.9989 147.5826 179.3385 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.902 TD (int sem_unlink\(const char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (name)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 26.851 -1.902 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 1406.25 cm 0 0 m 0 477 l 3900 477 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47571 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(15.8)]TJ 38.437 0 Td [(Semaphor)18(es)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 7.396 0 Td (569)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 136.7918 664.2601 Tm (struct sembuf {)Tj 1.2 -1.189 Td [(unsigned short)-1200(sem_num; )-600(/*)-600(member # in set \(0, 1, ..., nsems-1\) */)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD (short )Tj 9.6 0 Td [(sem_op;)-1800(/* operation \(negative, 0, or positive\) */)]TJ -9.6 -1.189 Td (short )Tj 9.6 0 Td [(sem_flg;)-1200(/* IPC_NOWAIT, SEM_UNDO */)]TJ -10.8 -1.189 Td (};)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 602.394 Tm (The)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.924 0 Td (nops)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.139 0 Td [(ar)18(gument speci\336es the number of operations \(elements\) in the array)111(.)]TJ -2.263 -1.2 Td [(The )-41(operation )-41(on )-41(each )-41(member )-41(of )-41(the )-41(set )-41(is )-41(speci\336ed )-41(by )-41(the )-41(corr)19(esponding)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 33.601 0 Td (sem_op)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -35.401 -1.2 Td [(value. )-303(This)-302(value )-53(can )-53(be )-53(negative, )-53(0, )-53(or )-53(positive.)-553(\(In )-53(the )-53(following )-53(discussion, )-53(we )-53(r)20(efer)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(to )-87(the )-87(\324)36(\324undo\325)]TJ 0.3374 Tc 6.036 0 Td (\325\337)Tj 0 Tc 1.223 0 Td [(ag )-87(for )-87(a )-87(semaphor)17(e. )-337(This)-338(\337ag )-87(corr)18(esponds )-87(to )-87(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 22.499 0 Td (SEM_UNDO)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.137 0 Td [(bit )-87(in )-87(the)]TJ -34.896 -1.2 Td [(corr)18(esponding)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.684 0 Td (sem_flg)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td [(member)74(.\))]TJ -9.334 -1.8 Td [(1. )-633(The)-512(easiest )-262(case )-262(is )-262(when)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 13.831 0 Td (sem_op)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.112 0 Td [(is )-262(positive.)-763(This )-262(case )-262(corr)18(esponds )-262(to )-262(the)]TJ -0.018 Tc -16.31 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(turning )-187(of )-187(r)19(esour)18(ces )-187(by )-187(the )-187(pr)19(ocess. )-437(The)-436(value )-187(of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 23.579 0 Td (sem_op)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.037 0 Td [(is )-187(added )-187(to )-187(the)]TJ -28.471 -1.2 Td [(semaphor)18(e\325s )-18(value.)-518(If )-18(the )-18(undo )-18(\337ag )-18(is )-18(speci\336ed,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 21.618 0 Td (sem_op)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.868 0 Td [(is )-18(also )-18(subtracted )-18(fr)17(om)]TJ -25.487 -1.2 Td [(the semaphor)18(e\325s adjustment value for this pr)18(ocess.)]TJ -1.633 -1.6 Td [(2. )-633(If)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 2.586 0 Td (sem_op)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.883 0 Td [(is )-33(negative, )-33(we )-33(want )-33(to )-33(obtain )-33(r)17(esour)18(ces )-33(that )-33(the )-33(semaphor)]TJ 0.2831 Tc 26.182 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.206 0 Td [(ontr)18(ols.)]TJ -32.225 -1.8 Td [(If )-289(the )-289(semaphor)18(e\325s )-289(value )-289(is )-289(gr)18(eater )-289(than )-289(or )-289(equal )-289(to )-289(the )-289(absolute )-289(value )-289(of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf T* (sem_op)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.853 0 Td [(\(the )-3(r)18(esour)18(ces )-3(ar)]TJ 0.253 Tc 7.256 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.232 0 Td [(vailable\), )-3(the )-3(absolute )-3(value )-3(of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 13.744 0 Td (sem_op)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.853 0 Td [(is )-3(subtracted)]TJ -29.938 -1.2 Td [(fr)18(om )-94(the )-94(semaphor)18(e\325s )-94(value.)-594(This )-94(guarantees )-94(the )-94(r)18(esulting )-94(semaphor)]TJ 0.3436 Tc 31.248 0 Td (ev)Tj 0 Tc 1.388 0 Td [(alue )-94(is)]TJ -32.635 -1.2 Td [(gr)18(eater )-139(than )-139(or )-139(equal )-139(to )-139(0.)-638(If )-139(the )-139(undo )-139(\337ag )-139(is )-139(speci\336ed, )-139(the )-139(absolute )-139(value )-139(of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf T* (sem_op)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td [(is also added to the semaphor)18(e\325s adjustment value for this pr)18(ocess.)]TJ -3.85 -1.8 Td [(If )-2(the )-2(semaphor)18(e\325s )-2(value )-2(is )-2(less )-2(than )-2(the )-2(absolute )-2(value )-2(of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 25.59 0 Td (sem_op)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.852 0 Td [(\(the )-2(r)18(esour)18(ces)]TJ -29.442 -1.2 Td (ar)Tj 0.25 Tc 0.877 0 Td (en)Tj 0 Tc 1.311 0 Td [(ot available\), the following conditions apply)111(.)]TJ -2.188 -1.6 Td [(a. )-633(If)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 2.553 0 Td (IPC_NOWAIT)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.25 0 Td (is speci\336ed,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 5.399 0 Td (semop)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 3.25 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(turns with an err)18(or of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.766 0 Td (EAGAIN)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj -28.074 -1.6 Td [(b. )-580(If)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 2.703 0 Td (IPC_NOWAIT)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.4 0 Td [(is )-150(not )-150(speci\336ed, )-150(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.341 0 Td (semncnt)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.6 0 Td [(value )-150(for )-150(this )-150(semaphor)]TJ 0.4002 Tc 10.928 0 Td (ei)Tj 0 Tc 1.17 0 Td (s)Tj -33.51 -1.2 Td [(incr)18(emented )-41(\(since )-41(the )-41(caller )-41(is )-41(about )-41(to )-41(go )-41(to )-41(sleep\), )-41(and )-41(the )-41(calling )-41(pr)15(ocess)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td (is suspended until one of the following occurs.)Tj 0 -1.6 TD [(i. )-1215(The)-398(semaphor)18(e\325s )-148(value )-148(becomes )-148(gr)18(eater )-148(than )-148(or )-148(equal )-148(to )-148(the )-148(absolute)]TJ 2.006 -1.2 Td [(value )-49(of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.915 0 Td (sem_op)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.899 0 Td [(\(i.e., )-49(some )-49(other )-49(pr)18(ocess )-49(has )-49(r)18(eleased )-49(some )-49(r)19(esour)18(ces\).)]TJ -7.814 -1.2 Td [(The )-206(value )-206(of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.36 0 Td (semncnt)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.656 0 Td [(for )-206(this )-206(semaphor)17(e)-456(is)-456(d)-1(ecr)18(emented )-206(\(since )-206(the)]TJ -11.017 -1.2 Td [(calling )-145(pr)18(ocess )-145(is )-145(done )-145(waiting\), )-145(and )-145(the )-145(absolute )-145(value )-145(of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 27.218 0 Td (sem_op)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.995 0 Td (is)Tj -31.213 -1.2 Td [(subtracted )-12(fr)18(om )-12(the )-12(semaphor)18(e\325s )-12(value.)-512(If )-12(the )-12(undo )-12(\337ag )-12(is )-12(speci\336ed, )-12(the)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(absolute )-70(value )-70(of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.999 0 Td (sem_op)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.92 0 Td [(is )-70(also )-70(added )-70(to )-70(the )-70(semaphor)18(e\325s )-70(adjustment)]TJ -11.919 -1.2 Td [(value for this pr)18(ocess.)]TJ -2.006 -1.6 Td [(ii. )-924(The)-352(semaphor)18(e)-352(is)-352(r)17(emoved )-102(fr)18(om )-102(the )-102(system.)-604(In )-102(this )-102(case, )-102(the )-102(function)]TJ -0.018 Tc 2.006 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(turns an err)18(or of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.483 0 Td (EIDRM)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj -10.345 -1.6 Td [(iii. )-633(A)-257(signal )-7(is )-7(caught )-7(by )-7(the )-7(pr)16(ocess, )-7(and )-7(the )-7(signal )-7(handler )-7(r)16(eturns. )-257(In)-258(this)]TJ 2.006 -1.2 Td (case, the value of)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 7.803 0 Td (semncnt)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td [(for this semaphor)17(e)-250(is)-250(d)-1(ecr)18(emented \(since the)]TJ -12.253 -1.2 Td [(calling )-93(pr)18(ocess )-93(is )-93(no )-93(longer )-93(waiting\), )-93(and )-93(the )-93(function )-93(r)18(eturns )-93(an )-93(err)15(or)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td (of)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.129 0 Td (EINTR)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj -6.401 -1.6 Td [(3. )-633(If)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 2.803 0 Td (sem_op)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.1 0 Td [(is )-250(0, )-250(this )-250(means )-250(that )-250(the )-250(calling )-250(pr)17(ocess )-250(wants )-250(to )-250(wait )-250(until )-250(the)]TJ -5.27 -1.2 Td [(semaphor)18(e\325s value becomes 0.)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47572 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (982)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td (Index)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 129.5922 670.9597 Tm (SA_RESETHAND)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(351,)-250(354)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -7.617 -1.25 Td (SA_RESTART)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(329,)-250(351, 354, 508)]TJ 12.063 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (509)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -19.063 -1.25 Td (SA_SIGINFO)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(336,)-250(350)]TJ 8.063 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (353, 376, 512)Tj -15.063 -1.25 Td (saved)Tj 1.35 -1.25 Td [(set-gr)18(oup-ID, )-250(56,)-250(98, 257)]TJ 0 -1.25 Td [(set-user)18(-ID, )-250(56,)-250(98, 256)]TJ 10.222 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (260, 288, 337)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -12.156 -1.25 Td (S_BANDURG)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.817 0 Td [(constant, )-250(510)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -5.817 -1.25 Td (sbrk)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.817 0 Td [(function, )-250(21)]TJ 5.54 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (23, 208, 221)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -8.94 -1.25 Td (_SC_AIO_MAX)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.017 0 Td [(constant, )-250(516)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -7.017 -1.25 Td (_SC_AIO_PRIO_DELTA_MAX)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 13.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(516)]TJ -13.617 -1.25 Td [(scaling, fr)18(equency)]TJ 0.5 Tc 7.89 0 Td (,7)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (85)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -9.14 -1.25 Td (scan_configfile)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.417 0 Td [(function, )-250(803)]TJ 6.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (804)Tj -14.69 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(803)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (scandir)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(function, )-250(452)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.617 -1.25 Td (scanf)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.417 0 Td [(function, )-250(150,)-250(162)]TJ 8.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (163, 452)Tj -10.69 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(162)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (_SC_ARG_MAX)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.017 0 Td [(constant, )-250(43,)-250(47)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -7.017 -1.25 Td (_SC_ASYNCHRONOUS_IO)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 11.817 0 Td [(constant, )-250(57)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -11.817 -1.25 Td (_SC_ATEXIT_MAX)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 8.817 0 Td [(constant, )-250(43)]TJ -8.817 -1.25 Td [(scatter r)18(ead, )-250(521,)-250(644)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0 -1.25 TD (_SC_BARRIERS)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(57)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -7.617 -1.25 Td (_SC_CHILD_MAX)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 8.217 0 Td [(constant, )-250(43,)-250(221)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -8.217 -1.25 Td (_SC_CLK_TCK)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.017 0 Td [(constant, )-250(42)]TJ 5.563 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (43, 280)Tj 3.083 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (281)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -16.83 -1.25 Td (_SC_CLOCK_SELECTION)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 11.817 0 Td [(constant, )-250(57)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -11.817 -1.25 Td (_SC_COLL_WEIGHTS_MAX)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 12.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(43)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -12.417 -1.25 Td (_SC_DELAYTIMER_MAX)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 11.217 0 Td [(constant, )-250(43)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -11.217 -1.25 Td (SCHAR_MAX)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.817 0 Td [(constant, )-250(37)]TJ 5.563 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (38)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -11.963 -1.25 Td (SCHAR_MIN)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.817 0 Td [(constant, )-250(37)]TJ 5.563 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (38)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -11.963 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.817 0 Td (header)Tj 0.5 Tc 2.972 0 Td (,2)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (9)Tj -10.039 -1.25 Td [(scheduling, pr)18(ocess, )-250(276)]TJ 10.991 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (280)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -11.575 -1.25 Td (_SC_HOST_NAME_MAX)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 10.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(43,)-250(616, 618, 623,)]TJ -7.917 -1.25 Td (815)Tj -2.7 -1.25 Td [(Schwartz, A.,)-500(181, 250, 298, 949)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf T* (_SC_IO_LISTIO_MAX)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 10.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(516)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -10.617 -1.25 Td (_SC_IOV_MAX)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.017 0 Td [(constant, )-250(43)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -7.017 -1.25 Td (_SC_JOB_CONTROL)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(54,)-250(57)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -9.417 -1.25 Td (_SC_LINE_MAX)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(43)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -7.617 -1.25 Td (_SC_LOGIN_NAME_MAX)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 11.217 0 Td [(constant, )-250(43)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -11.217 -1.25 Td (_SC_MAPPED_FILES)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 10.017 0 Td [(constant, )-250(57)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -10.017 -1.25 Td (SCM_CREDENTIALS)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(649)]TJ 6.063 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (652)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -16.063 -1.25 Td (SCM_CREDS)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.817 0 Td [(constant, )-250(649)]TJ 6.063 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (650, 652)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -12.463 -1.25 Td (SCM_CREDTYPE)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(650,)-250(652)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -7.617 -1.25 Td (_SC_MEMORY_PROTECTION)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 13.017 0 Td [(constant, )-250(57)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -13.017 -1.25 Td (SCM_RIGHTS)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(645)]TJ 6.063 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (646, 650, 652)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -13.063 -1.25 Td (_SC_NGROUPS_MAX)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(43)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -9.417 -1.25 Td (_SC_NZERO)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.817 0 Td [(function, )-250(276)]TJ -5.817 -1.25 Td [(SCO \(Santa Cr)8(uz Operation\),)-500(35)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf T* (_SC_OPEN_MAX)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(43,)-250(52, 221, 907)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -7.617 -1.25 Td (_SC_PAGESIZE)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(43,)-250(527)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -7.617 -1.25 Td (_SC_PAGE_SIZE)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 8.217 0 Td [(constant, )-250(43,)-250(527)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -8.217 -1.25 Td (_SC_READER_WRITER_LOCKS)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 14.217 0 Td [(constant, )-250(57)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -14.217 -1.25 Td (_SC_REALTIME_SIGNALS)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 12.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(57)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -12.417 -1.25 Td (_SC_RE_DUP_MAX)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 8.817 0 Td [(constant, )-250(43)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 17.183 65 Td (script)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram, )-250(715,)-250(719)]TJ 8.191 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (720, 734, 736)Tj 5.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (737,)Tj -16.258 -1.25 Td (741)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (742)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -4.867 -1.25 Td (_SC_RTSIG_MAX)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 8.217 0 Td [(constant, )-250(43)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -8.217 -1.25 Td (_SC_SAVED_IDS)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 8.217 0 Td [(constant, )-250(54,)-250(57, 98, 256)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -8.217 -1.25 Td (_SC_SEMAPHORES)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 8.817 0 Td [(constant, )-250(57)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -8.817 -1.25 Td (_SC_SEM_NSEMS_MAX)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 10.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(43)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -10.617 -1.25 Td (_SC_SEM_VALUE_MAX)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 10.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(43)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -10.617 -1.25 Td (_SC_SHELL)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.817 0 Td [(constant, )-250(57)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -5.817 -1.25 Td (_SC_SIGQUEUE_MAX)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 10.017 0 Td [(constant, )-250(43)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -10.017 -1.25 Td (_SC_SPIN_LOCKS)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 8.817 0 Td [(constant, )-250(57)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -8.817 -1.25 Td (_SC_STREAM_MAX)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 8.817 0 Td [(constant, )-250(43)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -8.817 -1.25 Td 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-1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(130)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (SEEK_END)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(constant, )-250(67,)-250(158, 486, 494)]TJ 11.563 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (495,)Tj -14.663 -1.25 Td (771)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (773, 781)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -4.866 -1.25 Td (SEEK_SET)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(constant, )-250(67,)-250(158, 172, 486, 494)]TJ 13.563 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (495,)Tj -16.663 -1.25 Td (498, 759, 762)Tj 5.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (763, 765)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (766, 768)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (773,)Tj -14.5 -1.25 Td (775)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (780, 818)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (819, 930)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (931)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -13.2 -1.25 Td (SEGV_ACCERR)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.017 0 Td [(constant, )-250(353)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -7.017 -1.25 Td (SEGV_MAPERR)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.017 0 Td [(constant, )-250(353)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -7.017 -1.25 Td (select)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(function, )-250(330)]TJ 6.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (331, 343, 451, 481, 501)Tj 9.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (509,)Tj -18.107 -1.25 Td (531)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (532, 560, 586, 588, 592, 608)Tj 11.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (609,)Tj -14.333 -1.25 Td (626)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (627, 631)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (632, 659, 664)Tj 5.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (666, 668, 718,)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47573 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(17.2)]TJ 33.344 0 Td [(UNIX )-250(Domain )-250(Sockets)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 12.489 0 Td (631)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 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l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 129.5922 659.4594 Tm [(597 )-4800(/*)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD (598 )Tj 7.8 0 Td [(*)-600(_db_find_and_lock locked the hash chain for us; read)]TJ -7.8 -1.189 Td (599 )Tj 7.8 0 Td [(*)-600(the chain ptr to the first index record on hash chain.)]TJ -7.8 -1.189 Td (600 )Tj 7.8 0 Td (*/)Tj -7.8 -1.189 Td [(601 )-4800(ptrval)]TJ 0.6 Tc 11.4 0 Td (=_)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (db_readptr\(db, db->chainoff\);)Tj -13.2 -2.021 Td [(602 )-4800(if)-600(\(_db_findfree\(db, keylen, datlen\) < 0\) {)]TJ T* (603 )Tj 9.6 0 Td (/*)Tj -9.6 -1.189 Td (604 )Tj 10.2 0 Td [(*)-600(Can\325t find an empty record big enough. Append the)]TJ -10.2 -1.189 Td (605 )Tj 10.2 0 Td [(*)-600(new record to the ends of the index and data files.)]TJ -10.2 -1.189 Td (606 )Tj 10.2 0 Td (*/)Tj -10.2 -1.189 Td (607 )Tj 9.6 0 Td [(_db_writedat\(db,)-600(data, 0, SEEK_END\);)]TJ -9.6 -1.189 Td (608 )Tj 9.6 0 Td [(_db_writeidx\(db,)-600(key, 0, SEEK_END, ptrval\);)]TJ -9.6 -2.021 Td (609 )Tj 9.6 0 Td (/*)Tj -9.6 -1.189 Td (610 )Tj 10.2 0 Td [(*)-600(db->idxoff was set by _db_writeidx.)-1200(The new)]TJ -10.2 -1.189 Td (611 )Tj 10.2 0 Td [(*)-600(record goes to the front of the hash chain.)]TJ -10.2 -1.189 Td (612 )Tj 10.2 0 Td (*/)Tj -10.2 -1.189 Td (613 )Tj 9.6 0 Td [(_db_writeptr\(db,)-600(db->chainoff, db->idxoff\);)]TJ -9.6 -1.189 Td (614 )Tj 9.6 0 Td (db->cnt_stor1++;)Tj -9.6 -1.189 Td [(615 )-4800(})-600(else {)]TJ T* (616 )Tj 9.6 0 Td (/*)Tj -9.6 -1.189 Td (617 )Tj 10.2 0 Td [(*)-600(Reuse an empty record. _db_findfree removed it from)]TJ -10.2 -1.189 Td (618 )Tj 10.2 0 Td [(*)-600(the free list and set both db->datoff and db->idxoff.)]TJ -10.2 -1.189 Td (619 )Tj 10.2 0 Td [(*)-600(Reused record goes to the front of the hash chain.)]TJ -10.2 -1.189 Td (620 )Tj 10.2 0 Td (*/)Tj -10.2 -1.189 Td (621 )Tj 9.6 0 Td [(_db_writedat\(db,)-600(data, db->datoff, SEEK_SET\);)]TJ -9.6 -1.189 Td (622 )Tj 9.6 0 Td [(_db_writeidx\(db,)-600(key, db->idxoff, SEEK_SET, ptrval\);)]TJ -9.6 -1.189 Td (623 )Tj 9.6 0 Td [(_db_writeptr\(db,)-600(db->chainoff, db->idxoff\);)]TJ -9.6 -1.189 Td (624 )Tj 9.6 0 Td (db->cnt_stor2++;)Tj -9.6 -1.189 Td [(625 )-4800(})]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 3401.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 316.0801 Tm [([597 )167(\320 )167(601])-668(After )-19(we )-19(call)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.958 0 Td (_db_find_and_lock)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.2693 Tc (,t)Tj 0 Tc 11.045 0 Td [(he )-19(code )-19(divides )-19(into )-19(four )-19(cases.)-521(In )-19(the)]TJ -17.003 -1.2 Td [(\336rst )-43(two, )-43(no )-43(r)19(ecor)]TJ 0.2926 Tc 7.935 0 Td (dw)Tj 0 Tc 1.738 0 Td [(as )-43(found, )-43(so )-43(we )-43(ar)]TJ 0.2926 Tc 8.179 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.272 0 Td [(dding )-43(a )-43(new )-43(r)19(ecor)18(d. )-293(W)]TJ 0.2926 Tc 10.458 0 Td (er)Tj 0 Tc 1.149 0 Td [(ead )-43(the)]TJ -30.73 -1.2 Td [(of)18(fset of the \336rst entry on the hash list.)]TJ -5 -1.6 Td [([602 )167(\320 )167(614])-668(Case )-146(1: )-146(we )-146(call)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 12.286 0 Td (_db_findfree)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.596 0 Td [(to )-146(sear)18(ch )-146(the )-146(fr)17(ee )-146(list )-146(for )-146(a )-146(deleted )-146(r)18(ecor)18(d)]TJ -14.882 -1.2 Td [(with )-101(the )-101(same )-101(size )-101(key )-101(and )-101(same )-101(size )-101(data.)-598(If )-101(no )-101(such )-101(r)19(ecor)18(d)-351(is)-351(found, )-101(we)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(have )-90(to )-90(append )-90(the )-90(new )-90(r)19(ecor)18(d)-340(to)-340(t)1(he )-90(ends )-90(of )-90(the )-90(index )-90(and )-90(data )-90(\336les.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 32.613 0 Td (We)Tj 0 Tc -32.613 -1.2 Td (call)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.016 0 Td (_db_writedat)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.69 0 Td [(to )-240(write )-240(the )-240(data )-240(part,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.041 0 Td (_db_writeidx)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.69 0 Td [(to )-240(write )-240(the)]TJ -28.437 -1.2 Td [(index )-81(part, )-81(and)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.238 0 Td (_db_writeptr)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.531 0 Td [(to )-81(place )-81(the )-81(new )-81(r)16(ecor)18(d)-331(on)-331(t)-1(he )-81(fr)18(ont )-81(of )-81(the)]TJ -14.77 -1.2 Td [(hash )-63(chain.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 5.614 0 Td [(We )-247(i)]TJ 0 Tc 1.991 0 Td [(ncr)18(ement )-63(a )-63(count )-63(\()]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.426 0 Td (cnt_stor1)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(\))-313(of)-313(t)-1(he )-63(number )-63(of )-63(times )-63(we)]TJ -16.031 -1.2 Td (executed this case to allow us to characterize the behavior of the datab\ ase.)Tj -5 -1.6 Td [([615 )167(\320 )167(625])-668(Case )-137(2:)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.637 0 Td (_db_findfree)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.587 0 Td [(found )-137(an )-137(empty )-137(r)17(ecor)]TJ 0.3873 Tc 9.987 0 Td (dw)Tj 0 Tc 1.832 0 Td [(ith )-137(the )-137(corr)17(ect )-137(sizes )-137(and)]TJ -0.018 Tc -23.043 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(moved )-720(it )-720(fr)18(om )-720(the )-720(fr)18(ee )-720(list )-720(\(we\325ll )-720(see )-720(the )-720(implementation )-720(of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -0.856 -1.2 Td (_db_findfree)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.543 0 Td [(shortly\). )-342(W)]TJ 0.3425 Tc 5.204 0 Td (ew)Tj 0 Tc 1.656 0 Td [(rite )-92(the )-92(data )-92(and )-92(index )-92(portions )-92(of )-92(the )-92(new)]TJ -0.018 Tc -14.402 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (cor)Tj 0.302 Tc 1.367 0 Td (da)Tj 0 Tc 1.413 0 Td [(nd )-52(add )-52(the )-52(r)18(ecor)18(d)-302(to)-302(the )-52(fr)18(ont )-52(of )-52(the )-52(hash )-52(chain )-52(as )-52(we )-52(did )-52(in )-52(case )-52(1.)]TJ -3.636 -1.2 Td (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.924 0 Td (cnt_stor2)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.65 0 Td (\336eld counts how many times we\325ve executed this case.)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47575 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (766)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5 Tc 3.5 0 Td (AD)Tj 0 Tc 2.052 0 Td [(atabase )-250(Library)]TJ 36.689 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(20)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 6690.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 129.5922 659.4594 Tm [(317 )-2400(/*)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(318 )-3000(*)-600(Position index file and record the offset.)-1200(db_nextrec)]TJ T* [(319 )-3000(*)-600(calls us with offset==0, meaning read from current offset.)]TJ T* [(320 )-3000(*)-600(We still need to call lseek to record the current offset.)]TJ T* [(321 )-3000(*/)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(322 )-2400(if)-600(\(\(db->idxoff = lseek\(db->idxfd, offset,)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(323 )-3600(offset)-600(== 0 ? SEEK_CUR : SEEK_SET\)\) == -1\))]TJ T* [(324 )-4800(err_dump\("_db_readidx:)-600(lseek error"\);)]TJ 0 -2.021 TD [(325 )-2400(/*)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(326 )-3000(*)-600(Read the ascii chain ptr and the ascii length at)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(327 )-3000(*)-600(the front of the index record.)-1200(This tells us the)]TJ T* [(328 )-3000(*)-600(remaining size of the index record.)]TJ T* [(329 )-3000(*/)]TJ T* [(330 )-2400(iov[0].iov_base)]TJ 0.6 Tc 14.4 0 Td (=a)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (sciiptr;)Tj -16.2 -1.189 Td [(331 )-2400(iov[0].iov_len)]TJ 0.6 Tc 14.4 0 Td (=P)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (TR_SZ;)Tj -16.2 -1.189 Td [(332 )-2400(iov[1].iov_base)]TJ 0.6 Tc 14.4 0 Td (=a)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (sciilen;)Tj -16.2 -1.189 Td [(333 )-2400(iov[1].iov_len)]TJ 0.6 Tc 14.4 0 Td (=I)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (DXLEN_SZ;)Tj -16.2 -1.189 Td [(334 )-2400(if)-600(\(\(i = readv\(db->idxfd, &iov[0], 2\)\) != PTR_SZ + IDXLEN_SZ\) {)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(335 )-4800(if)-600(\(i == 0 && offset == 0\))]TJ 0 -1.189 TD (336 )Tj 9.6 0 Td [(return\(-1\);)-3000(/* EOF for db_nextrec */)]TJ -9.6 -1.189 Td [(337 )-4800(err_dump\("_db_readidx:)-600(readv error of index record"\);)]TJ T* [(338 )-2400(})]TJ 0 -2.021 TD [(339 )-2400(/*)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(340 )-3000(*)-600(This is our return value; always >= 0.)]TJ T* [(341 )-3000(*/)]TJ T* [(342 )-2400(asciiptr[PTR_SZ])]TJ 0.6 Tc 15 0 Td (=0)Tj 4.8 Tc 1.8 0 Td (;/)Tj 0.6 Tc 6 0 Td (*n)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (ull terminate */)Tj -24.6 -1.189 Td [(343 )-2400(db->ptrval)]TJ 0.6 Tc 11.4 0 Td (=a)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (tol\(asciiptr\); /* offset of next key in chain */)Tj -13.2 -2.021 Td [(344 )-2400(asciilen[IDXLEN_SZ])]TJ 0.6 Tc 16.8 0 Td (=0)Tj 3 Tc 1.8 0 Td (;/)Tj 0.6 Tc 4.2 0 Td (*n)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (ull terminate */)Tj -24.6 -1.189 Td [(345 )-2400(if)-600(\(\(db->idxlen = atoi\(asciilen\)\) < IDXLEN_MIN ||)]TJ T* [(346 )-3600(db->idxlen)]TJ 0.6 Tc 12.6 0 Td (>I)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (DXLEN_MAX\))Tj -14.4 -1.189 Td [(347 )-4800(err_dump\("_db_readidx:)-600(invalid length"\);)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 3112.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 287.1935 Tm [([317 )167(\320 )167(324])]TJ -0.092 Tc 5 0 Td [(We )-220(s)]TJ 0 Tc 2.097 0 Td [(tart )-36(by )-36(seeking )-36(to )-36(the )-36(index )-36(\336le )-36(of)17(fset )-36(pr)18(ovided )-36(by )-36(the )-36(caller)]TJ 0.5361 Tc 26.61 0 Td (.W)Tj 0.2861 Tc 1.694 0 Td (er)Tj 0 Tc 1.142 0 Td [(ecor)18(d)]TJ -31.543 -1.2 Td [(the )-29(of)18(fset )-29(in )-29(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.188 0 Td (DB)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.479 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e, )-30(so )-30(even )-30(if )-30(the )-30(caller )-30(wants )-30(to )-30(r)18(ead )-30(the )-30(r)22(ecor)]TJ 0.2796 Tc 23.616 0 Td (da)Tj 0 Tc 1.391 0 Td (t)Tj -33.674 -1.2 Td [(the )-35(curr)18(ent )-35(\336le )-35(of)18(fset )-35(\(by )-35(setting)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 14.526 0 Td (offset)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.885 0 Td [(to )-35(0\), )-35(we )-35(still )-35(need )-35(to )-35(call)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.433 0 Td (lseek)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.285 0 Td (to)Tj -33.128 -1.2 Td [(determine )-118(the )-118(curr)18(ent )-118(of)18(fset. )-368(Since)-368(an )-118(index )-118(r)18(ecor)]TJ 0.3679 Tc 22.721 0 Td (dw)Tj 0 Tc 1.813 0 Td [(ill )-118(never )-118(be )-118(stor)18(ed )-118(at)]TJ -24.534 -1.2 Td [(of)18(fset )-22(0 )-22(in )-22(the )-22(index )-22(\336le, )-22(we )-22(can )-22(safely )-22(overload )-22(the )-22(value )-22(of )-22(0 )-22(to )-22(mean )-22(\324)37(\324r)18(ead)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(fr)18(om the curr)18(ent of)18(fset.\325)37(\325)]TJ -5 -1.6 Td [([325 )167(\320 )167(338])]TJ -0.092 Tc 5 0 Td [(We )-352(c)]TJ 0 Tc 2.249 0 Td (all)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.5 0 Td (readv)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.418 0 Td [(to )-168(r)18(ead )-168(the )-168(two )-168(\336xed)]TJ 9.815 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(length )-168(\336elds )-168(at )-168(the )-168(beginning )-168(of )-168(the)]TJ -17.315 -1.2 Td [(index )-101(r)18(ecor)18(d: )-101(the )-101(chain )-101(pointer )-101(to )-101(the )-101(next )-101(index )-101(r)16(ecor)]TJ 0.3511 Tc 24.594 0 Td (da)Tj 0 Tc 1.462 0 Td [(nd )-101(the )-101(size )-101(of )-101(the)]TJ -26.056 -1.2 Td [(variable-length index r)18(ecor)]TJ 0.25 Tc 11.925 0 Td (dt)Tj 0 Tc 1.187 0 Td (hat follows.)Tj -18.112 -1.6 Td [([339 )167(\320 )167(347])]TJ -0.092 Tc 5 0 Td [(We )-379(c)]TJ 0 Tc 2.276 0 Td [(onvert )-195(the )-195(of)18(fset )-195(of )-195(the )-195(next )-195(r)17(ecor)18(d)-445(to)-445(an)-445(i)-1(nteger )-195(and )-195(stor)17(e)-445(it)-445(in)-445(t)-1(he)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -2.276 -1.2 Td (ptrval)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.938 0 Td [(\336eld )-88(\(this )-88(will )-88(be )-88(used )-88(as )-88(the )-88(r)18(eturn )-88(value )-88(for )-88(this )-88(function\).)-592(Then)]TJ -3.938 -1.2 Td [(we )-90(convert )-90(the )-90(length )-90(of )-90(the )-90(index )-90(r)21(ecor)]TJ 0.3397 Tc 18.198 0 Td (di)Tj 0 Tc 1.242 0 Td [(nto )-90(an )-90(integer )-90(and )-90(save )-90(it )-90(in )-90(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -19.44 -1.2 Td (idxlen)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td (\336eld.)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47576 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(20.8)]TJ 38.014 0 Td [(Sour)18(ce )-250(Code)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 7.819 0 Td (765)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 6690.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 129.5922 659.4594 Tm [(287 )-1200(/*)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(288 )-1800(*)-600(Read a chain ptr field from anywhere in the index file:)]TJ T* [(289 )-1800(*)-600(the free list pointer, a hash table chain ptr, or an)]TJ T* [(290 )-1800(*)-600(index record chain ptr.)]TJ T* [(291 )-1800(*/)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(292 )-1200(static)-600(off_t)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(293 )-1200(_db_readptr\(DB)-600(*db, off_t offset\))]TJ T* [(294 )-1200({)]TJ T* [(295 )-2400(char)-2400(asciiptr[PTR_SZ + 1];)]TJ 0 -2.021 TD [(296 )-2400(if)-600(\(lseek\(db->idxfd, offset, SEEK_SET\) == -1\))]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(297 )-4800(err_dump\("_db_readptr:)-600(lseek error to ptr field"\);)]TJ T* [(298 )-2400(if)-600(\(read\(db->idxfd, asciiptr, PTR_SZ\) != PTR_SZ\))]TJ T* [(299 )-4800(err_dump\("_db_readptr:)-600(read error of ptr field"\);)]TJ T* [(300 )-2400(asciiptr[PTR_SZ])]TJ 0.6 Tc 15 0 Td (=0)Tj 4.2 Tc 1.8 0 Td (;/)Tj 0.6 Tc 5.4 0 Td (*n)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (ull terminate */)Tj -24 -1.189 Td [(301 )-2400(return\(atol\(asciiptr\)\);)]TJ T* [(302 )-1200(})]TJ 0 -2.021 TD [(303 )-1200(/*)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(304 )-1800(*)-600(Read the next index record.)-1200(We start at the specified offset)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(305 )-1800(*)-600(in the index file.)-1200(We read the index record into db->idxbuf)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(306 )-1800(*)-600(and replace the separators with null bytes.)-1200(If all is OK we)]TJ T* [(307 )-1800(*)-600(set db->datoff and db->datlen to the offset and length of the)]TJ T* [(308 )-1800(*)-600(corresponding data record in the data file.)]TJ T* [(309 )-1800(*/)]TJ T* [(310 )-1200(static)-600(off_t)]TJ T* [(311 )-1200(_db_readidx\(DB)-600(*db, off_t offset\))]TJ T* [(312 )-1200({)]TJ T* [(313 )-2400(ssize_t)]TJ 16.8 0 Td (i;)Tj -16.8 -1.189 Td [(314 )-2400(char)]TJ 14.4 0 Td (*ptr1, *ptr2;)Tj -14.4 -1.189 Td [(315 )-2400(char)]TJ 14.4 0 Td (asciiptr[PTR_SZ + 1], asciilen[IDXLEN_SZ + 1];)Tj -14.4 -1.189 Td [(316 )-2400(struct)-600(iovec )-1800(iov[2];)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 3294.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 305.3814 Tm [([287 )167(\320 )167(302])]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5 0 Td (_db_readptr)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 6.853 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(ads )-3(any )-3(one )-3(of )-3(thr)18(ee )-3(dif)18(fer)18(ent )-3(chain )-3(pointers: )-3(\(a\) )-3(the )-3(pointer)]TJ -7.709 -1.2 Td [(at )-74(the )-74(beginning )-74(of )-74(the )-74(index )-74(\336le )-74(that )-74(points )-74(to )-74(the )-74(\336rst )-74(index )-74(r)23(ecor)18(d)-324(on)-324(t)1(he)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(fr)18(ee )-57(list, )-57(\(b\) )-57(the )-57(pointers )-57(in )-57(the )-57(hash )-57(table )-57(that )-57(point )-57(to )-57(the )-57(\336rst )-57(index )-57(r)23(ecor)18(d)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(on )-98(each )-98(hash )-98(chain, )-98(and )-98(\(c\) )-98(the )-98(pointers )-98(that )-98(ar)]TJ 0.3485 Tc 21.451 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.251 0 Td [(tor)18(ed )-98(at )-98(the )-98(beginning )-98(of)]TJ -22.703 -1.2 Td [(each )-24(index )-24(r)18(ecor)]TJ 0.2742 Tc 7.255 0 Td (d\()Tj 0 Tc 1.218 0 Td [(whether )-24(the )-24(index )-24(r)17(ecor)18(d)-274(is)-274(part )-24(of )-24(a )-24(hash )-24(chain )-24(or )-24(on )-24(the)]TJ -8.474 -1.2 Td [(fr)18(ee )-316(list\).)]TJ -0.092 Tc 4.965 0 Td [(We )-500(c)]TJ 0 Tc 2.397 0 Td [(onvert )-316(the )-316(pointer )-316(fr)19(om )-316(ASCII )-316(to )-316(a )-316(long )-316(integer )-316(befor)20(e)]TJ -0.018 Tc -7.361 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(turning it.)-500(No locking is done by this function; that is up to the caller)74(.)]TJ -5.856 -1.6 Td [([303 )167(\320 )167(316])-668(The)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.97 0 Td (_db_readidx)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.896 0 Td [(function )-46(is )-46(used )-46(to )-46(r)18(ead )-46(the )-46(r)16(ecor)18(d)-296(at)-296(t)-1(he )-46(speci\336ed )-46(of)17(fset)]TJ -8.867 -1.2 Td [(fr)18(om )-16(the )-16(index )-16(\336le.)-516(On )-16(success, )-16(the )-16(function )-16(will )-16(r)18(eturn )-16(the )-16(of)22(fset )-15(of )-15(the )-15(next)]TJ -0.018 Tc T* (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(cor)18(d)-277(in)-277(t)-1(he )-27(list.)-527(In )-27(this )-27(case, )-27(the )-27(function )-27(will )-27(populate )-27(several )-27(\336elds )-27(in )-27(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -0.856 -1.2 Td (DB)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.569 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e:)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.588 0 Td (idxoff)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.969 0 Td [(contains )-119(the )-119(of)17(fset )-119(of )-119(the )-119(curr)18(ent )-119(r)17(ecor)18(d)-369(in)-369(the )-119(index)]TJ -10.127 -1.2 Td (\336le,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.997 0 Td (ptrval)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.972 0 Td [(contains )-122(the )-122(of)17(fset )-122(of )-122(the )-122(next )-122(index )-122(entry )-122(in )-122(the )-122(list,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 24.43 0 Td (idxlen)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -30.4 -1.2 Td [(contains )-88(the )-88(length )-88(of )-88(the )-88(curr)18(ent )-88(index )-88(r)16(ecor)18(d,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 21.639 0 Td (idxbuf)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.938 0 Td [(contains )-88(the )-88(actual)]TJ -25.578 -1.2 Td [(index )-113(r)18(ecor)18(d,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.289 0 Td (datoff)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.963 0 Td [(contains )-113(the )-113(of)18(fset )-113(of )-113(the )-113(r)19(ecor)18(d)-363(in)-363(the )-113(data )-113(\336le, )-113(and)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -10.251 -1.2 Td (datlen)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td [(contains the length of the data r)18(ecor)18(d.)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47577 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (494)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Advanced )-250(I/O)]TJ 38.741 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(14)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 668.9599 Tm [(the )-93(linked )-93(list )-93(of )-93(locks )-93(for )-93(the )-93(corr)18(esponding )-93(i-node )-93(and )-93(r)21(eleases )-93(the )-93(locks )-93(held )-93(by )-93(the)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(calling )-144(pr)18(ocess. )-394(The)-393(kernel )-144(can\325t )-144(tell )-144(\(and )-144(doesn\325t )-144(car)18(e\) )-144(which )-144(descriptor )-144(of )-144(the )-144(thr)21(ee)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(was used by the par)18(ent to obtain the lock.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -3.6 -2.64 Td (Example)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.6 -2.4 Td [(In )-54(the )-54(pr)18(ogram )-54(in )-54(Figur)]TJ 0.3041 Tc 10.636 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.283 0 Td [(3.6, )-54(we )-54(saw )-54(how )-54(a )-54(daemon )-54(can )-54(use )-54(a )-54(lock )-54(on )-54(a )-54(\336le )-54(to )-54(ensur)15(e)]TJ -11.919 -1.2 Td [(that )-45(only )-45(one )-45(copy )-45(of )-45(the )-45(daemon )-45(is )-45(r)11(unning. )-295(Figur)]TJ 0.2946 Tc 23.162 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.274 0 Td [(4.9 )-44(shows )-44(the )-44(implementation )-44(of)]TJ -24.436 -1.2 Td (the)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.637 0 Td (lockfile)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.05 0 Td (function used by the daemon to place a write lock on a \336le.)Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 5634.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /TT1 1 Tf 8.9989 0 0 8.9989 129.5844 553.8325 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.189 TD (#include )Tj 0 -1.783 TD (int)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (lockfile\(int fd\))Tj 0 -1.189 TD ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (struct flock fl;)Tj 0 -1.783 TD (fl.l_type = F_WRLCK;)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (fl.l_start = 0;)Tj T* (fl.l_whence = SEEK_SET;)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (fl.l_len = 0;)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (return\(fcntl\(fd, F_SETLK, &fl\)\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 4207.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 242.3804 404.6252 Tm (Figure 14.9)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.695 0 Td (Place a write lock on an entir)Tj 0.25 Tc 12.745 0 Td (e\336)Tj 0 Tc 1.334 0 Td (le)Tj 9.9982 0 0 9.9982 147.5735 380.6295 Tm [(Alternatively)111(,)-282(we)-282(c)1(ould )-32(de\336ne )-32(the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 15.357 0 Td (lockfile)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.082 0 Td [(function )-32(in )-32(terms )-32(of )-32(the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 10.762 0 Td (write_lock)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -33 -1.2 Td (function:)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 8.9984 0 0 8.9984 147.5735 351.9346 Tm (#define lockfile\(fd\) write_lock\(\(fd\), 0, SEEK_SET, 0\))Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5141.25 3460.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 50 50 l 0 50 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 9.9976 0 0 9.9976 93.5775 321.9207 Tm [(Loc)20(ks at End of File)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf -0.092 Tc 3.6 -2.4 Td [(We )-188(n)]TJ 0 Tc 2.223 0 Td [(eed )-4(to )-4(use )-4(caution )-4(when )-4(locking )-4(or )-4(unlocking )-4(byte )-4(ranges )-4(r)18(elative )-4(to )-4(the )-4(end )-4(of )-4(\336le.)]TJ -2.223 -1.2 Td [(Most )-56(implementations )-56(convert )-56(an)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 15.371 0 Td (l_whence)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.106 0 Td [(value )-56(of)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 3.93 0 Td (SEEK_CUR)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.106 0 Td (or)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.247 0 Td (SEEK_END)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.106 0 Td [(into )-56(an)]TJ -35.867 -1.2 Td [(absolute )-199(\336le )-199(of)18(fset, )-199(using)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 12.023 0 Td (l_start)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.649 0 Td [(and )-199(the )-199(\336le\325s )-199(curr)18(ent )-199(position )-199(or )-199(curr)18(ent )-199(length.)]TJ -16.672 -1.2 Td [(Often, )-128(however)74(,)-378(we)-378(n)-1(eed )-128(to )-128(specify )-128(a )-128(lock )-128(r)18(elative )-128(to )-128(the )-128(\336le\325s )-128(curr)18(ent )-128(length, )-128(but )-128(we)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(can\325t )-119(call)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 4.395 0 Td (fstat)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.37 0 Td [(to )-120(obtain )-120(the )-120(curr)18(ent )-120(\336le )-120(size, )-120(since )-120(we )-120(don\325t )-120(have )-120(a )-120(lock )-120(on )-120(the )-120(\336le.)]TJ -7.765 -1.2 Td [(\(Ther)18(e\325s )-38(a )-38(chance )-38(that )-38(another )-38(pr)19(ocess )-38(could )-38(change )-38(the )-38(\336le\325s )-38(length )-38(between )-38(the )-38(call )-38(to)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf -0 -1.2 Td (fstat)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td (and the lock call.\))Tj -1.45 -1.2 Td (Consider the following sequence of steps:)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 8.9978 0 0 8.9978 147.5645 196.181 Tm (writew_lock\(fd, 0, SEEK_END, 0\);)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (write\(fd, buf, 1\);)Tj T* (un_lock\(fd, 0, SEEK_END\);)Tj T* (write\(fd, buf, 1\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9976 0 0 9.9976 129.5688 145.0234 Tm [(This )-92(sequence )-92(of )-92(code )-92(might )-92(not )-92(do )-92(what )-92(you )-92(expect.)-592(It )-92(obtains )-92(a )-92(write )-92(lock )-92(fr)18(om )-92(the)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(curr)18(ent )-111(end )-111(of )-111(the )-111(\336le )-111(onwar)18(d, )-111(covering )-111(any )-111(futur)]TJ 0.3612 Tc 22.847 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.451 0 Td [(ata )-111(we )-111(might )-111(append )-111(to )-111(the )-111(\336le.)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47578 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (486)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Advanced )-250(I/O)]TJ 38.741 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(14)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 93.5944 668.9599 Tm (fcntl)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 3.278 0 Td (Recor)Tj 0.278 Tc 2.814 0 Td (dL)Tj 0 Tc 1.5 0 Td [(oc)20(king)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf -3.992 -2.4 Td [(Let\325s r)18(epeat the pr)18(ototype for the)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 14.786 0 Td (fcntl)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td [(function fr)18(om Section 3.14.)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5911 625.8624 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -2.021 TD (int fcntl\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 8.4 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 2.578 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (cmd)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,.)Tj 0 Tc 3.485 0 Td (.. /* struct flock *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (\337ockptr)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 15.662 0 Td (*/ \);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -18.492 -2.021 Td (Returns: depends on)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 9.392 0 Td (cmd)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.935 0 Td (if OK \(see following\),)Tj /TT3 1 Tf 9.704 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 5850.25 cm 0 0 m 0 499 l 3900 499 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 569.0517 Tm [(For )-245(r)18(ecor)]TJ 0.495 Tc 4.215 0 Td (dl)Tj 0 Tc 1.397 0 Td (ocking,)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3.72 0 Td (cmd)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.18 0 Td (is)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 1.21 0 Td (F_GETLK)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 4.945 0 Td (F_SETLK)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.495 Tc (,o)Tj 0 Tc 5.491 0 Td (r)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 0.89 0 Td (F_SETLKW)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.745 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 6.408 0 Td [(he )-245(thir)]TJ 0.495 Tc 3.132 0 Td (da)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.606 0 Td (rg)Tj 0 Tc 0.933 0 Td (ument)Tj -36.127 -1.2 Td (\(which we\325ll call)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 7.515 0 Td (\337ockptr)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(\))-250(is)-250(a)-250(pointer to an)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 11.284 0 Td (flock)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e.)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 8.9989 0 0 8.9989 147.5825 535.0058 Tm (struct flock {)Tj 1.2 -1.189 Td [(short )-600(l_type;)-1800(/* F_RDLCK, F_WRLCK, or F_UNLCK */)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(short )-600(l_whence;)-600(/* SEEK_SET, SEEK_CUR, or SEEK_END */)]TJ T* [(off_t )-600(l_start; )-600(/*)-600(offset in bytes, relative to l_whence */)]TJ T* [(off_t )-600(l_len;)-2400(/* length, in bytes; 0 means lock to EOF */)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(pid_t )-600(l_pid;)-2400(/* returned with F_GETLK */)]TJ -1.2 -1.189 Td (};)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5846 447.4663 Tm [(This str)8(uctur)]TJ 0.25 Tc 5.65 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.34 0 Td (escribes)Tj 0.883 Tc -5.19 -2.16 Td (\245T)Tj 0 Tc 2.102 0 Td [(he )-61(type )-61(of )-61(lock )-61(desir)16(ed:)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 10.818 0 Td (F_RDLCK)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.511 0 Td [(\(a )-61(shar)18(ed )-61(r)18(ead )-61(lock\),)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 9.439 0 Td (F_WRLCK)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.511 0 Td [(\(an )-61(exclusive)]TJ -29.892 -1.2 Td (write lock\), or)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 6.436 0 Td (F_UNLCK)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td [(\(unlocking a r)18(egion\))]TJ 0.883 Tc -12.375 -1.72 Td (\245T)Tj 0 Tc 2.102 0 Td [(he )-128(starting )-128(byte )-128(of)18(fset )-128(of )-128(the )-128(r)18(egion )-128(being )-128(locked )-128(or )-128(unlocked )-128(\()]TJ /TT2 1 Tf (l_start)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 33.405 0 Td (and)Tj /TT2 1 Tf -34.018 -1.2 Td (l_whence)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (\))Tj 0.883 Tc -1.489 -1.72 Td (\245T)Tj 0 Tc 2.102 0 Td [(he size of the r)18(egion in bytes \()]TJ /TT2 1 Tf (l_len)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (\))Tj 0.883 Tc -2.102 -1.72 Td (\245T)Tj 0 Tc 2.102 0 Td [(he )-271(ID )-271(\()]TJ /TT2 1 Tf (l_pid)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(\))-521(of)-521(the )-271(pr)18(ocess )-271(holding )-271(the )-271(lock )-271(that )-271(can )-271(block )-271(the )-271(curr)18(ent)]TJ -0.613 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ocess \(r)18(eturned by)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 9.339 0 Td (F_GETLK)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td (only\))Tj -17.078 -2.16 Td [(Numer)18(ous r)8(ules apply to the speci\336cation of the r)18(egion to be locked or unlocked.)]TJ 0.883 Tc 1.8 -2.16 Td (\245T)Tj 0 Tc 2.102 0 Td [(he )-73(two )-73(elements )-73(that )-73(specify )-73(the )-73(starting )-73(of)18(fset )-73(of )-73(the )-73(r)18(egion )-73(ar)]TJ 0.3235 Tc 28.314 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.226 0 Td [(imilar )-73(to )-73(the)]TJ -30.154 -1.2 Td [(last )-79(two )-79(ar)18(guments )-79(of )-79(the)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 11.887 0 Td (lseek)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.329 0 Td [(function )-79(\(Section )-79(3.6\).)-578(Indeed, )-79(the)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 15.696 0 Td (l_whence)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -30.911 -1.2 Td (member is speci\336ed as)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 10.245 0 Td (SEEK_SET)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 5.3 0 Td (SEEK_CUR)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (,o)Tj 0 Tc 5.846 0 Td (r)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 0.645 0 Td (SEEK_END)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj 0.883 Tc -23.525 -1.72 Td (\245L)Tj 0 Tc 2.1 0 Td [(ocks )-141(can )-141(start )-141(and )-141(extend )-141(beyond )-141(the )-141(curr)18(ent )-141(end )-141(of )-141(\336le, )-141(but )-141(cannot )-141(start )-141(or)]TJ -0.611 -1.2 Td (extend befor)Tj 0.25 Tc 5.531 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.055 0 Td (he beginning of the \336le.)Tj 0.883 Tc -8.075 -1.72 Td (\245I)Tj 0 Tc 1.826 0 Td (f)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 0.658 0 Td (l_len)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.325 0 Td [(is )-75(0, )-75(it )-75(means )-75(that )-75(the )-75(lock )-75(extends )-75(to )-75(the )-75(lar)18(gest )-75(possible )-75(of)18(fset )-75(of )-75(the)]TJ -4.321 -1.2 Td [(\336le. )-255(This)-256(allows )-5(us )-5(to )-5(lock )-5(a )-5(r)16(egion )-5(starting )-5(anywher)17(e)-255(in)-255(t)-1(he )-5(\336le, )-5(up )-5(thr)18(ough )-5(and)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(including )-93(any )-93(data )-93(that )-93(is )-93(appended )-93(to )-93(the )-93(\336le.)-591(\(W)]TJ 0.3428 Tc 23.199 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.433 0 Td [(on\325t )-93(have )-93(to )-93(try )-93(to )-93(guess)]TJ -24.632 -1.2 Td (how many bytes might be appended to the \336le.\))Tj 0.883 Tc -1.489 -1.72 Td (\245T)Tj 0.2913 Tc 2.01 0 Td (ol)Tj 0 Tc 1.128 0 Td [(ock )-41(the )-41(entir)]TJ 0.2912 Tc 5.571 0 Td (e\336)Tj 0 Tc 1.375 0 Td [(le, )-41(we )-41(set)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 4.436 0 Td (l_start)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.491 0 Td (and)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 1.984 0 Td (l_whence)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.091 0 Td [(to )-41(point )-41(to )-41(the )-41(beginning)]TJ -24.597 -1.2 Td [(of )-65(the )-65(\336le )-65(and )-65(specify )-65(a )-65(length )-65(\()]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 14.315 0 Td (l_len)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(\))-315(of)-315(0)]TJ 0.5648 Tc (.\()Tj 0 Tc 6.489 0 Td (Ther)Tj 0.3148 Tc 2.051 0 Td (ea)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.294 0 Td [(re )-101(s)]TJ 0 Tc 1.595 0 Td [(everal )-65(ways )-65(to )-65(specify)]TJ -25.744 -1.2 Td [(the )-288(beginning )-288(of )-288(the )-288(\336le, )-288(but )-288(most )-288(applications )-288(specify)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 26.78 0 Td (l_start)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.738 0 Td [(as )-288(0 )-288(and)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf -31.518 -1.2 Td (l_whence)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.05 0 Td (as)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 1.174 0 Td (SEEK_SET)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.\))Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47579 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (172)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td (Standar)Tj 0.5 Tc 3.421 0 Td (dI)Tj 0 Tc 1.448 0 Td [(/O )-250(Library)]TJ 34.372 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(5)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 668.9599 Tm [(append, )-107(the )-107(curr)18(ent )-107(\336le )-107(position )-107(is )-107(set )-107(to )-107(the )-107(\336rst )-107(null )-107(byte )-107(in )-107(the )-107(buf)19(fer)]TJ 0.607 Tc 32.694 0 Td (.I)Tj 0.357 Tc 1.194 0 Td (ft)Tj 0 Tc 1.016 0 Td [(he )-107(buf)18(fer)]TJ -34.904 -1.2 Td [(contains )-111(no )-111(null )-111(bytes, )-111(then )-111(the )-111(curr)18(ent )-111(position )-111(is )-111(set )-111(to )-111(one )-111(byte )-111(past )-111(the )-111(end )-111(of )-111(the)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(buf)18(fer)]TJ 0.7164 Tc 2.604 0 Td (.W)Tj 0 Tc 1.966 0 Td [(hen )-216(a )-216(str)18(eam )-216(is )-216(not )-216(opened )-216(for )-216(append, )-216(the )-216(curr)18(ent )-216(position )-216(is )-216(set )-216(to )-216(the)]TJ -4.57 -1.2 Td [(beginning )-108(of )-108(the )-108(buf)17(fer)]TJ 0.6085 Tc 10.418 0 Td (.B)Tj 0 Tc 1.469 0 Td [(ecause )-108(the )-108(append )-108(mode )-108(determines )-108(the )-108(end )-108(of )-108(the )-108(data )-108(by)]TJ -11.887 -1.2 Td [(the )-160(\336rst )-160(null )-160(byte, )-160(memory )-160(str)18(eams )-160(ar)17(en\325t )-160(well )-160(suited )-160(for )-160(storing )-160(binary )-160(data )-160(\(which)]TJ T* (might contain null bytes befor)Tj 0.25 Tc 13.302 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.055 0 Td (he end of the data\).)Tj -12.557 -1.2 Td [(Second, )-84(if )-84(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 6.449 0 Td (buf)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.631 0 Td [(ar)18(gument )-84(is )-84(a )-84(null )-84(pointer)75(,)-334(it)-334(m)1(akes )-84(no )-84(sense )-84(to )-84(open )-84(the )-84(str)20(eam)]TJ -9.88 -1.2 Td [(for )-104(only )-104(r)18(eading )-104(or )-104(only )-104(writing.)-604(Because )-104(the )-104(buf)21(fer )-104(is )-104(allocated )-104(by)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 30.997 0 Td (fmemopen)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.154 0 Td [(in )-104(this)]TJ -36.15 -1.2 Td [(case, )-32(ther)18(e)-282(is)-282(no)-282(w)1(ay )-32(to )-32(\336nd )-32(the )-32(buf)19(fer )176(\325s)-282(addr)18(ess, )-32(so )-32(to )-32(open )-32(the )-32(str)18(eam )-32(only )-32(for )-32(writing)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(means )-63(we )-63(could )-63(never )-63(r)18(ead )-63(what )-63(we\325ve )-63(written.)-561(Similarly)111(,)-313(to)-313(open )-63(the )-63(str)18(eam )-63(only )-63(for)]TJ -0.018 Tc -0 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(ading )-26(means )-26(we )-26(can )-26(only )-26(r)20(ead )-26(the )-26(contents )-26(of )-26(a )-26(buf)18(fer )-26(into )-26(which )-26(we )-26(can )-26(never )-26(write.)]TJ 0.944 -1.2 Td [(Thir)18(d, )-204(a )-204(null )-204(byte )-204(is )-204(written )-204(at )-204(the )-204(curr)14(ent )-205(position )-205(in )-205(the )-205(str)18(eam )-205(whenever )-205(we)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(incr)18(ease )-133(the )-133(amount )-133(of )-133(data )-133(in )-133(the )-133(str)18(eam\325s )-133(buf)18(fer )-133(and )-133(call)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 27.283 0 Td (fclose)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 4.233 0 Td (fflush)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 4.233 0 Td (fseek)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -35.75 -1.2 Td (fseeko)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (,o)Tj 0 Tc 4.646 0 Td (r)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.645 0 Td (fsetpos)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj /TT1 1 Tf -8.891 -2.76 Td (Example)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.6 -2.4 Td [(It\325s )-251(instr)8(uctive )-251(to )-251(look )-251(at )-251(how )-251(writes )-251(to )-251(a )-251(memory )-251(str)18(eam )-251(operate )-251(on )-251(a )-251(buf)18(fer )-251(we)]TJ T* [(pr)18(ovide. )-479(Figur)]TJ 0.4787 Tc 6.832 0 Td (e5)Tj 0 Tc 1.458 0 Td [(.15 )-229(shows )-229(a )-229(sample )-229(pr)18(ogram )-229(that )-229(seeds )-229(the )-229(buf)18(fer )-229(with )-229(a )-229(known)]TJ -8.289 -1.2 Td [(pattern to see how writes to the str)18(eam behave.)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 4302.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9989 0 0 8.9989 129.5844 420.6485 Tm (#include "apue.h")Tj 0 -2.021 TD (#define BSZ 48)Tj 0 -2.021 TD (int)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (main\(\))Tj 0 -1.189 TD ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (FILE *fp;)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (char buf[BSZ];)Tj 0 -2.021 TD (memset\(buf, \325a\325, BSZ-2\);)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (buf[BSZ-2] = \325\\0\325;)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (buf[BSZ-1] = \325X\325;)Tj T* (if \(\(fp = fmemopen\(buf, BSZ, "w+"\)\) == NULL\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_sys\("fmemopen failed"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (printf\("initial buffer contents: %s\\n", buf\);)Tj T* (fprintf\(fp, "hello, world"\);)Tj T* (printf\("before flush: %s\\n", buf\);)Tj T* (fflush\(fp\);)Tj T* (printf\("after fflush: %s\\n", buf\);)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (printf\("len of string in buf = %ld\\n", \(long\)strlen\(buf\)\);)Tj 0 -2.021 TD (memset\(buf, \325b\325, BSZ-2\);)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (buf[BSZ-2] = \325\\0\325;)Tj T* (buf[BSZ-1] = \325X\325;)Tj T* (fprintf\(fp, "hello, world"\);)Tj T* (fseek\(fp, 0, SEEK_SET\);)Tj T* [(printf\("after )-600(fseek:)-600(%s\\n", buf\);)]TJ T* (printf\("len of string in buf = %ld\\n", \(long\)strlen\(buf\)\);)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47580 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (158)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td (Standar)Tj 0.5 Tc 3.421 0 Td (dI)Tj 0 Tc 1.448 0 Td [(/O )-250(Library)]TJ 34.372 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(5)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5911 658.2605 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.783 TD (long ftell\(FILE *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (fp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 13.816 -1.783 Td [(Returns: curr)18(ent \336le position indicator if OK,)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 20.037 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1L on err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -33.853 -1.783 Td (int fseek\(FILE *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (fp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,l)Tj 0 Tc 12.178 0 Td (ong)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 2.4 0 Td (offset)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 3.911 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (whence)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.562 -1.783 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -34.464 -1.783 Td (void rewind\(FILE *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (fp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 5735.25 cm 0 0 m 0 938 l 3900 938 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 557.5831 Tm [(For )-95(a )-95(binary )-95(\336le, )-95(a )-95(\336le\325s )-95(position )-95(indicator )-95(is )-95(measur)18(ed )-95(in )-95(bytes )-95(fr)18(om )-95(the )-95(beginning )-95(of)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(the )-38(\336le.)-538(The )-38(value )-38(r)19(eturned )-38(by)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 14.062 0 Td (ftell)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.288 0 Td [(for )-38(a )-38(binary )-38(\336le )-38(is )-38(this )-38(byte )-38(position.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 16.688 0 Td [(To )-222(p)]TJ 0 Tc 1.956 0 Td (osition)Tj 0.3306 Tc -35.994 -1.2 Td (ab)Tj 0 Tc 1.384 0 Td [(inary )-81(\336le )-81(using)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.147 0 Td (fseek)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(,)-331(we)-331(m)1(ust )-81(specify )-81(a )-81(byte)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 14.325 0 Td (offset)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.441 0 Td [(and )-80(indicate )-80(how )-80(that )-80(of)18(fset )-80(is)]TJ -25.297 -1.2 Td [(interpr)18(eted. )-563(The)-563(values )-313(for)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 13.508 0 Td (whence)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.526 0 Td (ar)Tj 0.5631 Tc 0.877 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.368 0 Td [(he )-313(same )-313(as )-313(for )-313(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.748 0 Td (lseek)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.563 0 Td [(function )-313(fr)18(om)]TJ -32.591 -1.2 Td [(Section )-24(3.6:)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.24 0 Td (SEEK_SET)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.074 0 Td [(means )-24(fr)18(om )-23(the )-23(beginning )-23(of )-23(the )-23(\336le,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 16.672 0 Td (SEEK_CUR)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.074 0 Td [(means )-23(fr)18(om )-23(the)]TJ -32.059 -1.2 Td [(curr)18(ent )-70(\336le )-70(position, )-70(and)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.411 0 Td (SEEK_END)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.12 0 Td [(means )-70(fr)18(om )-70(the )-70(end )-70(of )-70(\336le.)-570(ISO )-70(C )-70(doesn\325t )-70(r)18(equir)18(e)]TJ -16.531 -1.2 Td [(an )-186(implementation )-186(to )-186(support )-186(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 16.079 0 Td (SEEK_END)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.236 0 Td [(speci\336cation )-186(for )-186(a )-186(binary )-186(\336le, )-186(as )-186(some)]TJ -21.316 -1.2 Td [(systems )-70(r)18(equir)]TJ 0.3199 Tc 6.523 0 Td (eab)Tj 0 Tc 2.172 0 Td [(inary )-70(\336le )-70(to )-70(be )-70(padded )-70(at )-70(the )-70(end )-70(with )-70(zer)19(os )-70(to )-70(make )-70(the )-70(\336le )-70(size )-70(a)]TJ -8.695 -1.2 Td [(multiple )-256(of )-256(some )-256(magic )-256(number)]TJ 0.7564 Tc 15.097 0 Td (.U)Tj 0 Tc 1.784 0 Td [(nder )-256(the )-256(UNIX )-256(System, )-256(however)72(,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 16.098 0 Td (SEEK_END)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.306 0 Td (is)Tj -38.285 -1.2 Td (supported for binary \336les.)Tj 1.8 -1.2 Td [(For )-171(text )-171(\336les, )-171(the )-171(\336le\325s )-171(curr)18(ent )-171(position )-171(may )-171(not )-171(be )-171(measurable )-171(as )-171(a )-171(simple )-171(byte)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(of)18(fset. )-392(Again,)-393(this )-142(is )-142(mainly )-142(under )-142(non-UNIX )-142(systems )-142(that )-142(might )-142(stor)]TJ 0.3924 Tc 32.132 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.197 0 Td [(ext )-142(\336les )-142(in )-142(a)]TJ -33.33 -1.2 Td [(dif)18(fer)18(ent )-213(format.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 8.202 0 Td [(To )-397(p)]TJ 0 Tc 2.131 0 Td [(osition )-213(a )-213(text )-213(\336le,)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 8.63 0 Td (whence)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.426 0 Td [(has )-213(to )-213(be)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.799 0 Td (SEEK_SET)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.463 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 6.013 0 Td [(nd )-213(only )-213(two)]TJ -33.2 -1.2 Td [(values )-111(for)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 4.857 0 Td (offset)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.472 0 Td (ar)Tj 0.3607 Tc 0.877 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.34 0 Td [(llowed: )-111(0)]TJ 0.0833 Tc 4.246 0 Td (\321m)Tj 0 Tc 1.966 0 Td [(eaning )-111(r)18(ewind )-111(the )-111(\336le )-111(to )-111(its )-111(beginning)]TJ 0.0833 Tc 17.558 0 Td (\321o)Tj 0.3606 Tc 1.629 0 Td (rav)Tj 0 Tc 2.181 0 Td (alue)Tj -37.127 -1.2 Td [(that )-87(was )-87(r)17(eturned )-88(by)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.803 0 Td (ftell)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.338 0 Td [(for )-88(that )-88(\336le.)]TJ 0.3376 Tc 5.896 0 Td (As)Tj 0 Tc 1.54 0 Td [(tr)18(eam )-88(can )-88(also )-88(be )-88(set )-88(to )-88(the )-88(beginning )-88(of)]TJ -20.576 -1.2 Td (the \336le with the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 7.182 0 Td (rewind)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td (function.)Tj -9.232 -1.2 Td (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.938 0 Td (ftello)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.864 0 Td [(function )-14(is )-14(the )-14(same )-14(as)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.339 0 Td (ftell)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.2639 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 4.014 0 Td [(nd )-14(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.108 0 Td (fseeko)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.864 0 Td [(function )-14(is )-14(the )-14(same )-14(as)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -28.926 -1.2 Td (fseek)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (,e)Tj 0 Tc 3.979 0 Td [(xcept that the type of the of)18(fset is)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 14.853 0 Td (off_t)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td (instead of)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 4.592 0 Td (long)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9989 0 0 8.9989 147.5811 334.5099 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.783 TD (off_t ftello\(FILE *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (fp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 10.127 -1.783 Td [(Returns: curr)18(ent \336le position indicator if OK,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 20.037 0 Td (\(off_t\))Tj /TT1 1 Tf (!)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (1)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.599 0 Td [(on err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -35.763 -1.783 Td (int fseeko\(FILE *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (fp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,o)Tj 0 Tc 12.778 0 Td (ff_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3 0 Td (offset)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 3.911 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (whence)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.362 -1.783 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 2658.25 cm 0 0 m 0 777 l 3900 777 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9982 0 0 9.9982 129.5767 249.905 Tm [(Recall )-20(the )-20(discussion )-20(of )-20(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 12.315 0 Td (off_t)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.27 0 Td [(data )-20(type )-20(in )-20(Section )-20(3.6.)-520(Implementations )-20(can )-20(de\336ne)]TJ -15.584 -1.2 Td (the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.637 0 Td (off_t)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td [(type to be lar)18(ger than 32 bits.)]TJ -3.087 -1.2 Td [(As )-36(we )-36(mentioned )-36(earlier)]TJ 0.2856 Tc 10.907 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 0.862 0 Td (he)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.347 0 Td (fgetpos)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.486 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.979 0 Td (fsetpos)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.486 0 Td [(functions )-35(wer)]TJ 0.2855 Tc 6.106 0 Td (ei)Tj 0 Tc 1.056 0 Td [(ntr)18(oduced )-35(by)]TJ -33.027 -1.2 Td [(the ISO C standar)18(d.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9984 0 0 8.9984 147.5737 194.8149 Tm (#include )Tj T* (int fgetpos\(FILE *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 16.2 0 Td (fp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,f)Tj 0 Tc 2.578 0 Td (pos_t *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 9.6 0 Td (pos)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -28.378 -1.783 Td (int fsetpos\(FILE *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (fp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 13.378 0 Td (onst fpos_t *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (pos)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.31 -1.783 Td [(Both r)18(eturn: 0 if OK, nonzer)18(o)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 1422.25 cm 0 0 m 0 616 l 3900 616 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47581 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (736)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Pseudo )-250(T)92(erminals )]TJ 38.741 0 Td [(Chapter)-500(19)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5911 670.2598 Tm (pty slowout > file.out &)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 653.3307 Tm (the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.721 0 Td (pty)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.134 0 Td [(pr)18(ocess )-84(is )-84(stopped )-84(immediately )-84(when )-84(the )-84(child )-84(tries )-84(to )-84(r)17(ead )-84(fr)18(om )-84(its )-84(standar)18(d)]TJ -3.855 -1.2 Td [(input )-44(\(the )-44(terminal\).)-544(The )-44(r)17(eason )-44(is )-44(that )-44(the )-44(job )-44(is )-44(a )-44(backgr)18(ound )-44(job )-44(and )-44(gets )-44(job-contr)15(ol)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(stopped )-82(when )-82(it )-82(tries )-82(to )-82(access )-82(the )-82(terminal.)-582(If )-82(we )-82(r)20(edir)18(ect )-82(standar)]TJ 0.3318 Tc 30.155 0 Td (di)Tj 0 Tc 1.234 0 Td [(nput )-82(so )-82(that)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.811 0 Td (pty)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -37.2 -1.2 Td [(doesn\325t try to r)18(ead fr)18(om the terminal, as in)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5909 601.7037 Tm (pty slowout < /dev/null > file.out &)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.592 584.775 Tm (the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.656 0 Td (pty)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.069 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram )-19(stops )-19(immediately )-19(because )-19(it )-19(r)16(eads )-20(an )-20(end )-20(of )-20(\336le )-20(on )-20(its )-20(standar)]TJ 0.2696 Tc 31.991 0 Td (di)Tj 0 Tc 1.172 0 Td (nput)Tj -36.888 -1.2 Td [(and )-40(terminates.)-540(The )-40(solution )-40(for )-40(this )-40(pr)19(oblem )-40(is )-40(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 23.498 0 Td (-i)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.49 0 Td [(option, )-40(which )-40(says )-40(to )-40(ignor)]TJ 0.2897 Tc 12.162 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.269 0 Td (n)Tj -38.418 -1.2 Td (end of \336le on the standar)Tj 0.25 Tc 11.011 0 Td (di)Tj 0 Tc 1.152 0 Td (nput:)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5905 545.1473 Tm (pty -i slowout < /dev/null > file.out &)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5916 528.2182 Tm [(This )-10(\337ag )-10(causes )-10(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.873 0 Td (pty)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.06 0 Td [(child )-10(in )-10(Figur)]TJ 0.2596 Tc 5.994 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.239 0 Td [(9.12 )-10(to )-10(exit )-10(when )-10(the )-10(end )-10(of )-10(\336le )-10(is )-10(encounter)21(ed,)]TJ -18.166 -1.2 Td [(but )-41(the )-41(child )-41(doesn\325t )-41(tell )-41(the )-41(par)18(ent )-41(to )-41(terminate.)-539(Instead, )-41(the )-41(par)18(ent )-41(continues )-41(copying)]TJ T* (the PTY slave output to standar)Tj 0.25 Tc 13.977 0 Td (do)Tj 0 Tc 1.407 0 Td (utput \(the \336le)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 6.304 0 Td (file.out)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.05 0 Td (in the example\).)Tj /TT1 1 Tf -30.338 -2.64 Td (script)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 3.878 0 Td [(Pr)20(ogram)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf -0.278 -1.92 Td [(Using )-152(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.823 0 Td (pty)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.202 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram, )-152(we )-152(can )-152(implement )-152(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 15.161 0 Td (script)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.6 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (1)Tj 0.5 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.735 -0.04 Td [(pr)18(ogram )-152(as )-152(the )-152(following)]TJ -27.354 -1.2 Td (shell script:)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5907 430.9939 Tm (#!/bin/sh)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (pty "${SHELL:-/bin/sh}" | tee typescript)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5918 403.3655 Tm [(Once )-136(we )-136(r)8(un )-136(this )-136(shell )-136(script, )-136(we )-136(can )-136(execute )-136(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 23.014 0 Td (ps)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.586 0 Td [(command )-136(to )-136(see )-136(all )-136(the )-136(pr)16(ocess)]TJ -0.018 Tc -24.6 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(lationships. )-250(Figur)]TJ 0.25 Tc 7.991 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td [(9.14 details these r)18(elationships.)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 1356 3021.9 288 252 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 140.9191 317.9918 Tm (login)Tj 0.1 -1.25 Td (shell)Tj ET q 0.99988 0 0 0.99988 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 193.2 314.79 cm 0 0 m -7.2 -1.8 l -7.2 1.8 l f Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1932 3147.8999 cm 0 0 m -72 -18 l -72 18 l h S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1644.25 3148.25 cm 0 0 m 216 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 1932 3021.9 288 252 re S Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 202.7635 312.9737 Tm (sh)Tj ET q 0.99982 0 0 0.99982 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 250.8 314.79 cm 0 0 m -7.2 -1.8 l -7.2 1.8 l f Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2508 3147.8999 cm 0 0 m -72 -18 l -72 18 l h S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2220.25 3148.25 cm 0 0 m 216 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2508 3021.9 288 252 re S Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 257.9381 312.9549 Tm (tee)Tj ET q 0.99976 0 0 0.99976 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 308.4 314.79 cm 0 0 m -7.2 -1.8 l -7.2 1.8 l f Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3084 3147.8999 cm 0 0 m -72 -18 l -72 18 l h S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2796.25 3148.25 cm 0 0 m 216 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 3084 3021.9 288 252 re S Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9976 0 0 7.9976 315.5053 317.9346 Tm (pty)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.533 -1.25 Td [(par)18(ent)]TJ ET q 0.9997 0 0 0.9997 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 366 314.79 cm 0 0 m -7.2 -1.8 l -7.2 1.8 l f Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3660 3147.8999 cm 0 0 m -72 -18 l -72 18 l h S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3372.25 3148.25 cm 0 0 m 216 0 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 3660 3021.9 288 252 re S Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9971 0 0 7.9971 373.0657 317.9155 Tm (pty)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.21 -1.25 Td (child)Tj ET q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 4236 3021.9 288 252 re S Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9966 0 0 7.9966 430.6191 312.8986 Tm (ksh)Tj ET q 0.9995801 0 0 0.9995801 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 481.2 314.79 cm 0 0 m -7.2 -1.8 l -7.2 1.8 l f Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4812 3147.8999 cm 0 0 m -72 -18 l -72 18 l h S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4524.25 3148.25 cm 0 0 m 216 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 4812 3021.9 288 252 re S Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9962 0 0 7.9962 490.5645 312.8798 Tm (ps)Tj ET q 0.9995201 0 0 0.9995201 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 423.6 314.79 cm 0 0 m -6.48 3.6 l -4.032 6.192 l f Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4236 3147.8999 cm 0 0 m -64.8 36 l -40.32 61.92 l h S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3372 3183.8999 cm 0 0 m 144 117 l 240 195 336 234 432 234 c 528 234 623.16 189.84 717.48 101.52 c 858.96 -30.96 l S Q Q q 0.9994601 0 0 0.9994601 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 265.2 348.99 cm 0 0 m 1.8 -7.2 l -1.8 -7.2 l f Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2652 3489.8999 cm 0 0 m 18 -72 l -18 -72 l h S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2652.25 3274.25 cm 0 0 m 0 144 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9952 0 0 7.9952 241.0553 364.6112 Tm (typescript)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.313 -1.25 Td (\336le)Tj ET q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2472 2445.9 360 216 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9947 0 0 7.9947 258.4574 258.4594 Tm (line)Tj -1.331 -1.25 Td (discipline)Tj ET q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2508 2013.9 288 216 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9942 0 0 7.9942 257.4426 210.2785 Tm (TTY)Tj ET q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 3372 2013.9 288 216 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9938 0 0 7.9938 343.7957 215.262 Tm (PTY)Tj -0.562 -1.25 Td (master)Tj ET q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 4776 2445.9 360 216 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9933 0 0 7.9933 488.6174 258.4128 Tm (line)Tj -1.331 -1.25 Td (discipline)Tj ET q 0.099916 0 0 0.099916 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 4812 2013.9 288 216 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9928 0 0 7.9928 487.6249 215.2362 Tm (PTY)Tj -0.187 -1.25 Td (slave)Tj ET q 0.9991004 0 0 0.9991004 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 486.96 266.19 cm 0 0 m -1.8 7.2 l 1.8 7.2 l f Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4869.6001 2661.8999 cm 0 0 m -18 72 l 18 72 l h S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4869.25 3022.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -288 l S Q Q q 0.9990404 0 0 0.9990404 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 504.24 302.19 cm 0 0 m 1.8 -7.2 l -1.8 -7.2 l f Q Q q 0.099904 0 0 0.099904 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5042.3999 3021.8999 cm 0 0 m 18 -72 l -18 -72 l h S Q Q q 0.099904 0 0 0.099904 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5042.25 2950.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -288 l S Q Q q 0.9989805 0 0 0.9989805 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 486.96 222.99 cm 0 0 m -1.8 7.2 l 1.8 7.2 l f Q Q q 0.099898 0 0 0.099898 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4869.6001 2229.8999 cm 0 0 m -18 72 l 18 72 l h S Q Q q 0.099898 0 0 0.099898 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4869.25 2446.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -144 l S Q Q q 0.9989206 0 0 0.9989206 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 504.24 244.59 cm 0 0 m 1.8 -7.2 l -1.8 -7.2 l f Q Q q 0.0998921 0 0 0.0998921 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5042.3999 2445.8999 cm 0 0 m 18 -72 l -18 -72 l h S Q Q q 0.0998921 0 0 0.0998921 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5042.25 2374.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -144 l S Q Q q 0.9988606 0 0 0.9988606 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 256.56 222.99 cm 0 0 m -1.8 7.2 l 1.8 7.2 l f Q Q q 0.0998861 0 0 0.0998861 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2565.6001 2229.8999 cm 0 0 m -18 72 l 18 72 l h S Q Q q 0.0998861 0 0 0.0998861 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2565.25 2446.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -144 l S Q Q q 0.9988007 0 0 0.9988007 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 273.84 244.59 cm 0 0 m 1.8 -7.2 l -1.8 -7.2 l f Q Q q 0.0998801 0 0 0.0998801 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2738.3999 2445.8999 cm 0 0 m 18 -72 l -18 -72 l h S Q Q q 0.0998801 0 0 0.0998801 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2738.25 2374.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -144 l S Q Q q 0.9987408 0 0 0.9987408 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 256.56 266.19 cm 0 0 m -1.8 7.2 l 1.8 7.2 l f Q Q q 0.0998741 0 0 0.0998741 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2565.6001 2661.8999 cm 0 0 m -18 72 l 18 72 l h S Q Q q 0.0998741 0 0 0.0998741 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2565.25 3022.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -288 l S Q Q q 0.9986808 0 0 0.9986808 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 389.04 302.19 cm 0 0 m -6.336 -3.888 l -7.416 -0.432 l f Q Q q 0.0998681 0 0 0.0998681 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3890.3999 3021.8999 cm 0 0 m 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0 1 265.2 179.79 cm 0 0 m -1.8 7.2 l 1.8 7.2 l f Q Q q 0.0998441 0 0 0.0998441 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2652 1797.9 cm 0 0 m -18 72 l 18 72 l h S Q Q q 0.0998441 0 0 0.0998441 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2652.25 1942.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -72 l S Q Q q 0.0998441 0 0 0.0998441 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2832 1689.9 cm 0 0 m 0 -59.65 -80.59 -108 -180 -108 c -279.41 -108 -360 -59.65 -360 0 c -360 59.64 -279.41 108 -180 108 c -80.59 108 0 59.64 0 0 c h S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9871 0 0 7.9871 257.179 166.9593 Tm (user)Tj ET q 0.9983813 0 0 0.9983813 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 486.96 186.99 cm 0 0 m -1.8 7.2 l 1.8 7.2 l f Q Q q 0.0998381 0 0 0.0998381 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4869.6001 1869.9 cm 0 0 m -18 72 l 18 72 l h S Q Q q 0.0998381 0 0 0.0998381 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4869.25 2014.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -72 l S Q Q q 0.9983214 0 0 0.9983214 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 360.24 201.39 cm 0 0 m 1.8 -7.2 l -1.8 -7.2 l f Q Q q 0.0998321 0 0 0.0998321 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3602.3999 2013.9 cm 0 0 m 18 -72 l -18 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j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4260.25 5954.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -288 l S Q Q q 0.9989805 0 0 0.9989805 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 440.412 595.4 cm 0 0 m 1.8 -7.2 l -1.8 -7.2 l f Q Q q 0.099898 0 0 0.099898 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4404.1201 5954 cm 0 0 m 18 -72 l -18 -72 l h S Q Q q 0.099898 0 0 0.099898 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4404.25 5882.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -288 l S Q Q BT /T1_2 1 Tf 7.9914 0 0 7.9914 401.5381 587.5651 Tm (stdout)Tj 0.166 -1.25 Td (stderr)Tj 5.089 1.25 Td (stdin)Tj ET q 0.9989206 0 0 0.9989206 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 423.564 473 cm 0 0 m -1.8 7.2 l 1.8 7.2 l f Q Q q 0.0998921 0 0 0.0998921 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4235.6401 4730 cm 0 0 m -18 72 l 18 72 l h S Q Q q 0.0998921 0 0 0.0998921 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4235.25 4874.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -72 l S Q Q q 0.9988606 0 0 0.9988606 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 363.588 487.4 cm 0 0 m 1.8 -7.2 l -1.8 -7.2 l f Q Q q 0.0998861 0 0 0.0998861 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3635.8799 4874 cm 0 0 m 18 -72 l -18 -72 l h S Q Q q 0.0998861 0 0 0.0998861 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3636.25 4802.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -72 l S Q Q q 0.9988007 0 0 0.9988007 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 363.588 473 cm 0 0 m 7.2 1.8 l 7.2 -1.8 l f Q Q q 0.0998801 0 0 0.0998801 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3635.8799 4730 cm 0 0 m 72 18 l 72 -18 l h S Q Q q 0.0998801 0 0 0.0998801 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4235.25 4730.25 cm 0 0 m -527 0 l S Q Q q 0.9987408 0 0 0.9987408 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 442.788 487.4 cm 0 0 m 1.8 -7.2 l -1.8 -7.2 l f Q Q q 0.0998741 0 0 0.0998741 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4427.8799 4874 cm 0 0 m 18 -72 l -18 -72 l h S Q Q q 0.0998741 0 0 0.0998741 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4428.25 4802.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -144 l S Q Q q 0.9986808 0 0 0.9986808 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 344.364 465.8 cm 0 0 m -1.8 7.2 l 1.8 7.2 l f Q Q q 0.0998681 0 0 0.0998681 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3443.6399 4658 cm 0 0 m -18 72 l 18 72 l h S Q Q q 0.0998681 0 0 0.0998681 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3443.25 4874.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -144 l S Q Q q 0.9986209 0 0 0.9986209 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 442.788 465.8 cm 0 0 m -7.2 -1.8 l -7.2 1.8 l f Q Q q 0.0998621 0 0 0.0998621 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4427.8799 4658 cm 0 0 m -72 -18 l -72 18 l h S Q Q q 0.0998621 0 0 0.0998621 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3443.25 4658.25 cm 0 0 m 913 0 l S Q Q q 0.998561 0 0 0.998561 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 265.164 559.4 cm 0 0 m 2.016 7.128 l 5.184 5.328 l f Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2651.6399 5594 cm 0 0 m 20.16 71.28 l 51.84 53.28 l h S Q Q q 0.0998561 0 0 0.0998561 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2856.25 5954.25 cm 0 0 m -169 -298 l S Q Q q 0.9985011 0 0 0.9985011 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 304.764 595.4 cm 0 0 m -2.016 -7.128 l -5.184 -5.328 l f Q Q q 0.0998501 0 0 0.0998501 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3047.6399 5954 cm 0 0 m -20.16 -71.28 l -51.84 -53.28 l h S Q Q q 0.0998501 0 0 0.0998501 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2844.25 5594.25 cm 0 0 m 168 297 l S Q Q q 0.9984412 0 0 0.9984412 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 344.364 512.6 cm 0 0 m -3.456 6.552 l 0.072 7.416 l f Q Q q 0.0998441 0 0 0.0998441 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3443.6399 5126 cm 0 0 m -34.56 65.52 l 0.72 74.16 l h S Q Q q 0.0998441 0 0 0.0998441 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3240.25 5954.25 cm 0 0 m 186 -758 l S Q Q q 0.9983813 0 0 0.9983813 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 343.212 595.4 cm 0 0 m 3.456 -6.552 l -0.072 -7.416 l f Q Q q 0.0998381 0 0 0.0998381 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3432.1201 5954 cm 0 0 m 34.56 -65.52 l -0.72 -74.16 l h S Q Q q 0.0998381 0 0 0.0998381 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3636.25 5126.25 cm 0 0 m -187 758 l S Q Q q 0.9983214 0 0 0.9983214 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 274.812 487.4 cm 0 0 m 1.8 -7.2 l -1.8 -7.2 l f Q Q q 0.0998321 0 0 0.0998321 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2748.1201 4874 cm 0 0 m 18 -72 l -18 -72 l h S Q Q q 0.9982615 0 0 0.9982615 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 274.812 437 cm 0 0 m -1.8 7.2 l 1.8 7.2 l f Q Q q 0.0998261 0 0 0.0998261 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2748.1201 4370 cm 0 0 m -18 72 l 18 72 l h S Q Q q 0.0998261 0 0 0.0998261 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2748.25 4802.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -360 l S Q Q q 0.0998261 0 0 0.0998261 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2964.1201 4244 cm 0 0 m 0 -69.59 -96.71 -126 -216 -126 c -335.29 -126 -432 -69.59 -432 0 c -432 69.59 -335.29 126 -216 126 c -96.71 126 0 69.59 0 0 c h S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9856 0 0 7.9856 259.4366 426.8709 Tm (user at a)Tj -0.01 -1.25 Td (terminal)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.434 -4.33 Td (Figure 19.5)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.695 0 Td (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.924 -0 Td (script)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram)]TJ 9.982 0 0 9.982 147.3343 349.9693 Tm [(After )-138(developing )-138(the )-138(general)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 13.534 0 Td (pty)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.188 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram )-138(in )-138(Section )-138(19.5, )-138(we\325ll )-138(see )-138(that )-138(a )-138(trivial)]TJ -17.522 -1.2 Td (shell script turns it into a version of the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 17.538 0 Td (script)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram.)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf -24.988 -3 Td (expect)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 3.878 0 Td [(Pr)20(ogram)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf -0.278 -2.4 Td [(Pseudo )-137(terminals )-137(can )-137(be )-137(used )-137(to )-137(drive )-137(interactive )-137(pr)16(ograms )-137(in )-137(noninteractive )-137(modes.)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(Numer)18(ous )-111(pr)18(ograms )-111(ar)]TJ 0.361 Tc 10.627 0 Td (eh)Tj 0 Tc 1.422 0 Td [(ar)18(d-wir)18(ed )-111(to )-111(r)18(equir)]TJ 0.3611 Tc 8.694 0 Td (eat)Tj 0 Tc 2.027 0 Td [(erminal )-111(to )-111(r)8(un. )-361(One)-361(example )-111(is )-111(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -22.77 -1.2 Td (passwd)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.6 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (1)Tj 0.5 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.714 -0.04 Td [(command, )-131(which )-131(r)18(equir)18(es )-131(that )-131(the )-131(user )-131(enter )-131(a )-131(passwor)17(d)-381(in)-381(r)18(esponse )-131(to )-131(a)]TJ -5.147 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ompt.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(Rather )-328(than )-328(modify )-328(all )-328(the )-328(interactive )-328(pr)16(ograms )-328(to )-328(support )-328(a )-328(batch )-328(mode )-328(of)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(operation, )-40(a )-40(better )-40(solution )-40(is )-40(to )-40(pr)18(ovide )-40(a )-40(way )-40(to )-40(drive )-40(any )-40(interactive )-40(pr)18(ogram )-40(fr)18(om )-40(a)]TJ T* [(script. )-289(The)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.233 0 Td (expect)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.889 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram)]TJ 4.147 0.04 Td ([)Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td [(Libes )-39(1990, )-39(1991, )-39(1994)]TJ 9.725 0.04 Td (])Tj 0.622 -0.04 Td [(pr)18(ovides )-39(a )-39(way )-39(to )-39(do )-39(this.)-539(It )-39(uses)]TJ -23.948 -1.2 Td [(pseudo )-150(terminals )-150(to )-150(r)8(un )-150(other )-150(pr)17(ograms, )-150(similar )-150(to )-150(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 25.675 0 Td (pty)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.2 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram )-150(in )-150(Section )-150(19.5.)]TJ -27.875 -1.2 Td (But)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.057 0 Td (expect)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.117 0 Td [(also )-267(pr)18(ovides )-267(a )-267(pr)17(ogramming )-267(language )-267(to )-267(examine )-267(the )-267(output )-267(of )-267(the)]TJ -6.175 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ogram )-55(being )-55(r)8(un )-55(to )-55(make )-55(decisions )-55(about )-55(what )-55(to )-55(send )-55(the )-55(pr)18(ogram )-55(as )-55(input.)-559(When)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(an interactive pr)18(ogram is being r)8(un fr)18(om a script, we can\325t just copy everything fr)18(om the)]TJ T* [(script )-202(to )-202(the )-202(pr)19(ogram, )-202(and )-202(vice )-202(versa.)-702(Instead, )-202(we )-202(have )-202(to )-202(send )-202(the )-202(pr)18(ogram )-202(some)]TJ T* (input, look at its output, and decide what to send it next.)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47583 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (52)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3 0 Td [(UNIX )-250(Standar)18(dization )-250(and )-250(Implementations)]TJ 39.741 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(2)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5911 670.2598 Tm [(#include )-600()]TJ 0 -2.021 TD (for \(i = 0; i < sysconf\(_SC_OPEN_MAX\); i++\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (close\(i\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 620.9729 Tm [(Our )-317(best )-317(option )-317(in )-317(this )-317(case )-317(is )-317(just )-317(to )-317(close )-317(all )-317(descriptors )-317(up )-317(to )-317(some )-317(arbitrary)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(limit )167(\321 )167(say)]TJ 0.5977 Tc 4.618 0 Td (,2)Tj 0 Tc 1.348 0 Td [(56. )-598(W)]TJ 0.5978 Tc 3.006 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.501 0 Td [(how )-348(this )-348(technique )-348(in )-348(Figur)]TJ 0.5978 Tc 13.578 0 Td (e2)Tj 0 Tc 1.577 0 Td [(.17. )-598(As)-598(with )-348(our )-348(pathname)]TJ -25.627 -1.2 Td [(example, )-19(this )-19(strategy )-19(is )-19(not )-19(guaranteed )-19(to )-19(work )-19(for )-19(all )-19(cases, )-19(but )-19(it\325s )-19(the )-19(best )-19(we )-19(can )-19(do)]TJ T* (without using a mor)Tj 0.25 Tc 9.02 0 Td (ee)Tj 0 Tc 1.208 0 Td [(xotic appr)18(oach.)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 5778.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9989 0 0 8.9989 129.5844 568.2408 Tm (#include "apue.h")Tj 0 -1.189 TD (#include )Tj T* (#include )Tj 0 -2.021 TD [(#ifdef )-600(OPEN_MAX)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD (static long openmax = OPEN_MAX;)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (#else)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (static long openmax = 0;)Tj T* (#endif)Tj 0 -2.021 TD (/*)Tj 0.6 -1.189 Td [(*)-600(If)-600(OPEN_MAX is indeterminate, this might be inadequate.)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD (*/)Tj -0.6 -1.189 Td [(#define OPEN_MAX_GUESS)-1200(256)]TJ 0 -2.021 TD (long)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (open_max\(void\))Tj 0 -1.189 TD ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td [(if \(openmax == 0\) {)-3000(/* first time through */)]TJ 2.4 -1.189 Td (errno = 0;)Tj T* (if \(\(openmax = sysconf\(_SC_OPEN_MAX\)\) < 0\) {)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(errno == 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td [(openmax = OPEN_MAX_GUESS;)-1800(/* it\325s indeterminate */)]TJ -2.4 -1.189 Td (else)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_sys\("sysconf error for _SC_OPEN_MAX"\);)Tj -4.8 -1.189 Td (})Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj T* (return\(openmax\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 2735.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 229.7386 257.4916 Tm (Figure 2.17)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.695 0 Td (Determine the number of \336le descriptors)Tj -0.092 Tc 9.9982 0 0 9.9982 147.5736 228.6968 Tm [(We )-194(m)]TJ 0 Tc 2.53 0 Td [(ight )-10(be )-10(tempted )-10(to )-10(call)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.191 0 Td (close)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.26 0 Td [(until )-10(we )-10(get )-10(an )-10(err)18(or )-10(r)18(eturn, )-10(but )-10(the )-10(err)18(or )-10(r)15(eturn)]TJ -17.781 -1.2 Td [(fr)18(om)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 2.394 0 Td (close)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.255 0 Td (\()Tj /TT0 1 Tf (EBADF)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.2551 Tc (\)d)Tj 0 Tc 4.532 0 Td [(oesn\325t )-5(distinguish )-5(between )-5(an )-5(invalid )-5(descriptor )-5(and )-5(a )-5(descriptor)]TJ -10.181 -1.2 Td [(that )-318(wasn\325t )-318(open.)-818(If )-318(we )-318(tried )-318(this )-318(technique )-318(and )-318(descriptor )-318(9 )-318(was )-318(not )-318(open )-318(but)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(descriptor )-371(10 )-371(was, )-371(we )-371(would )-371(stop )-371(on )-371(9 )-371(and )-371(never )-371(close )-371(10.)-876(The)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 32.872 0 Td (dup)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.421 0 Td (function)Tj -35.293 -1.2 Td [(\(Section )-56(3.12\) )-56(does )-56(r)18(eturn )-56(a )-56(speci\336c )-56(err)18(or )-56(when)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 21.335 0 Td (OPEN_MAX)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.106 0 Td [(is )-56(exceeded, )-56(but )-56(duplicating)]TJ 0.25 Tc -26.441 -1.2 Td (ad)Tj 0 Tc 1.361 0 Td [(escriptor a couple of hundr)18(ed times is an extr)18(eme way to determine this value.)]TJ 0.439 -1.2 Td [(Some )-165(implementations )-165(will )-165(r)19(eturn)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 16.045 0 Td (LONG_MAX)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.215 0 Td [(for )-165(limit )-165(values )-165(that )-165(ar)]TJ 0.4148 Tc 10.488 0 Td (ee)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.373 0 Td (ff)Tj 0 Tc 0.648 0 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0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 668.9599 Tm [(grained )-199(locking )-199(to )-199(\336ne-grained )-199(locking.)-700(On )-199(the )-199(system )-199(used )-199(for )-199(these )-199(tests, )-199(coarse-)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(grained )-83(locking )-83(is )-83(the )-83(same )-83(as )-83(\336ne-grained )-83(locking )-83(for )-83(one )-83(pr)18(ocess, )-83(but )-83(becomes )-83(mor)19(e)]TJ T* [(expensive \(by about 30%\) with multiple pr)18(ocesses.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 1.8 -1.2 Td [(We )-483(w)]TJ 0 Tc 2.77 0 Td [(ould )-299(like )-299(the )-299(clock )-299(time )-299(to )-299(decr)18(ease )-299(fr)18(om )-299(coarse-grained )-299(to )-299(\336ne-grained)]TJ -4.57 -1.2 Td [(locking, )-235(which )-235(it )-235(does )-235(as )-235(soon )-235(as )-235(we )-235(start )-235(using )-235(multiple )-235(pr)17(ocesses. )-485(However)]TJ 0.485 Tc 36.952 0 Td (,w)Tj 0 Tc 1.569 0 Td (e)Tj -38.521 -1.2 Td [(expect )-180(the )-180(system )-180(time )-180(to )-180(r)18(emain )-180(higher )-180(for )-180(\336ne-grained )-180(locking )-180(for )-180(any )-180(number )-180(of)]TJ T* [(pr)18(ocesses, )-22(because )-22(we )-22(ar)]TJ 0.2717 Tc 10.935 0 Td (ei)Tj 0 Tc 1.042 0 Td [(ssuing )-22(mor)18(e)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.708 0 Td (fcntl)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.272 0 Td [(calls )-22(with )-22(\336ne-grained )-22(locking )-22(than )-22(with)]TJ -20.957 -1.2 Td [(coarse-grained )-1(locking.)-501(If )-1(we )-1(total )-1(the )-1(number )-1(of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 22.039 0 Td (fcntl)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.251 0 Td [(calls )-1(in )-1(Figur)]TJ 0.2507 Tc 5.707 0 Td (e2)Tj 0 Tc 1.23 0 Td [(0.6, )-1(we )-1(have )-1(an)]TJ -32.227 -1.2 Td [(average )-122(of )-122(87,858 )-122(for )-122(coarse-grained )-122(locking )-122(and )-122(1)55(15,520 )-122(for )-122(\336ne-grained )-122(locking.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 37.613 0 Td (We)Tj 0 Tc -37.613 -1.2 Td [(expect )-107(this )-107(incr)18(ease )-107(of )-107(31% )-107(mor)]TJ 0.3569 Tc 14.353 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.28 0 Td [(alls )-107(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.092 0 Td (fcntl)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.357 0 Td [(to )-107(r)18(esult )-107(in )-107(incr)18(eased )-107(system )-107(time )-107(for)]TJ -22.082 -1.2 Td [(\336ne-grained )-173(locking.)-673(Ther)18(efor)18(e, )-173(the )-173(decr)18(ease )-173(in )-173(system )-173(time 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)-80(of)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(the )-122(extra)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.348 0 Td (fcntl)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.372 0 Td [(calls )-122(doesn\325t )-122(af)18(fect )-122(the )-122(performance )-122(of )-122(the )-122(test )-122(pr)15(ogram. )-372(The)-373(second)]TJ -0.018 Tc -7.72 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(ason )-164(is )-164(that )-164(with )-164(coarse-grained )-164(locking, )-164(we )-164(hold )-164(locks )-164(for )-164(longer )-164(periods )-164(of )-164(time,)]TJ -0.856 -1.2 Td [(thus )-227(incr)18(easing )-227(the )-227(likelihood )-227(that )-227(other )-227(pr)17(ocesses )-227(will )-227(block )-227(on )-227(a )-227(lock.)]TJ -0.055 Tc 34.38 0 Td (Wi)Tj 0 Tc 1.236 0 Td [(th )-227(\336ne-)]TJ -35.616 -1.2 Td [(grained )-103(locking, )-103(the )-103(locking )-103(is )-103(done )-103(over )-103(shorter )-103(intervals, )-103(so )-103(ther)21(e)-353(is)-353(l)1(ess )-103(chance )-103(that)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ocesses )-107(will )-107(block.)-607(If )-107(we )-107(count )-107(the )-107(number 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)-114(time,)]TJ -0.018 Tc -12.191 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(ducing the dif)18(fer)18(ence in system times between the two locking appr)18(oaches.)]TJ 0.944 -1.2 Td [(The )-114(\336nal )-114(column )-114(in )-114(Figur)]TJ 0.3639 Tc 11.713 0 Td (e2)Tj 0 Tc 1.343 0 Td [(0.8, )-114(labeled )-114(\324)37(\324)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf ($)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.927 0 Td [(Sys,\325)37(\325)-364(is)-364(the )-114(per)18(centage )-114(incr)18(ease )-114(in )-114(the)]TJ -21.782 -1.2 Td [(system )-411(CPU )-411(time )-411(fr)18(om )-411(advisory )-411(\336ne-grained )-411(locking )-411(to )-411(mandatory )-411(\336ne-grained)]TJ T* [(locking. )-385(These)-385(per)18(centages )-135(show )-135(that )-135(mandatory )-135(locking )-135(adds )-135(signi\336cantly )-135(\(between)]TJ T* [(20% and 76%\) to the system time as concurr)18(ency incr)18(eases.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(Since )-77(the )-77(user )-77(code )-77(for )-77(all )-77(these )-77(tests )-77(is )-77(almost )-77(identical )-77(\(ther)]TJ 0.3267 Tc 27.504 0 Td (ea)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.306 0 Td [(re )-113(s)]TJ 0 Tc 1.607 0 Td [(ome )-77(additional)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -32.216 -1.2 Td (fcntl)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.43 0 Td [(calls )-180(for )-180(both )-180(advisory )-180(\336ne-grained )-180(and )-180(mandatory )-180(\336ne-grained )-180(locking\), )-180(we)]TJ -3.43 -1.2 Td [(expect the user CPU times to be the same acr)18(oss any r)18(ow)92(.)]TJ 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 183.5892 261.9843 Tm [(The )-59(\336rst )-59(time )-59(we )-59(ran )-59(these )-59(tests, )-59(we )-59(measur)16(ed )-59(the )-59(user )-59(times )-59(for )-59(coarse-grained )-59(locking )-59(to )-59(be)]TJ 0 -1.25 TD [(almost )-79(twice )-79(as )-79(long )-79(as )-79(the )-79(times )-79(for )-79(\336ne-grained )-79(locking )-79(when )-79(multiple )-79(pr)14(ocesses )-79(competed)]TJ T* [(for )-39(the )-39(locks.)-540(Because )-39(the )-39(two )-39(versions )-39(of )-39(the )-39(database )-39(ar)]TJ 0.2895 Tc 25.692 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.094 0 Td [(he )-39(same, )-39(except )-39(for )-39(the )-39(number )-39(of)]TJ -26.786 -1.25 Td [(calls )-45(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.412 0 Td (fcntl)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.295 Tc (,t)Tj 0 Tc 3.871 0 Td [(his )-45(made )-45(no )-45(sense.)-545(After )-45(investigating, )-45(we )-45(discover)18(ed )-45(that )-45(because )-45(ther)]TJ 0.2949 Tc 32.185 0 Td (ew)Tj 0 Tc 1.608 0 Td (as)Tj -41.076 -1.25 Td (mor)Tj 0.2544 Tc 1.806 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.177 0 Td [(ontention )-4(with )-4(coarse-grained )-4(locking, )-4(pr)17(ocesses )-4(wer)]TJ 0.2545 Tc 23.504 0 Td (ew)Tj 0 Tc 1.567 0 Td [(aiting )-4(longer)]TJ 0.2545 Tc 5.575 0 Td (,a)Tj 0 Tc 1.004 0 Td [(nd )-4(the )-4(operating)]TJ -34.635 -1.25 Td [(system )-69(decided )-69(to )-69(r)18(educe )-69(the )-69(CPU )-69(clock )-69(fr)15(equency )-69(to )-69(save )-69(power)]TJ 0.5693 Tc 29.469 0 Td (.W)Tj 0 Tc 1.764 0 Td [(ith )-69(\336ne-grained )-69(locking,)]TJ -31.234 -1.25 Td (ther)Tj 0.3855 Tc 1.764 0 Td (ew)Tj 0 Tc 1.698 0 Td [(as )-136(mor)]TJ 0.3856 Tc 3.116 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.365 0 Td [(ctivity)111(,)-386(so)-386(t)1(he )-136(system )-136(incr)18(eased )-136(the )-136(CPU )-136(clock )-136(fr)20(equency)]TJ 0.6356 Tc 25.72 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.499 0 Td [(his )-136(\(arti\336cially\))]TJ -35.161 -1.25 Td [(made )-248(the )-248(coarse-grained )-248(locking )-248(tests )-248(r)6(un )-248(mor)]TJ 0.4984 Tc 22.009 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.401 0 Td [(lowly )-248(than )-248(the )-248(\336ne-grained )-248(tests.)-750(After)]TJ -23.41 -1.25 Td [(disabling )-59(the )-59(fr)18(equency )-59(scaling )-59(featur)18(e, )-59(we )-59(measur)17(ed )-59(the )-59(performance )-59(of )-59(the )-59(test )-59(without )-59(this)]TJ T* [(bias, and the dif)18(fer)18(ence in user times was much smaller)74(.)]TJ 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5917 146.9912 Tm [(The )-65(values )-65(in )-65(the )-65(\336rst )-65(r)19(ow )-65(of )-65(Figur)]TJ 0.3147 Tc 15.768 0 Td (e2)Tj 0 Tc 1.294 0 Td [(0.8 )-65(ar)]TJ 0.3147 Tc 2.442 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.218 0 Td [(imilar )-65(to )-65(those )-65(for )-65(an)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 9.809 0 Td [(nr)18(ec)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 2.038 0 Td [(of )-65(2,000 )-65(in)]TJ -34.369 -1.2 Td (Figur)Tj 0.25 Tc 2.383 0 Td (e2)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td [(0.7. )-250(This)-250(corr)18(esponds to our expectation.)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47586 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 465.375 708 Tm (Index)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.525 0 Td (981)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 140.3916 670.9597 Tm [(timing comparison,)-500(571)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (recv)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.817 0 Td [(function, )-250(331,)-250(451, 592, 612)]TJ 12.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (615, 626)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (627)Tj -18.257 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(612)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (recv_fd)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(function, )-250(642)]TJ 6.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (644, 650, 655, 660, 896)Tj -9.89 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(642, 647)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (recvfrom)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(function, )-250(331,)-250(451, 613, 620)]TJ 12.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (623)Tj -16.49 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(613)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (recvmsg)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(function, )-250(331,)-250(451, 613, 644, 647)]TJ 14.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (648, 651)Tj -17.89 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(613)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (recv_ufd)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(function, )-250(650)]TJ -3.867 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(651)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (RE_DUP_MAX)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(39,)-250(43, 49)]TJ -0.018 Tc -6.417 -1.25 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(entrant functions,)-500(330)]TJ 9.904 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (332)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -11.344 -1.25 Td (regcomp)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(function, )-250(39,)-250(43)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.617 -1.25 Td (regexec)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(function, )-250(39,)-250(43)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.617 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.817 0 Td (header)Tj 0.5 Tc 2.972 0 Td (,2)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (9)Tj -0.018 Tc -10.039 -1.25 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(gister variables,)-500(217)]TJ -0.018 Tc -0.856 -1.25 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(gular \336le,)-500(95)]TJ -0.018 Tc -0.856 -1.25 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(lative pathname,)-500(5, 8, 43)]TJ 10.988 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (44, 50, 64)Tj 4.083 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (65, 135, 553)Tj -0.018 Tc -17.094 -1.25 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(liable signals,)-500(335)]TJ 8.056 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (336)Tj -0.018 Tc -9.496 -1.25 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(mote mode, pseudo terminal,)-500(741)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -0.856 -1.25 Td (remove)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(function, )-250(1)55(16)]TJ 5.985 0.09 Td (\320)Tj -0.055 Tc 0.583 -0.09 Td (11)Tj 0 Tc 0.945 0 Td (9, 121, 125, 452)Tj -10.18 -1.25 Td (de\336nition of,)Tj -0.055 Tc 6.192 0 Td (11)Tj 0 Tc 0.945 0 Td (9)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -8.487 -1.25 Td (remove_job)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.417 0 Td [(function, )-250(814,)-250(822, 832)]TJ -5.067 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(822)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (rename)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(function, )-250(1)55(19)]TJ 5.985 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (121, 125, 331, 452)Tj -9.235 -1.25 Td (de\336nition of,)Tj -0.055 Tc 6.192 0 Td (11)Tj 0 Tc 0.945 0 Td (9)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -8.487 -1.25 Td (renameat)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(function, )-250(1)55(19)]TJ 5.985 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (120, 331, 452)Tj -10.435 -1.25 Td (de\336nition of,)Tj -0.055 Tc 6.192 0 Td (11)Tj 0 Tc 0.945 0 Td (9)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -8.487 -1.25 Td (replace_job)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.017 0 Td [(function, )-250(814,)-250(821, 837)]TJ -5.667 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(821)]TJ -1.35 -1.25 Td (REPRINT terminal character)Tj 0.5 Tc 12.57 0 Td (,6)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (78, 681, 687, 690,)Tj -11.12 -1.25 Td (703)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -2.7 -1.25 Td (reset)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.417 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram, )-250(713,)-250(943)]TJ -0.018 Tc -3.417 -1.25 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(sour)18(ce limits,)-500(220)]TJ 7.962 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (225, 233, 252, 322, 382)Tj -0.018 Tc -9.402 -1.25 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(started system calls,)-500(329)]TJ 10.936 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (330, 342)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (343, 351, 354,)Tj -13.842 -1.25 Td (508, 700)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -2.7 -1.25 Td (restrict)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(keywor)18(d, )-250(26,)-250(93, 123, 146, 148,)]TJ -2.517 -1.25 Td (152)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (153, 156, 158)Tj 5.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (159, 161)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (163, 190, 192,)Tj -12.5 -1.25 Td (195, 346, 350, 385, 400, 409, 414, 428)Tj 15.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (432, 434,)Tj -16.166 -1.25 Td (440)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (441, 454, 502, 506, 596, 599)Tj 11.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (600, 605,)Tj -14.333 -1.25 Td (608, 613, 624)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -2.7 -1.25 Td (rewind)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(function, )-250(149,)-250(158, 168, 452)]TJ -2.667 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(158)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (rewinddir)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.817 0 Td [(function, )-250(130)]TJ 6.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (135, 452)Tj -11.09 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(130)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (rfork)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.417 0 Td [(function, )-250(229)]TJ -3.417 -1.25 Td [(Ritchie, D. M.,)-500(xx, 26, 143, 149, 155, 162, 164, 208,)]TJ 2.7 -1.25 Td (898, 906, 950, 952)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -2.7 -1.25 Td (RLIM_INFINITY)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.217 0 Td [(constant, )-250(221,)-250(468)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -8.217 -1.25 Td (rlimit)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e, )-250(220,)-250(224, 467, 907)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.017 -1.25 Td (RLIMIT_AS)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.817 0 Td [(constant, )-250(221)]TJ 6.063 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (223)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -12.463 -1.25 Td (RLIMIT_CORE)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.017 0 Td [(constant, )-250(221)]TJ 6.063 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (223, 317)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 12.337 65 Td (RLIMIT_CPU)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(221)]TJ 6.063 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (223)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -13.063 -1.25 Td (RLIMIT_DATA)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.017 0 Td [(constant, )-250(221)]TJ 6.063 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (223)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -13.663 -1.25 Td (RLIMIT_FSIZE)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(221)]TJ 6.063 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (223, 382)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -14.263 -1.25 Td (RLIMIT_INFINITY)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(224,)-250(907)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -9.417 -1.25 Td (RLIMIT_MEMLOCK)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.817 0 Td [(constant, )-250(221)]TJ 6.063 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (223)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -15.463 -1.25 Td (RLIMIT_MSGQUEUE)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(221,)-250(223)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -9.417 -1.25 Td (RLIMIT_NICE)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.017 0 Td [(constant, )-250(221,)-250(223)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -7.017 -1.25 Td (RLIMIT_NOFILE)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.217 0 Td [(constant, )-250(221)]TJ 6.063 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (223, 467, 907)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -14.863 -1.25 Td (RLIMIT_NPROC)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(221)]TJ 6.063 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (223)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -14.263 -1.25 Td (RLIMIT_NPTS)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.017 0 Td [(constant, )-250(221,)-250(223)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -7.017 -1.25 Td (RLIMIT_RSS)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(222)]TJ 6.063 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (223)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -13.063 -1.25 Td (RLIMIT_SBSIZE)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.217 0 Td [(constant, )-250(222)]TJ 6.063 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (223)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -14.863 -1.25 Td (RLIMIT_SIGPENDING)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 10.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(222,)-250(224)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -10.617 -1.25 Td (RLIMIT_STACK)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(222,)-250(224)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -7.617 -1.25 Td (RLIMIT_SWAP)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.017 0 Td [(constant, )-250(222,)-250(224)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -7.017 -1.25 Td (RLIMIT_VMEM)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.017 0 Td [(constant, )-250(222,)-250(224)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -7.017 -1.25 Td (rlim_t)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(data type,)-500(59, 223)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.017 -1.25 Td (rlogin)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram, )-250(717,)-250(741)]TJ 8.191 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (742)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -12.791 -1.25 Td (rlogind)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram, )-250(717,)-250(734, 741, 944)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.617 -1.25 Td (rm)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.617 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram, )-250(559,)-250(663)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.617 -1.25 Td (rmdir)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.417 0 Td [(function, )-250(1)55(17, 1)55(19)]TJ 7.93 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (120, 125, 129)Tj 5.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (130, 331)Tj -16.747 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(130)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (robust)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(attribute, )-250(431,)-250(571)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.017 -1.25 Td (R_OK)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.817 0 Td [(constant, )-250(102)]TJ 6.063 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (103)Tj -0.018 Tc -9.463 -1.25 Td (ro)Tj 0 Tc 0.923 0 Td (ot)Tj 0.427 -1.25 Td [(dir)18(ectory)]TJ 0.5 Tc 3.914 0 Td (,4)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td [(,)-250(8,)-250(24, 139, 141, 233, 252, 283, 910)]TJ -5.164 -1.25 Td [(login name,)-500(16)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (routed)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram, )-250(472)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.017 -1.25 Td (rpcbind)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram, )-250(465)]TJ -4.617 -1.25 Td (RS)Tj 1.193 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(232, )-250(674,)-250(685)]TJ 5.833 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (686)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -7.943 -1.25 Td (rsyslogd)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram, )-250(465,)-250(480)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -5.217 -1.25 Td (RTSIG_MAX)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.817 0 Td [(constant, )-250(40,)-250(43)]TJ -5.817 -1.25 Td [(Rudof)18(f, A. M.,)-500(157, 291, 470, 589, 952)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0 -1.25 TD (runacct)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram, )-250(269)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.617 -6 Td (S5)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.617 0 Td [(\336le system,)-500(65)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.617 -1.25 Td (sa)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.617 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram, )-250(269)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.617 -1.25 Td (sac)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.217 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram, )-250(290)]TJ -2.217 -1.25 Td [(Sacksen, J.,)-500(xxxii)]TJ T* [(SAF \(Service Access Facility\),)-500(290)]TJ T* [(safe, async-signal,)-500(330, 446, 450, 457, 461)]TJ 18.052 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (462, 927)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -18.635 -1.25 Td (sa_handler)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.417 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e, )-250(376)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -6.417 -1.25 Td (SA_INTERRUPT)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(351,)-250(354)]TJ 8.063 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (355)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -16.263 -1.25 Td (s_alloc)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(function, )-250(584)]TJ -4.617 -1.25 Td (Salus, P)Tj 0.25 Tc 3.318 0 Td (.H)Tj 0 Tc 1.332 0 Td [(., 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)-90(if )-90(we )-90(have )-90(pr)20(ovided )-90(an)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(allocator )-268(function )-268(for )-268(the )-268(str)8(uctur)18(e, )-268(so )-268(the )-268(application )-268(doesn\325t )-268(know )-268(about )-268(its )-268(size)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(\(assuming we must incr)18(ease its size when we add a mutex to it\).)]TJ 7.999 0 0 7.999 183.5788 224.583 Tm [(This )-120(is )-120(also )-120(possible )-120(if )-120(we )-120(originally )-120(de\336ned )-120(the )-120(str)7(uctur)]TJ 0.3701 Tc 25.806 0 Td (ew)Tj 0 Tc 1.683 0 Td [(ith )-120(enough )-120(padding )-120(to )-120(allow )-120(us)]TJ -27.489 -1.25 Td [(now )-24(to )-24(r)18(eplace )-24(some )-24(pad )-24(\336elds )-24(with )-24(a )-24(mutex.)-525(Unfortunately)]TJ 0.274 Tc 26.952 0 Td (,m)Tj 0 Tc 1.407 0 Td [(ost )-24(pr)18(ogrammers )-24(ar)]TJ 0.274 Tc 8.76 0 Td (eu)Tj 0 Tc 1.356 0 Td (nskilled)Tj -38.475 -1.25 Td [(at pr)18(edicting the futur)18(e, so this is not a common practice.)]TJ 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 147.5826 178.5886 Tm [(If )-33(both)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.243 0 Td (func1)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.283 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.976 0 Td (func2)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.283 0 Td [(must )-33(manipulate )-33(the )-33(str)8(uctur)]TJ 0.2829 Tc 13.018 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.262 0 Td [(nd )-33(it )-33(is )-33(possible )-33(to )-33(access)]TJ -27.864 -1.2 Td [(it )-125(fr)18(om )-125(mor)]TJ 0.3752 Tc 5.312 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.18 0 Td [(han )-125(one )-125(thr)18(ead )-125(at )-125(a )-125(time, )-125(then)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 14.296 0 Td (func1)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.375 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.068 0 Td (func2)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.375 0 Td [(must )-125(lock )-125(the )-125(mutex)]TJ -29.608 -1.2 Td (befor)Tj 0.3553 Tc 2.288 0 Td (em)Tj 0 Tc 1.717 0 Td [(anipulating )-105(the )-105(str)7(uctur)18(e. )-355(If)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 13.07 0 Td (func1)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.355 0 Td [(must )-105(call)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.473 0 Td (func2)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(,)-355(we)-355(w)-1(ill )-105(deadlock )-105(if )-105(the)]TJ -24.904 -1.2 Td [(mutex )-5(type )-5(is )-5(not )-5(r)17(ecursive. )-255(W)]TJ 0.2553 Tc 13.679 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.178 0 Td [(ould )-5(avoid )-5(using )-5(a )-5(r)17(ecursive )-5(mutex )-5(if )-5(we )-5(could )-5(r)17(elease)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47593 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (428)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Thr)18(ead )-250(Contr)18(ol )]TJ 38.741 0 Td [(Chapter)-500(12)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 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(detachstate)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.965 0 Td [(thr)18(ead )-254(attribute )-254(in )-254(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.95 0 Td (pthread_attr_t)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 8.904 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e. )-504(W)]TJ 0.5039 Tc 5.881 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.427 0 Td [(an )-254(use )-254(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -34.017 -1.2 Td (pthread_attr_setdetachstate)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 16.65 0 Td [(function )-200(to )-200(set )-200(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 8.994 0 Td (detachstate)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.911 0 Td [(thr)18(ead )-200(attribute )-200(to)]TJ -30.555 -1.2 Td [(one )-333(of )-333(two )-333(legal )-333(values:)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 12.336 0 Td (PTHREAD_CREATE_DETACHED)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 14.383 0 Td [(to )-333(start )-333(the )-333(thr)18(ead )-333(in )-333(the)]TJ -26.72 -1.2 Td [(detached )-237(state )-237(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.49 0 Td (PTHREAD_CREATE_JOINABLE)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 14.287 0 Td [(to )-237(start )-237(the )-237(thr)18(ead )-237(normally)110(,)-487(so)-487(i)-1(ts)]TJ -22.777 -1.2 Td [(termination status can be r)18(etrieved by the application.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5909 581.4651 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.783 TD (int pthread_attr_getdetachstate\(const pthread_attr_t *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 37.8 0 Td (attr)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -18.6 -1.189 Td (int *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (detachstate)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -19.2 -1.664 Td (int pthread_attr_setdetachstate\(pthread_attr_t *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (attr)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 32.099 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (detachstate)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -14.218 -1.783 Td [(Both r)18(eturn: 0 if OK, err)18(or number on failur)18(e)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 5192.25 cm 0 0 m 0 713 l 3900 713 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf -0.092 Tc 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 147.5823 506.8592 Tm [(We )-414(c)]TJ 0 Tc 2.311 0 Td [(an )-230(call)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.567 0 Td (pthread_attr_getdetachstate)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 16.68 0 Td [(to )-230(obtain )-230(the )-230(curr)19(ent)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 10.182 0 Td (detachstate)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -34.539 -1.2 Td [(attribute. )-863(The)-863(integer 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= pthread_create\(&tid, &attr, fn, arg\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (pthread_attr_destroy\(&attr\);)Tj T* (return\(err\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 2243.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 231.3765 208.268 Tm (Figure 12.4)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.25 0 Td [(Cr)18(eating a thr)18(ead in the detached state)]TJ 9.9976 0 0 9.9976 147.5646 186.6732 Tm [(Note )-17(that )-17(we )-17(ignor)]TJ 0.2675 Tc 8.384 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.072 0 Td [(he )-17(r)18(eturn )-17(value )-17(fr)18(om )-17(the )-17(call )-17(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 14.057 0 Td (pthread_attr_destroy)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5175 Tc (.I)Tj 0 Tc 13.104 0 Td (n)Tj -38.418 -1.2 Td [(this )-203(case, )-203(we )-203(initialized )-203(the )-203(thr)20(ead )-203(attributes )-203(pr)19(operly)]TJ 0.4527 Tc 24.874 0 Td (,s)Tj 0 Tc 1.127 0 Td (o)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.999 0 Td (pthread_attr_destroy)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -27 -1.2 Td [(shouldn\325t )-166(fail.)-665(Nonetheless, )-166(if )-166(it )-166(does )-166(fail, )-166(cleaning )-166(up )-166(would )-166(be )-166(dif)18(\336cult: )-166(we )-166(would)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(have )-459(to )-459(destr)18(oy )-459(the )-459(thr)18(ead )-459(we )-459(just )-459(cr)20(eated, )-459(which )-459(might )-459(alr)18(eady )-459(be )-459(r)9(unning,)]TJ T* [(asynchr)18(onous )-161(to 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S.,)-500(952)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf T* (read)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.817 0 Td [(function, )-250(8)]TJ 5.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (10, 20, 59, 61, 64, 71)Tj 8.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (72, 78, 88,)Tj -14.907 -1.25 Td (90)Tj 1.083 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (91, 1)Tj -0.055 Tc 1.945 0 Td (11)Tj 0.25 Tc 0.945 0 Td (,1)Tj 0 Tc 1 0 Td (24)Tj 1.083 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (125, 130, 145, 154)Tj 7.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (156, 174,)Tj -15.389 -1.25 Td (301, 308)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (309, 328)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (331, 342)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (343, 364)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (365,)Tj -16.666 -1.25 Td (378, 451, 462, 470, 482)Tj 9.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (483, 495)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (496,)Tj -14.333 -1.25 Td (498)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (502, 505)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (506, 508)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (509, 513, 517,)Tj -10.5 -1.25 Td (523)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (525, 530)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (531, 536)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (537, 540)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (541,)Tj -14.666 -1.25 Td (549)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (551, 553, 556, 587, 590, 592, 610, 612, 654,)Tj -2.167 -1.25 Td (656, 665)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (667, 672, 702)Tj 5.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (704, 708)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (709,)Tj -14.5 -1.25 Td (732)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (733, 738, 740, 748, 752, 765, 767)Tj 13.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (768,)Tj -16.333 -1.25 Td (805)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td [(806, 81)55(1, 818, 823, 836)]TJ 9.528 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (838, 907)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (908,)Tj -16.445 -1.25 Td (936, 943)Tj -1.35 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(71)]TJ -0.018 Tc -1.35 -1.25 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (ad, scatter)Tj 0.5 Tc 4.431 0 Td (,5)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (21, 644)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -6.537 -1.25 Td (readdir)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(function, )-250(5,)-250(7, 130)]TJ 8.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (135, 442, 452, 697, 823)Tj -11.89 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(130)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (readdir_r)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.817 0 Td [(function, )-250(443,)-250(452)]TJ -0.018 Tc -5.817 -1.25 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(ader\320writer lock attributes,)-500(439)]TJ 14.098 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (440)Tj -0.018 Tc -15.538 -1.25 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(ader\320writer locks,)-500(409)]TJ 10.049 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (413)Tj -0.018 Tc -11.489 -1.25 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(ading dir)18(ectories, )-250(130)]TJ 9.786 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (135)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -11.225 -1.25 Td (readlink)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(function, )-250(121,)-250(123)]TJ 8.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (124, 331, 452)Tj -12.49 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(123)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (readlinkat)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.417 0 Td [(function, )-250(123)]TJ 6.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (124, 331, 452)Tj -11.69 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(123)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (read_lock)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.817 0 Td [(function, )-250(489,)-250(493, 498, 897)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -5.817 -1.25 Td (readmore)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(function, )-250(814,)-250(837, 840)]TJ 10.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (841)Tj -14.49 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(837)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (readn)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.417 0 Td [(function, )-250(523)]TJ 6.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td [(524, 738, 806, 81)55(1, 896)]TJ -8.69 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(523)]TJ 7.775 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (524)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -9.709 -1.25 Td (readv)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.417 0 Td [(function, )-250(41,)-250(43, 329, 451, 481, 521)]TJ 15.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (523,)Tj -16.34 -1.25 Td (531, 592, 613, 644, 752, 766)Tj -1.35 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(521)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (readw_lock)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.417 0 Td [(function, )-250(489,)-250(759, 763, 780, 897)]TJ -0.018 Tc -6.417 -1.25 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (al)Tj 0.494 -1.25 Td [(gr)18(oup ID,)-500(98, 102, 183, 228, 233, 252)]TJ 15.877 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (253, 256,)Tj -15.111 -1.25 Td (270, 585)Tj -1.35 -1.25 Td [(user ID,)-500(39)]TJ 5.095 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (40, 43, 98)Tj 4.083 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (99, 102, 221, 228, 233,)Tj -8.995 -1.25 Td (252)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (253, 256)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (260, 270, 276, 286, 288, 337,)Tj -6.333 -1.25 Td (381, 585, 924)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -2.7 -1.25 Td (realloc)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(function, )-250(50,)-250(174, 207)]TJ 9.54 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (208, 213, 661)Tj 5.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (662,)Tj -18.207 -1.25 Td [(666, 761, 838, 840, 91)55(1)]TJ 9.528 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (912)Tj -11.462 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(207)]TJ -0.018 Tc -1.35 -1.25 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (cor)Tj 0.25 Tc 1.367 0 Td (dl)Tj 0 Tc 1.152 0 Td [(ocking, )-250(485)]TJ 5.308 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (499)Tj -7.916 -1.25 Td (advisory)Tj 0.5 Tc 3.777 0 Td (,4)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (95)Tj -5.027 -1.25 Td [(deadlock, )-250(490)]TJ T* (mandatory)Tj 0.5 Tc 4.788 0 Td (,4)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (95)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47598 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (490)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Advanced )-250(I/O)]TJ 38.741 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(14)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 151.1909 670.2598 Tm [(struct flock)-2400(lock;)]TJ 0 -1.902 TD [(lock.l_type = type;)-3000(/* F_RDLCK or F_WRLCK */)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(lock.l_start = offset;)-1200(/* byte offset, relative to l_whence */)]TJ T* (lock.l_whence = whence; /* SEEK_SET, SEEK_CUR, SEEK_END */)Tj T* [(lock.l_len = len;)-4200(/* #bytes \(0 means to EOF\) */)]TJ 0 -1.902 TD (if \(fcntl\(fd, F_GETLK, &lock\) < 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_sys\("fcntl error"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.902 Td (if \(lock.l_type == F_UNLCK\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td [(return\(0\); )-3000(/*)-600(false, region isn\325t locked by another proc */)]TJ -2.4 -1.189 Td (return\(lock.l_pid\); /* true, return pid of lock owner */)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 5392.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 233.328 523.1762 Tm (Figure 14.6)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.695 0 Td (Function to test for a locking condition)Tj 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5846 499.1791 Tm [(If )-118(a )-118(lock )-118(exists )-118(that )-118(would )-118(block )-118(the )-118(r)18(equest )-118(speci\336ed )-118(by )-118(the )-118(ar)20(guments, )-118(this )-118(function)]TJ -0.018 Tc 0 -1.2 TD (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(turns )-11(the )-11(pr)19(ocess )-11(ID )-11(of )-11(the )-11(pr)18(ocess )-11(holding )-11(the )-11(lock.)-511(Otherwise, )-11(the )-11(function )-11(r)18(eturns )-11(0)]TJ -0.856 -1.2 Td [(\(false\). )-523(W)]TJ 0.5226 Tc 4.624 0 Td (en)Tj 0 Tc 1.584 0 Td [(ormally )-273(call )-273(this )-273(function )-273(fr)18(om )-273(the )-273(following )-273(two )-273(macr)21(os )-272(\(de\336ned )-272(in)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -6.207 -1.2 Td (apue.h)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (\):)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9989 0 0 8.9989 147.5824 444.3455 Tm (#define is_read_lockable\(fd, offset, whence, len\) \\)Tj 6 -1.189 Td (\(lock_test\(\(fd\), F_RDLCK, \(offset\), \(whence\), \(len\)\) == 0\))Tj -6 -1.189 Td (#define is_write_lockable\(fd, offset, whence, len\) \\)Tj 6 -1.189 Td (\(lock_test\(\(fd\), F_WRLCK, \(offset\), \(whence\), \(len\)\) == 0\))Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 147.5824 392.1119 Tm [(Note )-106(that )-106(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.372 0 Td (lock_test)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.756 0 Td [(function )-106(can\325t )-106(be )-106(used )-106(by )-106(a )-106(pr)18(ocess )-106(to )-106(see )-106(whether )-106(it )-106(is)]TJ -13.928 -1.2 Td [(curr)18(ently )-105(holding )-105(a )-105(portion )-105(of )-105(a )-105(\336le )-105(locked.)-607(The )-105(de\336nition )-105(of )-105(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 29.996 0 Td (F_GETLK)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.555 0 Td (command)Tj -34.551 -1.2 Td [(states )-117(that )-117(the )-117(information )-117(r)18(eturned )-117(applies )-117(to )-117(an )-117(existing )-117(lock )-117(that )-117(would )-117(pr)14(event )-117(us)]TJ T* [(fr)18(om )-212(cr)18(eating )-212(our )-212(own )-212(lock.)-712(Since )-212(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 18.48 0 Td (F_SETLK)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.662 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.155 0 Td (F_SETLKW)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.262 0 Td [(commands )-212(always)]TJ -0.018 Tc -30.56 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(place )-90(a )-90(pr)18(ocess\325s )-90(existing )-90(lock )-90(if )-90(it )-90(exists, )-90(we )-90(can )-90(never )-90(block )-90(on )-90(our )-90(own )-90(lock; )-90(thus,)]TJ -0.856 -1.2 Td (the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.637 0 Td (F_GETLK)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td [(command will never r)18(eport our own lock.)]TJ ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5141.25 3321.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 50 50 l 0 50 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /TT1 1 Tf 9.9982 0 0 9.9982 93.5832 296.1057 Tm [(Example )195(\321 )195(Deadloc)19(k)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 3.6 -2.4 Td [(Deadlock )-62(occurs )-62(when )-62(two )-62(pr)18(ocesses )-62(ar)]TJ 0.3116 Tc 17.873 0 Td (ee)Tj 0 Tc 1.27 0 Td [(ach )-62(waiting )-62(for )-62(a )-62(r)20(esour)18(ce )-62(that )-62(the )-62(other )-62(has)]TJ -19.143 -1.2 Td [(locked. )-266(The)-266(potential )-16(for )-16(deadlock )-16(exists )-16(if )-16(a )-16(pr)18(ocess )-16(that )-16(contr)18(ols )-16(a )-16(locked )-16(r)18(egion )-16(is )-16(put)]TJ T* [(to sleep when it tries to lock another r)18(egion that is contr)18(olled by a dif)18(fer)18(ent pr)18(ocess.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td (Figur)Tj 0.3583 Tc 2.383 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.337 0 Td [(4.7 )-108(shows )-108(an )-108(example )-108(of )-108(deadlock.)-610(The )-108(child )-108(locks )-108(byte )-108(0 )-108(and )-108(the )-108(par)15(ent)]TJ -5.52 -1.2 Td [(locks )-261(byte )-261(1.)-761(Each )-261(then )-261(tries )-261(to )-261(lock )-261(the )-261(other)-74(\325s )-261(alr)15(eady )-261(locked )-261(byte.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 33.698 0 Td [(We )-445(u)]TJ 0 Tc 2.501 0 Td [(se )-261(the)]TJ -36.199 -1.2 Td [(par)18(ent\320child )-100(synchr)18(onization )-100(r)19(outines )-100(fr)18(om )-100(Section )-100(8.9 )-100(\()]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 25.355 0 Td (TELL_xxx)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.15 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.043 0 Td (WAIT_xxx)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.3498 Tc (\)s)Tj 0 Tc 5.907 0 Td (o)Tj -38.454 -1.2 Td [(that each pr)18(ocess can wait for the other to obtain its lock.)]TJ ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 1929.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9978 0 0 8.9978 129.5689 183.414 Tm (#include "apue.h")Tj 0 -1.189 TD (#include )Tj 0 -2.021 TD (static void)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (lockabyte\(const char *name, int fd, off_t offset\))Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47599 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (912)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Solutions )-250(to )-250(Selected )-250(Exer)18(cises )]TJ 38.165 0 Td [(Appendix)-500(C)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 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l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 155.6107 659.4594 Tm (#include "apue.h")Tj 0 -1.189 TD (#include )Tj 0 -2.14 TD [(#define DEPTH)-2400(1000 )]TJ 19.2 0 Td [(/*)-600(directory depth */)]TJ -19.2 -1.189 Td (#define STARTDIR "/tmp")Tj 0 -1.189 TD [(#define NAME)-3000("alonglonglonglonglonglonglonglonglonglongname")]TJ T* [(#define MAXSZ)-2400(\(10*8192\))]TJ 0 -2.14 TD (int)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (main\(void\))Tj T* ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td [(int )-2400(i;)]TJ T* [(size_t )-600(size;)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(char )-1800(*path;)]TJ 0 -2.14 TD 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[(180 )-1200(})]TJ 0 -1.783 TD [(181 )-1200(/*)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(182 )-1800(*)-600(Relinquish access to the database.)]TJ T* [(183 )-1800(*/)]TJ T* [(184 )-1200(void)]TJ T* [(185 )-1200(db_close\(DBHANDLE)-600(h\))]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(186 )-1200({)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(187 )-2400(_db_free\(\(DB)-600(*\)h\); )-600(/*)-600(closes fds, free buffers & struct */)]TJ T* [(188 )-1200(})]TJ 0 -1.783 TD [(189 )-1200(/*)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(190 )-1800(*)-600(Free up a DB structure, and all the malloc\325ed buffers it)]TJ T* [(191 )-1800(*)-600(may point to.)-1200(Also close the file descriptors if still open.)]TJ T* [(192 )-1800(*/)]TJ T* [(193 )-1200(static)-600(void)]TJ T* [(194 )-1200(_db_free\(DB)-600(*db\))]TJ T* [(195 )-1200({)]TJ T* [(196 )-2400(if)-600(\(db->idxfd >= 0\))]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(197 )-4800(close\(db->idxfd\);)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(198 )-2400(if)-600(\(db->datfd >= 0\))]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(199 )-4800(close\(db->datfd\);)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 3444.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 320.3596 Tm [([171 )167(\320 )167(180])]TJ -0.092 Tc 5 0 Td [(We )-185(a)]TJ 0 Tc 2.138 0 Td [(llocate )-1(space )-1(for )-1(buf)18(fers )-1(for )-1(the )-1(index )-1(and )-1(data )-1(\336les.)-501(The )-1(buf)16(fer )-1(sizes )-1(ar)17(e)]TJ -2.138 -1.2 Td [(de\336ned )-103(in)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.946 0 Td (apue_db.h)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.6032 Tc (.A)Tj 0.3532 Tc 7.031 0 Td (ne)Tj 0 Tc 1.414 0 Td [(nhancement )-103(to )-103(the )-103(database )-103(library )-103(would )-103(be)]TJ -13.392 -1.2 Td [(to )-17(allow )-17(these )-17(buf)18(fers )-17(to )-17(expand )-17(as )-17(r)20(equir)18(ed. )-267(W)]TJ 0.2667 Tc 21.13 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.19 0 Td [(ould )-17(keep )-17(track )-17(of )-17(the )-17(size)]TJ -22.319 -1.2 Td [(of )-81(these )-81(two )-81(buf)18(fers )-81(and )-81(call)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 13.183 0 Td (realloc)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.531 0 Td [(whenever )-81(we )-81(\336nd )-81(we )-81(need )-81(a )-81(bigger)]TJ -17.714 -1.2 Td [(buf)18(fer)]TJ 0.5 Tc 2.604 0 Td (.F)Tj 0 Tc 1.306 0 Td [(inally)111(,)-250(we)-250(r)18(eturn a pointer to the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 14.454 0 Td (DB)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.45 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)]TJ 0.25 Tc 3.49 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.055 0 Td (hat we allocated.)Tj -29.359 -1.6 Td [([181 )167(\320 )167(188])-668(The)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.054 0 Td (db_close)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.18 0 Td [(function )-130(is )-130(a )-130(wrapper )-130(that )-130(casts )-130(a )-130(database )-130(handle )-130(to )-130(a)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 25.567 0 Td (DB)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -32.8 -1.2 Td [(str)8(uctur)]TJ 0.356 Tc 3.49 0 Td (ep)Tj 0 Tc 1.436 0 Td (ointer)Tj 0.3559 Tc 2.545 0 Td (,p)Tj 0 Tc 1.207 0 Td [(assing )-106(it )-106(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.334 0 Td (_db_free)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.156 0 Td [(to )-106(r)18(elease )-106(any )-106(r)18(esour)18(ces )-106(and )-106(fr)18(ee)]TJ -19.168 -1.2 Td (the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.637 0 Td (DB)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.45 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e.)]TJ -8.087 -1.6 Td [([189 )167(\320 )167(199])-668(The)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.215 0 Td (_db_free)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.341 0 Td [(function )-291(is )-291(called )-291(by)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.31 0 Td (db_open)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.741 0 Td [(if )-291(an )-291(err)19(or )-291(occurs )-291(while)]TJ -22.606 -1.2 Td [(opening )-80(the )-80(index )-80(\336le )-80(or )-80(data )-80(\336le )-80(and )-80(is )-80(also )-80(called )-80(by)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 24.981 0 Td (db_close)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.13 0 Td [(when )-80(an)]TJ -30.111 -1.2 Td [(application )-30(is )-30(done )-30(using )-30(the )-30(database.)-530(If )-30(the )-30(\336le )-30(descriptor )-30(for )-30(the )-30(database)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(index )-72(\336le )-72(is )-72(valid, )-72(we )-72(close )-72(it.)-575(The )-72(same )-72(is )-72(done )-72(with )-72(the )-72(\336le )-72(descriptor )-72(for)]TJ T* [(the )-455(data )-455(\336le.)-955(\(Recall )-455(that )-455(when )-455(we )-455(allocate )-455(a )-455(new)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 26.548 0 Td (DB)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.905 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)]TJ 0.7048 Tc 3.49 0 Td (ei)Tj 0 Tc 1.475 0 Td (n)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -33.418 -1.2 Td (_db_alloc)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(,)-266(we)-266(initialize )-16(each )-16(\336le )-16(descriptor )-16(to)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 21.43 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1. )-266(If)-266(we )-16(ar)]TJ 0.2657 Tc 5.206 0 Td (eu)Tj 0 Tc 1.348 0 Td [(nable )-16(to )-16(open)]TJ -27.984 -1.2 Td [(one )-59(of )-59(the )-59(database )-59(\336les, )-59(the )-59(corr)20(esponding )-59(\336le )-59(descriptor )-59(will )-59(still )-59(be )-59(set )-59(to)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf T* (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (1, and we will avoid trying to close it.\))Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47601 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(17.6)]TJ 31.183 0 Td [(An )-250(Open )-250(Server)]TJ 0.5 Tc 7.572 0 Td (,V)Tj 0 Tc 1.361 0 Td [(ersion )-250(2)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 5.717 0 Td (661)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 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(err_sys\("can\325t alloc for client array"\);)Tj -2.4 -2.14 Td (/* initialize the new entries */)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (for \(i = client_size; i < client_size + NALLOC; i++\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td [(client[i].fd = -1;)-1200(/* fd of -1 means entry available */)]TJ -2.4 -2.14 Td (client_size += NALLOC;)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj 0 -2.14 TD (/*)Tj 0.6 Tc 0.6 -1.189 Td (*C)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (alled by loop\(\) when connection request from a new client arrives.)Tj -1.8 -1.189 Td (*/)Tj -0.6 -1.189 Td (int)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (client_add\(int fd, uid_t uid\))Tj 0 -1.189 TD ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td [(int )-2400(i;)]TJ 0 -2.14 TD [(if \(client == NULL\))-3000(/* first time we\325re called */)]TJ 2.4 -1.189 Td (client_alloc\(\);)Tj -4.8 -1.189 Td (again:)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (for \(i = 0; i < client_size; i++\) {)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td [(if \(client[i].fd == -1\) {)-1800(/* find an available entry */)]TJ 2.4 -1.189 Td (client[i].fd = fd;)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (client[i].uid = uid;)Tj T* [(return\(i\); )-600(/*)-600(return index in client[] array */)]TJ -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj 0 -2.14 TD (/* client array full, time to realloc for more */)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (client_alloc\(\);)Tj T* [(goto again;)-3000(/* and search again \(will work this time\) */)]TJ -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj 0 -2.14 TD (/*)Tj 0.6 Tc 0.6 -1.189 Td (*C)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (alled by loop\(\) when we\325re done with a client.)Tj -1.8 -1.189 Td (*/)Tj -0.6 -1.189 Td (void)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (client_del\(int fd\))Tj T* ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td [(int )-2400(i;)]TJ 0 -2.14 TD (for \(i = 0; i < client_size; i++\) {)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(client[i].fd == fd\) {)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (client[i].fd = -1;)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47602 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(21.5)]TJ 38.014 0 Td [(Sour)18(ce )-250(Code)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 7.819 0 Td (841)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 6690.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 129.5922 659.4594 Tm (887 )Tj 9.6 0 Td [(if)-600(\(i >= datsz\) {)-1800(/* get more header */)]TJ -9.6 -1.189 Td (888 )Tj 12 0 Td [(if)-600(\(\(nr = readmore\(sfd, &bp, i, &bufsz\)\) < 0\) {)]TJ -12 -1.189 Td (889 )Tj 14.4 0 Td [(goto)-600(out;)]TJ -14.4 -1.189 Td (890 )Tj 12 0 Td [(})-600(else {)]TJ -12 -1.189 Td (891 )Tj 14.4 0 Td (cp)Tj 0.6 Tc 1.8 0 Td (=&)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (bp[i];)Tj -18 -1.189 Td (892 )Tj 14.4 0 Td [(datsz)-600(+= nr;)]TJ -14.4 -1.189 Td (893 )Tj 12 0 Td (})Tj -12 -1.189 Td (894 )Tj 9.6 0 Td (})Tj -9.6 -1.783 Td (895 )Tj 9.6 0 Td (found)Tj 0.6 Tc 3.6 0 Td (=0)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (;)Tj -15 -1.189 Td (896 )Tj 9.6 0 Td [(while)-600(\(!found\) {)-1200(/* look for end of HTTP header */)]TJ -9.6 -1.189 Td (897 )Tj 12 0 Td [(while)-600(\(i < datsz - 2\) {)]TJ -12 -1.189 Td (898 )Tj 14.4 0 Td [(if)-600(\(*cp == \325\\n\325 && *\(cp + 1\) == \325\\r\325 &&)]TJ -14.4 -1.189 Td (899 )Tj 15.6 0 Td [(*\(cp)-600(+)-600(2\))-600(==)-600(\325\\n\325\) {)]TJ -15.6 -1.189 Td (900 )Tj 16.8 0 Td (found)Tj 0.6 Tc 3.6 0 Td (=1)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (;)Tj -22.2 -1.189 Td (901 )Tj 16.8 0 Td [(cp)-600(+= 3;)]TJ -16.8 -1.189 Td (902 )Tj 16.8 0 Td [(i)-600(+= 3;)]TJ -16.8 -1.189 Td (903 )Tj 16.8 0 Td (break;)Tj -16.8 -1.189 Td (904 )Tj 14.4 0 Td (})Tj -14.4 -1.189 Td (905 )Tj 14.4 0 Td (cp++;)Tj -14.4 -1.189 Td (906 )Tj 14.4 0 Td (i++;)Tj -14.4 -1.189 Td (907 )Tj 12 0 Td (})Tj -12 -1.189 Td (908 )Tj 12 0 Td [(if)-600(\(i >= datsz\) {)-1800(/* get more header */)]TJ -12 -1.189 Td (909 )Tj 14.4 0 Td [(if)-600(\(\(nr = readmore\(sfd, &bp, i, &bufsz\)\) < 0\) {)]TJ -14.4 -1.189 Td (910 )Tj 16.8 0 Td [(goto)-600(out;)]TJ -16.8 -1.189 Td (911 )Tj 14.4 0 Td [(})-600(else {)]TJ -14.4 -1.189 Td (912 )Tj 16.8 0 Td (cp)Tj 0.6 Tc 1.8 0 Td (=&)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (bp[i];)Tj -20.4 -1.189 Td (913 )Tj 16.8 0 Td [(datsz)-600(+= nr;)]TJ -16.8 -1.189 Td (914 )Tj 14.4 0 Td (})Tj -14.4 -1.189 Td (915 )Tj 12 0 Td (})Tj -12 -1.189 Td (916 )Tj 9.6 0 Td (})Tj -9.6 -1.783 Td (917 )Tj 9.6 0 Td [(if)-600(\(datsz - i < len\) {)-1200(/* get more header */)]TJ -9.6 -1.189 Td (918 )Tj 12 0 Td [(if)-600(\(\(nr = readmore\(sfd, &bp, i, &bufsz\)\) < 0\) {)]TJ -12 -1.189 Td (919 )Tj 14.4 0 Td [(goto)-600(out;)]TJ -14.4 -1.189 Td (920 )Tj 12 0 Td [(})-600(else {)]TJ -12 -1.189 Td (921 )Tj 14.4 0 Td (cp)Tj 0.6 Tc 1.8 0 Td (=&)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (bp[i];)Tj -18 -1.189 Td (922 )Tj 14.4 0 Td [(datsz)-600(+= nr;)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 2695.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 245.4685 Tm [([887 )167(\320 )167(916])]TJ -0.092 Tc 5 0 Td [(We )-185(n)]TJ 0 Tc 2.219 0 Td (ow know the length of the message \(speci\336ed by the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 23.38 0 Td (Content-Length)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -25.6 -1.2 Td [(attribute\). )-302(If)-302(we\325ve )-52(exhausted )-52(the )-52(contents )-52(of )-52(the )-52(buf)19(fer)74(,)-302(we)-302(r)18(ead )-52(mor)]TJ 0.3019 Tc 31.08 0 Td (ef)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.114 0 Td (ro)Tj 0 Tc 0.923 0 Td (m)Tj -33.117 -1.2 Td [(the )-22(printer)]TJ 0.5219 Tc 4.654 0 Td (.N)Tj 0 Tc 1.603 0 Td [(ext )-22(we )-22(sear)18(ch )-22(for )-22(the )-22(end )-22(of )-22(the )-22(HTTP )-22(header )-22(\(a )-22(blank )-22(line\).)-521(If)]TJ -6.257 -1.2 Td [(we )-47(\336nd )-47(it, )-47(we )-47(set )-47(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.688 0 Td (found)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.297 0 Td [(\337ag )-47(and )-47(skip )-47(the )-47(blank )-47(line.)-547(Whenever )-47(we )-47(call)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -12.985 -1.2 Td (readmore)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(,)-403(we)-403(s)1(et)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.8 0 Td (cp)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.603 0 Td [(to )-153(point )-153(to )-153(the )-153(same )-153(of)18(fset )-153(in )-153(the )-153(buf)18(fer )-153(that )-153(it )-153(had)]TJ -10.402 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(eviously just in case the buf)18(fer addr)18(ess changed when it was r)18(eallocated.)]TJ -5 -1.6 Td [([917 )167(\320 )167(922])-668(When )-18(we )-18(\336nd )-18(the )-18(end )-18(of )-18(the )-18(HTTP )-18(header)76(,)-268(we)-268(c)1(alculate )-18(the )-18(number )-18(of )-18(bytes)]TJ 5 -1.2 Td [(that the HTTP header consumed.)-500(If the amount we\325ve r)14(ead )-1(minus )-1(the )-1(size )-1(of)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(the )-51(HTTP )-51(header )-51(is )-51(not )-51(equal )-51(to )-51(the )-51(amount )-51(of )-51(data )-51(in )-51(the )-51(IPP )-51(message )-51(\(the)]TJ T* [(value we calculated fr)18(om the content length\), then we r)18(ead some mor)18(e.)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47603 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (748)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5 Tc 3.5 0 Td (AD)Tj 0 Tc 2.052 0 Td [(atabase )-250(Library)]TJ 36.689 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(20)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf -0.092 Tc 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5911 668.9599 Tm [(To )-262(\336)]TJ 0 Tc 2 0 Td [(nd )-78(a )-78(r)19(ecor)18(d)-328(in)-328(the )-78(database )-78(given )-78(its )-78(key)112(,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 18.874 0 Td (db_fetch)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.128 0 Td [(calculates )-78(the )-78(hash )-78(value)]TJ -27.801 -1.2 Td [(of )-32(the )-32(key)]TJ 0.282 Tc 4.31 0 Td (,w)Tj 0 Tc 1.366 0 Td [(hich )-32(leads )-32(to )-32(one )-32(hash )-32(chain )-32(in )-32(the )-32(hash )-32(table.)-532(\(The)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 23.276 0 Td [(chain )-32(ptr)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 3.971 0 Td [(\336eld )-32(could )-32(be)]TJ -32.923 -1.2 Td [(0, )-68(indicating )-68(an )-68(empty )-68(chain.\))]TJ -0.092 Tc 13.974 0 Td [(We )-252(t)]TJ 0 Tc 2.031 0 Td [(hen )-68(follow )-68(this )-68(hash )-68(chain, )-68(which )-68(is )-68(a )-68(linked )-68(list )-68(of)]TJ -16.005 -1.2 Td [(all )-109(the )-109(index )-109(r)17(ecor)18(ds )-109(with )-109(this )-109(hash )-109(value.)-609(When )-109(we )-109(encounter )-109(a)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 30.09 0 Td [(chain )-109(ptr)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 4.125 0 Td [(value )-109(of )-109(0,)]TJ -34.215 -1.2 Td (we\325ve hit the end of the hash chain.)Tj 1.8 -1.2 Td [(Let\325s )-204(look )-204(at )-204(an )-204(actual )-204(database )-204(\336le.)-704(The )-204(pr)18(ogram )-204(in )-204(Figur)]TJ 0.4545 Tc 27.729 0 Td (e2)Tj 0 Tc 1.434 0 Td [(0.3 )-204(cr)18(eates )-204(a )-204(new)]TJ -30.962 -1.2 Td [(database )-90(and )-90(writes )-90(thr)18(ee )-90(r)20(ecor)18(ds )-90(to )-90(it.)-590(Since )-90(we )-90(stor)]TJ 0.3396 Tc 24.188 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.319 0 Td [(ll )-89(the )-89(\336elds )-89(in )-89(the )-89(database )-89(as)]TJ -25.507 -1.2 Td [(ASCII )-169(characters, )-169(we )-169(can )-169(look )-169(at )-169(the )-169(actual )-169(index )-169(\336le )-169(and )-169(data )-169(\336le )-169(using )-169(any )-169(of )-169(the)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD (standar)Tj 0.25 Tc 3.32 0 Td (dU)Tj 0 Tc 1.639 0 Td (NIX System tools:)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5922 553.0566 Tm ($)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (ls -l db4.*)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -1.2 -1.189 Td [(-rw-r--r-- )-600(1)-600(sar )-4200(28)-600(Oct 19 21:33 db4.dat)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(-rw-r--r-- )-600(1)-600(sar )-4200(72)-600(Oct 19 21:33 db4.idx)]TJ T* ($)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (cat db4.idx)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 -1.189 Td [(0)-1200(53)-1200(3)]TJ 1.8 Tc (50)Tj 1.2 Tc 0 -1.189 TD (01)Tj 0 Tc 2.4 0 Td (0Alpha:0:6)Tj 1.2 Tc -2.4 -1.189 Td (01)Tj 0 Tc 2.4 0 Td (0beta:6:14)Tj -3 -1.189 Td [(17 )-600(11gamma:20:8)]TJ -1.2 -1.189 Td ($)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (cat db4.dat)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -1.2 -1.189 Td (data1)Tj T* (Data for beta)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (record3)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.092 Tc 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5933 414.1551 Tm [(To )-467(k)]TJ 0 Tc 2.156 0 Td [(eep )-283(this )-283(example )-283(small, )-283(we )-283(have )-283(set )-283(the )-283(size )-283(of )-283(each)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 26.068 0 Td (ptr)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.755 0 Td [(\336eld )-283(to )-283(four )-283(ASCII)]TJ -29.98 -1.2 Td [(characters; )-248(the )-248(number )-248(of )-248(hash )-248(chains )-248(is )-248(set )-248(to )-248(3.)-745(Since )-248(each)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 29.526 0 Td (ptr)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.72 0 Td [(is )-248(a )-248(\336le )-248(of)18(fset, )-248(a)]TJ -31.245 -1.2 Td [(four)18(-character )-140(\336eld )-140(limits )-140(the )-140(total )-140(size )-140(of )-140(the )-140(index )-140(\336le )-140(and )-140(data )-140(\336le )-140(to )-140(10,000 )-140(bytes.)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(When )-97(we )-97(do )-97(some )-97(performance )-97(measur)19(ements )-97(of )-97(the )-97(database )-97(system )-97(in )-97(Section )-97(20.9,)]TJ T* [(we )-3(set )-3(the )-3(size )-3(of )-3(each)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 10.025 0 Td (ptr)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.475 0 Td [(\336eld )-3(to )-3(six )-3(characters )-3(\(allowing )-3(\336le )-3(sizes )-3(up )-3(to )-3(1 )-3(million )-3(bytes\))]TJ -11.5 -1.2 Td (and the number of hash chains to mor)Tj 0.25 Tc 16.793 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.055 0 Td (han 100.)Tj -16.048 -1.2 Td (The \336rst line in the index \336le)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 163.7914 325.4605 Tm [(0)-1200(53)-1200(3)]TJ 1.8 Tc (50)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0 Tc 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5934 307.4616 Tm [(consists )-253(of )-253(the )-253(fr)18(ee-list )-253(pointer )-253(\(0, )-253(the )-253(fr)18(ee )-253(list )-253(is )-253(empty\) )-253(and )-253(the )-253(thr)17(ee )-253(hash )-253(chain)]TJ T* (pointers)Tj 3.894 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (53, 35, and 0)Tj 5.443 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.5 Tc 0.333 -0.04 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.363 0 Td (he next line)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.2 Tc 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 163.7914 278.7633 Tm (01)Tj 0 Tc 2.4 0 Td (0Alpha:0:6)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5934 260.7644 Tm [(shows )-163(the )-163(format )-163(of )-163(each )-163(index )-163(r)15(ecor)18(d. )-413(The)-414(\336rst )-163(\336eld)]TJ 25.422 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (0)Tj 0.5 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.746 -0.04 Td [(is )-163(the )-163(four)18(-character )-163(chain)]TJ -27.001 -1.2 Td (pointer)Tj 0.5213 Tc 3.146 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.384 0 Td [(his )-21(r)18(ecor)18(d)-271(is)-271(t)-1(he )-21(end )-21(of )-21(its )-21(hash )-21(chain.)-521(The )-21(next )-21(\336eld)]TJ 23.631 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (10)Tj 1 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.604 -0.04 Td [(is )-21(the )-21(four)17(-character)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf -30.098 -1.2 Td [(idx )-163(len)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 0.4131 Tc (,t)Tj 0 Tc 3.903 0 Td [(he )-163(length )-163(of )-163(the )-163(r)18(emainder )-163(of )-163(this )-163(index )-163(r)17(ecor)18(d. )-413(W)]TJ 0.413 Tc 23.681 0 Td (er)Tj 0 Tc 1.269 0 Td [(ead )-163(each )-163(index )-163(r)18(ecor)18(d)]TJ -28.853 -1.2 Td [(using )-139(two)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.941 0 Td (read)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(s: )-139(one )-139(to )-139(r)17(ead )-139(the )-139(two )-139(\336xed-size )-139(\336elds )-139(\(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 22.485 0 Td [(chain )-139(ptr)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 4.186 0 Td (and)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 2.082 0 Td [(idx )-139(len)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 0.3894 Tc (\)a)Tj 0 Tc 4.113 0 Td (nd)Tj -37.807 -1.2 Td [(another )-549(to )-549(r)18(ead )-549(the )-549(r)18(emaining )-549(\(variable-length\) )-549(portion.)-1048(The )-549(r)18(emaining )-549(thr)19(ee)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td (\336elds\321)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (key)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 5.357 0 Td [(dat )-114(off)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 0.3636 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 3.754 0 Td (nd)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.557 0 Td [(dat )-114(len)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf (\321ar)Tj 0.3636 Tc 4.741 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.454 0 Td [(elimited )-114(by )-114(a )-114(separator )-114(character )-114(\(a )-114(colon )-114(in )-114(this)]TJ -16.862 -1.2 Td [(case\). )-256(W)]TJ 0.2562 Tc 3.844 0 Td (en)Tj 0 Tc 1.317 0 Td [(eed )-6(the )-6(separator )-6(character)]TJ 0.2562 Tc 11.882 0 Td (,s)Tj 0 Tc 0.93 0 Td [(ince )-6(each )-6(of )-6(these )-6(thr)18(ee )-6(\336elds )-6(is )-6(variable )-6(length.)]TJ -17.973 -1.2 Td [(The )-46(separator )-46(character )-46(can\325t )-46(appear )-46(in )-46(the )-46(key)]TJ 0.5465 Tc 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Tm [(What )-135(happens )-135(after )-135(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.135 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.785 0 Td [(depends )-134(on )-134(which )-134(dir)18(ection )-134(of )-134(data )-134(\337ow )-134(we )-134(want.)]TJ -15.72 -1.2 Td [(For )-208(a )-208(pipe )-208(fr)18(om )-208(the )-208(par)18(ent )-208(to )-208(the )-208(child, )-208(the )-208(par)18(ent )-208(closes )-208(the )-208(r)17(ead )-208(end )-208(of )-208(the )-208(pipe)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD (\()Tj /TT0 1 Tf (fd[0])Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(\), )-126(and )-126(the )-126(child )-126(closes )-126(the )-126(write )-126(end )-126(\()]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 20.549 0 Td (fd[1])Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(\). )-376(Figur)]TJ 0.3761 Tc 6.592 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.355 0 Td [(5.4 )-126(shows )-126(the )-126(r)18(esulting)]TJ -28.496 -1.2 Td (arrangement of descriptors.)Tj ET q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2130 3898 720 360 re S Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 3642 3898 720 360 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9952 0 0 7.9952 237.3975 428.7826 Tm [(par)18(ent)]TJ 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-428.4 -124.92 l -714 -208.2 -916.8 -309.84 -1036.8 -429.84 c -1156.8 -549.84 -1156.8 -609.84 -1036.8 -609.84 c -856.8 -609.84 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9933 0 0 7.9933 257.3238 277.9664 Tm (Figure 15.4)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.695 0 Td [(Pipe fr)18(om par)18(ent to child)]TJ 9.9916 0 0 9.9916 129.4914 250.3896 Tm [(For )-118(a )-118(pipe )-118(fr)18(om )-118(the )-118(child )-118(to )-118(the )-118(par)18(ent, )-118(the )-118(par)14(ent )-118(closes)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 26.369 0 Td (fd[1])Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.3685 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 4.119 0 Td [(nd )-118(the )-118(child )-118(closes)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -30.487 -1.2 Td (fd[0])Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj 1.8 -1.2 Td [(When one end of a pipe is closed, two r)8(ules apply)111(.)]TJ 0 -2.04 TD [(1. )-633(If)-407(we)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.431 0 Td (read)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.807 0 Td [(fr)18(om )-157(a )-157(pipe )-157(whose )-157(write )-157(end )-157(has )-157(been )-157(closed,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 21.783 0 Td (read)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 2.807 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(turns )-157(0 )-157(to)]TJ -31.051 -1.2 Td [(indicate )-86(an )-86(end )-86(of )-86(\336le )-86(after )-86(all )-86(the )-86(data )-86(has )-86(been )-86(r)16(ead. )-336(\(T)92(echnically)111(,)-336(we)-336(s)-1(hould)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(say )-82(that )-82(this )-82(end )-82(of )-82(\336le )-82(is )-82(not )-82(generated )-82(until )-82(ther)]TJ 0.3324 Tc 22.52 0 Td (ea)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.311 0 Td [(re )-118(n)]TJ 0.3323 Tc 1.77 0 Td (om)Tj 0 Tc 1.761 0 Td (or)Tj 0.3323 Tc 0.923 0 Td (ew)Tj 0 Tc 1.645 0 Td [(riters )-82(for )-82(the)]TJ -29.931 -1.2 Td [(pipe. )-277(It\325s)-277(possible )-27(to )-27(duplicate )-27(a )-27(pipe )-27(descriptor )-27(so )-27(that )-27(multiple )-27(pr)18(ocesses )-27(have)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(the )-161(pipe )-161(open )-161(for )-161(writing.)-663(Normally)]TJ 0.4114 Tc 16.855 0 Td (,h)Tj 0 Tc 1.243 0 Td (owever)Tj 0.4114 Tc 3.224 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 0.987 0 Td [(her)18(e)-411(is)-411(a)-411(s)-1(ingle )-161(r)18(eader )-161(and )-161(a)]TJ -22.31 -1.2 Td [(single )-21(writer )-21(for )-21(a )-21(pipe.)-521(When )-21(we )-21(get )-21(to )-21(FIFOs )-21(in )-21(the )-21(next )-21(section, )-21(we\325ll )-21(see )-21(that)]TJ T* (often ther)Tj 0.25 Tc 4.28 0 Td (ea)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.229 0 Td [(re )-36(m)]TJ 0 Tc 1.989 0 Td (ultiple writers for a single FIFO.\))Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47605 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (784)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5 Tc 3.5 0 Td (AD)Tj 0 Tc 2.052 0 Td [(atabase )-250(Library)]TJ 36.689 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(20)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5911 668.9599 Tm [(The )-10(next )-10(test )-10(was )-10(to )-10(try )-10(the )-10(no-locking )-10(pr)14(ogram )-10(with )-10(multiple )-10(childr)17(en. )-260(The)]TJ -0.018 Tc 34.026 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (sults,)Tj -36.682 -1.2 Td [(as )-128(expected, )-128(wer)]TJ 0.3776 Tc 7.554 0 Td (er)Tj 0 Tc 1.252 0 Td [(andom )-128(err)18(ors. )-378(Normally)]TJ 0.3777 Tc 11.175 0 Td (,r)Tj 0 Tc 1.005 0 Td [(ecor)18(ds )-128(that )-128(wer)]TJ 0.3777 Tc 7.06 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.357 0 Td [(dded )-128(to )-128(the )-128(database)]TJ -29.403 -1.2 Td [(couldn\325t )-86(be )-86(found, )-86(and )-86(the )-86(test )-86(pr)16(ogram )-86(aborted.)-586(Dif)18(fer)18(ent )-86(err)18(ors )-86(occurr)18(ed )-86(every )-86(time)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(the )-128(test )-128(pr)18(ogram )-128(was )-128(r)6(un. )-378(This)-379(illustrates )-128(a )-128(classic )-128(race )-128(condition: )-128(multiple )-128(pr)15(ocesses)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td (updating the same \336le without using any form of locking.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -3.6 -2.64 Td [(Multiple-Pr)20(ocess Results)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 3.6 -2.04 Td [(The )-117(\336nal )-117(set )-117(of )-117(measur)18(ements )-117(looks )-117(mainly )-117(at )-117(the )-117(dif)14(fer)18(ences )-117(between )-117(coarse-grained)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(locking )-41(and )-41(\336ne-grained )-41(locking.)-542(As )-41(we )-41(said )-41(earlier)]TJ 0.2913 Tc 23.274 0 Td (,i)Tj 0 Tc 0.832 0 Td [(ntuitively)111(,)-291(we)-291(e)-1(xpect )-41(\336ne-grained)]TJ -24.106 -1.2 Td [(locking )-117(to )-117(pr)19(ovide )-117(additional )-117(concurr)19(ency)]TJ 0.3666 Tc 18.965 0 Td (,s)Tj 0 Tc 1.041 0 Td [(ince )-117(ther)18(e)-367(is)-367(l)1(ess )-117(time )-117(that )-117(portions )-117(of )-117(the)]TJ -20.005 -1.2 Td [(database )-105(ar)]TJ 0.3548 Tc 5.125 0 Td (el)Tj 0 Tc 1.125 0 Td [(ocked )-105(fr)18(om )-105(other )-105(pr)19(ocesses. )-355(Figur)]TJ 0.3549 Tc 15.603 0 Td (e2)Tj 0 Tc 1.334 0 Td [(0.8 )-105(shows )-105(the )-105(r)18(esults )-105(for )-105(an)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 12.856 0 Td [(nr)18(ec)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 2.078 0 Td (of)Tj -38.121 -1.2 Td [(2,000, varying the number of childr)18(en fr)18(om 1 to 16.)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1357.25 5074.25 cm 0 0 m 3777 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 246.1985 499.3401 Tm (Advisory locking)Tj 21.096 0 Td (Mandatory locking)Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1685.25 4954.25 cm 0 0 m 3449 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4489.25 4954.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4176.25 4954.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3238.25 4954.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2926.25 4954.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2300.25 4954.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1988.25 4954.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 173.1328 487.3123 Tm [(Coarse-grained locking)-1980(Fine-grained locking)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 22.994 0 Td ($)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.862 0 Td [(Clock )-1276(Fine-grained)-250(locking)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 15.29 0 Td ($)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.862 0 Td (Sys)Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1685.25 4834.25 cm 0 0 m 3449 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 174.818 475.2859 Tm [(User )-1867(Sys)-1883(Clock )-1347(User)-2117(Sys )-1632(Clock)-990(Per)18(cent )-974(User)-2118(Sys )-1632(Clock)-990(Per)18(cent)]TJ 0.25 Tc -4.387 1.5 Td (#P)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.354 0 Td (ro)Tj 0 Tc 0.923 0 Td (c)Tj ET q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1357.25 4714.25 cm 0 0 m 3777 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1357.25 4694.25 cm 0 0 m 3777 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 2.6895 Tc 7.9976 0 0 7.9976 152.6022 461.2616 Tm (10)Tj 0 Tc 3.689 0 Td [(.14 )-2158(0.35)-1908(0.50 )-1908(0.14)-2408(0.35 )-1658(0.50)]TJ 2.783 Tc 23.573 0 Td (00)Tj 0 Tc 3.783 0 Td [(.15 )-2158(0.42)-1908(0.58 )-2033(20)]TJ 2.6895 Tc -31.046 -1.25 Td (20)Tj 0 Tc 3.689 0 Td [(.60 )-2158(1.43)-1908(1.88 )-1908(0.54)-2408(1.36 )-1658(1.10)-2283(71 )-2533(0.65)-2408(2.01 )-1658(1.59)-2283(48)]TJ 2.6895 Tc -3.69 -1.25 Td (30)Tj 0 Tc 3.689 0 Td [(.97 )-2158(2.67)-1908(3.18 )-1908(1.37)-2408(3.73 )-1658(2.20)-2283(45 )-2533(1.62)-2408(5.67 )-1658(3.28)-2283(52)]TJ 2.6895 Tc -3.69 -1.25 Td (42)Tj 0 Tc 3.689 0 Td [(.38 )-2158(6.17)-1908(5.59 )-1908(2.83)-2408(8.15 )-1658(4.07)-2283(37 )-2533(3.29)-1908(12.35 )-1658(6.31)-2283(52)]TJ 2.6895 Tc -3.69 -1.25 Td (53)Tj 0 Tc 3.689 0 Td [(.72 )-1658(10.17 )-1658(8.37)-2158(4.28 )-1713(1)55(1.86 )-1658(6.09)-2283(37 )-2533(4.96)-1908(18.47 )-1658(9.49)-2283(56)]TJ 2.6895 Tc -3.69 -1.25 Td (65)Tj 0 Tc 3.689 0 Td [(.02 )-1658(14.52)]TJ -0.055 Tc 6.871 0 Td (11)Tj 0 Tc 0.945 0 Td [(.52 )-1908(6.04)-1908(17.46 )-1658(8.89)-2283(30 )-2533(6.66)-1908(26.38 )-1158(13.22)-2283(51)]TJ 2.6895 Tc -11.506 -1.25 Td (77)Tj 0 Tc 3.689 0 Td [(.00 )-1658(20.16)-1408(15.84 )-1908(8.06)-1908(23.23 )-1213(1)55(1.88 )-2033(33)-2783(9.12 )-1658(36.13)-1408(18.09 )-2033(56)]TJ 2.6895 Tc -3.69 -1.25 Td (89)Tj 0 Tc 3.689 0 Td [(.12 )-1658(26.20)-1408(20.31 )-1408(10.50)-1908(30.50 )-1158(15.48)-2283(31 )-2088(1)55(1.81 )-1658(47.20)-1408(23.49 )-2033(55)]TJ 2.2445 Tc -3.69 -1.25 Td (91)Tj 0 Tc 3.189 0 Td [(1.60 )-1658(33.91)-1408(25.64 )-1408(13.40)-1908(37.80 )-1158(19.29)-2283(33 )-2033(14.54)-1908(60.23 )-1158(29.66)-2283(59)]TJ -3.69 -1.25 Td [(10 )-1939(14.28)-1908(42.24 )-1158(31.35)-1658(16.39 )-1658(47.01)-1408(23.74 )-2033(32 )-2033(17.84)-1908(74.05 )-1158(36.27)-2283(58)]TJ -0.055 Tc 0.055 -1.25 Td [(11 )-2050(1)]TJ 0 Tc 3.635 0 Td [(7.37 )-1658(51.12)-1408(37.50 )-1408(19.71)-1908(56.59 )-1158(28.57)-2283(31 )-2033(21.57)-1908(90.14 )-1158(44.10)-2283(59)]TJ -3.69 -1.25 Td [(12 )-1939(20.70)-1908(60.48 )-1158(44.24)-1658(23.47 )-1658(66.10)-1408(33.34 )-2033(33 )-2033(25.57)-1408(108.94 )-1158(53.1)]TJ 2.338 Tc 40.057 0 Td (16)Tj 0 Tc 3.338 0 Td (5)Tj -43.395 -1.25 Td [(13 )-1939(25.13)-1908(70.67 )-1158(51.96)-1658(27.70 )-1658(77.76)-1408(39.21 )-2033(33 )-2033(29.71)-1408(133.31 )-1158(63.07)-2283(71)]TJ -0 -1.25 Td [(14 )-1939(28.40)-1908(82.23 )-1158(59.88)-1658(32.34 )-1658(91.45)-1408(46.22 )-2033(30 )-2033(34.22)-1408(155.80 )-1158(73.86)-2283(70)]TJ -0 -1.25 Td [(15 )-1939(32.23)-1908(94.26 )-1158(68.30)-1658(36.32 )-1158(102.97 )-1158(51.82)-2283(32 )-2033(39.05)-1408(180.66 )-1158(84.14)-2283(75)]TJ -0 -1.25 Td [(16 )-1939(37.24)-1408(107.87 )-1158(78.67)-1658(42.17 )-1213(1)55(18.20 )-1158(59.72)-2283(32 )-2033(44.1)]TJ 1.463 Tc 32.241 0 Td (12)Tj 0 Tc 2.463 0 Td [(08.28 )-1158(96.82)-2283(76)]TJ ET q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1357.25 3074.25 cm 0 0 m 3777 0 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4801.25 3074.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1880 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4489.25 3074.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1760 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4176.25 3074.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1760 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3854.25 3074.25 cm 0 0 m 0 2000 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3874.25 3074.25 cm 0 0 m 0 2000 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3551.25 3074.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1880 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3238.25 3074.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1760 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2926.25 3074.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1760 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2603.25 3074.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1880 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2623.25 3074.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1880 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2300.25 3074.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1760 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1988.25 3074.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1760 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1665.25 3074.25 cm 0 0 m 0 2000 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1685.25 3074.25 cm 0 0 m 0 2000 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5134.25 3074.25 cm 0 0 m 0 2000 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1357.25 3074.25 cm 0 0 m 0 2000 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9971 0 0 7.9971 204.5663 289.2958 Tm (Figure 20.8)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.695 0 Td (Comparison of various locking techniques,)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 19.216 0 Td [(nr)18(ec)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 0.25 Tc 1.973 0 Td (=2)Tj 0 Tc 1.356 0 Td (,000)Tj 9.9964 0 0 9.9964 129.5536 265.3045 Tm [(All )-85(times )-85(ar)19(e)-335(in)-335(s)1(econds )-85(and )-85(ar)]TJ 0.3346 Tc 14.08 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.14 0 Td [(he )-85(total )-85(for )-85(the )-85(par)18(ent )-85(and )-85(all )-85(its )-85(childr)21(en. )-334(Ther)]TJ 0.3345 Tc 21.611 0 Td (ea)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.314 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc -38.144 -1.2 Td [(many items to consider fr)18(om this data.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(The )-124(\336rst )-124(thing )-124(to )-124(notice )-124(is )-124(that )-124(the )-124(sum )-124(of )-124(the )-124(user )-124(and )-124(system )-124(times )-124(exceeds )-124(the)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(clock )-160(time )-160(when )-160(multiple )-160(pr)18(ocesses )-160(ar)]TJ 0.41 Tc 17.627 0 Td (eu)Tj 0 Tc 1.492 0 Td [(sed. )-410(This)-410(seems )-160(odd )-160(at )-160(\336rst, )-160(but )-160(is )-160(normal)]TJ -19.119 -1.2 Td [(when )-273(multiple )-273(cor)18(es )-273(ar)]TJ 0.5232 Tc 10.958 0 Td (ep)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.603 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(sent. )-523(What)-523(happens )-273(is )-273(that )-273(all )-273(concurr)18(ently )-273(executing)]TJ -13.418 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ocesses )-166(accumulate )-166(time )-166(as )-166(they )-166(execute; )-166(the )-166(CPU )-166(pr)18(ocessing )-166(times )-166(shown )-166(ar)]TJ 0.4159 Tc 36.718 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.221 0 Td (he)Tj -37.939 -1.2 Td [(sum )-132(of )-132(the )-132(times )-132(of )-132(all )-132(the )-132(cor)17(es )-132(used )-132(by )-132(the )-132(pr)17(ogram. )-382(Because)-383(we )-132(can )-132(r)8(un )-132(multiple)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ocesses )-175(at )-175(the )-175(same )-175(time )-175(\(one )-175(per )-175(cor)18(e\), )-175(the )-175(CPU )-175(pr)18(ocessing )-175(times )-175(can )-175(exceed )-175(the)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD (clock time.)Tj 1.8 -1.2 Td [(The )-207(eighth )-207(column, )-207(labeled )-207(\324)37(\324)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf ($)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 14.709 0 Td [(Clock,\325)37(\325)-457(is)-457(the )-207(per)18(centage )-207(dif)18(fer)18(ence )-207(between )-207(the)]TJ -16.509 -1.2 Td [(clock )-192(times )-192(fr)18(om )-192(advisory )-192(coarse-grained )-192(locking )-192(and )-192(advisory )-192(\336ne-grained )-192(locking.)]TJ T* [(This )-215(is )-215(a )-215(measur)18(ement )-215(of )-215(how )-215(much )-215(concurr)18(ency )-215(we )-215(obtain )-215(by )-215(going )-215(fr)19(om )-215(coarse-)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47606 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (444)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Thr)18(ead )-250(Contr)18(ol )]TJ 38.741 0 Td [(Chapter)-500(12)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5911 658.2605 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.783 TD (int getchar_unlocked\(void\);)Tj 0 -1.783 TD (int getc_unlocked\(FILE *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (fp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 11.278 -1.783 Td [(Both r)18(eturn: the next character if OK,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 16.568 0 Td (EOF)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.05 0 Td [(on end of \336le or err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -29.896 -1.783 Td (int putchar_unlocked\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 15 0 Td (c)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -15 -1.783 Td (int putc_unlocked\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 13.2 0 Td (c)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,F)Tj 0 Tc 2.207 0 Td (ILE *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (fp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.186 -1.783 Td [(Both r)18(eturn:)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 5.577 0 Td (c)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.657 0 Td (if OK,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.886 0 Td (EOF)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.05 0 Td [(on err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 5575.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1098 l 3900 1098 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 147.5823 543.9347 Tm [(These )-149(four )-149(functions )-149(should )-149(not )-149(be )-149(called )-149(unless )-149(they )-149(ar)]TJ 0.3994 Tc 25.962 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.302 0 Td [(urr)18(ounded )-149(by )-149(calls )-149(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -29.064 -1.2 Td (flockfile)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.699 0 Td (\(or)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.573 0 Td (ftrylockfile)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.299 Tc (\)a)Tj 0 Tc 8.332 0 Td (nd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.492 0 Td (funlockfile)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.549 Tc (.O)Tj 0 Tc 8.185 0 Td [(therwise, )-49(unpr)18(edictable )-49(r)18(esults)]TJ -25.281 -1.2 Td [(can )-51(occur )-51(\(i.e., )-51(the )-51(types )-51(of )-51(pr)18(oblems )-51(that )-51(r)18(esult )-51(fr)18(om )-51(unsynchr)18(onized )-51(access )-51(to )-51(data )-51(by)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(multiple thr)18(eads of contr)18(ol\).)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(Once )-219(you )-219(lock )-219(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.094 0 Td (FILE)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.869 0 Td [(object, )-218(you )-218(can )-218(make )-218(multiple )-218(calls )-218(to )-218(these )-218(functions)]TJ -13.763 -1.2 Td (befor)Tj 0.4219 Tc 2.288 0 Td (er)Tj 0 Tc 1.278 0 Td [(eleasing 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(.)Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 3856.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9984 0 0 8.9984 129.5767 376.0313 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.189 TD (#include )Tj 0 -1.902 TD (#define MAXSTRINGSZ 4096)Tj 0 -1.902 TD (static char envbuf[MAXSTRINGSZ];)Tj 0 -1.902 TD (extern char **environ;)Tj T* 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1 3093.3601 6061.2798 cm 0 0 m -73.44 12.24 l -59.04 45.36 l h S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2598.25 6278.25 cm 0 0 m 429 -188 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.3262 -3.2086 3.2086 7.3262 276.3337 623.8922 Tm [(pr)18(ompt)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 249.5201 630.8886 Tm (stdout)Tj ET q 0.99976 0 0 0.99976 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 389.4 627.8 cm 0 0 m -5.904 -4.536 l -7.344 -1.224 l f Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3894 6278 cm 0 0 m -59.04 -45.36 l -73.44 -12.24 l h S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3398.25 6061.25 cm 0 0 m 430 188 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.3258 3.2084 -3.2084 7.3258 355.3444 616.2591 Tm (user)Tj -0.126 -1.25 Td (input)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 7.9976 0 0 7.9976 381.0617 630.8507 Tm (stdin)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -17.479 -8.955 Td (Figure 15.13)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.09 Tc 6.195 0 Td (Tr)Tj 0 Tc 0.918 0 Td (ansforming input using)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 10.701 0 Td (popen)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.997 0 0 9.997 129.5612 535.2396 Tm [(The 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/TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 160.2404 659.4594 Tm (#include "apue.h")Tj 0 -1.189 TD (#include )Tj 0 -2.021 TD (struct foo {)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (int a, b, c, d;)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (};)Tj T* (void)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (printfoo\(const char *s, const struct foo *fp\))Tj T* ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (fputs\(s, stdout\);)Tj T* [(printf\(" )-600(structure)-600(at 0x%lx\\n", \(unsigned long\)fp\);)]TJ T* [(printf\(" )-600(foo.a)]TJ 0.6 Tc 9.6 0 Td (=%)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (d\\n", fp->a\);)Tj -11.4 -1.189 Td [(printf\(" )-600(foo.b)]TJ 0.6 Tc 9.6 0 Td (=%)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (d\\n", fp->b\);)Tj -11.4 -1.189 Td [(printf\(" )-600(foo.c)]TJ 0.6 Tc 9.6 0 Td (=%)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (d\\n", fp->c\);)Tj -11.4 -1.189 Td [(printf\(" )-600(foo.d)]TJ 0.6 Tc 9.6 0 Td (=%)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (d\\n", fp->d\);)Tj -13.8 -1.189 Td (})Tj 0 -2.021 TD (void *)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (thr_fn1\(void *arg\))Tj 0 -1.189 TD ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (struct foo *fp;)Tj 0 -2.021 TD (if \(\(fp = malloc\(sizeof\(struct foo\)\)\) == NULL\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td 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/T1_1 1 Tf 12.892 0 Td [(41)37(1)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 151.1909 670.2598 Tm [(pthread_t )-1200(j_id; )-1200(/*)-600(tells which thread handles this job */)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD (/* ... more stuff here ... */)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (};)Tj 0 -2.021 TD (struct queue {)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td [(struct job)-3600(*q_head;)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(struct job)-3600(*q_tail;)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD (pthread_rwlock_t q_lock;)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (};)Tj 0 -2.021 TD (/*)Tj 0.6 Tc 0.6 -1.189 Td (*I)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (nitialize a queue.)Tj -1.8 -1.189 Td (*/)Tj -0.6 -1.189 Td (int)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (queue_init\(struct queue *qp\))Tj T* ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (int err;)Tj 0 -2.021 TD (qp->q_head = NULL;)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (qp->q_tail = NULL;)Tj T* (err = pthread_rwlock_init\(&qp->q_lock, NULL\);)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (if \(err != 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (return\(err\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (/* ... continue initialization ... */)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (return\(0\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj 0 -2.021 TD (/*)Tj 0.6 Tc 0.6 -1.189 Td (*I)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (nsert a job at the head of the queue.)Tj -1.8 -1.189 Td (*/)Tj -0.6 -1.189 Td (void)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (job_insert\(struct queue *qp, struct job *jp\))Tj T* ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (pthread_rwlock_wrlock\(&qp->q_lock\);)Tj T* (jp->j_next = qp->q_head;)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (jp->j_prev = NULL;)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (if \(qp->q_head != NULL\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (qp->q_head->j_prev = jp;)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (else)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td [(qp->q_tail = jp;)-2400(/* list was empty */)]TJ -2.4 -1.189 Td (qp->q_head = jp;)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (pthread_rwlock_unlock\(&qp->q_lock\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj 0 -2.021 TD (/*)Tj 0.6 Tc 0.6 -1.189 Td (*A)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (ppend a job on the tail of the queue.)Tj -1.8 -1.189 Td (*/)Tj -0.6 -1.189 Td (void)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (job_append\(struct queue *qp, struct job *jp\))Tj T* ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (pthread_rwlock_wrlock\(&qp->q_lock\);)Tj T* (jp->j_next = NULL;)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47610 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(1)55(1.5 )]TJ 34.775 0 Td [(Thr)18(ead )-250(T)92(ermination)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 11.058 0 Td (395)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 129.5922 670.2598 Tm ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (printf\("thread 1 start\\n"\);)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (pthread_cleanup_push\(cleanup, "thread 1 first handler"\);)Tj T* (pthread_cleanup_push\(cleanup, "thread 1 second handler"\);)Tj T* (printf\("thread 1 push complete\\n"\);)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (if \(arg\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (return\(\(void *\)1\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (pthread_cleanup_pop\(0\);)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (pthread_cleanup_pop\(0\);)Tj T* (return\(\(void *\)1\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj 0 -2.14 TD (void *)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (thr_fn2\(void *arg\))Tj T* ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (printf\("thread 2 start\\n"\);)Tj T* (pthread_cleanup_push\(cleanup, "thread 2 first handler"\);)Tj T* (pthread_cleanup_push\(cleanup, "thread 2 second handler"\);)Tj T* (printf\("thread 2 push complete\\n"\);)Tj T* (if \(arg\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (pthread_exit\(\(void *\)2\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (pthread_cleanup_pop\(0\);)Tj T* (pthread_cleanup_pop\(0\);)Tj T* (pthread_exit\(\(void *\)2\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj 0 -2.14 TD (int)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (main\(void\))Tj T* ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td [(int )-4800(err;)]TJ T* [(pthread_t )-1200(tid1,)-600(tid2;)]TJ T* [(void )-4200(*tret;)]TJ 0 -2.14 TD (err = pthread_create\(&tid1, NULL, thr_fn1, \(void *\)1\);)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (if \(err != 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_exit\(err, "can\325t create thread 1"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (err = pthread_create\(&tid2, NULL, thr_fn2, \(void *\)1\);)Tj T* (if \(err != 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_exit\(err, "can\325t create thread 2"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (err = pthread_join\(tid1, &tret\);)Tj T* (if \(err != 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_exit\(err, "can\325t join with thread 1"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (printf\("thread 1 exit code %ld\\n", \(long\)tret\);)Tj T* (err = pthread_join\(tid2, &tret\);)Tj T* (if \(err != 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_exit\(err, "can\325t join with thread 2"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (printf\("thread 2 exit code %ld\\n", \(long\)tret\);)Tj T* (exit\(0\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 1583.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 257.1611 142.3019 Tm [(Figure 1)37(1.5)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 6.25 0 Td [(Thr)18(ead cleanup handler)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47611 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (390)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Thr)18(eads )]TJ 36.604 0 Td (Chapter)Tj -0.055 Tc 6.284 0 Td (11)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 0 Tc 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 151.1909 670.2598 Tm (printf\("thread 2 exiting\\n"\);)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (pthread_exit\(\(void *\)2\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj 0 -2.14 TD (int)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (main\(void\))Tj T* ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td [(int )-4800(err;)]TJ T* [(pthread_t )-1200(tid1,)-600(tid2;)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(void )-4200(*tret;)]TJ 0 -2.14 TD (err = pthread_create\(&tid1, NULL, thr_fn1, NULL\);)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (if \(err != 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_exit\(err, "can\325t create thread 1"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (err = pthread_create\(&tid2, NULL, thr_fn2, NULL\);)Tj T* (if \(err != 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_exit\(err, "can\325t create thread 2"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (err = pthread_join\(tid1, &tret\);)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (if \(err != 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_exit\(err, "can\325t join with thread 1"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (printf\("thread 1 exit code %ld\\n", \(long\)tret\);)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (err = pthread_join\(tid2, &tret\);)Tj T* (if \(err != 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_exit\(err, "can\325t join with thread 2"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (printf\("thread 2 exit code %ld\\n", \(long\)tret\);)Tj T* (exit\(0\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 3916.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 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1 Tf -2.7 -1.25 Td (PTHREAD_MUTEX_ROBUST)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 12.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(432)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -12.417 -1.25 Td (PTHREAD_MUTEX_STALLED)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 13.017 0 Td [(constant, )-250(432)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -13.017 -1.25 Td (pthread_mutex_t)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.417 0 Td [(data type,)-500(400)]TJ 6.482 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (401, 403, 405,)Tj -13.782 -1.25 Td (408, 416, 438, 445, 449, 455, 459, 813)Tj 15.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (814, 940)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -18.866 -1.25 Td (pthread_mutex_timedlock)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 14.217 0 Td [(function, )-250(407)]TJ 6.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (409,)Tj -18.14 -1.25 Td (413)Tj -1.35 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(407)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (pthread_mutex_trylock)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 13.017 0 Td [(function, )-250(400,)-250(402)]TJ -11.667 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(400)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (pthread_mutex_unlock)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 12.417 0 Td [(function, )-250(400)]TJ 6.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (401,)Tj -16.34 -1.25 Td 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14.217 0 Td [(constant, )-250(417,)-250(431,)]TJ -11.517 -1.25 Td (442)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -2.7 -1.25 Td (PTHREAD_PROCESS_SHARED)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 13.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(417,)-250(431,)]TJ -10.917 -1.25 Td (442, 571)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -2.7 -1.25 Td (pthread_rwlockattr_destroy)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 16.017 0 Td [(function, )-250(439)]TJ -14.667 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(439)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (pthread_rwlockattr_getpshared)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 17.817 0 Td (function,)Tj -15.117 -1.25 Td (440)Tj -1.35 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(440)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (pthread_rwlockattr_init)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 14.217 0 Td [(function, )-250(439)]TJ -12.867 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(439)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (pthread_rwlockattr_setpshared)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 17.817 0 Td (function,)Tj -15.117 -1.25 Td (440)Tj -1.35 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(440)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (pthread_rwlockattr_t)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 12.417 0 Td [(data type,)-500(439)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -12.417 -1.25 Td (pthread_rwlock_destroy)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 13.617 0 Td [(function, )-250(409)]TJ 6.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (410)Tj -18.89 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(409)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (pthread_rwlock_init)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 11.817 0 Td [(function, )-250(409,)-250(41)55(1)]TJ -10.467 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(409)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (PTHREAD_RWLOCK_INITIALIZER)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 16.017 0 Td [(constant, )-250(409)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -16.017 -1.25 Td (pthread_rwlock_rdlock)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 13.017 0 Td [(function, )-250(410,)-250(412,)]TJ -10.317 -1.25 Td (452)Tj -1.35 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(410)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (pthread_rwlock_t)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 10.017 0 Td [(data type,)-500(41)55(1)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -10.017 -1.25 Td (pthread_rwlock_timedrdlock)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 16.017 0 Td [(function, )-250(413,)]TJ -13.317 -1.25 Td (452)Tj -1.35 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(413)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (pthread_rwlock_timedwrlock)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 16.017 0 Td [(function, 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[(de\336nition of,)-500(385)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (pthread_setcancelstate)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 13.617 0 Td [(function, )-250(451)]TJ -12.267 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(451)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (pthread_setcanceltype)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 13.017 0 Td [(function, )-250(453)]TJ -11.667 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(453)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (pthread_setspecific)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 11.817 0 Td [(function, )-250(449)]TJ 6.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (450)Tj -17.09 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(449)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (pthread_sigmask)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.417 0 Td [(function, )-250(453)]TJ 6.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (454, 477, 815)Tj -14.69 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(454)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (pthread_spin_destroy)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 12.417 0 Td [(function, )-250(417)]TJ -11.067 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(417)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47613 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(12.6)]TJ 34.349 0 Td [(Thr)18(ead)]TJ 3.162 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(Speci\336c )-250(Data)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 7.989 0 Td (449)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 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0 Tc 1.307 0 Td [(an )-134(obtain )-134(the )-134(addr)18(ess )-134(of )-134(the )-134(thr)18(ead-speci\336c )-134(data )-134(with)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -14.5 -1.2 Td (pthread_getspecific)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5907 485.3111 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.783 TD (void *pthread_getspecific\(pthread_key_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 24 0 Td (key)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -8.796 -1.783 Td [(Returns: thr)18(ead-speci\336c data value or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 16.789 0 Td (NULL)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td (if no value)Tj -9.715 -1.189 Td (has been associated with the key)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -24.928 -1.783 Td (int pthread_setspecific\(pthread_key_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 22.8 0 Td (key)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 3.133 0 Td (onst void *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (value)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -4.652 -1.783 Td [(Returns: 0 if OK, err)18(or number on failur)18(e)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 4059.25 cm 0 0 m 0 884 l 3900 884 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 392.3929 Tm [(If )-46(no )-46(thr)18(ead-speci\336c )-46(data )-46(has )-46(been )-46(associated )-46(with )-46(a )-46(key)112(,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 25.597 0 Td (pthread_getspecific)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 11.696 0 Td (will)Tj -0.018 Tc -37.293 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(turn )-9(a )-9(null )-9(pointer)]TJ 0.5092 Tc 8.096 0 Td (.W)Tj 0.2592 Tc 1.667 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.182 0 Td [(an )-9(use )-9(this )-9(r)18(eturn )-9(value )-9(to )-9(determine )-9(whether )-9(we )-9(need )-9(to )-9(call)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -11.802 -1.2 Td (pthread_setspecific)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj /TT1 1 Tf -3.6 -2.64 Td (Example)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.6 -2.16 Td [(In )-169(Figur)]TJ 0.4188 Tc 3.721 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.398 0 Td [(2.1)55(1, )-169(we )-169(showed )-169(a )-169(hypothetical )-169(implementation )-169(of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 23.628 0 Td (getenv)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.6687 Tc (.W)Tj 0.4187 Tc 5.427 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.342 0 Td [(ame )-169(up)]TJ -35.516 -1.2 Td [(with )-306(a )-306(new )-306(interface )-306(to )-306(pr)18(ovide )-306(the 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/Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (412)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Thr)18(eads )]TJ 36.604 0 Td (Chapter)Tj -0.055 Tc 6.284 0 Td (11)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 0 Tc 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 151.1909 670.2598 Tm (jp->j_prev = qp->q_tail;)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (if \(qp->q_tail != NULL\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (qp->q_tail->j_next = jp;)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (else)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td [(qp->q_head = jp;)-2400(/* list was empty */)]TJ -2.4 -1.189 Td (qp->q_tail = jp;)Tj T* (pthread_rwlock_unlock\(&qp->q_lock\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj 0 -2.021 TD (/*)Tj 0.6 Tc 0.6 -1.189 Td (*R)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (emove the given job from a queue.)Tj -1.8 -1.189 Td (*/)Tj -0.6 -1.189 Td (void)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (job_remove\(struct queue *qp, struct job *jp\))Tj T* ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (pthread_rwlock_wrlock\(&qp->q_lock\);)Tj T* (if \(jp == qp->q_head\) {)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (qp->q_head = jp->j_next;)Tj T* (if 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\(pthread_equal\(jp->j_id, id\)\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (break;)Tj -4.8 -2.021 Td (pthread_rwlock_unlock\(&qp->q_lock\);)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (return\(jp\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 1572.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 253.7575 141.2321 Tm [(Figure 1)37(1.14)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 6.25 0 Td [(Using r)18(eader\320writer locks)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47615 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (448)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Thr)18(ead )-250(Contr)18(ol )]TJ 38.741 0 Td [(Chapter)-500(12)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 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400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5911 668.9599 Tm [(3. )-633(A)-250(child pr)18(ocess is cr)18(eated.)]TJ 0 -1.6 TD [(4. 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[(constant, )-250(451)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -13.017 -1.25 Td (pthread_cleanup_pop)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 11.817 0 Td [(function, )-250(394)]TJ 6.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (396, 827,)Tj -15.74 -1.25 Td (829)Tj -1.35 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(394)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (pthread_cleanup_push)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 12.417 0 Td [(function, )-250(394)]TJ 6.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (396, 824)Tj -17.69 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(394)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (pthread_condattr_destroy)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 14.817 0 Td [(function, )-250(440)]TJ -13.467 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(440)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (pthread_condattr_getclock)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 15.417 0 Td [(function, )-250(441)]TJ -14.067 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(441)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (pthread_condattr_getpshared)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 16.617 0 Td [(function, )-250(440)]TJ -15.267 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(440)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (pthread_condattr_init)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 13.017 0 Td [(function, )-250(440)]TJ -11.667 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(440)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (pthread_condattr_setclock)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 15.417 0 Td [(function, )-250(441)]TJ -14.067 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(441)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (pthread_condattr_setpshared)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 16.617 0 Td [(function, )-250(440)]TJ -15.267 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(440)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (pthread_condattr_t)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 11.217 0 Td [(data type,)-500(441)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -11.217 -1.25 Td (pthread_cond_broadcast)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 13.617 0 Td [(function, )-250(415,)]TJ -10.917 -1.25 Td (422)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (423, 927)Tj -3.517 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(415)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (pthread_cond_destroy)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 12.417 0 Td [(function, )-250(414,)-250(462)]TJ -11.067 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(414)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 24.65 65 Td (pthread_cond_init)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 10.617 0 Td [(function, )-250(414,)-250(462, 941)]TJ -9.267 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(414)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (PTHREAD_COND_INITIALIZER)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 14.817 0 Td [(constant, )-250(413,)]TJ -12.117 -1.25 Td (416, 455, 814)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -2.7 -1.25 Td (pthread_cond_signal)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 11.817 0 Td [(function, )-250(415)]TJ 6.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (416, 456,)Tj -15.74 -1.25 Td (821, 942)Tj -1.35 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(415)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (pthread_cond_t)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 8.817 0 Td [(data type,)-500(413, 416, 455, 814,)]TJ -6.117 -1.25 Td (940)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -2.7 -1.25 Td (pthread_cond_timedwait)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 13.617 0 Td [(function, )-250(414)]TJ 6.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (415,)Tj -17.54 -1.25 Td (434, 440)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (441, 451)Tj -5.516 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(414)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (pthread_cond_wait)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 10.617 0 Td [(function, )-250(414)]TJ 6.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (416, 434,)Tj -14.54 -1.25 Td (451, 456, 832, 927, 941)Tj -1.35 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(414)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (pthread_create)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 8.817 0 Td [(function, )-250(385)]TJ 6.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (388, 390)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (392,)Tj -16.907 -1.25 Td (395, 397, 421, 427)Tj 7.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (428, 456, 460, 477, 632, 817,)Tj -8.166 -1.25 Td (926, 941)Tj -1.35 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(385)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (PTHREAD_CREATE_DETACHED)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 14.217 0 Td [(constant, )-250(428)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -14.217 -1.25 Td (PTHREAD_CREATE_JOINABLE)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 14.217 0 Td [(constant, )-250(428)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -14.217 -1.25 Td (PTHREAD_DESTRUCTOR_ITERATIONS)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 17.817 0 Td (constant,)Tj -15.117 -1.25 Td (426, 447)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -2.7 -1.25 Td (pthread_detach)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 8.817 0 Td [(function, )-250(396)]TJ 6.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (397, 427)Tj -14.09 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(397)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (pthread_equal)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 8.217 0 Td [(function, )-250(385,)-250(412)]TJ -6.867 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(385)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (pthread_exit)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.617 0 Td [(function, )-250(198,)-250(236, 389)]TJ 10.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (391,)Tj -15.54 -1.25 Td (393)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (396, 447, 824)Tj 5.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (829)Tj -9.683 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(389)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (pthread_getspecific)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 11.817 0 Td [(function, )-250(449)]TJ 6.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (450)Tj -17.09 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(449)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.017 0 Td (header)Tj 0.5 Tc 2.972 0 Td (,2)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (9)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -11.239 -1.25 Td (pthread_join)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.617 0 Td [(function, )-250(389)]TJ 6.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (391, 395)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (396, 418,)Tj -15.707 -1.25 Td (451, 926)Tj -1.35 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(389)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (pthread_key_create)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 11.217 0 Td [(function, )-250(447)]TJ 6.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (448, 450)Tj -16.49 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(447)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (pthread_key_delete)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 11.217 0 Td [(function, )-250(447)]TJ 6.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (448)Tj -16.49 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(448)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (PTHREAD_KEYS_MAX)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 10.017 0 Td [(constant, )-250(426,)-250(447)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -10.017 -1.25 Td (pthread_key_t)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 8.217 0 Td [(data type,)-500(449)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -8.217 -1.25 Td (pthread_kill)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.617 0 Td [(function, )-250(455)]TJ -6.267 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(455)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (pthread_mutexattr_destroy)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 15.417 0 Td [(function, )-250(431,)]TJ -12.717 -1.25 Td (445)Tj -1.35 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(431)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (pthread_mutexattr_getpshared)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 17.217 0 Td (function,)Tj -14.517 -1.25 Td (431)Tj -1.35 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(431)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (pthread_mutexattr_getrobust)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 16.617 0 Td [(function, )-250(432)]TJ -15.267 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(432)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (pthread_mutexattr_gettype)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 15.417 0 Td [(function, )-250(434)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47626 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(1)55(1.5 )]TJ 34.775 0 Td [(Thr)18(ead )-250(T)92(ermination)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 11.058 0 Td (389)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 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0.25 Tc 9.153 0 Td (ep)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.33 0 Td (ro)Tj 0 Tc 0.923 0 Td (cess.)Tj -9.606 -1.56 Td [(1. )-633(The)-424(thr)18(ead )-174(can )-174(simply )-174(r)18(eturn )-174(fr)18(om )-174(the )-174(start )-174(r)21(outine. )-424(The)]TJ -0.018 Tc 28.627 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(turn )-174(value )-174(is )-174(the)]TJ -27.85 -1.2 Td [(thr)18(ead\325s exit code.)]TJ -1.633 -1.6 Td [(2. )-633(The)-250(thr)18(ead can be canceled by another thr)18(ead in the same pr)18(ocess.)]TJ 0 -1.6 TD [(3. )-633(The)-250(thr)18(ead can call)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.234 0 Td (pthread_exit)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.591 578.2653 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.902 TD (void pthread_exit\(void *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (rval_ptr)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 5567.25 cm 0 0 m 0 306 l 3900 306 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 543.1148 Tm (The)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.955 0 Td (rval_ptr)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.614 0 Td [(ar)18(gument 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Td (309, 469, 735)Tj -8.563 -1.25 Td [(pr)18(ocesses, cooperating,)-500(495, 752, 945)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf T* (process-shared)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.817 0 Td [(attribute, )-250(431)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -8.817 -1.25 Td (.profile)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(\336le, )-250(289)]TJ -5.217 -1.25 Td [(pr)18(ogram, )-250(10)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf T* (PROT_EXEC)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.817 0 Td [(constant, )-250(525)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -5.817 -1.25 Td (PROT_NONE)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.817 0 Td [(constant, )-250(525)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -5.817 -1.25 Td (protoent)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e, )-250(598)]TJ -5.217 -1.25 Td [(pr)18(ototypes, function,)-500(845)]TJ 11.322 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (893)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -11.905 -1.25 Td (PROT_READ)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.817 0 Td [(constant, )-250(525,)-250(529, 577)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -5.817 -1.25 Td (PROT_WRITE)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(525,)-250(529, 577)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -6.417 -1.25 Td (PR_TEXT)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(801,)-250(810, 825, 835)]TJ 12.063 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (836)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -17.263 -1.25 Td (ps)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.617 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram, )-250(237,)-250(283, 303, 306)]TJ 12.191 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (307, 463)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (465,)Tj -15.858 -1.25 Td (468)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (469, 480, 736, 923)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -4.866 -1.25 Td (pselect)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(function, )-250(331,)-250(451, 501, 506)]TJ -3.267 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(506)]TJ -1.35 -1.25 Td [(pseudo terminal,)-500(715)]TJ 9.594 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (742)Tj -8.827 -1.25 Td [(packet mode,)-500(740)]TJ -0.018 Tc T* (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(mote mode,)-500(741)]TJ -0.856 -1.25 Td [(signal generation,)-500(741)]TJ T* [(window size,)-500(741)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (psiginfo)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(function, )-250(379)]TJ 6.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (380, 452)Tj -10.49 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(379)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (psignal)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(function, )-250(379)]TJ 6.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (380, 452)Tj -9.89 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(379)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (ptem)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.817 0 Td [(STREAMS module,)-500(716, 726)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -2.817 -1.25 Td (pthread)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e, )-250(385)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.617 -1.25 Td (pthread_atfork)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.817 0 Td [(function, )-250(457)]TJ 6.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (461)Tj -14.09 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(458)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (pthread_attr_destroy)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 12.417 0 Td [(function, )-250(427)]TJ 6.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (429)Tj -17.69 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(427)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (pthread_attr_getdetachstate)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 16.617 0 Td [(function, )-250(428)]TJ -15.267 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(428)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (pthread_attr_getguardsize)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 15.417 0 Td [(function, )-250(430)]TJ -14.067 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(430)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (pthread_attr_getstack)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 13.017 0 Td [(function, )-250(429)]TJ -11.667 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(429)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (pthread_attr_getstacksize)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 15.417 0 Td (function,)Tj -12.717 -1.25 Td (429)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (430)Tj -3.517 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(430)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (pthread_attr_init)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 10.617 0 Td [(function, )-250(427)]TJ 6.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (429)Tj -15.89 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(427)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (pthread_attr_setdetachstate)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 16.617 0 Td [(function, )-250(428)]TJ -15.267 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(428)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (pthread_attr_setguardsize)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 15.417 0 Td [(function, )-250(430)]TJ -14.067 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(430)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (pthread_attr_setstack)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 13.017 0 Td [(function, )-250(429)]TJ -11.667 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(429)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47631 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (458)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Thr)18(ead )-250(Contr)18(ol )]TJ 38.741 0 Td [(Chapter)-500(12)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5911 658.2605 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.783 TD (int pthread_atfork\(void \(*)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf [(pr)18(epar)18(e)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf (\)\(void\), void \(*)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf [(par)18(ent)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf (\)\(void\),)Tj 11.4 -1.189 Td (void \(*)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (child)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\)\(void\)\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.881 -1.783 Td [(Returns: 0 if OK, err)18(or number on failur)18(e)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 6110.25 cm 0 0 m 0 563 l 3900 563 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf -0.055 Tc 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 147.5823 599.828 Tm (Wi)Tj 0 Tc 1.236 0 Td (th)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.27 0 Td (pthread_atfork)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(,)-362(we)-362(c)1(an )-112(install )-112(up )-112(to )-112(thr)20(ee )-111(functions )-111(to )-111(help )-111(clean )-111(up )-111(the)]TJ -4.306 -1.2 Td [(locks. )-434(The)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 5.302 0 Td [(pr)18(epar)18(e)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 3.398 0 Td [(fork )-184(handler )-184(is )-184(called )-184(in )-184(the )-184(par)18(ent )-184(befor)19(e)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 19.963 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.834 0 Td [(cr)18(eates )-184(the )-184(child)]TJ -31.497 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ocess. )-282(This)-283(fork )-32(handler)-74(\325s )-32(job )-32(is )-32(to )-32(acquir)]TJ 0.2825 Tc 19.423 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.261 0 Td [(ll )-32(locks )-32(de\336ned )-32(by )-32(the )-32(par)16(ent. )-282(The)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 15.722 0 Td [(par)18(ent)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf -36.407 -1.2 Td [(fork )-218(handler )-218(is )-218(called )-218(in )-218(the )-218(context )-218(of )-218(the )-218(par)18(ent )-218(after)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 26.398 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.869 0 Td [(has )-219(cr)18(eated )-219(the )-219(child)]TJ -29.266 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ocess, )-38(but )-38(befor)18(e)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.658 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.688 0 Td [(has )-38(r)18(eturned. )-288(This)-288(fork )-38(handler)-74(\325s )-38(job )-38(is )-38(to )-38(unlock )-38(all )-38(the )-38(locks)]TJ -11.346 -1.2 Td [(acquir)18(ed )-109(by )-109(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 7.437 0 Td [(pr)18(epar)18(e)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 3.323 0 Td [(fork )-109(handler)]TJ 0.6089 Tc 5.555 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.472 0 Td (he)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.42 0 Td (child)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.322 0 Td [(fork )-109(handler )-109(is )-109(called )-109(in )-109(the )-109(context )-109(of)]TJ -21.529 -1.2 Td [(the )-4(child )-4(pr)17(ocess )-4(befor)]TJ 0.2542 Tc 9.952 0 Td (er)Tj 0 Tc 1.11 0 Td [(eturning )-4(fr)18(om)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.461 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5042 Tc (.L)Tj 0 Tc 3.765 0 Td [(ike )-4(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 3.221 0 Td [(par)18(ent)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 2.847 0 Td [(fork )-4(handler)]TJ 0.2542 Tc 5.45 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 0.83 0 Td (he)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.315 0 Td (child)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.217 0 Td (fork)Tj -37.17 -1.2 Td [(handler must r)18(elease all the locks acquir)18(ed by the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 22.046 0 Td [(pr)18(epar)18(e)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 3.214 0 Td [(fork handler)74(.)]TJ -23.46 -1.2 Td [(Note )-178(that )-178(the )-178(locks )-178(ar)]TJ 0.4277 Tc 10.152 0 Td (en)Tj 0 Tc 1.489 0 Td [(ot )-178(locked )-178(once )-178(and )-178(unlocked )-178(twice, )-178(as )-178(it )-178(might )-178(appear)77(.)]TJ -13.441 -1.2 Td [(When )-215(the )-215(child )-215(addr)18(ess )-215(space )-215(is )-215(cr)18(eated, )-215(it )-215(gets )-215(a )-215(copy )-215(of )-215(all )-215(locks )-215(that )-215(the )-215(par)19(ent)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(de\336ned. )-441(Because)-442(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 10.118 0 Td [(pr)18(epar)18(e)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 3.405 0 Td [(fork )-191(handler )-191(acquir)18(ed )-191(all )-191(the )-191(locks, )-191(the )-191(memory )-191(in )-191(the)]TJ -13.523 -1.2 Td [(par)18(ent )-67(and )-67(the )-67(memory )-67(in )-67(the )-67(child )-67(start )-67(out )-67(with )-67(identical )-67(contents.)-566(When )-67(the )-67(par)18(ent)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(and )-95(the )-95(child )-95(unlock )-95(their )-95(\324)38(\324copy\325)37(\325)-345(of)-345(the )-95(locks, )-95(new )-95(memory )-95(is )-95(allocated )-95(for )-95(the )-95(child,)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(and )-100(the )-100(memory )-100(contents )-100(fr)18(om )-100(the )-100(par)18(ent )-100(ar)]TJ 0.3503 Tc 20.251 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.273 0 Td [(opied )-100(to )-100(the )-100(child\325s )-100(memory )-100(\(copy-on-)]TJ -21.524 -1.2 Td [(write\), )-83(so )-83(we )-83(ar)]TJ 0.3328 Tc 7.066 0 Td (el)Tj 0 Tc 1.103 0 Td [(eft )-83(with )-83(a )-83(situation )-83(that )-83(looks )-83(as )-83(if )-83(the )-83(par)20(ent )-83(locked )-83(all )-83(its )-83(copies )-83(of)]TJ -8.169 -1.2 Td [(the )-84(locks )-84(and )-84(the )-84(child )-84(locked )-84(all )-84(its )-84(copies )-84(of )-84(the )-84(locks.)-584(The )-84(par)15(ent )-84(and )-84(the )-84(child )-84(end)]TJ T* [(up )-113(unlocking )-113(duplicate )-113(locks )-113(stor)18(ed )-113(in )-113(dif)15(fer)18(ent )-113(memory )-113(locations, )-113(as )-113(if )-113(the )-113(following)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(sequence of events occurr)18(ed:)]TJ 1.8 -1.56 Td [(1. )-633(The)-250(par)18(ent acquir)18(ed all its locks.)]TJ 0 -1.48 TD [(2. )-633(The)-250(child acquir)18(ed all its locks.)]TJ T* [(3. )-633(The)-250(par)18(ent r)18(eleased its locks.)]TJ T* [(4. )-633(The)-250(child r)18(eleased its locks.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 0 -1.56 TD [(We )-303(c)]TJ 0 Tc 2.2 0 Td [(an )-119(call)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.346 0 Td (pthread_atfork)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 8.769 0 Td [(multiple )-119(times )-119(to )-119(install )-119(mor)]TJ 0.3689 Tc 13.027 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.174 0 Td [(han )-119(one )-119(set )-119(of )-119(fork)]TJ -30.315 -1.2 Td [(handlers. )-272(If)-272(we )-22(don\325t )-22(have )-22(a )-22(need )-22(to )-22(use )-22(one )-22(of )-22(the )-22(handlers, )-22(we )-22(can )-22(pass )-22(a )-22(null )-22(pointer)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(for )-182(the )-182(particular )-182(handler )-182(ar)18(gument, )-182(and )-182(it )-182(will )-182(have )-182(no )-182(ef)21(fect. )-432(When)-431(multiple )-182(fork)]TJ T* [(handlers )-141(ar)]TJ 0.3915 Tc 5.133 0 Td (eu)Tj 0 Tc 1.474 0 Td [(sed, )-141(the )-141(or)18(der )-141(in )-141(which )-141(the )-141(handlers )-141(ar)]TJ 0.3915 Tc 18.033 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.314 0 Td [(alled )-141(dif)18(fers. )-391(The)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 8.369 0 Td [(par)18(ent)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 2.984 0 Td (and)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -37.307 -1.2 Td (child)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.34 0 Td [(fork )-127(handlers )-127(ar)]TJ 0.3767 Tc 7.325 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.3 0 Td [(alled )-127(in )-127(the )-127(or)18(der )-127(in )-127(which )-127(they )-127(wer)]TJ 0.3767 Tc 16.716 0 Td (er)Tj 0 Tc 1.233 0 Td [(egister)18(ed, )-127(wher)18(eas )-127(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf -28.913 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(epar)18(e)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 3.291 0 Td [(fork )-77(handlers )-77(ar)]TJ 0.3273 Tc 7.226 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td [(alled )-77(in )-77(the )-77(opposite )-77(or)18(der )-77(fr)18(om )-77(which )-77(they )-77(wer)]TJ 0.3274 Tc 21.777 0 Td (er)Tj 0 Tc 1.183 0 Td [(egister)18(ed.)]TJ -34.728 -1.2 Td [(This )-210(or)18(dering )-210(allows )-210(multiple )-210(modules )-210(to )-210(r)18(egister )-210(their )-210(own )-210(fork )-210(handlers )-210(and )-210(still)]TJ T* [(honor the locking hierar)18(chy)111(.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(For )-118(example, )-118(assume )-118(that )-118(module )-118(A )-118(calls )-118(functions )-118(fr)15(om )-118(module )-118(B )-118(and )-118(that )-118(each)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(module )-62(has )-62(its )-62(own )-62(set )-62(of )-62(locks.)-562(If )-62(the )-62(locking )-62(hierar)18(chy )-62(is )-62(A )-62(befor)22(e)-312(B,)-312(m)1(odule )-62(B )-62(must)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(install )-131(its )-131(fork )-131(handlers )-131(befor)]TJ 0.3808 Tc 13.251 0 Td (em)Tj 0 Tc 1.743 0 Td [(odule )-131(A.)-631(When )-131(the )-131(par)18(ent )-131(calls)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 14.938 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.3808 Tc (,t)Tj 0 Tc 3.357 0 Td [(he )-131(following)]TJ 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2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 668.9599 Tm (chapter)Tj 0.7941 Tc 3.253 0 Td (,o)Tj 0 Tc 1.59 0 Td [(ur )-544(inter)18(est )-544(is )-544(not )-544(in )-544(these )-544(spooling )-544(systems )-544(per )-544(se, )-544(but )-544(rather )-544(in)]TJ -4.843 -1.2 Td [(communicating )-37(with )-37(a )-37(network )-37(printer)]TJ 0.5373 Tc 17.326 0 Td (.W)Tj 0.2873 Tc 1.695 0 Td (en)Tj 0 Tc 1.348 0 Td [(eed )-37(to )-37(develop )-37(a )-37(spooling )-37(system )-37(to )-37(solve)]TJ -20.37 -1.2 Td [(the pr)18(oblem of multiuser access to a single r)18(esour)18(ce \(the printer\).)]TJ -0.092 Tc 1.8 -1.2 Td [(We )-397(u)]TJ 0 Tc 2.453 0 Td [(se )-213(a )-213(simple )-213(command )-213(that )-213(r)17(eads )-213(a )-213(\336le )-213(and )-213(sends )-213(it )-213(to )-213(the )-213(printer )-213(spooler)]TJ -4.253 -1.2 Td [(daemon. )-360(The)-360(command )-110(has )-110(one )-110(option )-110(to )-110(for)18(ce )-110(the )-110(\336le )-110(to )-110(be )-110(tr)18(eated )-110(as )-110(plaintext )-110(\(the)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD (default assumes that the \336le is PostScript\).)Tj -0.092 Tc 19.156 0 Td [(We )-184(c)]TJ 0 Tc 2.081 0 Td (all this command)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 7.904 0 Td (print)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj -27.341 -1.2 Td [(In )-95(our )-95(printer )-95(spooler )-95(daemon,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 14.392 0 Td (printd)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(,)-345(we)-345(u)-1(se )-95(multiple )-95(thr)18(eads )-95(to )-95(divide )-95(up )-95(the)]TJ -16.192 -1.2 Td (work that the daemon needs to accomplish.)Tj 0.883 Tc 1.8 -2.04 Td (\245O)Tj 0 Tc 2.275 0 Td [(ne )-265(thr)18(ead )-265(listens )-265(on )-265(a )-265(socket )-265(for )-265(new )-265(print )-265(r)16(equests )-265(arriving )-265(fr)18(om )-265(clients)]TJ -0.008 Tc -0.786 -1.2 Td (ru)Tj 0 Tc 0.99 0 Td (nning the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 4.48 0 Td (print)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td (command.)Tj 0.883 Tc -10.209 -1.6 Td (\245A)Tj 0 Tc 2.615 0 Td [(separate )-98(thr)18(ead )-98(is )-98(spawned )-98(for )-98(each )-98(client )-98(to )-98(copy )-98(the )-98(\336le )-98(to )-98(be )-98(printed )-98(to )-98(a)]TJ -1.126 -1.2 Td [(spooling ar)18(ea.)]TJ 0.883 Tc -1.489 -1.6 Td (\245O)Tj 0 Tc 2.275 0 Td [(ne )-21(thr)18(ead )-21(communicates )-21(with )-21(the )-21(printer)]TJ 0.271 Tc 18.111 0 Td (,s)Tj 0 Tc 0.945 0 Td [(ending )-21(it )-21(queued )-21(jobs )-21(one )-21(at )-21(a )-21(time.)]TJ 0.883 Tc -21.331 -1.6 Td (\245O)Tj 0 Tc 2.275 0 Td [(ne thr)18(ead handles signals.)]TJ -4.075 -2.16 Td (Figur)Tj 0.25 Tc 2.383 0 Td (e2)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td [(1.6 shows how these components \336t together)74(.)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 1680 3566 216 288 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 168.7917 374.1951 Tm (\336le to)Tj 0.151 -1.25 Td (print)Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2040 4142 432 288 re S Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 213.5616 431.7623 Tm (print)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.725 -1.25 Td (command)Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 3048 4106 504 360 re S Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 315.5243 436.7352 Tm (printd)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.265 -1.25 Td (printer)Tj -0.106 -1.25 Td (spooler)Tj ET q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 3732 3710 216 288 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9976 0 0 7.9976 375.3874 383.5249 Tm (\336le 1)Tj ET q 0.9997 0 0 0.9997 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 416.4 385.4 cm 0 0 m -7.2 -1.8 l -7.2 1.8 l f Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4164 3854 cm 0 0 m -72 -18 l -72 18 l h S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3948.25 3854.25 cm 0 0 m 144 0 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 4164 3710 216 288 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9971 0 0 7.9971 418.5493 383.5019 Tm (\336le 2)Tj ET q 0.9996401 0 0 0.9996401 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 459.6 385.4 cm 0 0 m -7.2 -1.8 l -7.2 1.8 l f Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4596 3854 cm 0 0 m -72 -18 l -72 18 l h S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4380.25 3854.25 cm 0 0 m 144 0 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 4596 3710 216 288 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9966 0 0 7.9966 461.706 383.4789 Tm (\336le 3)Tj ET q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2256 3638 432 144 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9962 0 0 7.9962 229.6577 369.0628 Tm (con\336g \336le)Tj ET q 0.9995201 0 0 0.9995201 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 204 414.2 cm 0 0 m -3.384 -6.624 l -6.12 -4.248 l f Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2040 4142 cm 0 0 m -33.84 -66.24 l -61.2 -42.48 l h S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1788.25 3854.25 cm 0 0 m 204 234 l S Q Q q 0.9994601 0 0 0.9994601 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 247.2 428.6 cm 0 0 m 7.2 1.8 l 7.2 -1.8 l f Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2472 4286 cm 0 0 m 72 18 l 72 -18 l h S Q Q q 0.9994002 0 0 0.9994002 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 304.8 428.6 cm 0 0 m -7.2 -1.8 l -7.2 1.8 l f Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3048 4286 cm 0 0 m -72 -18 l -72 18 l h S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2544.25 4286.25 cm 0 0 m 432 0 l S Q Q q 0.9993402 0 0 0.9993402 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 373.2 399.8 cm 0 0 m -5.328 5.184 l -2.304 7.056 l f Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3732 3998 cm 0 0 m -53.28 51.84 l -23.04 70.56 l h S Q Q q 0.9992802 0 0 0.9992802 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 355.2 428.6 cm 0 0 m 5.328 -5.184 l 2.304 -7.056 l f Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3552 4286 cm 0 0 m 53.28 -51.84 l 23.04 -70.56 l h S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3694.25 4059.25 cm 0 0 m -104 166 l S Q Q q 0.9992203 0 0 0.9992203 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 225.6 414.2 cm 0 0 m 4.32 -6.048 l 1.008 -7.416 l f Q Q q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2256 4142 cm 0 0 m 43.2 -60.48 l 10.08 -74.16 l h S Q Q q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2400.25 3782.25 cm 0 0 m -118 293 l S Q Q q 0.9991603 0 0 0.9991603 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 304.8 410.6 cm 0 0 m -5.112 -5.4 l -7.056 -2.376 l f Q Q q 0.099916 0 0 0.099916 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3048 4106 cm 0 0 m -51.12 -54 l -70.56 -23.76 l h S Q Q q 0.099916 0 0 0.099916 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2544.25 3782.25 cm 0 0 m 443 285 l S Q Q q 0.099916 0 0 0.099916 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 3084 3170 432 288 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9928 0 0 7.9928 317.4382 329.3434 Tm (printer)Tj ET q 0.9991004 0 0 0.9991004 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 330 345.8 cm 0 0 m -1.8 7.2 l 1.8 7.2 l f Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3300 3458 cm 0 0 m -18 72 l 18 72 l h S Q Q q 0.9990404 0 0 0.9990404 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 330 410.6 cm 0 0 m 1.8 -7.2 l -1.8 -7.2 l f Q Q q 0.099904 0 0 0.099904 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3300 4106 cm 0 0 m 18 -72 l -18 -72 l h S Q Q q 0.099904 0 0 0.099904 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3300.25 3530.25 cm 0 0 m 0 504 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9918 0 0 7.9918 383.6085 412.0195 Tm (queue of \336les to be printed)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -16.683 -15.08 Td (Figure 21.6)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.695 0 Td (Printer spooling components)Tj 9.9898 0 0 9.9898 147.4497 262.7319 Tm [(The )-43(print )-43(con\336guration )-43(\336le )-43(is)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 13.401 0 Td (/etc/printer.conf)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5433 Tc (.I)Tj 0.2933 Tc 11.33 0 Td (ti)Tj 0 Tc 0.91 0 Td [(denti\336es )-43(the )-43(host )-43(name )-43(of)]TJ -27.442 -1.2 Td [(the )-213(server )-213(r)9(unning )-212(the )-212(printer )-212(spooling )-212(daemon )-212(and )-212(the )-212(host )-212(name )-212(of )-212(the )-212(network)]TJ T* (printer)Tj 0.6442 Tc 2.995 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.507 0 Td [(he )-144(spooling )-144(daemon )-144(is )-144(identi\336ed )-144(by )-144(a )-144(line )-144(starting )-144(with )-144(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 27.897 0 Td (printserver)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -32.4 -1.2 Td [(keywor)18(d, )-214(followed )-214(by )-214(white )-214(space )-214(and )-214(the )-214(host )-214(name )-214(of )-214(the )-214(server)]TJ 0.7144 Tc 31.648 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.577 0 Td [(he )-214(printer )-214(is)]TJ -33.226 -1.2 Td [(identi\336ed )-100(by )-100(a )-100(line )-100(starting )-100(with )-100(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 16.797 0 Td (printer)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.55 0 Td [(keywor)18(d, )-100(followed )-100(by )-100(white )-100(space )-100(and)]TJ -21.347 -1.2 Td [(the host name of the printer)74(.)]TJ 0.25 Tc 1.8 -1.2 Td (As)Tj 0 Tc 1.452 0 Td (ample printer con\336guration \336le might contain the following lines:)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9908 0 0 8.9908 201.395 174.1223 Tm [(printserver )-1133(fujin)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(printer )-3533(phaser8560)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9898 0 0 9.9898 129.4684 145.4516 Tm [(wher)18(e)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.16 0 Td (fujin)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.409 0 Td [(is )-159(the )-159(host )-159(name )-159(of )-159(the )-159(computer )-159(system )-159(r)10(unning )-159(the )-159(printer )-159(spooling)]TJ -6.569 -1.2 Td [(daemon, )-101(and)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.246 0 Td (phaser8560)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.351 0 Td [(is )-101(the )-101(host )-101(name )-101(of )-101(the )-101(network )-101(printer)]TJ 0.601 Tc 17.86 0 Td (.W)Tj 0.351 Tc 1.759 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.33 0 Td [(ssume )-101(these)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47635 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (268)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Pr)18(ocess )-250(Contr)18(ol )]TJ 39.241 0 Td [(Chapter)-500(8)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 6690.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 129.5922 659.4594 Tm (#include "apue.h")Tj 0 -2.14 TD (int)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (main\(int argc, char *argv[]\))Tj T* ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td [(int )-2400(status;)]TJ 0 -2.14 TD (if \(argc < 2\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_quit\("command-line argument required"\);)Tj -2.4 -2.14 Td (if \(\(status = system\(argv[1]\)\) < 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_sys\("system\(\) error"\);)Tj -2.4 -2.14 Td (pr_exit\(status\);)Tj T* (exit\(0\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 4942.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 210.2668 478.1406 Tm (Figure 8.24)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.695 0 Td (Execute the command)Tj 9.794 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(line ar)18(gument using)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.155 0 Td (system)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.092 Tc 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5839 454.1435 Tm (We)Tj 0 Tc 1.387 0 Td [(\325ll compile this pr)18(ogram into the executable \336le)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 21.053 0 Td (tsys)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj -20.64 -1.2 Td (Figur)Tj 0.2623 Tc 2.383 0 Td (e8)Tj 0 Tc 1.241 0 Td [(.25 )-12(shows )-12(another )-12(simple )-12(pr)18(ogram )-12(that )-12(prints )-12(its )-12(r)18(eal )-12(and )-12(ef)18(fective )-12(user )-12(IDs.)]TJ ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 4350.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9984 0 0 8.9984 129.5767 425.4204 Tm (#include "apue.h")Tj 0 -2.14 TD (int)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (main\(void\))Tj T* ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (printf\("real uid = %d, effective uid = %d\\n", getuid\(\), geteuid\(\)\)\ ;)Tj T* (exit\(0\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 3479.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 246.0209 331.8563 Tm (Figure 8.25)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.695 0 Td [(Print r)18(eal and ef)18(fective user IDs)]TJ -0.092 Tc 9.9976 0 0 9.9976 129.5691 307.8621 Tm (We)Tj 0 Tc 1.387 0 Td [(\325ll )-429(compile )-429(this )-429(pr)18(ogram )-429(into )-429(the )-429(executable )-429(\336le)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 24.484 0 Td (printuids)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.9289 Tc (.R)Tj 0 Tc 7.247 0 Td [(unning )-429(both)]TJ -33.118 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ograms gives us the following:)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9978 0 0 8.9978 147.5648 277.0297 Tm ($)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (tsys printuids)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 21.2 0 Td (normal execution, no special privileges)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -22.4 -1.189 Td (real uid = 205, effective uid = 205)Tj T* (normal termination, exit status = 0)Tj T* ($)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (su)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 21.2 0 Td (become superuser)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -22.4 -1.189 Td (Password:)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 22.4 0 Td (enter superuser password)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -22.4 -1.189 Td (#)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (chown root tsys)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 21.2 0 Td (change owner)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -22.4 -1.189 Td (#)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (chmod u+s tsys)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 21.2 0 Td (make set-user-ID)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -22.4 -1.189 Td (#)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (ls -l tsys)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 21.2 0 Td (verify \336le\325)Tj 0.25 Tc 4.002 0 Td (sp)Tj 0 Tc 1.139 0 Td (ermissions and owner)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -27.541 -1.189 Td [(-rwsrwxr-x )-600(1)-600(root )-1800(7888)-600(Feb 25 22:13 tsys)]TJ T* (#)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (exit)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 21.2 0 Td (leave superuser shell)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -22.4 -1.189 Td ($)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (tsys printuids)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -1.2 -1.189 Td (real uid = 205, effective uid = 0)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 22.4 0 Td (oops, this is a security hole)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -22.4 -1.189 Td (normal termination, exit status = 0)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47636 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (976)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td (Index)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 129.5922 670.9597 Tm (_POSIX_ASYNCHRONOUS_IO)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 13.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(54,)-250(57)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -13.617 -1.25 Td (_POSIX_ASYNC_IO)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(55)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -9.417 -1.25 Td (_POSIX_BARRIERS)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(54,)-250(57)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -9.417 -1.25 Td (_POSIX_CHILD_MAX)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 10.017 0 Td [(constant, )-250(39)]TJ 5.563 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (40)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -16.163 -1.25 Td (_POSIX_CHOWN_RESTRICTED)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 14.217 0 Td [(constant, )-250(55,)-250(57,)]TJ -0.055 Tc -11.517 -1.25 Td (11)Tj 0 Tc 0.945 0 Td (0)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -3.645 -1.25 Td (_POSIX_CLOCKRES_MIN)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 11.817 0 Td [(constant, )-250(38)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -11.817 -1.25 Td (_POSIX_CLOCK_SELECTION)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 13.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(54,)-250(57)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -13.617 -1.25 Td (_POSIX_CPUTIME)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 8.817 0 Td [(constant, )-250(31,)-250(189)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -8.817 -1.25 Td (_POSIX_C_SOURCE)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(57)]TJ 5.563 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (58, 84, 240)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -15.563 -1.25 Td (_POSIX_DELAYTIMER_MAX)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 13.017 0 Td [(constant, )-250(39)]TJ 5.563 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (40)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -19.163 -1.25 Td (posix_fadvise)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 8.217 0 Td [(function, )-250(452)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -8.217 -1.25 Td (posix_fallocate)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.417 0 Td [(function, )-250(452)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -9.417 -1.25 Td (_POSIX_FSYNC)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(31)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -7.617 -1.25 Td (_POSIX_HOST_NAME_MAX)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 12.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(39)]TJ 5.563 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (40)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -18.563 -1.25 Td (_POSIX_IPV6)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.017 0 Td [(constant, )-250(31)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -7.017 -1.25 Td (_POSIX_JOB_CONTROL)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 11.217 0 Td [(constant, )-250(57)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -11.217 -1.25 Td (_POSIX_LINK_MAX)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(39)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -9.417 -1.25 Td (_POSIX_LOGIN_NAME_MAX)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 13.017 0 Td [(constant, )-250(39)]TJ 5.563 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (40)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -19.163 -1.25 Td (POSIXLY_CORRECT)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.417 0 Td [(envir)18(onment variable,)]TJ -0.055 Tc 10.266 0 Td (111)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0 Tc -19.683 -1.25 Td (posix_madvise)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 8.217 0 Td [(function, )-250(452)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -8.217 -1.25 Td (_POSIX_MAPPED_FILES)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 11.817 0 Td [(constant, )-250(54,)-250(57)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -11.817 -1.25 Td (_POSIX_MAX_CANON)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 10.017 0 Td [(constant, )-250(39)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -10.017 -1.25 Td (_POSIX_MAX_INPUT)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 10.017 0 Td [(constant, )-250(39)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -10.017 -1.25 Td (_POSIX_MEMLOCK)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 8.817 0 Td [(constant, )-250(31)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -8.817 -1.25 Td (_POSIX_MEMLOCK_RANGE)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 12.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(31)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -12.417 -1.25 Td (_POSIX_MEMORY_PROTECTION)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 14.817 0 Td [(constant, )-250(54,)-250(57)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -14.817 -1.25 Td (_POSIX_MESSAGE_PASSING)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 13.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(31)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -13.617 -1.25 Td (_POSIX_MONOTONIC_CLOCK)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 13.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(31,)-250(189)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -13.617 -1.25 Td (_POSIX_NAME_MAX)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(39,)-250(580)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -9.417 -1.25 Td (_POSIX_NGROUPS_MAX)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 11.217 0 Td [(constant, )-250(39)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -11.217 -1.25 Td (_POSIX_NO_TRUNC)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(55,)-250(57, 65)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -9.417 -1.25 Td (_POSIX_OPEN_MAX)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(39)]TJ 5.563 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (40)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -15.563 -1.25 Td (posix_openpt)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.617 0 Td [(function, )-250(452,)-250(722)]TJ 8.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (725)Tj -14.89 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(722)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (_POSIX_PATH_MAX)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(39)]TJ 5.563 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (40, 696)Tj 3.083 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (697)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -19.23 -1.25 Td (_POSIX_PIPE_BUF)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(39)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -9.417 -1.25 Td (_POSIX_PRIO_IO)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 8.817 0 Td [(constant, )-250(55)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -8.817 -1.25 Td (_POSIX_PRIORITIZED_IO)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 13.017 0 Td [(constant, )-250(31)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -13.017 -1.25 Td (_POSIX_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 16.017 0 Td [(constant, )-250(31)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -16.017 -1.25 Td (_POSIX_RAW_SOCKETS)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 11.217 0 Td [(constant, )-250(31)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -11.217 -1.25 Td (_POSIX_READER_WRITER_LOCKS)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 16.017 0 Td [(constant, )-250(55,)]TJ -13.317 -1.25 Td (57)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -2.7 -1.25 Td (_POSIX_REALTIME_SIGNALS)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 14.217 0 Td [(constant, )-250(55,)-250(57)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -14.217 -1.25 Td (_POSIX_RE_DUP_MAX)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 10.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(39)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -10.617 -1.25 Td (_POSIX_RTSIG_MAX)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 10.017 0 Td [(constant, )-250(39)]TJ 5.563 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (40)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -16.163 -1.25 Td (_POSIX_SAVED_IDS)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 10.017 0 Td [(constant, )-250(57,)-250(98, 256, 337)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -10.017 -1.25 Td (_POSIX_SEMAPHORES)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 10.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(55,)-250(57)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -10.617 -1.25 Td (_POSIX_SEM_NSEMS_MAX)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 12.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(39)]TJ 5.563 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (40)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -18.563 -1.25 Td (_POSIX_SEM_VALUE_MAX)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 12.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(39)]TJ 5.563 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (40)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -18.563 -1.25 Td (_POSIX_SHARED_MEMORY_OBJECTS)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 17.217 0 Td [(constant, )-250(31)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -17.217 -1.25 Td (_POSIX_SHELL)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(57)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -7.617 -1.25 Td (_POSIX_SIGQUEUE_MAX)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 11.817 0 Td [(constant, )-250(39)]TJ 5.563 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (40)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.037 65 Td (_POSIX_SOURCE)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 8.217 0 Td [(constant, )-250(57)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -8.217 -1.25 Td (_POSIX_SPAWN)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(31)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -7.617 -1.25 Td (posix_spawn)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.017 0 Td [(function, )-250(452)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -7.017 -1.25 Td (posix_spawnp)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.617 0 Td [(function, )-250(452)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -7.617 -1.25 Td (_POSIX_SPIN_LOCKS)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 10.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(55,)-250(57)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -10.617 -1.25 Td (_POSIX_SPORADIC_SERVER)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 13.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(31)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -13.617 -1.25 Td (_POSIX_SSIZE_MAX)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 10.017 0 Td [(constant, )-250(39)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -10.017 -1.25 Td (_POSIX_STREAM_MAX)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 10.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(39)]TJ 5.563 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (40)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -16.763 -1.25 Td (_POSIX_SYMLINK_MAX)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 11.217 0 Td [(constant, )-250(39)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -11.217 -1.25 Td (_POSIX_SYMLOOP_MAX)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 11.217 0 Td [(constant, )-250(39)]TJ 5.563 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (40)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -17.363 -1.25 Td (_POSIX_SYNCHRONIZED_IO)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 13.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(31)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -13.617 -1.25 Td (_POSIX_SYNC_IO)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 8.817 0 Td [(constant, )-250(55)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -8.817 -1.25 Td (_POSIX_THREAD_ATTR_STACKADDR)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 17.217 0 Td (constant,)Tj -14.517 -1.25 Td (31, 429)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -2.7 -1.25 Td (_POSIX_THREAD_ATTR_STACKSIZE)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 17.217 0 Td (constant,)Tj -14.517 -1.25 Td (31, 429)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -2.7 -1.25 Td (_POSIX_THREAD_CPUTIME)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 13.017 0 Td [(constant, )-250(31,)-250(189)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -13.017 -1.25 Td (_POSIX_THREAD_PRIO_INHERIT)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 16.017 0 Td [(constant, )-250(31)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -16.017 -1.25 Td (_POSIX_THREAD_PRIO_PROTECT)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 16.017 0 Td [(constant, )-250(31)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -16.017 -1.25 Td (_POSIX_THREAD_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.7 -1.25 Td [(constant, )-250(31)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -2.7 -1.25 Td (_POSIX_THREAD_PROCESS_SHARED)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 17.217 0 Td (constant,)Tj -14.517 -1.25 Td (31, 431)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -2.7 -1.25 Td (_POSIX_THREAD_ROBUST_PRIO_INHERIT)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.7 -1.25 Td [(constant, )-250(31)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -2.7 -1.25 Td (_POSIX_THREAD_ROBUST_PRIO_PROTECT)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.7 -1.25 Td [(constant, )-250(31)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -2.7 -1.25 Td (_POSIX_THREADS)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 8.817 0 Td [(constant, )-250(55,)-250(57, 384)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -8.817 -1.25 Td (_POSIX_THREAD_SAFE_FUNCTIONS)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 17.217 0 Td (constant,)Tj -14.517 -1.25 Td (55, 57, 442)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -2.7 -1.25 Td (_POSIX_THREAD_SPORADIC_SERVER)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 17.817 0 Td (constant,)Tj -15.117 -1.25 Td (31)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -2.7 -1.25 Td (_POSIX_TIMEOUTS)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(55)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -9.417 -1.25 Td (_POSIX_TIMER_MAX)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 10.017 0 Td [(constant, )-250(39)]TJ 5.563 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (40)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -16.163 -1.25 Td (_POSIX_TIMERS)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 8.217 0 Td [(constant, )-250(55,)-250(57)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -8.217 -1.25 Td (_POSIX_TIMESTAMP_RESOLUTION)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 16.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(44)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -16.617 -1.25 Td (posix_trace_event)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 10.617 0 Td [(function, )-250(331)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -10.617 -1.25 Td (_POSIX_TTY_NAME_MAX)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 11.817 0 Td [(constant, )-250(39)]TJ 5.563 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (40)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -17.963 -1.25 Td (posix_typed_mem_open)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 12.417 0 Td [(function, )-250(452)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -12.417 -1.25 Td (_POSIX_TYPED_MEMORY_OBJECTS)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 16.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(31)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -16.617 -1.25 Td (_POSIX_TZNAME_MAX)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 10.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(39)]TJ 5.563 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (40)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -16.763 -1.25 Td (_POSIX_V6_ILP32_OFF32)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 13.017 0 Td [(constant, )-250(70)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -13.017 -1.25 Td (_POSIX_V6_ILP32_OFFBIG)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 13.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(70)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -13.617 -1.25 Td (_POSIX_V6_LP64_OFF64)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 12.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(70)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -12.417 -1.25 Td (_POSIX_V6_LP64_OFFBIG)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 13.017 0 Td [(constant, )-250(70)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -13.017 -1.25 Td (_POSIX_V7_ILP32_OFF32)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 13.017 0 Td [(constant, )-250(70)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -13.017 -1.25 Td (_POSIX_V7_ILP32_OFFBIG)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 13.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(70)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -13.617 -1.25 Td (_POSIX_V7_LP64_OFF64)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 12.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(70)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -12.417 -1.25 Td (_POSIX_V7_LP64_OFFBIG)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 13.017 0 Td [(constant, )-250(70)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -13.017 -1.25 Td (_POSIX_VDISABLE)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(55,)-250(57, 678)]TJ 9.063 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (679)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -19.063 -1.25 Td (_POSIX_VERSION)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 8.817 0 Td [(constant, )-250(57,)-250(188)]TJ -8.817 -1.25 Td [(PowerPC, )-250(xxi\320xxii,)-250(xxvii)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0 -1.25 TD (P_PGID)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(constant, )-250(244)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47637 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (84)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3 0 Td [(File )-250(I/O)]TJ 39.741 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(3)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 93.5944 668.9599 Tm (Example)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.6 -2.16 Td [(The )-99(pr)18(ogram )-99(in )-99(Figur)]TJ 0.3495 Tc 9.836 0 Td (e3)Tj 0 Tc 1.329 0 Td (.1)Tj 0.3495 Tc 0.695 0 Td (1t)Tj 0 Tc 1.176 0 Td [(akes )-99(a )-99(single )-99(command)]TJ 10.58 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(line )-99(ar)18(gument )-99(that )-99(speci\336es )-99(a )-99(\336le)]TJ -23.948 -1.2 Td [(descriptor and prints a description of selected \336le \337ags for that \ descriptor)74(.)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 6282.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 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O_WRONLY:)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (printf\("write only"\);)Tj T* (break;)Tj -2.4 -1.783 Td (case O_RDWR:)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (printf\("read write"\);)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (break;)Tj -2.4 -1.783 Td (default:)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_dump\("unknown access mode"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj 0 -1.783 TD (if \(val & O_APPEND\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (printf\(", append"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(val & O_NONBLOCK\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (printf\(", nonblocking"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(val & O_SYNC\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (printf\(", synchronous writes"\);)Tj -4.8 -1.783 Td (#if !defined\(_POSIX_C_SOURCE\) && defined\(O_FSYNC\) && \(O_FSYNC != O_\ SYNC\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(val & O_FSYNC\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (printf\(", synchronous writes"\);)Tj -4.8 -1.189 Td (#endif)Tj 2.4 -1.783 Td (putchar\(\325\\n\325\);)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (exit\(0\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 1859.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 235.4016 169.8674 Tm [(Figure 3.1)37(1)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 5.658 0 Td (Print \336le \337ags for speci\336ed descriptor)Tj 9.9982 0 0 9.9982 129.5768 145.8717 Tm [(Note )-58(that )-58(we )-58(use )-58(the )-58(featur)]TJ 0.3083 Tc 12.281 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.113 0 Td [(est )-58(macr)18(o)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 4.596 0 Td (_POSIX_C_SOURCE)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.308 0 Td [(and )-58(conditionally )-58(compile)]TJ -27.298 -1.2 Td [(the )-278(\336le )-278(access )-278(\337ags )-278(that )-278(ar)]TJ 0.5285 Tc 12.819 0 Td (en)Tj 0 Tc 1.589 0 Td [(ot )-278(part )-278(of )-278(POSIX.1.)-778(The )-278(following )-278(script )-278(shows )-278(the)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47638 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 465.375 708 Tm (Index)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.525 0 Td (975)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 129.5922 670.9597 Tm [(Partridge, C.,)-500(xxxii)]TJ 0 -1.25 TD (passing, \336le descriptor)Tj 0.5 Tc 9.941 0 Td (,5)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (87, 642)Tj 3.083 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (652)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -14.858 -1.25 Td (passwd)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram, )-250(99,)-250(182, 720)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.017 -1.25 Td (passwd)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e, )-250(177,)-250(180, 332, 809, 814, 918)]TJ -4.017 -1.25 Td [(passwor)18(d)]TJ 1.35 -1.25 Td [(\336le, )-250(177)]TJ 3.708 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (181)Tj -4.291 -1.25 Td [(implementation dif)18(fer)18(ences, )-250(184)]TJ 14.457 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (185)Tj -15.041 -1.25 Td (shadow)Tj 0.5 Tc 3.405 0 Td (,1)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (81)Tj 1.083 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (182, 196, 918)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -7.671 -1.25 Td (PATH)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.817 0 Td [(envir)18(onment variable,)-500(100, 21)55(1, 250)]TJ 15.794 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (251,)Tj -16.494 -1.25 Td (253, 260, 263, 265, 288)Tj 9.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (289)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -12.867 -1.25 Td (path_alloc)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.417 0 Td [(function, )-250(133,)-250(137, 896, 912)]TJ -5.067 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(50)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (pathconf)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(function, )-250(37,)-250(39, 41)]TJ 8.54 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (48, 50)Tj 2.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (51, 53)Tj 2.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (55,)Tj -17.973 -1.25 Td [(57, 65, 1)55(10, 121, 452, 537)]TJ -1.35 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(42)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (PATH_MAX)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(constant, )-250(38)]TJ 5.563 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (39, 44, 49)Tj 4.083 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td [(50, 142, 91)55(1)]TJ -16.03 -1.25 Td [(pathname, )-250(5)]TJ 1.35 -1.25 Td [(absolute, )-250(5,)-250(8, 43, 50, 64, 136, 141)]TJ 14.555 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (142, 260, 553,)Tj -13.789 -1.25 Td [(91)55(1)]TJ -0.018 Tc -1.35 -1.25 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(lative, )-250(5,)-250(8, 43)]TJ 6.285 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (44, 50, 64)Tj 4.083 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (65, 135, 553)Tj -12.391 -1.25 Td [(tr)8(uncation, )-250(65)]TJ 6.42 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (66)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -8.353 -1.25 Td (pause)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.417 0 Td [(function, )-250(324,)-250(327)]TJ 8.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (328, 331, 334, 338)Tj 7.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (343,)Tj -17.507 -1.25 Td [(356, 359, 365, 374, 451, 460, 71)55(1, 924, 930)]TJ 17.528 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (931)Tj -19.461 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(338)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (_PC_2_SYMLINKS)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.817 0 Td [(constant, )-250(55)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -8.817 -1.25 Td (_PC_ASYNC_IO)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(55)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -7.617 -1.25 Td (_PC_CHOWN_RESTRICTED)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 12.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(55)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -12.417 -1.25 Td (_PC_FILESIZEBITS)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 10.017 0 Td [(constant, )-250(42,)-250(44)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -10.017 -1.25 Td (PCFS)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.817 0 Td [(\336le system,)-500(49, 57, 1)55(13)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -2.817 -1.25 Td (pckt)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.817 0 Td [(STREAMS module,)-500(716, 740)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -2.817 -1.25 Td (_PC_LINK_MAX)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(42,)-250(44)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -7.617 -1.25 Td (pclose)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(function, )-250(267,)-250(452, 541)]TJ 10.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (548, 616, 622,)Tj -11.94 -1.25 Td (935)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (937)Tj -3.517 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(541, 545)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (_PC_MAX_CANON)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.217 0 Td [(constant, )-250(42,)-250(44, 47)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -8.217 -1.25 Td (_PC_MAX_INPUT)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.217 0 Td [(constant, )-250(42,)-250(44)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -8.217 -1.25 Td (_PC_NAME_MAX)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(42,)-250(44)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -7.617 -1.25 Td (_PC_NO_TRUNC)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(55,)-250(57)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -7.617 -1.25 Td (_PC_PATH_MAX)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(43)]TJ 5.563 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (44, 51)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -13.763 -1.25 Td (_PC_PIPE_BUF)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(44)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -7.617 -1.25 Td (_PC_PRIO_IO)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.017 0 Td [(constant, )-250(55)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -7.017 -1.25 Td (_PC_SYMLINK_MAX)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(44)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -9.417 -1.25 Td (_PC_SYNC_IO)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.017 0 Td [(constant, )-250(55)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -7.017 -1.25 Td (_PC_TIMESTAMP_RESOLUTION)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 14.817 0 Td [(constant, )-250(42,)-250(44)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -14.817 -1.25 Td (_PC_VDISABLE)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(54)]TJ 5.563 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (55, 679)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -13.763 -1.25 Td (PENDIN)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(constant, )-250(676,)-250(690)]TJ -4.017 -1.25 Td [(Pentium, )-250(xxii,)-250(xxvii)]TJ T* [(permissions, \336le access,)-500(99)]TJ 12.013 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (101, 140)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -12.597 -1.25 Td (perror)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(function, )-250(15)]TJ 5.54 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (16, 24, 334, 379, 452, 600, 905)Tj -8.79 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(15)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (pgrp)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.817 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e, )-250(31)55(1)]TJ 6.247 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (312)Tj -9.647 -1.25 Td (PID,)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 2.465 0 Td (see)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.417 0 Td [(pr)18(ocess ID)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -3.882 -1.25 Td (pid_t)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.417 0 Td (data type,)Tj -0.055 Tc 4.899 0 Td (11)Tj 0.25 Tc 0.945 0 Td (,5)Tj 0 Tc 1 0 Td (9, 293, 384)Tj 15.739 65 Td [(Pike, R.,)-500(229, 950, 952)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf T* (pipe)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.817 0 Td [(function, )-250(125,)-250(148, 331, 535, 537)]TJ 14.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (538, 540,)Tj -14.74 -1.25 Td (544, 546, 550, 565, 630, 934)Tj -1.35 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(535)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (PIPE_BUF)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(constant, )-250(39,)-250(44, 49, 532, 537, 554)]TJ 14.563 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (555,)Tj -17.663 -1.25 Td (935)Tj -2.7 -1.25 Td [(pipes, )-250(534)]TJ 4.729 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (541)Tj -3.963 -1.25 Td [(full-duplex, )-250(534)]TJ T* [(half-duplex, )-250(534)]TJ T* (mounted STREAMS)Tj 8.946 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(based, )-250(534)]TJ -9.279 -1.25 Td [(named full-duplex,)-500(534)]TJ T* [(timing full-duplex,)-500(565)]TJ -1.35 -1.25 Td (Pippenger)Tj 0.25 Tc 4.514 0 Td (,N)Tj 0 Tc 1.331 0 Td [(., )-250(744,)-250(750, 949)]TJ -5.845 -1.25 Td [(Plan 9 operating system,)-500(229, 952)]TJ T* (Plauger)Tj 0.25 Tc 3.354 0 Td [(,P)379(.J)]TJ 0 Tc 1.808 0 Td [(., )-250(26,)-250(164, 323, 952)]TJ -5.162 -1.25 Td (pointer)Tj 0.25 Tc 3.146 0 Td (,g)Tj 0 Tc 1.056 0 Td [(eneric, )-250(71,)-250(208)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.202 -1.25 Td (poll)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.817 0 Td [(function, )-250(319,)-250(330)]TJ 8.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (331, 343, 451, 481,)Tj -8.74 -1.25 Td (501)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (502, 506)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (509, 531)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (532, 560, 586, 588,)Tj -10.5 -1.25 Td (592, 608)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (609, 627, 631)Tj 5.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (632, 659, 664,)Tj -10.333 -1.25 Td (666)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (668, 718, 732, 742, 933)Tj 9.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (934, 936)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (937, 942)Tj -17.849 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(506)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (POLLERR)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(508)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.617 -1.25 Td (pollfd)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e, )-250(507,)-250(632, 666, 668, 934, 941)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.017 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td (header)Tj 0.5 Tc 2.972 0 Td (,2)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (9, 507)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -9.439 -1.25 Td (POLLHUP)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(508,)-250(667)]TJ 8.063 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (668, 936)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -13.263 -1.25 Td (POLLIN)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(constant, )-250(508,)-250(632, 666)]TJ 10.063 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (668, 936, 941)Tj 5.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (942)Tj -20.83 -1.25 Td [(polling, )-250(246,)-250(484, 501)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf T* (POLLNVAL)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(constant, )-250(508)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -5.217 -1.25 Td (POLLOUT)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(508)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.617 -1.25 Td (POLLPRI)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(508)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.617 -1.25 Td (POLLRDBAND)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(508)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -6.417 -1.25 Td (POLLRDNORM)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(508)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -6.417 -1.25 Td (POLLWRBAND)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(508)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -6.417 -1.25 Td (POLLWRNORM)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(508)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -6.417 -1.25 Td (popen)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.417 0 Td [(function, )-250(23,)-250(242, 249, 267, 452, 541)]TJ 15.54 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (548,)Tj -16.84 -1.25 Td (587)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (588, 615, 619, 622)Tj 7.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (623, 935)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (937)Tj -15.85 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(541, 543)]TJ -1.35 -1.25 Td (port number)Tj 0.5 Tc 5.539 0 Td (,5)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (93, 595)Tj 3.083 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (596, 598)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (601, 605)Tj -14.622 -1.25 Td [(Portable Operating System Envir)18(onment for)]TJ 2.7 -1.25 Td [(Computer Envir)18(onments, IEEE,)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 14.46 0 Td (see)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.417 0 Td (POSIX)Tj -18.577 -1.25 Td (POSIX)Tj 3.169 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td [(Portable Operating System Envir)18(onment)]TJ -0.802 -1.25 Td [(for Computer Envir)18(onments, IEEE)]TJ 15.234 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.5 Tc 0.333 -0.04 Td (,x)Tj 0 Tc 1.266 0 Td (ix,)Tj -16.833 -1.25 Td (xxxi, 26)Tj 3.422 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (30, 33, 265, 561, 674)Tj -6.706 -1.25 Td [(POSIX semaphor)18(es, )-250(579)]TJ 10.797 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (584)Tj -11.38 -1.25 Td [(POSIX.1, )-250(xxvi,)-250(xxxi, 4, 9, 27, 38, 41, 50, 53, 57)]TJ 19.729 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (58,)Tj -17.612 -1.25 Td (88, 257, 262, 329, 367)Tj 9.083 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (368, 384, 533, 546, 553,)Tj -9.666 -1.25 Td (589, 617, 744, 950)Tj -2.7 -1.25 Td [(POSIX.2, )-250(262)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf T* (_POSIX2_SYMLINKS)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 10.017 0 Td [(constant, )-250(55)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -10.017 -1.25 Td (_POSIX_ADVISORY_INFO)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 12.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(31)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -12.417 -1.25 Td (_POSIX_AIO_LISTIO_MAX)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 13.017 0 Td [(constant, )-250(515)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -13.017 -1.25 Td (_POSIX_AIO_MAX)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.817 0 Td [(constant, )-250(515)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -8.817 -1.25 Td (_POSIX_ARG_MAX)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.817 0 Td [(constant, )-250(39)]TJ 5.563 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (40)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47639 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(14.5)]TJ 35.16 0 Td [(Asynchr)18(onous )-250(I/O)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 10.673 0 Td (515)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5911 668.9599 Tm [(If )-93(an )-93(asynchr)18(onous )-93(I/O )-93(operation )-93(is )-93(successfully )-93(canceled, )-93(calling )-93(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 31.8 0 Td (aio_error)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -33.6 -1.2 Td [(function )-110(on )-110(the )-110(corr)18(esponding )-110(AIO )-110(contr)17(ol )-110(block )-110(will )-110(r)18(eturn )-110(the )-110(err)17(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 32.07 0 Td (ECANCELED)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.6103 Tc (.I)Tj 0 Tc 6.597 0 Td (f)Tj -38.667 -1.2 Td [(the )-21(operation )-21(can\325t )-21(be )-21(canceled, )-21(then )-21(the )-21(corr)18(esponding )-21(AIO )-21(contr)18(ol )-21(block )-21(is )-21(unchanged)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD (by the call to)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 5.894 0 Td (aio_cancel)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj -4.094 -1.2 Td [(One )-17(additional )-17(function )-17(is )-17(included )-17(with )-17(the )-17(asynchr)18(onous )-17(I/O )-17(interfaces, )-17(although)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(it )-89(can )-89(be )-89(used )-89(in )-89(either )-89(a )-89(synchr)18(onous )-89(or )-89(an )-89(asynchr)18(onous )-89(manner)]TJ 0.589 Tc 30.148 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.452 0 Td (he)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.4 0 Td (lio_listio)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -33 -1.2 Td [(function submits a set of I/O r)18(equests described by a list of AIO contr)18(ol blocks.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5907 579.0653 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -2.021 TD (int lio_listio\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 11.4 0 Td (mode)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 3.911 0 Td (truct aiocb *restrict const)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 16.8 0 Td (list)Tj /TT0 1 Tf ([restrict],)Tj -23.111 -1.189 Td (int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 2.4 0 Td (nent)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 3.634 0 Td (truct sigevent *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 15 0 Td (sigev)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -3.183 -2.021 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 5275.25 cm 0 0 m 0 606 l 3900 606 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 512.7585 Tm (The)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.927 0 Td (mode)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.364 0 Td [(ar)18(gument )-3(determines )-3(whether )-3(the )-3(I/O )-3(is )-3(tr)6(uly )-3(asynchr)18(onous. )-253(When)-254(it )-3(is )-3(set )-3(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.292 -1.2 Td (LIO_WAIT)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.5153 Tc (,t)Tj 0 Tc 5.891 0 Td (he)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.576 0 Td (lio_listio)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.515 0 Td [(function )-265(won\325t )-265(r)18(eturn )-265(until )-265(all )-265(of )-265(the )-265(I/O )-265(operations)]TJ -13.983 -1.2 Td [(speci\336ed )-34(by )-34(the )-34(list )-34(ar)]TJ 0.2838 Tc 9.774 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.207 0 Td [(omplete. )-284(In)-284(this )-34(case, )-34(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 11.551 0 Td (sigev)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.34 0 Td [(ar)18(gument )-34(is )-34(ignor)18(ed. )-284(When)-284(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf -24.871 -1.2 Td (mode)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.367 0 Td [(ar)18(gument )-6(is )-6(set )-6(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.144 0 Td (LIO_NOWAIT)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.2555 Tc (,t)Tj 0 Tc 6.831 0 Td [(hen )-5(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.541 0 Td (lio_listio)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.256 0 Td [(function )-5(r)18(eturns )-5(as )-5(soon )-5(as)]TJ -27.139 -1.2 Td [(the )-139(I/O )-139(r)18(equests )-139(ar)]TJ 0.3891 Tc 8.832 0 Td (eq)Tj 0 Tc 1.428 0 Td [(ueued. )-389(The)-389(pr)18(ocess )-139(is )-139(noti\336ed )-139(asynchr)18(onously )-139(when )-139(all )-139(of )-139(the)]TJ -10.26 -1.2 Td [(I/O )-150(operations )-150(complete, )-150(as )-150(speci\336ed )-150(by )-150(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 20.869 0 Td (sigev)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.456 0 Td [(ar)18(gument. )-400(If)-399(we )-149(don\325t )-149(want )-149(to )-149(be)]TJ -23.325 -1.2 Td [(noti\336ed, )-338(we )-338(can )-338(set)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 10.111 0 Td (sigev)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.644 0 Td (to)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.46 0 Td (NULL)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.8383 Tc (.N)Tj 0 Tc 4.319 0 Td [(ote )-338(that )-338(the )-338(individual )-338(AIO )-338(contr)17(ol )-338(blocks)]TJ -18.535 -1.2 Td [(themselves )-174(may )-174(also )-174(enable )-174(asynchr)17(onous )-174(noti\336cation )-174(when )-174(an )-174(individual )-174(operation)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(completes. )-274(The)-273(asynchr)18(onous )-24(noti\336cation )-24(speci\336ed )-24(by )-24(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 26.197 0 Td (sigev)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.33 0 Td [(ar)18(gument )-24(is )-24(in )-24(addition)]TJ -28.527 -1.2 Td (to these, and is sent only when all of the I/O operations complete.)Tj 1.8 -1.2 Td (The)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 2.296 0 Td (list)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.9 0 Td [(ar)18(gument )-372(points )-372(to )-372(a )-372(list )-372(of )-372(AIO )-372(contr)18(ol )-372(blocks )-372(specifying )-372(the )-372(I/O)]TJ -5.997 -1.2 Td [(operations )-3(to )-3(perform.)-504(The)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 12.382 0 Td (nent)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.088 0 Td [(ar)18(gument )-4(speci\336es )-4(the )-4(number )-4(of )-4(elements )-4(in )-4(the )-4(array)114(.)]TJ -14.47 -1.2 Td [(The list of AIO contr)18(ol blocks can contain)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 18.509 0 Td (NULL)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td (pointers; these entries ar)Tj 0.25 Tc 10.787 0 Td (ei)Tj 0 Tc 1.02 0 Td [(gnor)18(ed.)]TJ -31.166 -1.2 Td [(In )-354(each )-354(AIO )-354(contr)18(ol )-354(block, )-354(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 15.587 0 Td (aio_lio_opcode)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.004 0 Td [(\336eld )-354(speci\336es )-354(whether )-354(the)]TJ -26.391 -1.2 Td [(operation )-64(is )-64(a )-64(r)18(ead )-64(\()]TJ /TT0 1 Tf (LIO_READ)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(\), )-64(a )-64(write )-64(\()]TJ /TT0 1 Tf (LIO_WRITE)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(\), )-64(or )-64(a )-64(no-op )-64(\()]TJ /TT0 1 Tf (LIO_NOP)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(\), )-64(which )-64(is)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(ignor)18(ed. )-269(A)]TJ -0.018 Tc 5.258 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(ad )-19(is )-19(tr)18(eated )-19(as )-19(if )-19(the )-19(corr)18(esponding )-19(AIO )-19(contr)18(ol )-19(block )-19(had )-19(been )-19(passed )-19(to)]TJ -6.114 -1.2 Td (the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.799 0 Td (aio_read)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.213 0 Td [(function. )-412(Similarly)]TJ 0.4125 Tc 8.531 0 Td (,aw)Tj 0 Tc 2.409 0 Td [(rite )-162(is )-162(tr)18(eated )-162(as )-162(if )-162(the )-162(AIO )-162(contr)18(ol )-162(block )-162(had)]TJ -17.952 -1.2 Td (been passed to)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 6.754 0 Td (aio_write)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj -4.954 -1.2 Td [(Implementations )-255(can )-255(limit )-255(the )-255(number )-255(of )-255(asynchr)18(onous )-255(I/O )-255(operations )-255(we )-255(ar)21(e)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(allowed )-26(to )-26(have )-26(outstanding.)-528(The )-27(limits )-27(ar)]TJ 0.2766 Tc 19.113 0 Td (er)Tj 0 Tc 1.143 0 Td [(untime )-27(invariants, )-27(and )-27(ar)]TJ 0.2766 Tc 11.27 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.18 0 Td [(ummarized )-27(in)]TJ -32.705 -1.2 Td (Figur)Tj 0.25 Tc 2.383 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (4.19.)Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1370.25 2528.25 cm 0 0 m 3752 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 173.3968 244.7759 Tm (Name )Tj 14.22 0 Td (Description)Tj 14.11 0 Td (Minimum acceptable value)Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1370.25 2408.25 cm 0 0 m 3752 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1370.25 2388.25 cm 0 0 m 3752 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 140.9662 230.7646 Tm (AIO_LISTIO_MAX )Tj 30.9 0 Td (_POSIX_AIO_LISTIO_MAX)Tj 13.2 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.6 -0.04 Td (2)Tj 0.6 0.04 Td (\))Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -33 -0.04 Td (maximum number of I/O operations)Tj 2.25 -1.25 Td (in a single list I/O call)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -14.55 -1.25 Td (AIO_MAX )Tj 30.9 0 Td (_POSIX_AIO_MAX)Tj 9 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.6 -0.04 Td (1)Tj 0.6 0.04 Td (\))Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -28.8 -0.04 Td (maximum number of outstanding)Tj 2.25 -1.25 Td [(asynchr)18(onous I/O operations)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -14.55 -1.25 Td (AIO_PRIO_DELTA_MAX)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 30.9 0 Td (0)Tj -18.6 0 Td [(maximum amount by which a pr)18(ocess)]TJ 2.25 -1.25 Td [(can decr)18(ease its asynchr)18(onous)]TJ 0 -1.25 TD (I/O priority level)Tj ET q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1370.25 1668.25 cm 0 0 m 3752 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3822.25 1668.25 cm 0 0 m 0 860 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2334.25 1668.25 cm 0 0 m 0 860 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5122.25 1668.25 cm 0 0 m 0 860 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1370.25 1668.25 cm 0 0 m 0 860 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9976 0 0 7.9976 200.6278 148.7754 Tm (Figure 14.19)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.195 0 Td [(POSIX.1 r)8(untime invariant values for asynchr)18(onous I/O)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47640 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(16.3)]TJ 38.7 0 Td [(Addr)18(essing)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 7.133 0 Td (601)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 668.9599 Tm [(The )-103(socket )-103(addr)18(ess )-103(\()]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf (addr)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(\))-353(is)-353(translated )-103(into )-103(a )-103(host )-103(name )-103(and )-103(a )-103(service )-103(name.)-601(If)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 36.266 0 Td (host)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.019 0 Td (is)Tj -38.285 -1.2 Td [(non-null, )-176(it )-176(points )-176(to )-176(a )-176(buf)20(fer)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 14.051 0 Td (hostlen)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.315 0 Td [(bytes )-176(long )-176(that )-176(will )-176(be )-176(used )-176(to )-176(r)18(eturn )-176(the )-176(host)]TJ -17.366 -1.2 Td [(name. )-290(Similarly)]TJ 0.2901 Tc 7.146 0 Td (,i)Tj 0 Tc 0.831 0 Td (f)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 0.623 0 Td (service)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.031 0 Td [(is )-40(non-null, )-40(it )-40(points )-40(to )-40(a )-40(buf)17(fer)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 14.243 0 Td (servlen)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.18 0 Td [(bytes )-40(long )-40(that )-40(will )-40(be)]TJ -29.054 -1.2 Td [(used to r)18(eturn the service name.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td (The)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 2.28 0 Td (\337ags)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.484 0 Td [(ar)18(gument )-356(gives )-356(us )-356(some )-356(contr)17(ol )-356(over )-356(how )-356(the )-356(translation )-356(is )-356(done.)]TJ -6.565 -1.2 Td (Figur)Tj 0.25 Tc 2.383 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (6.8 summarizes the supported \337ags.)Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1526.25 5890.25 cm 0 0 m 3440 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 184.9658 580.9303 Tm (Flag )Tj 20.125 0 Td (Description)Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1526.25 5770.25 cm 0 0 m 3440 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1526.25 5750.25 cm 0 0 m 3440 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 156.5718 566.8979 Tm (NI_DGRAM)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 10.5 0 Td [(The service is datagram based instead of str)18(eam based.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -10.5 -1.25 Td (NI_NAMEREQD)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 10.5 0 Td [(If the host name can\325t be found, tr)18(eat this as an err)18(or)74(.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -10.5 -1.25 Td (NI_NOFQDN)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 10.5 0 Td (Return only the node name portion of the fully quali\336ed domain name)Tj 1.35 -1.25 Td (for local hosts.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -11.85 -1.25 Td (NI_NUMERICHOST)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 10.5 0 Td [(Return the numeric form of the host addr)18(ess instead of the name.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -10.5 -1.25 Td (NI_NUMERICSCOPE)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 10.5 0 Td [(For IPv6, r)18(eturn the numeric form of the scope ID instead of the name.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -10.5 -1.25 Td (NI_NUMERICSERV)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 10.5 0 Td [(Return the numeric form of the service addr)18(ess \(i.e., the port number\))]TJ 1.35 -1.25 Td (instead of the name.)Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1526.25 4930.25 cm 0 0 m 3440 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2346.25 4930.25 cm 0 0 m 0 960 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4966.25 4930.25 cm 0 0 m 0 960 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1526.25 4930.25 cm 0 0 m 0 960 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 236.5832 474.886 Tm (Figure 16.8)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.695 0 Td (Flags for the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 5.738 0 Td (getnameinfo)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.85 0 Td (function)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 9.9976 0 0 9.9976 93.5776 446.0929 Tm (Example)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.6 -2.16 Td (Figur)Tj 0.25 Tc 2.383 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (6.9 illustrates the use of the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 12.259 0 Td (getaddrinfo)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.85 0 Td (function.)Tj ET q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 4174.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9973 0 0 8.9973 129.5611 407.7766 Tm (#include "apue.h")Tj 0 -1.189 TD (#if defined\(SOLARIS\))Tj T* (#include )Tj T* (#endif)Tj T* (#include )Tj 0 -1.189 TD (#include )Tj 0 -1.189 TD (#if defined\(BSD\))Tj T* (#include )Tj T* (#include )Tj T* (#endif)Tj 0 -2.14 TD (void)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (print_family\(struct addrinfo *aip\))Tj T* ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (printf\(" family "\);)Tj T* (switch \(aip->ai_family\) {)Tj T* (case AF_INET:)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (printf\("inet"\);)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (break;)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (case AF_INET6:)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (printf\("inet6"\);)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (break;)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (case AF_UNIX:)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (printf\("unix"\);)Tj T* (break;)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (case AF_UNSPEC:)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47641 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(15.3)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 29.686 0 Td (popen)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.193 0 Td (pclose)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.1 0 Td (Functions)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.354 0 Td (543)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 151.1909 670.2598 Tm (while \(fgets\(line, MAXLINE, fpin\) != NULL\) {)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(fputs\(line, fpout\) == EOF\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_sys\("fputs error to pipe"\);)Tj -4.8 -1.189 Td (})Tj 0 -1.189 TD (if \(ferror\(fpin\)\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_sys\("fgets error"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(pclose\(fpout\) == -1\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (err_sys\("pclose error"\);)Tj -2.4 -2.259 Td (exit\(0\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 5595.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 227.9246 543.5038 Tm [(Figure 15.1)37(1)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 6.158 0 Td [(Copy \336le to pager pr)18(ogram using)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 15.004 0 Td (popen)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5845 519.5067 Tm (Using)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.881 0 Td (popen)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 3.25 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (duces the amount of code we have to write.)Tj -5.187 -1.2 Td [(The )-133(shell )-133(command)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.339 0 Td (${PAGER:-more})Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.783 0 Td [(says )-133(to )-133(use )-133(the )-133(value )-133(of )-133(the )-133(shell )-133(variable)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -19.922 -1.2 Td (PAGER)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td (if it is de\336ned and non-null; otherwise, use the string)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 23.649 0 Td (more)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5141.25 4955.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 50 50 l 0 50 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /TT1 1 Tf 9.9982 0 0 9.9982 93.5832 459.4863 Tm [(Example )195(\321)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 5.28 0 Td (popen)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 3.278 0 Td (and)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 2.056 0 Td (pclose)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 3.878 0 Td (Functions)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -10.892 -2.4 Td (Figur)Tj 0.25 Tc 2.383 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (5.12 shows our version of)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 11.515 0 Td (popen)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.943 0 Td (pclose)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 4283.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 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0 Td [(functions \(Section 8.10\).)-500(The \336le also has to be a r)18(egular \336le.)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47644 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (974)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td (Index)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 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/T1_1 1 Tf 3.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(676,)-250(689)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -3.417 -1.25 Td (od)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.617 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram, )-250(69)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.617 -1.25 Td (O_DIRECT)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(constant, )-250(150)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -5.217 -1.25 Td (O_DIRECTORY)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.017 0 Td [(constant, )-250(63)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -7.017 -1.25 Td (O_DSYNC)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(64,)-250(83, 513)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.617 -1.25 Td (O_EXCL)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(constant, )-250(63,)-250(79, 121, 558, 580, 584)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.017 -1.25 Td (O_EXEC)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(constant, )-250(83)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.017 -1.25 Td (OFDEL)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(676,)-250(684, 689)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -3.417 -1.25 Td (off_t)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.417 0 Td [(data type,)-500(59, 67)]TJ 7.482 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (70, 157)Tj 3.083 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (158, 772)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -15.149 -1.25 Td (OFILL)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(676,)-250(684, 689)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -3.417 -1.25 Td (O_FSYNC)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(64,)-250(83)]TJ 7.063 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (84)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -12.263 -1.25 Td (OLCUC)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(676,)-250(689)]TJ -3.417 -1.25 Td [(Olson, M.,)-500(952)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0 -1.25 TD (O_NDELAY)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(constant, )-250(36,)-250(63, 482)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -5.217 -1.25 Td (ONLCR)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(676,)-250(690, 731, 738)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -3.417 -1.25 Td (ONLRET)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(constant, )-250(676,)-250(690)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.017 -1.25 Td (ONOCR)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(676,)-250(690)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -3.417 -1.25 Td (O_NOCTTY)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(constant, )-250(63,)-250(297)]TJ 7.563 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (298, 466, 723)Tj 5.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (724,)Tj -16.83 -1.25 Td (726)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -2.7 -1.25 Td (ONOEOT)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(constant, )-250(676,)-250(690)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.017 -1.25 Td (O_NOFOLLOW)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(63)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -6.417 -1.25 Td (O_NONBLOCK)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(36,)-250(63, 83)]TJ 8.563 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (84, 482)Tj 3.083 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (483,)Tj -16.53 -1.25 Td [(496, 498, 553, 61)55(1)]TJ 7.528 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (612, 934, 937)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -10.812 -1.25 Td (open)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.817 0 Td [(function, )-250(8,)-250(14, 61)]TJ 8.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (66, 77, 79, 83, 89, 91,)Tj -8.74 -1.25 Td (100)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (101, 103)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td [(104, 1)55(12, 1)55(18, 120)]TJ 7.473 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (125,)Tj -14.39 -1.25 Td (127)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (128, 137, 148)Tj 5.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (150, 283, 287, 297)Tj 7.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (298,)Tj -16.5 -1.25 Td (331, 451, 468, 470, 474, 482, 492)Tj 13.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (493,)Tj -14.166 -1.25 Td (495)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (498, 517)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (518, 525, 529, 553, 556, 558,)Tj -6.333 -1.25 Td (560, 577)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (578, 585, 588, 592, 653, 656)Tj 11.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (657,)Tj -16.333 -1.25 Td (669)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (670, 685, 723, 725)Tj 7.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (726, 745, 757)Tj 5.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (758,)Tj -16.5 -1.25 Td (808, 818, 823, 833, 907, 909, 930, 937)Tj -1.35 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(62)]TJ -1.35 -1.25 Td [(Open Gr)18(oup, The,)-500(xxi, xxvi, 31, 196, 950)]TJ T* (Open Softwar)Tj 0.25 Tc 6.139 0 Td (eF)Tj 0 Tc 1.285 0 Td (oundation,)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 5.337 0 Td (see)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.417 0 Td (OSF)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -14.178 -1.25 Td (openat)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(function, )-250(62)]TJ 5.54 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (66, 331, 451)Tj -8.79 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(62)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (opend.h)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td (header)Tj 0.5 Tc 2.972 0 Td (,6)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (56, 660, 942)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -8.839 -1.25 Td (opendir)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(function, )-250(5,)-250(7, 121, 130)]TJ 10.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (135, 252)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (253,)Tj -16.707 -1.25 Td (283, 452, 697, 822, 910)Tj -1.35 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(130)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (openlog)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(function, )-250(452,)-250(468, 470)]TJ 10.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (471, 480, 902, 928)Tj -13.89 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(470)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (OPEN_MAX)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(constant, )-250(40,)-250(43, 49, 51)]TJ 10.063 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (53, 60, 62, 906)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -15.863 -1.25 Td (open_max)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(function, )-250(466,)-250(544, 546, 666, 896)]TJ -3.867 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(52, 907)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (open_memstream)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 8.817 0 Td [(function, )-250(171)]TJ 6.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (174)Tj -14.09 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(173)]TJ -1.35 -1.25 Td (OpenServer)Tj 0.5 Tc 5.212 0 Td (,4)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (85)Tj 19.538 65 Td [(OpenSolaris, )-250(xxi)]TJ T* [(OpenSS7, )-250(534)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf T* (open_wmemstream)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.417 0 Td [(function, )-250(171)]TJ 6.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (174)Tj -14.69 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(173)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (OPOST)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(676,)-250(690, 706)]TJ 10.063 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (708, 710)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -14.063 -1.25 Td (optarg)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(variable, )-250(663)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.017 -1.25 Td (opterr)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(variable, )-250(663)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.017 -1.25 Td (optind)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(variable, )-250(808)]TJ -4.017 -1.25 Td [(option codes,)-500(31)]TJ T* [(options, )-250(53)]TJ 5.149 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (57)Tj -4.383 -1.25 Td [(socket, )-250(623)]TJ 5.108 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (625)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -7.041 -1.25 Td (optopt)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(variable, )-250(663)]TJ -4.017 -1.25 Td [(Oracle Corporation,)-500(xxi\320xxii, 35)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf T* (O_RDONLY)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(constant, )-250(62,)-250(83)]TJ 7.063 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (84, 100, 103, 517)Tj 7.083 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (518,)Tj -17.83 -1.25 Td (529, 654, 808, 833, 937)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -2.7 -1.25 Td (O_RDWR)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(constant, )-250(62,)-250(83)]TJ 7.063 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (84, 100, 128, 468, 474,)Tj -8.963 -1.25 Td (498, 517)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (518, 529, 577, 723, 725, 749, 818, 930)Tj -6.866 -1.25 Td (O\325Reilly)Tj 0.25 Tc 3.529 0 Td (,T)Tj 0 Tc 1.039 0 Td [(., )-250(712,)-250(953)]TJ -4.568 -1.25 Td [(orientation, str)18(eam, )-250(144)]TJ T* [(orphaned pr)18(ocess gr)18(oup, )-250(307)]TJ 13.107 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (309, 469, 735)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -13.691 -1.25 Td (O_RSYNC)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(64,)-250(83)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.617 -1.25 Td (O_SEARCH)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(constant, )-250(63,)-250(83)]TJ -5.217 -1.25 Td (OSF \(Open Softwar)Tj 0.25 Tc 8.589 0 Td (eF)Tj 0 Tc 1.285 0 Td [(oundation\), )-250(31)]TJ 6.753 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (32)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -17.21 -1.25 Td (O_SYNC)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(constant, )-250(63)]TJ 5.563 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (64, 83)Tj 2.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (84, 86)Tj 2.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (87, 513, 520)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -16.496 -1.25 Td (O_TRUNC)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(63,)-250(66, 100, 1)55(12, 125, 127)]TJ 15.008 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (128,)Tj -17.508 -1.25 Td (149, 496, 498, 517)Tj 7.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (518, 529, 749)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -10.867 -1.25 Td (O_TTY_INIT)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(64,)-250(683, 722)]TJ -6.417 -1.25 Td [(out-of-band data,)-500(626)]TJ T* (ownership)Tj 1.35 -1.25 Td [(dir)18(ectory)]TJ 0.5 Tc 3.914 0 Td (,1)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (01)Tj 1.083 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (102)Tj -6.831 -1.25 Td [(\336le, )-250(101)]TJ 3.708 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (102)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -5.641 -1.25 Td (O_WRONLY)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(constant, )-250(62,)-250(83)]TJ 7.063 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (84, 100, 937)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -12.863 -1.25 Td (OXTABS)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(constant, )-250(676,)-250(690)]TJ -4.017 -4.75 Td [(packet mode, pseudo terminal,)-500(740)]TJ T* [(page cache,)-500(81)]TJ T* [(page size,)-500(573)]TJ T* [(pagedaemon pr)18(ocess, )-250(228)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf T* (PAGER)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.417 0 Td [(envir)18(onment variable,)-500(539, 542)]TJ 13.849 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (543)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -17.849 -1.25 Td (PAGESIZE)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(constant, )-250(40,)-250(43, 49)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -5.217 -1.25 Td (PAGE_SIZE)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.817 0 Td [(constant, )-250(41,)-250(43, 49)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -5.817 -1.25 Td 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)-231(asynchr)18(onous )-231(I/O)]TJ -0.018 Tc -1.8 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(quests )-140(pending.)-639(Surprisingly)]TJ 0.3896 Tc 13.196 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 0.966 0 Td [(his )-140(might )-140(actually )-140(r)18(educe )-140(performance)]TJ 0.0833 Tc 17.718 0 Td (\321i)Tj 0.3896 Tc 1.374 0 Td (ft)Tj 0 Tc 1.049 0 Td [(he )-140(r)18(eads)]TJ -35.158 -1.2 Td (ar)Tj 0.333 Tc 0.877 0 Td (ep)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.413 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(sented )-83(to )-83(the )-83(\336le )-83(system )-83(out )-83(of )-83(or)18(der)74(,)-333(it)-333(can )-83(defeat )-83(the )-83(operating )-83(system\325s )-83(r)19(ead-)]TJ -3.146 -1.2 Td (ahead algorithm.)Tj 1.8 -1.2 Td [(Befor)18(e)-396(we)-396(can )-146(check )-146(the )-146(r)18(eturn )-146(value )-146(of )-146(an )-146(operation, )-146(we )-146(need )-146(to )-146(make )-146(sur)]TJ 0.3962 Tc 34.938 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.201 0 Td (he)Tj -37.939 -1.2 Td [(operation )-48(has )-48(completed.)-549(When)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 14.768 0 Td (aio_error)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 5.698 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(turns )-48(a )-48(value )-48(other )-48(than)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.078 0 Td (EINPROGRESS)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -32.4 -1.2 Td (or)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.22 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1, )-29(we )-29(know )-29(the )-29(operation )-29(is )-29(complete.)-529(Excluding )-29(these )-29(values, )-29(if )-29(the )-29(r)18(eturn )-29(value )-29(is)]TJ -1.22 -1.2 Td [(anything )-111(other )-111(than )-111(0, )-111(then )-111(we )-111(know )-111(the )-111(operation )-111(failed.)-611(Once )-111(we\325ve )-111(checked )-111(these)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD (conditions, it is safe to call)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 11.859 0 Td (aio_return)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.25 0 Td [(to get the r)18(eturn value of the I/O operation.)]TJ -16.309 -1.2 Td [(As )-234(long )-234(as )-234(we )-234(have )-234(work )-234(to )-234(do, )-234(we )-234(can )-234(submit )-234(asynchr)18(onous )-234(I/O )-234(operations.)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(When )-192(we )-192(have )-192(an )-192(unused )-192(AIO )-192(contr)18(ol )-192(block, )-192(we 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Td [(gr)18(ess, )-186(then )-186(the )-186(additional )-186(work )-186(could )-186(be )-186(folded )-186(into )-186(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 26.636 0 Td (for)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -37.2 -1.2 Td [(loop. )-261(If)-262(we )-11(needed )-11(to )-11(pr)18(event )-11(this )-11(additional )-11(work )-11(fr)18(om )-11(delaying )-11(the )-11(task )-11(of )-11(translating)]TJ T* [(the )-272(\336le, )-272(however)]TJ 0.5221 Tc 7.862 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 1.098 0 Td [(hen )-272(we )-272(might )-272(have )-272(to )-272(str)8(uctur)]TJ 0.5221 Tc 14.693 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.327 0 Td [(he )-272(code )-272(to )-272(use )-272(some )-272(form )-272(of)]TJ -24.98 -1.2 Td [(asynchr)18(onous )-120(noti\336cation.)]TJ -0.055 Tc 12.445 0 Td (Wi)Tj 0 Tc 1.236 0 Td [(th )-120(multiple )-120(tasks, )-120(we )-120(need )-120(to )-120(prioritize )-120(the )-120(tasks )-120(befor)17(e)]TJ -13.681 -1.2 Td [(deciding how the pr)18(ogram should be str)8(uctur)18(ed.)]TJ ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5141.25 1457.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 50 50 l 0 50 l 0 0 l S Q Q EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47647 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(5.14)]TJ 36.014 0 Td [(Memory )-250(Str)18(eams)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 9.819 0 Td (173)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 151.1909 670.2598 Tm (memset\(buf, \325c\325, BSZ-2\);)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (buf[BSZ-2] = \325\\0\325;)Tj T* (buf[BSZ-1] = \325X\325;)Tj T* (fprintf\(fp, "hello, world"\);)Tj T* (fclose\(fp\);)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (printf\("after fclose: %s\\n", buf\);)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (printf\("len of string in buf = %ld\\n", \(long\)strlen\(buf\)\);)Tj 0 -2.021 TD (return\(0\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 5724.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 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/TT0 1 Tf 8.9984 0 0 8.9984 147.5738 211.212 Tm (#include "apue_db.h")Tj 0 -2.021 TD (char *db_fetch\(DBHANDLE)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 14.4 0 Td (db)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 2.763 0 Td (onst char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (key)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -2.459 -2.021 Td (Returns: pointer to data if OK,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 13.642 0 Td (NULL)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td [(if r)18(ecor)]TJ 0.25 Tc 3.097 0 Td (dn)Tj 0 Tc 1.443 0 Td (ot found)Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 1703.25 cm 0 0 m 0 499 l 3900 499 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9976 0 0 9.9976 129.5689 156.8324 Tm [(The )-121(r)18(eturn )-121(value )-121(is )-121(a )-121(pointer )-121(to )-121(the )-121(data )-121(that )-121(was )-121(stor)18(ed )-121(with )-121(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 30.374 0 Td (key)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(,)-371(if)-371(the )-121(r)18(ecor)]TJ 0.3709 Tc 6.93 0 Td (di)Tj 0 Tc 1.273 0 Td (s)Tj -38.576 -1.2 Td [(found. )-250(W)]TJ 0.25 Tc 4.333 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.173 0 Td [(an also delete a r)18(ecor)]TJ 0.25 Tc 9.231 0 Td (df)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.194 0 Td (ro)Tj 0.25 Tc 0.923 0 Td (mt)Tj 0 Tc 1.459 0 Td (he database by specifying its)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 12.911 0 Td (key)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47650 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (492)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Advanced )-250(I/O)]TJ 38.741 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(14)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 93.5944 668.9599 Tm [(Implied Inheritance and Release of Loc)20(ks)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 3.6 -2.16 Td [(Thr)18(ee r)8(ules govern the automatic inheritance and r)18(elease of r)18(ecor)]TJ 0.25 Tc 28.668 0 Td (dl)Tj 0 Tc 1.152 0 Td (ocks.)Tj -29.82 -1.8 Td [(1. )-633(Locks)-251(ar)]TJ 0.2506 Tc 5.342 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.23 0 Td [(ssociated )-1(with )-1(a )-1(pr)19(ocess and a \336le.)-500(This has two implications.)-500(The \336rst is)]TJ -4.938 -1.2 Td [(obvious: )-11(when )-11(a )-11(pr)18(ocess )-11(terminates, )-11(all )-11(its )-11(locks )-11(ar)]TJ 0.2614 Tc 22.337 0 Td (er)Tj 0 Tc 1.117 0 Td [(eleased. )-261(The)-262(second )-11(is )-11(far )-11(fr)17(om)]TJ -23.455 -1.2 Td [(obvious: )-146(whenever )-146(a )-146(descriptor )-146(is )-146(closed, )-146(any )-146(locks )-146(on )-146(the )-146(\336le )-146(r)16(efer)18(enced )-146(by )-146(that)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(descriptor for that pr)18(ocess ar)]TJ 0.25 Tc 12.692 0 Td (er)Tj 0 Tc 1.106 0 Td [(eleased. )-250(This)-250(means that if we make the calls)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 163.9205 576.6654 Tm (fd1 = open\(pathname, ...\);)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (read_lock\(fd1, ...\);)Tj T* (fd2 = dup\(fd1\);)Tj T* (close\(fd2\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 145.9215 526.5684 Tm [(after )-161(the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 4.243 0 Td (close\(fd2\))Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.4115 Tc (,t)Tj 0 Tc 6.987 0 Td [(he )-161(lock )-161(that )-161(was )-161(obtained )-161(on)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 13.875 0 Td (fd1)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.212 0 Td [(is )-162(r)18(eleased. )-412(The)-411(same)]TJ -27.317 -1.2 Td [(thing would happen if we r)18(eplaced the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 17.423 0 Td (dup)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.05 0 Td (with)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 2.283 0 Td (open)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(,)-250(as)-250(in)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 163.9206 497.8701 Tm (fd1 = open\(pathname, ...\);)Tj T* (read_lock\(fd1, ...\);)Tj T* (fd2 = open\(pathname, ...\))Tj T* (close\(fd2\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 145.9216 447.7731 Tm [(to open the same \336le on another descriptor)74(.)]TJ -1.633 -1.6 Td [(2. )-633(Locks)-342(ar)]TJ 0.3422 Tc 5.433 0 Td (en)Tj 0 Tc 1.403 0 Td [(ever )-92(inherited )-92(by )-92(the )-92(child )-92(acr)18(oss )-92(a)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 16.279 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5922 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 3.855 0 Td [(his )-92(means )-92(that )-92(if )-92(a )-92(pr)17(ocess)]TJ -25.338 -1.2 Td [(obtains )-184(a )-184(lock )-184(and )-184(then )-184(calls)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 13.775 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.4341 Tc (,t)Tj 0 Tc 3.41 0 Td [(he )-184(child )-184(is )-184(consider)18(ed )-184(another )-184(pr)18(ocess )-184(with)]TJ -0.018 Tc -17.185 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(gar)18(d)-341(to)-341(t)-1(he )-91(lock )-91(that )-91(was )-91(obtained )-91(by )-91(the )-91(par)16(ent. )-341(The)-342(child )-91(has )-91(to )-91(call)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 32.298 0 Td (fcntl)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.341 0 Td (to)Tj -36.495 -1.2 Td [(obtain )-115(its )-115(own )-115(locks )-115(on )-115(any )-115(descriptors )-115(that )-115(wer)]TJ 0.3656 Tc 22.112 0 Td (ei)Tj 0 Tc 1.136 0 Td [(nherited )-116(acr)18(oss )-116(the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 8.944 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.6156 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 3.879 0 Td (his)Tj -36.07 -1.2 Td [(constraint )-65(makes )-65(sense )-65(because )-65(locks )-65(ar)]TJ 0.3154 Tc 17.843 0 Td (em)Tj 0 Tc 1.677 0 Td [(eant )-65(to )-65(pr)17(event )-65(multiple )-65(pr)18(ocesses )-65(fr)17(om)]TJ -19.52 -1.2 Td [(writing )-47(to )-47(the )-47(same )-47(\336le )-47(at )-47(the )-47(same )-47(time.)-549(If )-47(the )-47(child )-47(inherited )-47(locks )-47(acr)18(oss )-47(a)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 34.717 0 Td (fork)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj -34.717 -1.2 Td [(both the par)18(ent and the child could write to the same \336le at the same time.)]TJ -1.633 -1.6 Td [(3. )-633(Locks)-364(ar)]TJ 0.3645 Tc 5.456 0 Td (ei)Tj 0 Tc 1.134 0 Td [(nherited )-114(by )-114(a )-114(new )-114(pr)16(ogram )-114(acr)18(oss )-114(an)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 17.455 0 Td (exec)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.6144 Tc (.N)Tj 0 Tc 4.095 0 Td [(ote, )-114(however)]TJ 0.3644 Tc 5.771 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 0.94 0 Td [(hat )-114(if )-114(the)]TJ -33.219 -1.2 Td [(close-on-exec )-203(\337ag )-203(is )-203(set )-203(for )-203(a )-203(\336le )-203(descriptor)]TJ 0.4532 Tc 20.263 0 Td (,a)Tj 0 Tc 1.203 0 Td [(ll )-203(locks )-203(for )-203(the )-203(underlying )-203(\336le )-203(ar)17(e)]TJ -0.018 Tc -21.467 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (leased when the descriptor is closed as part of an)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 21.877 0 Td (exec)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -27.966 -2.4 Td (FreeBSD Implementation)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.6 -2.16 Td [(Let\325s )-60(take )-60(a )-60(brief )-60(look )-60(at )-60(the )-60(data )-60(str)8(uctur)18(es )-60(used )-60(in )-60(the )-60(Fr)18(eeBSD )-60(implementation.)-560(This)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(should )-119(help )-119(clarify )-119(r)8(ule )-119(1, )-119(which )-119(states )-119(that )-119(locks )-119(ar)]TJ 0.3694 Tc 23.739 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.348 0 Td [(ssociated )-119(with )-119(a )-119(pr)18(ocess )-119(and )-119(a)]TJ -25.087 -1.2 Td (\336le.)Tj 1.8 -1.2 Td [(Consider a pr)18(ocess that executes the following statements \(ignoring err)18(or r)18(eturns\):)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5913 221.4867 Tm (fd1 = open\(pathname, ...\);)Tj T* [(write_lock\(fd1, 0, SEEK_SET, 1\);)-2400(/* parent write locks byte 0 */)]TJ T* (if \(\(pid = fork\(\)\) > 0\) {)Tj 21.6 0 Td (/* parent */)Tj -19.2 -1.189 Td (fd2 = dup\(fd1\);)Tj T* (fd3 = open\(pathname, ...\);)Tj 0.6 Tc -2.4 -1.189 Td (}e)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (lse if \(pid == 0\) {)Tj 0.6 -1.189 Td (read_lock\(fd1, 1, SEEK_SET, 1\); /* child read locks byte 1 */)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj T* (pause\(\);)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47651 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(3.16)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 40.133 0 Td (/dev/fd)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.2 0 Td (89)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5911 668.9599 Tm (In the function call)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5911 651.191 Tm (fd = open\("/dev/fd/0", mode\);)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 632.1223 Tm [(most )-13(systems )-13(ignor)]TJ 0.2635 Tc 8.574 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.069 0 Td [(he )-13(speci\336ed)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.522 0 Td (mode)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.2635 Tc (,w)Tj 0 Tc 3.748 0 Td [(her)18(eas )-13(others )-13(r)17(equir)]TJ 0.2635 Tc 8.807 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.069 0 Td [(hat )-13(it )-13(be )-13(a )-13(subset )-13(of )-13(the)]TJ -28.788 -1.2 Td [(mode )-3(used )-3(when )-3(the )-3(r)19(efer)18(enced )-3(\336le )-3(\(standar)]TJ 0.2528 Tc 19.685 0 Td (di)Tj 0 Tc 1.155 0 Td [(nput, )-3(in )-3(this )-3(case\) )-3(was )-3(originally )-3(opened.)]TJ -20.84 -1.2 Td [(Because the pr)18(evious)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.563 0 Td (open)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td (is equivalent to)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5912 590.3545 Tm (fd = dup\(0\);)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5923 571.2857 Tm [(the )-149(descriptors )-149(0 )-149(and)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.113 0 Td (fd)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.599 0 Td (shar)Tj 0.3993 Tc 1.883 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.204 0 Td [(he )-149(same )-149(\336le )-149(table )-149(entry )-149(\(Figur)]TJ 0.3992 Tc 13.922 0 Td (e3)Tj 0 Tc 1.378 0 Td [(.9\). )-399(For)-399(example, )-149(if)]TJ -30.099 -1.2 Td [(descriptor )-38(0 )-38(was )-38(opened )-38(r)20(ead-only)111(,)-288(we)-288(c)1(an )-38(only )-38(r)18(ead )-38(on)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 25.267 0 Td (fd)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.5376 Tc (.E)Tj 0 Tc 2.599 0 Td [(ven )-38(if )-38(the )-38(system )-38(ignor)20(es)]TJ -27.866 -1.2 Td (the open mode and the call)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5912 529.5183 Tm (fd = open\("/dev/fd/0", O_RDWR\);)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5923 510.4496 Tm (succeeds, we still can\325t write to)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 13.921 0 Td (fd)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 183.5889 490.4508 Tm [(The )-51(Linux )-51(implementation )-51(of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 13.419 0 Td (/dev/fd)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.501 0 Td [(is )-51(an )-51(exception.)-551(It )-51(maps )-51(\336le )-51(descriptors )-51(into )-51(symbolic)]TJ -17.919 -1.25 Td [(links )-35(pointing )-35(to )-35(the )-35(underlying )-35(physical )-35(\336les.)-535(When )-35(you )-35(open)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 28.517 0 Td (/dev/fd/0)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.285 Tc (,f)Tj 0 Tc 6.268 0 Td [(or )-35(example, )-35(you)]TJ -34.785 -1.25 Td (ar)Tj 0.286 Tc 0.877 0 Td (er)Tj 0 Tc 1.142 0 Td [(eally )-36(opening )-36(the )-36(\336le )-36(associated )-36(with )-36(your )-36(standar)]TJ 0.2859 Tc 22.516 0 Td (di)Tj 0 Tc 1.188 0 Td [(nput. )-286(Thus)-286(the )-36(mode )-36(of )-36(the )-36(new )-36(\336le)]TJ -25.723 -1.25 Td [(descriptor r)18(eturned is unr)18(elated to the mode of the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 22.621 0 Td (/dev/fd)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td [(\336le descriptor)74(.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5914 440.4538 Tm [(We )-368(c)]TJ 0 Tc 2.265 0 Td [(an )-184(also )-184(call)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.67 0 Td (creat)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.434 0 Td [(with )-184(a)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.4 0 Td (/dev/fd)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.634 0 Td [(pathname )-184(ar)18(gument )-184(as )-184(well )-184(as )-184(specify)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.202 -1.2 Td (O_CREAT)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.521 0 Td [(in )-71(a )-71(call )-71(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.054 0 Td (open)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.5708 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 3.834 0 Td [(his )-71(allows )-71(a )-71(pr)18(ogram )-71(that )-71(calls)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 14.15 0 Td (creat)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.321 0 Td [(to )-71(still )-71(work )-71(if )-71(the)]TJ -30.88 -1.2 Td [(pathname ar)18(gument is)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.224 0 Td (/dev/fd/1)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (,f)Tj 0 Tc 6.233 0 Td (or example.)Tj 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 183.5889 396.4564 Tm [(Bewar)18(e)-321(of)-321(d)1(oing )-71(this )-71(on )-71(Linux.)-570(Because )-71(the )-71(Linux )-71(implementation )-71(uses )-71(symbolic )-71(links )-71(to )-71(the)]TJ -0.018 Tc -0 -1.25 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (al \336les, using)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 6.046 0 Td (creat)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td (on a)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.128 0 Td (/dev/fd)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td [(\336le will r)18(esult in the underlying \336le being tr)8(uncated.)]TJ 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5907 366.4582 Tm [(Some )-711(systems )-711(pr)18(ovide )-711(the )-711(pathnames)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 20.486 0 Td (/dev/stdin)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 7.211 0 Td (/dev/stdout)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.9605 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 8.311 0 Td (nd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -37.807 -1.2 Td (/dev/stderr)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.8186 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 8.282 0 Td [(hese )-319(pathnames )-319(ar)]TJ 0.5686 Tc 8.855 0 Td (ee)Tj 0 Tc 1.527 0 Td [(quivalent )-319(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.206 0 Td (/dev/fd/0)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 6.219 0 Td (/dev/fd/1)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.5687 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 6.719 0 Td (nd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -37.807 -1.2 Td (/dev/fd/2)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (,r)Tj 0 Tc 6.277 0 Td [(espectively)111(.)]TJ -4.477 -1.2 Td [(The )-125(main )-125(use )-125(of )-125(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.576 0 Td (/dev/fd)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.575 0 Td [(\336les )-125(is )-125(fr)18(om )-125(the )-125(shell.)-623(It )-125(allows )-125(pr)18(ograms )-125(that )-125(use)]TJ -15.95 -1.2 Td [(pathname )-331(ar)18(guments )-331(to )-331(handle )-331(standar)]TJ 0.581 Tc 18.744 0 Td (di)Tj 0 Tc 1.483 0 Td [(nput )-331(and )-331(standar)]TJ 0.581 Tc 8.287 0 Td (do)Tj 0 Tc 1.738 0 Td [(utput )-331(in )-331(the )-331(same)]TJ -30.252 -1.2 Td [(manner )-50(as )-50(other )-50(pathnames.)-550(For )-50(example, )-50(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 21.032 0 Td (cat)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.8 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (1)Tj 0.5 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.633 -0.04 Td [(pr)18(ogram )-50(speci\336cally )-50(looks )-50(for )-50(an)]TJ -24.298 -1.2 Td (input \336lename of)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 7.851 0 Td (-)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.85 0 Td (and uses it to mean standar)Tj 0.25 Tc 12.126 0 Td (di)Tj 0 Tc 1.152 0 Td [(nput. )-250(The)-250(command)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5917 276.6937 Tm (filter file2 | cat file1 - file3 | lpr)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5928 257.6249 Tm [(is )-245(an )-245(example.)-746(First,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.27 0 Td (cat)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 2.295 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (ads)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.03 0 Td (file1)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.4954 Tc (,t)Tj 0 Tc 4.071 0 Td [(hen )-245(its )-245(standar)]TJ 0.4954 Tc 6.995 0 Td (di)Tj 0 Tc 1.397 0 Td [(nput )-245(\(the )-245(output )-245(of )-245(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -27.915 -1.2 Td (filter)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.003 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram )-153(on)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.791 0 Td (file2)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(\), )-153(and )-153(then)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.453 0 Td (file3)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.6526 Tc (.I)Tj 0 Tc 4.24 0 Td (f)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.736 0 Td (/dev/fd)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.603 0 Td [(is )-152(supported, )-152(the )-152(special)]TJ -27.824 -1.2 Td (handling of)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 5.374 0 Td (-)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.85 0 Td [(can be r)18(emoved fr)18(om)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.637 0 Td (cat)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 2.8 0 Td (nd we can enter)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5905 215.8571 Tm (filter file2 | cat file1 /dev/fd/0 file3 | lpr)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5905 196.7884 Tm [(The )-201(special )-201(meaning )-201(of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.26 0 Td (-)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.051 0 Td [(as )-201(a )-201(command)]TJ 6.775 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(line )-201(ar)18(gument )-201(to )-201(r)18(efer )-201(to )-201(the )-201(standar)17(d)]TJ -21.219 -1.2 Td [(input )-58(or )-58(the )-58(standar)]TJ 0.3081 Tc 8.975 0 Td (do)Tj 0 Tc 1.465 0 Td [(utput )-58(is )-58(a )-58(kludge )-58(that )-58(has )-58(cr)17(ept )-58(into )-58(many )-58(pr)18(ograms. )-308(Ther)]TJ 0.308 Tc 26.417 0 Td (ea)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.287 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc -38.144 -1.2 Td [(also )-254(pr)18(oblems )-254(if )-254(we )-254(specify)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 13.499 0 Td (-)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.104 0 Td [(as )-254(the )-254(\336rst )-254(\336le, )-254(as )-254(it )-254(looks )-254(like )-254(the )-254(start )-254(of )-254(another)]TJ -14.603 -1.2 Td (command)Tj 4.449 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(line option.)-500(Using)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.416 0 Td (/dev/fd)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td (is a step towar)Tj 0.25 Tc 6.378 0 Td (du)Tj 0 Tc 1.464 0 Td (niformity and cleanliness.)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47652 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 465.375 708 Tm (Index)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.525 0 Td (973)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 129.5922 670.9597 Tm (MSG_EOR)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(61)55(1, 613)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.617 -1.25 Td (msgget)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(function, )-250(557)]TJ 6.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (562, 632)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (633, 941)Tj -13.457 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(562)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (msghdr)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e, )-250(61)55(1, 613, 644, 646)]TJ 12.247 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (647, 649, 651)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -16.847 -1.25 Td (MSG_MORE)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(constant, )-250(61)55(1)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -5.217 -1.25 Td (MSG_NOERROR)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.017 0 Td [(constant, )-250(564,)-250(631, 941)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -7.017 -1.25 Td (MSG_NOSIGNAL)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(61)55(1)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -7.617 -1.25 Td (MSG_OOB)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(61)55(1)]TJ 6.008 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (613, 626)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -11.208 -1.25 Td (MSG_PEEK)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(constant, )-250(612)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -5.217 -1.25 Td (msgrcv)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(function, )-250(451,)-250(558)]TJ 8.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (559, 561, 564, 585, 631,)Tj -9.94 -1.25 Td (941)Tj -1.35 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(564)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (msgsnd)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(function, )-250(451,)-250(558, 560)]TJ 10.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (561, 563)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (565, 633)Tj -17.457 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(563)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (MSG_TRUNC)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.817 0 Td [(constant, )-250(612)]TJ 6.063 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (613)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -12.463 -1.25 Td (MSGVERB)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(envir)18(onment variable,)-500(21)55(1)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.617 -1.25 Td (MSG_WAITALL)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.017 0 Td [(constant, )-250(612)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -7.017 -1.25 Td (MS_INVALIDATE)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.217 0 Td [(constant, )-250(528)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -8.217 -1.25 Td (msqid_ds)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e, )-250(561)]TJ 6.302 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (562, 564)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -12.102 -1.25 Td (MS_SYNC)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(528,)-250(530)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.617 -1.25 Td (msync)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.417 0 Td [(function, )-250(451,)-250(528, 530)]TJ -2.067 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(528)]TJ -1.35 -1.25 Td [(Mui, L.,)-500(712, 953)]TJ 0 -1.25 TD [(multiplexing, I/O,)-500(500)]TJ 10.272 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (509)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -10.856 -1.25 Td (munmap)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(function, )-250(528)]TJ 6.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (529)Tj -9.29 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(528)]TJ -1.35 -1.25 Td [(mutex attributes,)-500(430)]TJ 9.613 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (439)Tj -10.196 -1.25 Td [(mutex timing comparison,)-500(571)]TJ T* [(mutexes, )-250(399)]TJ 6.043 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (409)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -6.627 -1.25 Td (mv)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.617 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram, )-250(1)55(15)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.617 -1.25 Td (myftw)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.417 0 Td [(function, )-250(133,)-250(141)]TJ -3.417 -4.375 Td [(named full-duplex pipes,)-500(534)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf T* (NAME_MAX)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(constant, )-250(38)]TJ 5.563 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (39, 44, 49, 55, 65, 131)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -11.363 -1.25 Td (nanosleep)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.817 0 Td [(function, )-250(373)]TJ 6.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (375, 437, 439, 451, 462,)Tj -9.74 -1.25 Td (837, 934)Tj -1.35 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(374)]TJ -1.35 -1.25 Td [(Natar)18(os, S.,)-500(xxxii)]TJ T* [(Native POSIX Thr)18(eads Library)111(,)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 14.187 0 Td (see)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.417 0 Td (NPTL)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -15.604 -1.25 Td (nawk)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.817 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram, )-250(262)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -2.817 -1.25 Td (NCCS)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.817 0 Td [(constant, )-250(674)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -2.817 -1.25 Td (ndbm)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.817 0 Td (library)Tj 0.5 Tc 2.87 0 Td (,7)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (44)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -6.937 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td (header)Tj 0.5 Tc 2.972 0 Td (,3)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (0)Tj -9.439 -1.25 Td [(Nemeth, E.,)-500(xxxii, 951)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf T* ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.817 0 Td (header)Tj 0.5 Tc 2.972 0 Td (,2)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (9, 186)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -10.039 -1.25 Td (netent)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e, )-250(598)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.017 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.417 0 Td (header)Tj 0.5 Tc 2.972 0 Td (,2)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (9)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -10.639 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.817 0 Td (header)Tj 0.5 Tc 2.972 0 Td (,2)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (9, 595, 605)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -13.039 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.417 0 Td (header)Tj 0.5 Tc 2.972 0 Td (,2)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (9)Tj -13.639 -1.25 Td [(Network File System, Sun Micr)18(osystems,)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 18.607 0 Td (see)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.417 0 Td (NFS)Tj -20.024 -1.25 Td (Network Information Service,)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 13.716 0 Td (see)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.417 0 Td (NIS)Tj -15.133 -1.25 Td [(network logins,)-500(290)]TJ 8.991 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (293)Tj 16.425 65.625 Td [(network printer communication,)-500(789)]TJ 16.541 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (843)Tj -17.125 -1.25 Td [(Neville-Neil, G. V)129(., )-250(74,)]TJ -0.055 Tc 10.308 0 Td (11)Tj 0 Tc 0.945 0 Td [(2, 1)55(16, 951)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -11.253 -1.25 Td (newgrp)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram, )-250(183)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.017 -1.25 Td (nfds_t)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(data type,)-500(507)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.017 -1.25 Td (_NFILE)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(constant, )-250(51)]TJ -4.017 -1.25 Td [(NFS \(Network File System, Sun Micr)18(osystems\), )-250(76,)]TJ 2.7 -1.25 Td (787)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -2.7 -1.25 Td (nftw)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.817 0 Td [(function, )-250(122,)-250(131)]TJ 8.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (132, 135, 442, 452, 910)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -11.44 -1.25 Td (NGROUPS_MAX)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.017 0 Td [(constant, )-250(39,)-250(43, 49, 183)]TJ 10.563 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (184)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -18.163 -1.25 Td (nice)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.817 0 Td [(function, )-250(276)]TJ 6.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (277)Tj -8.09 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(276)]TJ -1.35 -1.25 Td [(nice value,)-500(252, 276)]TJ 8.817 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (277, 279)Tj -9.4 -1.25 Td [(Niever)18(gelt, J.,)-500(744, 750, 949)]TJ T* [(NIS \(Network Information Service\),)-500(185)]TJ T* [(NIS+, )-250(185)]TJ T* (NL terminal character)Tj 0.5 Tc 9.68 0 Td (,6)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (78, 680)Tj 3.083 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (681, 687, 700, 703)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -14.597 -1.25 Td (NL0)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.217 0 Td [(constant, )-250(689)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -2.217 -1.25 Td (NL1)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.217 0 Td [(constant, )-250(689)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -2.217 -1.25 Td (NL_ARGMAX)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.817 0 Td [(constant, )-250(39)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -5.817 -1.25 Td (NLDLY)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(676,)-250(684, 689)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -3.417 -1.25 Td (nlink_t)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(data type,)-500(59, 1)55(14)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.617 -1.25 Td (nl_langinfo)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.017 0 Td [(function, )-250(442)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -7.017 -1.25 Td (NL_LANGMAX)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(41)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -6.417 -1.25 Td (NL_MSGMAX)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.817 0 Td [(constant, )-250(39)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -5.817 -1.25 Td (NL_SETMAX)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.817 0 Td [(constant, )-250(39)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -5.817 -1.25 Td (NLSPATH)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(envir)18(onment variable,)-500(21)55(1)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.617 -1.25 Td (NL_TEXTMAX)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(39)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -6.417 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.617 0 Td (header)Tj 0.5 Tc 2.972 0 Td (,2)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (9)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -11.839 -1.25 Td (nobody)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(login name,)-500(178)]TJ 7.293 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (179)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -11.893 -1.25 Td (NOFILE)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(constant, )-250(51)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.017 -1.25 Td (NOFLSH)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(constant, )-250(676,)-250(689)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.017 -1.25 Td (NOKERNINFO)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(676,)-250(682, 689)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -6.417 -1.25 Td (nologin)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram, )-250(179)]TJ -4.617 -1.25 Td (nonblocking)Tj 1.35 -1.25 Td [(I/O, )-250(481)]TJ 4.062 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (484)Tj -4.646 -1.25 Td [(socket I/O,)-500(608)]TJ 7.087 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (609, 627)Tj -9.021 -1.25 Td [(noncanonical mode, terminal I/O,)-500(703)]TJ 17.218 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (710)Tj -17.801 -1.25 Td [(nonfatal err)18(or)]TJ 0.5 Tc 6.028 0 Td (,1)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (6)Tj -7.278 -1.25 Td [(nonlocal goto,)-500(213)]TJ 8.339 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (220, 355)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (358)Tj -13.089 -1.25 Td [(NPTL \(Native POSIX Thr)18(eads Library\),)-500(xxiii, 388)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf T* (ntohl)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.417 0 Td [(function, )-250(594,)-250(81)55(1, 825, 842)]TJ -2.067 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(594)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (ntohs)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.417 0 Td [(function, )-250(594,)-250(604, 842)]TJ -2.067 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(594)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (NULL)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.817 0 Td [(constant, )-250(823)]TJ -2.817 -1.25 Td [(null signal,)-500(314, 337)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf T* (NZERO)Tj 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)-93(per)18(centages )-93(ar)18(en\325t )-93(exactly )-93(equal, )-93(because )-93(pr)18(ocess )-93(scheduling )-93(isn\325t)]TJ -8.067 -1.2 Td [(exact, )-318(and )-318(because )-318(the )-318(child )-318(and )-318(par)15(ent )-319(perform )-319(dif)19(fer)18(ent )-319(amounts )-319(of )-319(pr)19(ocessing)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(between )-86(the )-86(time )-86(that )-86(the )-86(end )-86(time )-86(is )-86(calculated )-86(and )-86(the )-86(time )-86(that )-86(the )-86(pr)19(ocessing )-86(loop)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD (begins.)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47655 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(4.14)]TJ 38.136 0 Td [(File )-250(Systems)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf -0.037 Tc 7.734 0 Td (11)Tj 0 Tc 0.963 0 Td (5)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 0.883 Tc 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 668.9599 Tm (\245B)Tj 0 Tc 2.1 0 Td [(ecause )-26(the )-26(i-node )-26(number )-26(in )-26(the )-26(dir)18(ectory )-26(entry )-26(points )-26(to )-26(an )-26(i-node )-26(in )-26(the )-26(same )-26(\336le)]TJ -0.611 -1.2 Td [(system, )-121(a )-121(dir)18(ectory )-121(entry )-121(can\325t )-121(r)18(efer )-121(to )-121(an )-121(i-node )-121(in )-121(a )-121(dif)22(fer)18(ent )-121(\336le )-121(system.)-621(This )-121(is)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(why )-50(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.958 0 Td (ln)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.2 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (1)Tj 0.5 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.633 -0.04 Td [(command )-50(\(make )-50(a )-50(new )-50(dir)18(ectory )-50(entry )-50(that )-50(points )-50(to )-50(an )-50(existing )-50(\336le\))]TJ -6.624 -1.2 Td [(can\325t cr)18(oss \336le systems.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 10.736 0 Td [(We )-184(d)]TJ 0 Tc 2.248 0 Td (escribe the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 4.952 0 Td (link)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td (function in the next section.)Tj 0.883 Tc -22.075 -1.6 Td (\245W)Tj 0 Tc 2.489 0 Td [(hen )-104(r)18(enaming )-104(a )-104(\336le )-104(without )-104(changing )-104(\336le )-104(systems, )-104(the )-104(actual )-104(contents )-104(of )-104(the )-104(\336le)]TJ -1 -1.2 Td [(need )-82(not )-82(be )-82(moved)]TJ 0.0833 Tc 8.8 0 Td (\321a)Tj 0 Tc 1.583 0 Td [(ll )-82(that )-82(needs )-82(to )-82(be )-82(done )-82(is )-82(to )-82(add )-82(a )-82(new )-82(dir)20(ectory )-82(entry )-82(that)]TJ -10.383 -1.2 Td [(points )-45(to )-45(the )-45(existing )-45(i-node )-45(and )-45(then )-45(unlink )-45(the )-45(old )-45(dir)18(ectory )-45(entry)]TJ 0.5447 Tc 30.232 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.408 0 Td [(he )-45(link )-45(count)]TJ -31.639 -1.2 Td [(will )-479(r)18(emain )-479(the )-479(same.)-979(For )-479(example, )-479(to )-479(r)18(ename )-479(the )-479(\336le)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 28.71 0 Td (/usr/lib/foo)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.929 0 Td (to)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -36.639 -1.2 Td (/usr/foo)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.5792 Tc (,t)Tj 0 Tc 5.955 0 Td [(he )-329(contents )-329(of )-329(the )-329(\336le)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.307 0 Td (foo)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.379 0 Td [(need )-329(not )-329(be )-329(moved )-329(if )-329(the )-329(dir)17(ectories)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -19.641 -1.2 Td (/usr/lib)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.136 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.029 0 Td (/usr)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.736 0 Td (ar)Tj 0.336 Tc 0.877 0 Td (eo)Tj 0.3361 Tc 1.361 0 Td (nt)Tj 0 Tc 1.244 0 Td [(he )-86(same )-86(\336le )-86(system.)-586(This )-86(is )-86(how )-86(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 16.977 0 Td (mv)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.2 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (1)Tj 0.5 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.669 -0.04 Td (command)Tj -33.062 -1.2 Td (usually operates.)Tj -0.092 Tc 0.311 -1.68 Td (We)Tj 0 Tc 1.387 0 Td [(\325ve )-34(talked )-34(about )-34(the )-34(concept )-34(of )-34(a )-34(link )-34(count )-34(for )-34(a )-34(r)18(egular )-34(\336le, )-34(but )-34(what )-34(about )-34(the)]TJ -3.187 -1.2 Td [(link )-70(count )-70(\336eld )-70(for )-70(a )-70(dir)17(ectory? )-320(Assume)-321(that )-70(we )-70(make )-70(a )-70(new )-70(dir)18(ectory )-70(in )-70(the )-70(working)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(dir)18(ectory)111(,)-250(as)-250(in)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5911 488.5406 Tm ($)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (mkdir testdir)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 471.6119 Tm (Figur)Tj 0.2992 Tc 2.383 0 Td (e4)Tj 0 Tc 1.278 0 Td [(.15 )-49(shows )-49(the )-49(r)17(esult. )-299(Note)-299(that )-49(in )-49(this )-49(\336gur)18(e, )-49(we )-49(explicitly )-49(show )-49(the )-49(entries )-49(for)]TJ -3.661 -1.2 Td (dot and dot-dot.)Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 2.8 w 1 j 1 J 1662 4146.4 720 216 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 6.9992 0 0 6.9992 183.145 423.8491 Tm (i-node array)Tj ET q 0.99988 0 0 0.99988 0 0 cm 0.699 g 238.2 414.64 93.6 21.6 re f Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 2.8 w 1 j 1 J 2382 4146.4 936 216 re S Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 2.8 w 1 j 1 J 3318 4146.4 324 216 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 6.9987 0 0 6.9987 333.8529 428.3229 Tm [(dir)18(ectory)]TJ 0.817 -1.286 Td (block)Tj ET q 0.99982 0 0 0.99982 0 0 cm 0.699 g 364.2 414.64 72 21.6 re f Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 2.8 w 1 j 1 J 3642 4146.4 720 216 re S Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 2.8 w 1 j 1 J 4362 4146.4 324 216 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 6.9983 0 0 6.9983 438.2078 428.2972 Tm [(dir)18(ectory)]TJ 0.817 -1.286 Td (block)Tj ET q 0.99976 0 0 0.99976 0 0 cm 0.699 g 468.6 414.64 36 21.6 re f Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 2.8 w 1 j 1 J 4686 4146.4 360 216 re S Q q 0.9997 0 0 0.9997 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 238.2 443.44 cm 0 0 m 7.2 1.8 l 7.2 -1.8 l f Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2382 4434.3999 cm 0 0 m 72 18 l 72 -18 l h S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 2.8 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2454.25 4434.25 cm 0 0 m 648 0 l S Q Q q 0.9996401 0 0 0.9996401 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 504.6 443.44 cm 0 0 m -7.2 -1.8 l -7.2 1.8 l f Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5046 4434.3999 cm 0 0 m -72 -18 l -72 18 l h S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 2.8 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4974.25 4434.25 cm 0 0 m -648 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 6.9971 0 0 6.9971 321.275 441.7144 Tm [(dir)18(ectory blocks and data blocks)]TJ ET q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 2.8 w 1 j 1 J 1446 3246.4 216 216 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 6.9966 0 0 6.9966 145.3832 338.2376 Tm (i-node)Tj 1.171 -1.286 Td (0)Tj ET q 0.9995201 0 0 0.9995201 0 0 cm 0.699 g 166.2 324.64 28.8 21.6 re f Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 2.8 w 1 j 1 J 1662 3246.4 288 216 re S Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 2.8 w 1 j 1 J 1950 3246.4 216 216 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 6.9962 0 0 6.9962 195.7473 338.2173 Tm (i-node)Tj 0.421 -1.286 Td (1267)Tj ET q 0.9994601 0 0 0.9994601 0 0 cm 0.699 g 216.6 324.64 28.8 21.6 re f Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 2.8 w 1 j 1 J 2166 3246.4 288 216 re S Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 2.8 w 1 j 1 J 2454 3246.4 216 216 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 6.9958 0 0 6.9958 246.1053 338.197 Tm (i-node)Tj 0.421 -1.286 Td (2549)Tj ET q 0.9994002 0 0 0.9994002 0 0 cm 0.699 g 267 324.64 28.8 21.6 re f Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 2.8 w 1 j 1 J 2670 3246.4 288 216 re S Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 2.8 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1647.25 4110.25 cm 0 0 m -10 -34 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 2.8 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1625.25 4038.25 cm 0 0 m -11 -34 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 2.8 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1603.25 3965.25 cm 0 0 m -10 -34 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 2.8 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1581.25 3893.25 cm 0 0 m -11 -34 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 2.8 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1559.25 3821.25 cm 0 0 m -11 -34 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 2.8 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1537.25 3749.25 cm 0 0 m -11 -34 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 2.8 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1515.25 3677.25 cm 0 0 m -11 -35 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 2.8 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1493.25 3605.25 cm 0 0 m -11 -35 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 2.8 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1471.25 3533.25 cm 0 0 m -11 -35 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 2.8 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2748.25 3710.25 cm 0 0 m 23 -28 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 2.8 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2798.25 3649.25 cm 0 0 m 23 -28 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 2.8 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2848.25 3587.25 cm 0 0 m 23 -28 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 2.8 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2899.25 3526.25 cm 0 0 m 23 -28 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 2.8 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2794.25 3654.25 cm 0 0 m -23 28 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 2.8 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2750.25 3708.25 cm 0 0 m -23 28 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 2.8 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2705.25 3761.25 cm 0 0 m -23 28 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 2.8 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2661.25 3814.25 cm 0 0 m -23 28 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 2.8 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2617.25 3868.25 cm 0 0 m -23 28 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 2.8 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2573.25 3922.25 cm 0 0 m -23 28 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 2.8 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2529.25 3976.25 cm 0 0 m -23 28 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 2.8 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2485.25 4029.25 cm 0 0 m -23 28 l S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 2.8 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2441.25 4082.25 cm 0 0 m -23 28 l S Q Q q 0.9993402 0 0 0.9993402 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 452.4 414.64 cm 0 0 m -6.48 -3.672 l 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8.9919 0 0 8.9919 338.695 312.019 Tm (.)Tj ET q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 2.8 w 1 j 1 J 3120 2922.4 216 144 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 6.9933 0 0 6.9933 315.497 297.6141 Tm (1267)Tj ET q 0.099904 0 0 0.099904 0 0 cm 2.8 w 1 j 1 J 3336 2922.4 504 144 re S Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9908 0 0 8.9908 338.6544 297.5963 Tm (..)Tj ET q 0.099898 0 0 0.099898 0 0 cm 2.8 w 1 j 1 J 4164 2274.4 720 576 re S Q q 0.099898 0 0 0.099898 0 0 cm 2.8 w 1 j 1 J 4164 2706.4 216 143.996 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 6.9924 0 0 6.9924 419.7464 276.0017 Tm (1267)Tj ET q 0.0998921 0 0 0.0998921 0 0 cm 2.8 w 1 j 1 J 4380 2706.4 504 143.996 re S Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9897 0 0 8.9897 442.8948 275.9852 Tm (.)Tj ET q 0.0998861 0 0 0.0998861 0 0 cm 2.8 w 1 j 1 J 4164 2562.4 216 144 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 5.9928 0 0 5.9928 418.1719 264.8819 Tm (i-node)Tj -0.327 -1.1 Td (number)Tj ET q 0.0998801 0 0 0.0998801 0 0 cm 2.8 w 1 j 1 J 4380 2562.4 504 144 re S Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9887 0 0 8.9887 442.8417 261.5702 Tm (..)Tj ET q 0.0998741 0 0 0.0998741 0 0 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1.445 0 Td [(ssociated )-216(with )-216(the)]TJ -30.603 -1.2 Td [(message )-93(queue )-93(is )-93(updated )-93(to )-93(indicate )-93(the )-93(pr)18(ocess )-93(ID )-93(that )-93(made )-93(the )-93(call )-93(\()]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 33.017 0 Td (msg_lspid)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (\),)Tj -33.017 -1.2 Td [(the )-160(time )-160(that )-160(the )-160(call )-160(was )-160(made )-160(\()]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 15.445 0 Td (msg_stime)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(\), )-160(and )-160(that )-160(one )-160(mor)]TJ 0.4098 Tc 14.462 0 Td (em)Tj 0 Tc 1.772 0 Td [(essage )-160(is )-160(on )-160(the)]TJ -31.678 -1.2 Td (queue \()Tj /TT0 1 Tf (msg_qnum)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (\).)Tj 1.8 -1.2 Td (Messages ar)Tj 0.25 Tc 5.359 0 Td (er)Tj 0 Tc 1.106 0 Td [(etrieved fr)18(om a queue by)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.347 0 Td (msgrcv)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5911 532.2681 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.902 TD (ssize_t msgrcv\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 11.4 0 Td (msqid)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,v)Tj 0 Tc 4.208 0 Td (oid *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (ptr)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,s)Tj 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S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1620.25 5198.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1620.25 5162.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1620.25 5126.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1620.25 5090.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1620.25 5054.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1620.25 5018.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1620.25 4982.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1620.25 4946.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1620.25 4910.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q BT /TT1 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 142.7743 478.3539 Tm (func2\(x\))Tj ET q 0.99982 0 0 0.99982 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 248.4 617 cm 0 0 m -7.2 -1.8 l -7.2 1.8 l f Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2484 6170 cm 0 0 m -72 -18 l -72 18 l h S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1944.25 6170.25 cm 0 0 m 468 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2484 6098 432 144 re S Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 257.9381 615.0924 Tm (func1)Tj ET q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2700.25 6026.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2700.25 5990.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2700.25 5954.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2700.25 5918.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2700.25 5882.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q BT /TT1 1 Tf 7.9976 0 0 7.9976 205.1384 575.4673 Tm (pthread_mutex_lock\(x->lock\))Tj ET q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2700.25 5666.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2700.25 5630.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2700.25 5594.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2700.25 5558.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2700.25 5522.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q BT /TT1 1 Tf 7.9971 0 0 7.9971 233.9158 539.4458 Tm (func2_locked\(x\))Tj ET q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2700.25 5306.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2700.25 5270.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2700.25 5234.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2700.25 5198.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2700.25 5162.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q BT /TT1 1 Tf 7.9966 0 0 7.9966 200.3158 503.4285 Tm (pthread_mutex_unlock\(x->lock\))Tj ET q 0.9995801 0 0 0.9995801 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 324 480.2 cm 0 0 m -7.2 -1.8 l -7.2 1.8 l f Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3240 4802 cm 0 0 m -72 -18 l -72 18 l h S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1944.25 4802.25 cm 0 0 m 1224 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 3240 4730 432 144 re S Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9962 0 0 7.9962 333.4399 478.2104 Tm (func2)Tj /TT1 1 Tf -6.6 -3.15 Td (pthread_mutex_lock\(x->lock\))Tj 3.6 -1.8 Td (func2_locked\(x\))Tj -4.2 -1.8 Td (pthread_mutex_unlock\(x->lock\))Tj ET q 0.9995201 0 0 0.9995201 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 432 440.6 cm 0 0 m -7.2 -1.8 l -7.2 1.8 l f Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4320 4406 cm 0 0 m -72 -18 l -72 18 l h S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3888.25 4406.25 cm 0 0 m 360 0 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 4320 4334 792 144 re S Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9957 0 0 7.9957 442.5609 438.6031 Tm (func2_locked)Tj ET q 0.9994601 0 0 0.9994601 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 471.6 447.8 cm 0 0 m -1.8 7.2 l 1.8 7.2 l f Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4716 4478 cm 0 0 m -18 72 l 18 72 l h S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3132.25 5414.25 cm 0 0 m 1584 0 l 1584 -864 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9952 0 0 7.9952 228.3869 393.5638 Tm (Figure 12.7)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.092 Tc 5.695 0 Td (Av)Tj 0 Tc 1.251 0 Td [(oiding a r)18(ecursive locking opportunity)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 9.994 0 0 9.994 93.5439 355.1868 Tm (Example)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.6 -2.4 Td [(The )-108(pr)18(ogram )-108(in )-108(Figur)]TJ 0.3576 Tc 9.861 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.337 0 Td [(2.8 )-108(illustrates )-108(another )-108(situation )-108(in )-108(which )-108(a )-108(r)21(ecursive )-108(mutex )-108(is)]TJ -11.197 -1.2 Td (necessary)Tj 0.7443 Tc 4.172 0 Td (.H)Tj 0 Tc 1.826 0 Td [(er)18(e, )-244(we )-244(have )-244(a )-244(\324)36(\324timeout\325)]TJ 0.4943 Tc 11.715 0 Td (\325f)Tj 0 Tc 1.105 0 Td [(unction )-244(that )-244(allows )-244(us )-244(to )-244(schedule )-244(another)]TJ -18.819 -1.2 Td [(function )-10(to )-10(be )-10(r)9(un )-10(at )-10(some )-10(time )-10(in )-10(the )-10(futur)19(e. )-260(Assuming)-260(that )-10(thr)18(eads )-10(ar)18(e)-260(an)-260(inexpensive)]TJ -0.018 Tc -0 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(sour)18(ce, )-97(we )-97(can )-97(cr)18(eate )-97(a )-97(thr)18(ead )-97(for )-97(each )-97(pending )-97(timeout.)-601(The )-97(thr)18(ead )-97(waits )-97(until )-97(the)]TJ -0.856 -1.2 Td [(time has been r)18(eached, and then it calls the function we\325ve r)18(equested.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(The )-122(pr)18(oblem )-122(arises )-122(when )-122(we )-122(can\325t )-122(cr)18(eate )-122(a )-122(thr)21(ead )-122(or )-122(when )-122(the )-122(scheduled )-122(time )-122(to)]TJ -0.008 Tc -1.8 -1.2 Td (ru)Tj 0.5104 Tc 0.99 0 Td (nt)Tj 0 Tc 1.418 0 Td [(he )-260(function )-260(has )-260(alr)18(eady )-260(passed.)-760(In )-260(these )-260(cases, )-260(we )-260(simply )-260(call )-260(the )-260(r)13(equested)]TJ -2.408 -1.2 Td [(function )-87(now)]TJ 0.3373 Tc 5.914 0 Td (,f)Tj -0.018 Tc 0.92 0 Td (ro)Tj 0.3373 Tc 0.923 0 Td (mt)Tj 0 Tc 1.546 0 Td [(he )-87(curr)18(ent )-87(context.)-587(Since )-87(the )-87(function )-87(acquir)18(es )-87(the )-87(same )-87(lock )-87(that)]TJ -9.304 -1.2 Td [(we curr)18(ently hold, a deadlock will occur unless the lock is r)18(ecursive.)]TJ ET q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 2282.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /TT1 1 Tf 8.9941 0 0 8.9941 129.5145 218.5547 Tm (#include "apue.h")Tj 0 -1.189 TD (#include )Tj 0 -1.189 TD (#include )Tj 0 -1.189 TD (#include )Tj 0 -1.783 TD (extern int makethread\(void *\(*\)\(void *\), void *\);)Tj 0 -1.783 TD (struct to_info {)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (void )Tj 8.4 0 Td [(\(*to_fn\)\(void)-600(*\); /* function */)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47660 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (200)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Pr)18(ocess )-250(Envir)18(onment )]TJ 39.241 0 Td [(Chapter)-500(7)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 668.9599 Tm [(Now )-4(if )-4(we )-4(enable )-4(the )-4(1999 )-4(ISO )-4(C )-4(compiler )-4(extensions, )-4(we )-4(see )-4(that )-4(the )-4(exit )-4(code )-4(changes:)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5911 652.2609 Tm ($)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (gcc -std=c99 hello.c)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 16.4 0 Td (enable gcc\325)Tj 0.25 Tc 4.306 0 Td (s1)Tj 0 Tc 1.139 0 Td (999 ISO C extensions)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -23.045 -1.189 Td (hello.c:4: warning: return type defaults to \325int\325)Tj 0 -1.189 TD ($)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (./a.out)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -1.2 -1.189 Td (hello, world)Tj T* ($)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (echo $?)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 16.4 0 Td (print the exit status)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -17.6 -1.189 Td (0)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 183.5891 572.7656 Tm [(Note )-238(the )-238(compiler )-238(warning )-238(when )-238(we )-238(enable )-238(the )-238(1999 )-238(ISO )-238(C )-238(extensions.)-735(This )-238(warning )-238(is)]TJ 0 -1.25 TD [(printed )-42(because )-42(the )-42(type )-42(of )-42(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 14.133 0 Td (main)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.692 0 Td [(function )-42(is )-42(not )-42(explicitly )-42(declar)19(ed )-42(to )-42(be )-42(an )-42(integer)]TJ 0.5418 Tc 22.108 0 Td (.I)Tj 0.2918 Tc 1.129 0 Td (fw)Tj 0 Tc 1.459 0 Td (e)Tj -41.521 -1.25 Td [(wer)18(e)-328(to)-328(add )-78(this )-78(declaration, )-78(the )-78(message )-78(would )-78(go )-78(away)]TJ 0.5783 Tc 25.952 0 Td (.H)Tj 0 Tc 1.66 0 Td [(owever)74(,)-328(if)-328(we)-328(w)-1(er)18(e)-328(to)-328(enable )-78(all)]TJ -0.018 Tc -27.612 -1.25 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(commended )-285(warnings )-285(fr)18(om )-285(the )-285(compiler )-285(\(with )-285(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 24.637 0 Td (-Wall)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.535 0 Td [(\337ag\), )-285(then )-285(we )-285(would )-285(see )-285(a)]TJ -29.028 -1.25 Td [(warning message something like \324)37(\324contr)18(ol r)18(eaches end of nonvoid function.\325)37(\325)]TJ 0 -2.5 TD [(The )-231(declaration )-231(of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.962 0 Td (main)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.881 0 Td [(as )-231(r)18(eturning )-231(an )-231(integer )-231(and )-231(the )-231(use )-231(of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 18.621 0 Td (exit)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.881 0 Td [(instead )-231(of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.055 0 Td (return)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -38.4 -1.25 Td [(pr)18(oduces )-86(needless )-86(warnings )-86(fr)17(om )-86(some )-86(compilers )-86(and )-86(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 26.612 0 Td (lint)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.4 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (1)Tj 0.5 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.669 -0.04 Td [(pr)18(ogram. )-336(The)-336(pr)18(oblem )-86(is)]TJ -30.515 -1.25 Td [(that )-65(these )-65(compilers )-65(don\325t )-65(know )-65(that )-65(an)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 18.261 0 Td (exit)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.715 0 Td [(fr)18(om)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 2.454 0 Td (main)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.715 0 Td [(is )-65(the )-65(same )-65(as )-65(a)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.388 0 Td (return)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5651 Tc (.O)Tj 0 Tc 5.201 0 Td [(ne )-65(way)]TJ -38.734 -1.25 Td [(ar)18(ound )-159(these )-159(warnings, )-159(which )-159(become )-159(annoying )-159(after )-159(a )-159(while, )-159(is )-159(to )-159(use)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 33.491 0 Td (return)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.008 0 Td [(instead )-158(of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -37.5 -1.25 Td (exit)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.767 0 Td [(fr)18(om)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 2.506 0 Td (main)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.617 Tc (.B)Tj 0 Tc 3.878 0 Td [(ut )-117(doing )-117(this )-117(pr)18(events )-117(us )-117(fr)18(om )-117(using )-117(the )-117(UNIX )-117(System\325s)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 26.159 0 Td (grep)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.767 0 Td [(utility )-117(to)]TJ -38.077 -1.25 Td [(locate )-186(all )-186(calls )-186(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.233 0 Td (exit)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.836 0 Td [(fr)18(om )-185(a )-185(pr)17(ogram. )-435(Another)-436(solution )-185(is )-185(to )-185(declar)17(e)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 22.546 0 Td (main)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.836 0 Td [(as )-185(r)18(eturning)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -36.449 -1.25 Td (void)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.3598 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 3.301 0 Td [(nstead )-110(of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.521 0 Td (int)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.3598 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 2.91 0 Td [(nd )-110(continue )-110(calling)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.08 0 Td (exit)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.6098 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 3.873 0 Td [(his )-110(gets )-110(rid )-110(of )-110(the )-110(compiler )-110(warning )-110(but)]TJ -23.684 -1.25 Td [(doesn\325t )-327(look )-327(right )-327(\(especially )-327(in )-327(a )-327(pr)18(ogramming 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6.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(472)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -6.417 -1.25 Td (LOG_LPR)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(472)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.617 -1.25 Td (LOG_MAIL)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(constant, )-250(472)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -5.217 -1.25 Td (log_msg)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(function, )-250(897,)-250(899)]TJ -3.267 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(903)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (LOGNAME)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(envir)18(onment variable,)-500(21)55(1, 276, 288)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.617 -1.25 Td (LOG_NDELAY)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(471,)-250(928)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -6.417 -1.25 Td (LOG_NEWS)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(constant, )-250(472)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -5.217 -1.25 Td (LOG_NOTICE)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(472)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -6.417 -1.25 Td (log_open)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(function, )-250(664,)-250(898)]TJ 22.133 65 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(902)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (LOG_PERROR)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(471)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -6.417 -1.25 Td (LOG_PID)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(471,)-250(664)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.617 -1.25 Td (log_quit)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(function, )-250(830,)-250(898)]TJ 8.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (899)Tj -12.49 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(903)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (log_ret)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(function, )-250(898)]TJ 6.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (899)Tj -9.89 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(902)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (log_sys)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(function, )-250(804,)-250(898)]TJ 8.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (899)Tj -11.89 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(902)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (LOG_SYSLOG)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(472)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -6.417 -1.25 Td (log_to_stderr)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.217 0 Td [(variable, )-250(664,)-250(807, 813, 902, 904)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -8.217 -1.25 Td (LOG_USER)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(constant, )-250(472,)-250(664)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -5.217 -1.25 Td (LOG_WARNING)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.017 0 Td [(constant, )-250(472)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -7.017 -1.25 Td (LONG_BIT)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(constant, )-250(38)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -5.217 -1.25 Td (_longjmp)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(function, )-250(355,)-250(358)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -5.217 -1.25 Td (longjmp)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(function, )-250(197,)-250(213, 215)]TJ 10.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (219, 225,)Tj -12.54 -1.25 Td (330)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (331, 340)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (341, 343, 355)Tj 5.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (358, 365, 381, 924)Tj -13.85 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(215)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (LONG_MAX)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(constant, )-250(37,)-250(52)]TJ 7.063 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (53, 60, 420, 906)Tj 6.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (907)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -20.03 -1.25 Td (LONG_MIN)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(constant, )-250(37)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -5.217 -1.25 Td (loop)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.817 0 Td [(function, )-250(663)]TJ 6.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (664, 666, 670, 732, 742)Tj -8.09 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(666, 732)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (lp)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.617 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram, )-250(585,)-250(793)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.617 -1.25 Td (lpc)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.217 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram, )-250(472)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -2.217 -1.25 Td (lpd)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.217 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram, )-250(472,)-250(793)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -2.217 -1.25 Td (lpsched)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram, )-250(585,)-250(793)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.617 -1.25 Td (lrand48)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(function, )-250(442)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.617 -1.25 Td (ls)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.617 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram, )-250(5)]TJ 5.191 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (8, 13, 107)Tj 4.083 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td [(108, 1)55(12, 123, 125, 131,)]TJ -9.358 -1.25 Td (135, 139, 141, 177, 179, 559, 905)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -2.7 -1.25 Td (lseek)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.417 0 Td [(function, )-250(8,)-250(59, 61, 66)]TJ 9.54 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (70, 77)Tj 2.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (79, 88, 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Td (en)Tj 0 Tc 1.332 0 Td [(ormally )-21(used)]TJ -33.149 -1.2 Td [(to )-306(collect )-306(users )-306(together )-306(into )-306(pr)18(ojects )-306(or )-306(departments.)-806(This )-306(allows )-306(the )-306(sharing )-306(of)]TJ -0.018 Tc 0 -1.2 TD (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(sour)18(ces, )-16(such )-16(as )-16(\336les, )-16(among )-16(members )-16(of )-16(the )-16(same )-16(gr)16(oup. )-266(W)92(e\325ll )-16(see )-16(in )-16(Section )-16(4.5 )-16(that)]TJ -0.856 -1.2 Td [(we )-84(can )-84(set )-84(the )-84(permissions )-84(on )-84(a )-84(\336le )-84(so )-84(that )-84(all )-84(members )-84(of )-84(a )-84(gr)18(oup )-84(can )-84(access )-84(the )-84(\336le,)]TJ T* [(wher)18(eas others outside the gr)18(oup cannot.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(Ther)18(e)-438(is)-438(a)1(lso )-188(a )-188(gr)18(oup )-188(\336le )-188(that )-188(maps )-188(gr)18(oup )-188(names )-188(into )-188(numeric )-188(gr)18(oup )-188(IDs.)-686(The)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(gr)18(oup \336le is usually)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.041 0 Td (/etc/group)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj -7.241 -1.2 Td [(The )-117(use )-117(of )-117(numeric )-117(user )-117(IDs )-117(and )-117(numeric )-117(gr)18(oup )-117(IDs )-117(for )-117(permissions )-117(is )-117(historical.)]TJ -0.055 Tc -1.8 -1.2 Td (Wi)Tj 0 Tc 1.236 0 Td [(th )-120(every )-120(\336le )-120(on )-120(disk, )-120(the )-120(\336le )-120(system )-120(stor)18(es )-120(both )-120(the )-120(user )-120(ID )-120(and )-120(the )-120(gr)18(oup )-120(ID )-120(of )-120(a)]TJ -1.236 -1.2 Td [(\336le\325s )-11(owner)]TJ 0.5111 Tc 5.1 0 Td (.S)Tj 0 Tc 1.286 0 Td [(toring )-11(both )-11(of )-11(these )-11(values )-11(r)18(equir)18(es )-11(only )-11(four )-11(bytes, )-11(assuming )-11(that )-11(each )-11(is)]TJ -6.386 -1.2 Td [(stor)18(ed )-100(as )-100(a )-100(two-byte )-100(integer)]TJ 0.5999 Tc 12.574 0 Td (.I)Tj 0.3499 Tc 1.187 0 Td (ft)Tj 0 Tc 1.009 0 Td [(he )-100(full )-100(ASCII )-100(login )-100(name )-100(and )-100(gr)19(oup )-100(name )-100(wer)]TJ 0.35 Tc 21.284 0 Td (eu)Tj 0 Tc 1.432 0 Td (sed)Tj -37.486 -1.2 Td [(instead, )-324(additional )-324(disk )-324(space )-324(would )-324(be )-324(r)17(equir)18(ed. )-574(In)-574(addition, )-324(comparing )-324(strings)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td (during permission checks is mor)Tj 0.25 Tc 14.404 0 Td (ee)Tj 0 Tc 1.208 0 Td (xpensive than comparing integers.)Tj -13.812 -1.2 Td [(Users, )-113(however)]TJ 0.3635 Tc 6.919 0 Td (,w)Tj 0 Tc 1.447 0 Td [(ork )-114(better )-114(with )-114(names )-114(than )-114(with )-114(numbers, )-114(so )-114(the )-114(passwor)]TJ 0.3636 Tc 26.483 0 Td (d\336)Tj 0 Tc 1.58 0 Td (le)Tj -38.23 -1.2 Td [(maintains )-53(the )-53(mapping )-53(between )-53(login )-53(names )-53(and )-53(user )-53(IDs, )-53(and )-53(the )-53(gr)18(oup )-53(\336le )-53(pr)14(ovides)]TJ T* [(the )-44(mapping )-44(between )-44(gr)18(oup )-44(names )-44(and )-44(gr)18(oup )-44(IDs.)-542(The)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 25.413 0 Td [(ls )267(-l)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 3.027 0 Td [(command, )-44(for )-44(example,)]TJ -28.44 -1.2 Td [(prints )-28(the )-28(login )-28(name )-28(of )-28(the )-28(owner )-28(of )-28(a )-28(\336le, )-28(using )-28(the )-28(passwor)]TJ 0.2778 Tc 27.705 0 Td (d\336)Tj 0 Tc 1.494 0 Td [(le )-28(to )-28(map )-28(the )-28(numeric)]TJ -29.198 -1.2 Td [(user ID into the corr)18(esponding login name.)]TJ 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 183.589 362.1783 Tm [(Early )-212(UNIX )-212(systems )-212(used )-212(16)]TJ 13.445 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(bit )-212(integers )-212(to )-212(r)19(epr)18(esent )-212(user )-212(and )-212(gr)18(oup )-212(IDs.)-711(Contemporary)]TJ -13.778 -1.25 Td (UNIX systems use 32)Tj 9.385 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td (bit integers.)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 93.5947 328.1803 Tm (Example)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.6 -2.04 Td [(The pr)18(ogram in Figur)]TJ 0.25 Tc 9.538 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td [(.9 prints the user ID and the gr)18(oup ID.)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 3018.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9989 0 0 8.9989 129.5844 292.2639 Tm (#include "apue.h")Tj 0 -1.783 TD (int)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (main\(void\))Tj T* ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (printf\("uid = %d, gid = %d\\n", getuid\(\), getgid\(\)\);)Tj T* (exit\(0\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 2179.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 255.9859 203.1114 Tm (Figure 1.9)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.195 0 Td [(Print user ID and gr)18(oup ID)]TJ -0.092 Tc 9.9982 0 0 9.9982 129.5769 181.5153 Tm [(We )-369(c)]TJ 0 Tc 2.266 0 Td [(all )-185(the )-185(functions)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.904 0 Td (getuid)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.035 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.128 0 Td (getgid)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.035 0 Td [(to )-185(r)18(eturn )-185(the )-185(user )-185(ID )-185(and )-185(the )-185(gr)18(oup )-185(ID.)]TJ -20.366 -1.2 Td [(Running the pr)18(ogram yields)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9984 0 0 8.9984 147.5738 155.2201 Tm ($)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 1.2 0 Td (./a.out)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -1.2 -1.189 Td (uid = 205, gid = 105)Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5141.25 1340.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 50 50 l 0 50 l 0 0 l S Q Q EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47664 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(20.8)]TJ 38.014 0 Td [(Sour)18(ce )-250(Code)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 7.819 0 Td (779)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 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1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 129.5922 659.4594 Tm [(720 )-1200(/*)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(721 )-1800(*)-600(Rewind the index file for db_nextrec.)]TJ T* [(722 )-1800(*)-600(Automatically called by db_open.)]TJ T* [(723 )-1800(*)-600(Must be called before first db_nextrec.)]TJ T* [(724 )-1800(*/)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(725 )-1200(void)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(726 )-1200(db_rewind\(DBHANDLE)-600(h\))]TJ T* [(727 )-1200({)]TJ T* [(728 )-2400(DB)-3600(*db = h;)]TJ T* [(729 )-2400(off_t)-1800(offset;)]TJ 0 -2.021 TD [(730 )-2400(offset)]TJ 0.6 Tc 9 0 Td (=\()Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td [(db->nhash + 1\) * PTR_SZ;)-1200(/* +1 for free list ptr */)]TJ -10.8 -2.021 Td [(731 )-2400(/*)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(732 )-3000(*)-600(We\325re just setting the file offset for this process)]TJ T* [(733 )-3000(*)-600(to the start of the index records; no need to lock.)]TJ T* [(734 )-3000(*)-600(+1 below for newline at end of hash table.)]TJ T* [(735 )-3000(*/)]TJ T* [(736 )-2400(if)-600(\(\(db->idxoff = lseek\(db->idxfd, offset+1, SEEK_SET\)\) == -1\))]TJ T* [(737 )-4800(err_dump\("db_rewind:)-600(lseek error"\);)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(738 )-1200(})]TJ 0 -2.021 TD [(739 )-1200(/*)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(740 )-1800(*)-600(Return the next sequential record.)]TJ T* [(741 )-1800(*)-600(We just step our way through the index file, ignoring deleted)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(742 )-1800(*)-600(records. )-600(db_rewind)-600(must be called before this function is)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(743 )-1800(*)-600(called the first time.)]TJ T* [(744 )-1800(*/)]TJ T* [(745 )-1200(char)-600(*)]TJ T* [(746 )-1200(db_nextrec\(DBHANDLE)-600(h, char *key\))]TJ T* [(747 )-1200({)]TJ T* [(748 )-2400(DB)-3600(*db = h;)]TJ T* [(749 )-2400(char)-2400(c;)]TJ T* [(750 )-2400(char)-2400(*ptr;)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 3112.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 287.1935 Tm [([720 )167(\320 )167(738])-668(The)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.05 0 Td (db_rewind)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.776 0 Td [(function )-126(is )-126(used )-126(to )-126(r)20(eset )-125(the )-125(database )-125(to )-125(\324)37(\324the )-125(beginning;\325)35(\325)]TJ -7.825 -1.2 Td [(we )-42(set )-42(the )-42(\336le )-42(of)18(fset )-42(for )-42(the )-42(index )-42(\336le )-42(to )-42(point )-42(to )-42(the )-42(\336rst )-42(r)24(ecor)18(d)-292(in)-292(t)1(he )-42(index)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(\336le )-11(\(immediately )-11(following )-11(the )-11(hash )-11(table\).)-510(\(Recall )-11(the )-11(str)9(uctur)18(e)-261(of)-261(t)1(he )-11(index)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(\336le fr)18(om Figur)]TJ 0.25 Tc 6.397 0 Td (e2)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (0.2.\))Tj -12.626 -1.6 Td [([739 )167(\320 )167(750])-668(The)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.172 0 Td (db_nextrec)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.498 0 Td [(function )-248(r)18(eturns )-248(the )-248(next )-248(r)17(ecor)18(d)-498(in)-498(the )-248(database.)-748(The)]TJ -0.018 Tc -8.67 -1.2 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-17.088 -1.25 Td (29)Tj 1.083 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (30, 35)Tj 2.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (38, 49, 52, 57, 60, 62, 64)Tj 10.083 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (65, 70, 73,)Tj -15.5 -1.25 Td (75)Tj 1.083 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (76, 86)Tj 2.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (89, 102, 108)Tj 5.083 0.09 Td (\320)Tj -0.055 Tc 0.583 -0.09 Td (111)Tj 0.25 Tc 1.39 0 Td (,1)Tj 0 Tc 1 0 Td (21)Tj 1.083 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (122, 129,)Tj -14.556 -1.25 Td (132, 138, 173, 178, 182, 184)Tj 11.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (185, 187)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (188,)Tj -16.333 -1.25 Td [(205, 209, 21)55(1)]TJ 5.528 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (212, 222, 226, 229, 240, 244)Tj 11.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (245,)Tj -18.278 -1.25 Td (253, 257, 259)Tj 5.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (260, 262, 269, 271, 274,)Tj -6.166 -1.25 Td (276)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (277, 288)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (290, 293, 298, 303, 306,)Tj -6.333 -1.25 Td (314)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (316, 318)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (320, 322, 329, 334)Tj 7.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (335, 351,)Tj -14.5 -1.25 Td (354)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (355, 358, 371, 373, 377, 379)Tj 11.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (380, 385,)Tj -14.333 -1.25 Td (388, 392, 396, 409, 426)Tj 9.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (427, 432)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (433, 439,)Tj -14.333 -1.25 Td (462, 464)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (465, 473)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (474, 485, 496)Tj 5.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (497, 503,)Tj -14.5 -1.25 Td (522, 530)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (531, 534, 559, 561, 567, 571)Tj 11.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (573,)Tj -16.333 -1.25 Td (575)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (576, 578, 583, 594)Tj 7.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td [(596, 607, 61)55(1)]TJ 5.528 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (613,)Tj -16.445 -1.25 Td (627, 634, 648)Tj 5.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (650, 652, 675)Tj 5.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (678, 684)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (691,)Tj -16.5 -1.25 Td (693, 716, 724, 726)Tj 7.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (727, 740)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (741, 744, 753,)Tj -12.333 -1.25 Td [(783, 793, 799, 91)55(1, 918, 925, 930, 932, 935)]TJ 17.528 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (936)Tj -20.811 -1.25 Td [(Linux Fast-STREAMS,)-500(534)]TJ T* [(LinuxThr)18(eads, )-250(388)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf T* (lio_listio)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.417 0 Td [(function, )-250(452,)-250(515)]TJ -5.067 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(515)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (LIO_NOWAIT)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(515)]TJ -6.417 -1.25 Td [(Lions, J.,)-500(951)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf T* (LIO_WAIT)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(constant, )-250(515)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -5.217 -1.25 Td (listen)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(function, )-250(331,)-250(605, 608)]TJ 10.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (609, 625, 635, 638,)Tj -11.94 -1.25 Td (800)Tj -1.35 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(608)]TJ -1.35 -1.25 Td [(little-endian byte or)18(der)]TJ 0.5 Tc 10.13 0 Td (,5)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (93)Tj -11.38 -1.25 Td [(Litwin, W)92(., )-250(744,)-250(750, 951)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf T* (LLONG_MAX)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.817 0 Td [(constant, )-250(37)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -5.817 -1.25 Td (LLONG_MIN)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.817 0 Td [(constant, )-250(37)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -5.817 -1.25 Td (ln)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.617 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram, )-250(1)55(15)]TJ -1.617 -1.25 Td (LNEXT terminal character)Tj 0.5 Tc 11.571 0 Td (,6)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (78, 681)Tj -12.821 -1.25 Td [(locale, )-250(43)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf T* (localeconv)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.417 0 Td [(function, )-250(442)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -6.417 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.417 0 Td (header)Tj 0.5 Tc 2.972 0 Td (,2)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (7)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -10.639 -1.25 Td (localtime)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.817 0 Td [(function, )-250(190)]TJ 6.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (192, 194)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (195, 264, 408,)Tj -13.907 -1.25 Td (442, 452, 919)Tj -1.35 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(192)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (localtime_r)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.017 0 Td [(function, )-250(443,)-250(452)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -7.017 -1.25 Td (lockf)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.417 0 Td [(function, )-250(451)]TJ 6.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (452, 485)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -10.04 -1.25 Td (lockf)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.417 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e, )-250(493)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -3.417 -1.25 Td (lockfile)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(function, )-250(473)]TJ 6.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (474)Tj -10.49 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(494)]TJ -1.35 -1.25 Td (locking)Tj 1.35 -1.25 Td (database library)Tj 0.25 Tc 7.013 0 Td (,c)Tj 0 Tc 0.944 0 Td [(oarse-grained, )-250(752)]TJ -7.957 -1.25 Td (database library)Tj 0.25 Tc 7.013 0 Td (,\336)Tj 0 Tc 1.105 0 Td [(ne-grained, )-250(752)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -9.468 -1.25 Td (locking)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(function, )-250(485)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47667 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(20.9)]TJ 38.193 0 Td (Performance)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.64 0 Td (783)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 668.9599 Tm [(mandatory )-97(locking\), )-97(we )-97(ran )-97(thr)18(ee )-97(versions )-97(of )-97(the )-97(test )-97(pr)18(ogram. )-347(The)-347(\336rst )-97(version )-97(used)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(the )-149(sour)18(ce )-149(code )-149(shown )-149(in )-149(Section )-149(20.8, )-149(which )-149(we\325ve )-149(called )-149(\336ne-grained )-149(locking.)-650(The)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(second )-311(version )-311(changed )-311(the )-311(locking )-311(calls )-311(to )-311(implement )-311(coarse-grained )-311(locking, )-311(as)]TJ T* [(described )-57(in )-57(Section )-57(20.6.)-557(The )-57(thir)]TJ 0.3068 Tc 15.387 0 Td (dv)Tj 0 Tc 1.483 0 Td [(ersion )-57(had )-57(all )-57(locking )-57(calls )-57(r)19(emoved, )-57(so )-57(we )-57(could)]TJ -16.87 -1.2 Td (measur)Tj 0.3886 Tc 3.266 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.194 0 Td [(he )-139(over)18(head )-139(involved )-139(in )-139(locking.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 15.713 0 Td [(We )-323(c)]TJ 0 Tc 2.22 0 Td [(an )-139(r)8(un )-139(the )-139(\336rst )-139(and )-139(second )-139(versions)]TJ -22.392 -1.2 Td [(\(\336ne-grained )-131(locking )-131(and )-131(coarse-grained )-131(locking\) )-131(using )-131(either )-131(advisory )-131(or )-131(mandatory)]TJ T* [(locking, )-47(by )-47(changing )-47(the )-47(permission )-47(bits )-47(on )-47(the )-47(database )-47(\336les.)-551(\(In )-47(all )-47(the )-47(tests )-47(r)16(eported)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(in )-454(this )-454(section, )-454(we )-454(measur)18(ed )-454(the )-454(times )-454(for )-454(mandatory )-454(locking )-454(using )-454(only )-454(the)]TJ T* (implementation of \336ne-grained locking.\))Tj 1.8 -1.2 Td [(All )-138(the )-138(timing )-138(tests )-138(in )-138(this )-138(section )-138(wer)]TJ 0.3882 Tc 17.65 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.478 0 Td [(one )-138(on )-138(an )-138(Intel )-138(Cor)17(e-i5 )-138(system )-138(r)7(unning)]TJ -20.929 -1.2 Td [(Linux )-234(3.2.0.)-734(This )-234(system )-234(has )-234(four )-234(cor)17(es, )-234(which )-234(allows )-234(up )-234(to )-234(four )-234(pr)18(ocesses )-234(to )-234(r)7(un)]TJ T* [(concurr)18(ently)111(.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -3.6 -3.48 Td [(Single-Pr)20(ocess Results)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 3.6 -2.4 Td (Figur)Tj 0.2646 Tc 2.383 0 Td (e2)Tj 0 Tc 1.244 0 Td [(0.7 )-15(shows )-15(the )-15(r)18(esults )-15(when )-15(only )-15(a )-15(single )-15(child )-15(pr)18(ocess )-15(ran, )-15(with )-15(an)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 29.742 0 Td [(nr)18(ec)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 1.988 0 Td [(of )-15(2,000,)]TJ -35.356 -1.2 Td (6,000, and 12,000.)Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 2.8 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1415.25 4416.25 cm 0 0 m 3661 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 6.9992 0 0 6.9992 312.5505 433.348 Tm (Advisory locking)Tj 17.809 0 Td (Mandatory locking)Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 2.8 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2555.25 4296.25 cm 0 0 m 2521 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 2.8 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4811.25 4296.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 2.8 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4527.25 4296.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 2.8 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3961.25 4296.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 2.8 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3678.25 4296.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 2.8 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3111.25 4296.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 2.8 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2828.25 4296.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 6.9987 0 0 6.9987 260.839 421.3242 Tm [(Coarse-grained locking)-2394(Fine-grained locking)-2967(Fine-grained locking)]TJ -9.427 0.857 Td (No locking)Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 2.8 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1705.25 4176.25 cm 0 0 m 3371 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 6.9983 0 0 6.9983 176.3957 409.3018 Tm [(User )-2005(Sys)-2021(Clock )-1485(User)-2255(Sys )-1771(Clock)-1735(User )-2005(Sys)-2021(Clock )-1485(User)-2255(Sys )-1771(Clock)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf -3.972 1.714 Td [(nr)18(ec)]TJ ET q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 2.8 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1415.25 4056.25 cm 0 0 m 3661 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 2.8 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1415.25 4036.25 cm 0 0 m 3661 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 6.9979 0 0 6.9979 148.4984 395.2814 Tm [(2,000 )-1648(0.10)-2296(0.22 )-2296(0.33)-2046(0.17 )-2296(0.33)-2296(0.51 )-1796(0.13)-2546(0.38 )-2046(0.51)-2046(0.14 )-2296(0.43)-2296(0.58)]TJ -0 -1.429 Td [(6,000 )-1648(0.59)-2296(1.32 )-2296(1.91)-2046(0.88 )-2296(2.13)-2296(3.03 )-1796(0.90)-2546(2.14 )-2046(3.05)-2046(0.99 )-2296(2.52)-2296(3.53)]TJ -0.5 -1.429 Td [(12,000 )-1648(4.37)-2296(9.58 )-1796(13.97 )-1796(5.38 )-1796(12.60)-1796(18.01 )-1796(5.34 )-1796(12.63)-1796(18.01 )-1796(5.53 )-1796(15.03)-1796(20.60)]TJ ET q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 2.8 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1415.25 3716.25 cm 0 0 m 3661 0 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 2.8 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4811.25 3716.25 cm 0 0 m 0 460 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 2.8 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4527.25 3716.25 cm 0 0 m 0 460 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 2.8 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4234.25 3716.25 cm 0 0 m 0 700 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 2.8 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4254.25 3716.25 cm 0 0 m 0 700 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 2.8 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3961.25 3716.25 cm 0 0 m 0 460 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 2.8 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3678.25 3716.25 cm 0 0 m 0 460 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 2.8 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3385.25 3716.25 cm 0 0 m 0 580 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 2.8 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3405.25 3716.25 cm 0 0 m 0 580 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 2.8 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3111.25 3716.25 cm 0 0 m 0 460 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 2.8 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2828.25 3716.25 cm 0 0 m 0 460 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 2.8 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2535.25 3716.25 cm 0 0 m 0 700 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 2.8 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2555.25 3716.25 cm 0 0 m 0 700 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 2.8 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2262.25 3716.25 cm 0 0 m 0 460 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 2.8 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1978.25 3716.25 cm 0 0 m 0 460 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 2.8 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1685.25 3716.25 cm 0 0 m 0 700 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 2.8 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1705.25 3716.25 cm 0 0 m 0 700 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 2.8 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5076.25 3716.25 cm 0 0 m 0 700 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 2.8 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1415.25 3716.25 cm 0 0 m 0 700 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9971 0 0 7.9971 205.9858 353.2728 Tm (Figure 20.7)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.695 0 Td (Single child, varying)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 9.388 0 Td [(nr)18(ec)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (,d)Tj 0 Tc 2.834 0 Td [(if)18(fer)18(ent locking techniques)]TJ 9.9964 0 0 9.9964 129.5534 323.2836 Tm [(The )-24(last )-24(12 )-24(columns )-24(give )-24(the )-24(corr)18(esponding )-24(times )-24(in )-24(seconds.)-524(In )-24(all )-24(cases, )-24(the )-24(user )-24(CPU)]TJ T* [(time )-113(plus )-113(the )-113(system )-113(CPU )-113(time )-113(appr)18(oximately )-113(equals )-113(the )-113(clock )-113(time.)-615(This )-113(set )-113(of )-113(tests)]TJ T* (was CPU limited and not disk limited.)Tj 1.8 -1.2 Td [(The )-189(six )-189(columns )-189(under )-189(\324)37(\324Advisory )-189(locking\325)]TJ 0.4391 Tc 19.735 0 Td (\325a)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.217 0 Td [(re )-225(a)]TJ 0 Tc 1.795 0 Td [(lmost )-189(equal )-189(for )-189(each )-189(r)18(ow)]TJ 0.689 Tc 11.603 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.552 0 Td (his)Tj -37.703 -1.2 Td [(makes )-50(sense )-50(because )-50(for )-50(a )-50(single )-50(pr)17(ocess; )-50(ther)18(e)-300(is)-300(no)-300(d)-1(if)18(fer)18(ence )-50(between )-50(coarse-grained)]TJ T* (locking and \336ne-grained locking, except for the extra calls to)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 26.932 0 Td (fcntl)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj -25.132 -1.2 Td [(Comparing )-94(no )-94(locking )-94(with )-94(advisory )-94(locking, )-94(we )-94(see )-94(that )-94(adding )-94(the )-94(locking )-94(calls)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(incr)18(eases )-99(the )-99(system )-99(CPU )-99(time )-99(by )-99(32% )-99(to )-99(73%.)-600(Even )-99(though )-99(the )-99(locks )-99(ar)]TJ 0.3492 Tc 33.206 0 Td (en)Tj 0 Tc 1.41 0 Td [(ever )-99(used)]TJ -34.616 -1.2 Td [(\(since )-80(only )-80(a )-80(single )-80(pr)18(ocess )-80(is )-80(r)8(unning\), )-80(the )-80(system )-80(call )-80(over)18(head )-80(in )-80(the )-80(calls )-80(to)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 36 0 Td (fcntl)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -36 -1.2 Td [(adds )-78(time.)-578(Also )-78(note )-78(that )-78(the )-78(user )-78(CPU )-78(time )-78(is )-78(about )-78(the )-78(same )-78(for )-78(all )-78(four )-78(versions )-78(of)]TJ T* [(locking. )-439(Since)-440(the )-189(user )-189(code )-189(is )-189(almost )-189(equivalent )-189(\(except )-189(for )-189(the )-189(number )-189(of )-189(calls )-189(to)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf T* (fcntl)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (\), this makes sense.)Tj 1.8 -1.2 Td [(The )-184(\336nal )-184(point )-184(to )-184(note )-184(fr)18(om )-184(Figur)]TJ 0.4342 Tc 15.93 0 Td (e2)Tj 0 Tc 1.413 0 Td [(0.7 )-184(is )-184(that )-184(mandatory )-184(locking )-184(incr)18(eases )-184(the)]TJ -19.143 -1.2 Td [(system )-116(CPU )-116(time )-116(by )-116(13% )-116(to )-116(19% )-116(compar)18(ed )-116(to )-116(advisory )-116(locking.)-619(Since )-116(the )-116(number )-116(of)]TJ T* [(locking )-73(calls )-73(is )-73(the )-73(same )-73(for )-73(advisory )-73(\336ne-grained )-73(locking )-73(and )-73(mandatory )-73(\336ne-grained)]TJ T* [(locking, the additional system call over)18(head must be fr)18(om the r)18(eads and writes.)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47668 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 465.375 708 Tm (Index)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.525 0 Td (969)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 140.3916 670.9597 Tm [(terminal, )-250(671)]TJ 6.08 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (713)Tj -6.664 -1.25 Td [(unbuf)18(fer)18(ed, )-250(8,)-250(61)]TJ 7.768 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (91)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -9.702 -1.25 Td (IOBUFSZ)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(836)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.617 -1.25 Td (ioctl)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.417 0 Td [(function, )-250(61,)-250(87)]TJ 7.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (88, 90, 297)Tj 4.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (298, 322,)Tj -13.507 -1.25 Td (328)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (329, 452, 482, 510, 562, 592, 627, 674,)Tj -2.166 -1.25 Td (710)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td [(71)55(1, 718)]TJ 3.528 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (719, 725)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (728, 730, 740)Tj 5.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (742,)Tj -16.611 -1.25 Td (939)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (940)Tj -3.517 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(87)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (_IOFBF)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(constant, )-250(147)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.017 -1.25 Td (_IOLBF)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(constant, )-250(147,)-250(166, 220)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.017 -1.25 Td (_IO_LINE_BUF)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(165)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -7.617 -1.25 Td (_IONBF)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(constant, )-250(147,)-250(166)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.017 -1.25 Td (_IO_UNBUFFERED)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.817 0 Td [(constant, )-250(165)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -8.817 -1.25 Td (iovec)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.417 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e, )-250(41,)-250(43, 521, 61)55(1, 646)]TJ 13.247 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (647, 649,)Tj -14.547 -1.25 Td (651, 655, 659, 765, 771)Tj 9.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (772, 832, 836)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -12.867 -1.25 Td (IOV_MAX)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(41,)-250(43, 49, 521)]TJ -4.617 -1.25 Td [(IPC \(interpr)18(ocess communication\),)-500(533)]TJ 17.438 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (588,)Tj -15.321 -1.25 Td (629)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (670)Tj -3.517 -1.25 Td [(identi\336ers, )-250(556)]TJ 6.816 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (558)Tj -7.4 -1.25 Td (key)Tj 0.5 Tc 1.48 0 Td (,5)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (56)Tj 1.083 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (558, 562, 567, 572)Tj -4.396 -1.25 Td [(XSI, )-250(556)]TJ 3.862 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (560)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -5.796 -1.25 Td (IPC_CREAT)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.817 0 Td [(constant, )-250(558,)-250(632, 941)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -5.817 -1.25 Td (IPC_EXCL)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(constant, )-250(558)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -5.217 -1.25 Td (IPC_NOWAIT)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(563)]TJ 6.063 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (564, 569)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (570)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -17.23 -1.25 Td (ipc_perm)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e, )-250(558,)-250(562, 567, 572, 587)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -5.217 -1.25 Td (IPC_PRIVATE)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.017 0 Td [(constant, )-250(557)]TJ 6.063 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (558, 575, 586, 588)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -13.663 -1.25 Td (ipcrm)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.417 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram, )-250(559)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -3.417 -1.25 Td (IPC_RMID)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(constant, )-250(562)]TJ 6.063 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (563, 568, 573)Tj 5.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (575)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -18.03 -1.25 Td (ipcs)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.817 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram, )-250(559,)-250(588)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -2.817 -1.25 Td (IPC_SET)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(562)]TJ 6.063 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (563, 568, 573)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -11.263 -1.25 Td (IPC_STAT)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(constant, )-250(562)]TJ 6.063 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (563, 568, 573)Tj -11.863 -1.25 Td (IPP)Tj 1.795 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td [(Internet Printing Pr)18(otocol)]TJ 11.313 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.5 Tc 0.333 -0.04 Td (,7)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (89)Tj 1.083 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (792)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -16.691 -1.25 Td (ipp.h)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.417 0 Td (header)Tj 0.5 Tc 2.972 0 Td (,8)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (43)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -7.639 -1.25 Td (ipp_hdr)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e, )-250(798,)-250(832, 834, 838, 842)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.617 -1.25 Td (IPPROTO_ICMP)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(591)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -7.617 -1.25 Td (IPPROTO_IP)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(591,)-250(624)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -6.417 -1.25 Td (IPPROTO_IPV6)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(591)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -7.617 -1.25 Td (IPPROTO_RAW)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.017 0 Td [(constant, )-250(591,)-250(602)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -7.017 -1.25 Td (IPPROTO_TCP)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.017 0 Td [(constant, )-250(591,)-250(602, 624)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -7.017 -1.25 Td (IPPROTO_UDP)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.017 0 Td [(constant, )-250(591,)-250(602)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -7.017 -1.25 Td (I_PUSH)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(constant, )-250(725)]TJ 6.063 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (726)Tj -10.663 -1.25 Td [(IRIX, )-250(35)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0 -1.25 TD (isalpha)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(function, )-250(516)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.617 -1.25 Td (isatty)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(function, )-250(679,)-250(695, 698)]TJ 10.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td [(699, 71)55(1, 730, 738)]TJ -13.29 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(695)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (isdigit)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(function, )-250(839)]TJ 6.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (840)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -11.24 -1.25 Td (I_SETSIG)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(constant, )-250(510)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -5.217 -1.25 Td (ISIG)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.817 0 Td [(constant, )-250(676,)-250(678, 680)]TJ 10.063 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (682, 688, 706)Tj 5.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (708)Tj -19.63 -1.25 Td [(ISO \(International Standar)18(ds Or)18(ganization\), )-250(xx,)]TJ 2.7 -1.25 Td (xxxi, 25)Tj 3.422 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (27, 950)Tj -6.706 -1.25 Td [(ISO C,)-500(25)]TJ 4.44 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (26, 153, 950)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -5.023 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.417 0 Td (header)Tj 0.5 Tc 2.972 0 Td (,2)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (7)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -10.639 -1.25 Td (is_read_lockable)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 10.017 0 Td [(function, )-250(490,)-250(897)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 15.983 65 Td (isspace)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(function, )-250(839)]TJ 6.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (840)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -11.24 -1.25 Td (ISTRIP)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(constant, )-250(676,)-250(688, 690, 706)]TJ 12.063 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (708)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -16.663 -1.25 Td (is_write_lockable)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 10.617 0 Td [(function, )-250(490,)-250(897)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -10.617 -1.25 Td (IUCLC)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(676,)-250(688)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -3.417 -1.25 Td (IUTF8)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(676,)-250(689)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -3.417 -1.25 Td (IXANY)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(676,)-250(689)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -3.417 -1.25 Td (IXOFF)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(676,)-250(681)]TJ 8.063 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (682, 689)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -12.063 -1.25 Td (IXON)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.817 0 Td [(constant, )-250(676,)-250(681)]TJ 8.063 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (682, 689, 706)Tj 5.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (708)Tj -17.63 -5.375 Td [(jemalloc, )-250(210)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0 -1.25 Td (jmp_buf)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(data type,)-500(216, 218, 340, 343)]TJ -4.617 -1.25 Td [(job contr)18(ol, )-250(299)]TJ 7.028 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (303)Tj -6.262 -1.25 Td [(shell, )-250(294,)-250(299, 306)]TJ 8.4 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (307, 325, 358, 377, 379,)Tj -7.633 -1.25 Td (734)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (735)Tj -3.516 -1.25 Td [(signals, )-250(377)]TJ 5.401 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (379)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -7.335 -1.25 Td (job)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.217 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e, )-250(812)]TJ 6.302 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (813, 820)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (821, 832)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -13.269 -1.25 Td (job_append)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.417 0 Td [(function, de\336nition of,)-500(41)55(1)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -6.417 -1.25 Td (job_find)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(function, )-250(927)]TJ -3.867 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(412)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (job_insert)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.417 0 Td [(function, de\336nition of,)-500(41)55(1)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -6.417 -1.25 Td (job_remove)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.417 0 Td [(function, )-250(927)]TJ -5.067 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(412)]TJ -1.35 -1.25 Td (Jolitz, W)Tj 0.25 Tc 3.695 0 Td (.F)Tj 0 Tc 0.964 0 Td [(., )-250(34)]TJ -4.659 -1.25 Td (Joy)Tj 0.25 Tc 1.324 0 Td [(,W)342(.N)]TJ 0 Tc 2.739 0 Td [(., )-250(3,)-250(76)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.063 -1.25 Td (jsh)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.217 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram, )-250(299)]TJ -2.217 -5.375 Td [(Kar)18(els, M. J.,)-500(33)]TJ 7.159 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td [(34, 74, 1)55(12, 1)55(16, 229, 236, 525, 951)]TJ -7.742 -1.25 Td [(kernel, )-250(1)]TJ T* [(Kernighan, B. W)92(., )-250(xx,)-250(xxxii, 26, 149, 155, 162, 164,)]TJ 2.7 -1.25 Td (208, 262, 898, 906, 947, 950)Tj -2.7 -1.25 Td [(Kerrisk, M.,)-500(950)]TJ T* (key)Tj 0.25 Tc 1.48 0 Td (,I)Tj 0 Tc 0.837 0 Td [(PC, )-250(556)]TJ 3.646 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (558, 562, 567, 572)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -6.546 -1.25 Td (key_t)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.417 0 Td [(data type,)-500(557, 633)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -3.417 -1.25 Td (kill)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.817 0 Td [(function, )-250(18,)-250(272, 308, 314, 325, 331, 335)]TJ 17.54 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (338,)Tj -18.24 -1.25 Td (353, 363, 366)Tj 5.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (367, 376, 378)Tj 5.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (379, 381, 455,)Tj -12.333 -1.25 Td (679, 681, 702, 732)Tj 7.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (733, 924, 932)Tj -9.517 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(337)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (kill)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.817 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram, )-250(314)]TJ 6.191 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (315, 321, 325, 551)Tj -9.591 -1.25 Td (KILL terminal character)Tj 0.5 Tc 10.523 0 Td (,6)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (78, 681, 687, 702)Tj 7.083 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (703)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -19.439 -1.25 Td (kill_workers)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.617 0 Td [(function, )-250(814,)-250(828)]TJ 8.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (830)Tj -14.89 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(828)]TJ -1.35 -1.25 Td [(Kleiman, S. R.,)-500(76, 950)]TJ T* [(Knuth, D. E.,)-500(422, 764, 950)]TJ T* [(Korn, D. G.,)-500(3, 135, 174, 548, 948)]TJ 14.369 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (950, 953)Tj -14.953 -1.25 Td [(Korn shell,)-500(3, 53, 90, 210, 222, 289, 299, 497, 548,)]TJ 2.7 -1.25 Td (702, 733)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (734, 737, 935, 948)Tj -6.866 -1.25 Td [(Kovach, K. 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-0.09 Td (23)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -15.48 -1.25 Td (F_UNLCK)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(486)]TJ 6.063 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (487, 489)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (490, 897)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -15.43 -1.25 Td (funlockfile)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.017 0 Td [(function, )-250(443)]TJ 6.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (444)Tj -12.29 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(443)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (funopen)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(function, )-250(175,)-250(915)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.617 -1.25 Td (futimens)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(function, )-250(125)]TJ 6.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (128, 331, 452, 910)Tj -10.49 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(126)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (fwide)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.417 0 Td [(function, )-250(144)]TJ -2.067 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(144)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (fwprintf)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(function, )-250(452)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -5.217 -1.25 Td (fwrite)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(function, )-250(150,)-250(156)]TJ 8.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (157, 382, 452, 925)Tj -11.29 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(156)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (F_WRLCK)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(486)]TJ 6.063 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (487, 489)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (490, 494, 897,)Tj -12.73 -1.25 Td (931)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -2.7 -1.25 Td (fwscanf)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(function, )-250(452)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47678 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(14.3)]TJ 36.622 0 Td (Recor)Tj 0.5 Tc 2.514 0 Td (dL)Tj 0 Tc 1.722 0 Td (ocking)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.975 0 Td (487)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf -0.092 Tc 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5911 668.9599 Tm [(We )-495(p)]TJ -0.018 Tc 2.549 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(viously )-311(mentioned )-311(two )-311(types )-311(of )-311(locks: )-311(a )-311(shar)18(ed )-311(r)18(ead )-311(lock )-311(\()]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 28.755 0 Td (l_type)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.161 0 Td (of)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -38.121 -1.2 Td (F_RDLCK)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.2832 Tc (\)a)Tj 0 Tc 5.316 0 Td [(nd )-33(an )-33(exclusive )-33(write )-33(lock )-33(\()]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 12.278 0 Td (F_WRLCK)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(\). )-283(The)-283(basic )-33(r)8(ule )-33(is )-33(that )-33(any )-33(number )-33(of)]TJ -17.594 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ocesses )-16(can )-16(have )-16(a )-16(shar)18(ed )-16(r)18(ead )-16(lock )-16(on )-16(a )-16(given )-16(byte, )-16(but )-16(only )-16(one )-16(pr)24(ocess )-15(can )-15(have )-15(an)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(exclusive )-88(write )-88(lock )-88(on )-88(a )-88(given )-88(byte.)-591(Furthermor)18(e, )-88(if )-88(ther)]TJ 0.3384 Tc 26.074 0 Td (ea)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.317 0 Td [(re )-124(o)]TJ 0 Tc 1.74 0 Td [(ne )-88(or )-88(mor)]TJ 0.3384 Tc 4.485 0 Td (er)Tj 0 Tc 1.194 0 Td [(ead )-88(locks)]TJ -34.811 -1.2 Td [(on )-63(a )-63(byte, )-63(ther)]TJ 0.3131 Tc 6.495 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.236 0 Td [(an\325t )-63(be )-63(any )-63(write )-63(locks )-63(on )-63(that )-63(byte; )-63(if )-63(ther)17(e)-313(is)-313(an)-313(exclusive )-63(write )-63(lock)]TJ -7.731 -1.2 Td [(on )-28(a )-28(byte, )-28(ther)]TJ 0.2784 Tc 6.391 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.201 0 Td [(an\325t )-28(be )-28(any )-28(r)18(ead )-28(locks )-28(on )-28(that )-28(byte.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 16.087 0 Td [(We )-212(s)]TJ 0 Tc 2.089 0 Td [(how )-28(this )-28(compatibility )-28(r)7(ule )-28(in)]TJ -25.769 -1.2 Td (Figur)Tj 0.25 Tc 2.383 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (4.3.)Tj 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 372.3815 579.3652 Tm (Request for)Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3458.25 5754.25 cm 0 0 m 907 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 7.999 0 0 7.999 352.7497 567.3319 Tm (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(ad lock)-1500(write lock)]TJ ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2921.25 5634.25 cm 0 0 m 1444 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4365.25 5614.25 cm 0 0 m -1444 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 362.8947 553.3004 Tm [(OK )-3971(OK)]TJ -8.104 0 Td (no locks)Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2921.25 5394.25 cm 0 0 m 1444 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 362.8729 531.2725 Tm [(OK )-3200(denied)]TJ -8.104 0 Td [(one or mor)18(e)]TJ -0.018 Tc 0 -1.25 TD (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (ad locks)Tj ET q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2921.25 5174.25 cm 0 0 m 1444 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9976 0 0 7.9976 356.689 509.2472 Tm [(denied )-2430(denied)]TJ -18.015 2.125 Td [(Region curr)18(ently has)]TJ 10.681 -2.125 Td (one write)Tj T* (lock)Tj ET q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2921.25 4954.25 cm 0 0 m 1444 0 l 1444 800 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3912.25 4954.25 cm 0 0 m 0 800 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3458.25 4954.25 cm 0 0 m 0 800 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3478.25 4954.25 cm 0 0 m 0 800 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2921.25 4954.25 cm 0 0 m 0 680 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9971 0 0 7.9971 226.0906 475.2289 Tm (Figure 14.3)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.695 0 Td [(Compatibility between dif)18(fer)18(ent lock types)]TJ 9.9964 0 0 9.9964 147.5471 447.6388 Tm [(The )-10(compatibility )-10(r)8(ule )-10(applies )-10(to )-10(lock )-10(r)18(equests )-10(made )-10(fr)18(om )-10(dif)18(fer)18(ent )-10(pr)18(ocesses, )-10(not )-10(to)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(multiple )-78(lock )-78(r)19(equests )-78(made )-78(by )-78(a )-78(single )-78(pr)20(ocess. )-328(If)]TJ 0.3277 Tc 23.393 0 Td (ap)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.429 0 Td (ro)Tj 0 Tc 0.923 0 Td [(cess )-78(has )-78(an )-78(existing )-78(lock )-78(on )-78(a)]TJ -25.745 -1.2 Td [(range )-155(of )-155(a )-155(\336le, )-155(a )-155(subsequent )-155(attempt )-155(to )-155(place )-155(a )-155(lock )-155(on )-155(the )-155(same )-155(range )-155(by )-155(the )-155(same)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(pr)18(ocess )-93(will )-93(r)17(eplace )-93(the )-93(existing )-93(lock )-93(with )-93(the )-93(new )-93(one.)-593(Thus, )-93(if )-93(a )-93(pr)18(ocess )-93(has )-93(a )-93(write)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(lock )-163(on )-163(bytes )-163(16)]TJ 7.626 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td [(32 )-163(of )-163(a )-163(\336le )-163(and )-163(then )-163(tries )-163(to )-163(place )-163(a )-163(r)15(ead )-163(lock )-163(on )-163(bytes )-163(16)]TJ 27.157 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td [(32, )-163(the)]TJ -0.018 Tc -35.95 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(quest will succeed, and the write lock will be r)18(eplaced by a r)18(ead lock.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 0.944 -1.2 Td [(To )-333(o)]TJ 0 Tc 2.012 0 Td [(btain )-149(a )-149(r)18(ead )-149(lock, )-149(the )-149(descriptor )-149(must )-149(be )-149(open )-149(for )-149(r)18(eading; )-149(to )-149(obtain )-149(a )-149(write)]TJ -3.812 -1.2 Td (lock, the descriptor must be open for writing.)Tj -0.092 Tc 1.8 -1.2 Td [(We )-184(c)]TJ 0 Tc 2.081 0 Td [(an now describe the thr)18(ee commands for the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 19.884 0 Td (fcntl)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td (function.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -27.015 -2.04 Td (F_GETLK)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6 0 Td [(Determine )-22(whether )-22(the )-22(lock )-22(described )-22(by)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 18.616 0 Td (\337ockptr)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.334 0 Td [(is )-22(blocked )-22(by )-22(some )-22(other)]TJ -21.949 -1.2 Td [(lock. )-479(If)]TJ 0.4789 Tc 3.965 0 Td (al)Tj 0 Tc 1.27 0 Td [(ock )-229(exists )-229(that )-229(would )-229(pr)18(event )-229(ours )-229(fr)18(om )-229(being )-229(cr)19(eated, )-229(the)]TJ -5.235 -1.2 Td [(information )-25(on )-25(that )-25(existing )-25(lock )-25(overwrites )-25(the )-25(information )-25(pointed )-25(to )-25(by)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf T* (\337ockptr)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.5745 Tc (.I)Tj 0 Tc 4.223 0 Td [(f)-324(no)-324(l)-1(ock )-74(exists )-74(that )-74(would )-74(pr)18(event )-74(ours )-74(fr)18(om )-74(being )-74(cr)18(eated, )-74(the)]TJ -4.223 -1.2 Td [(str)8(uctur)]TJ 0.3967 Tc 3.49 0 Td (ep)Tj 0 Tc 1.477 0 Td [(ointed )-147(to )-147(by)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 6.006 0 Td (\337ockptr)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.459 0 Td [(is )-147(left )-147(unchanged )-147(except )-147(for )-147(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 14.969 0 Td (l_type)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -29.4 -1.2 Td (member)Tj 0.25 Tc 3.598 0 Td (,w)Tj 0 Tc 1.334 0 Td (hich is set to)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 5.715 0 Td (F_UNLCK)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -16.647 -1.6 Td (F_SETLK)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6 0 Td [(Set )-141(the )-141(lock )-141(described )-141(by)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 11.903 0 Td (\337ockptr)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.6406 Tc (.I)Tj 0 Tc 4.29 0 Td [(f)-391(we)-391(a)]TJ -0.018 Tc 2.927 0 Td [(re )-177(t)]TJ 0 Tc 1.573 0 Td [(rying )-141(to )-141(obtain )-141(a )-141(r)18(ead )-141(lock)]TJ -20.692 -1.2 Td (\()Tj /TT0 1 Tf (l_type)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.445 0 Td (of)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.391 0 Td (F_RDLCK)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(\))-512(or)-512(a)-512(w)1(rite )-261(lock )-261(\()]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 13.027 0 Td (l_type)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.111 0 Td (of)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.391 0 Td (F_WRLCK)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.5115 Tc (\)a)Tj 0 Tc 5.544 0 Td [(nd )-261(the)]TJ -29.908 -1.2 Td [(compatibility )-616(r)8(ule )-616(pr)18(events )-616(the )-616(system )-616(fr)16(om )-616(giving )-616(us )-616(the )-616(lock)]TJ T* (\(Figur)Tj 0.6678 Tc 2.716 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.647 0 Td (4.3\),)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.501 0 Td (fcntl)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 3.668 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(turns )-418(immediately )-418(with)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.956 0 Td (errno)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.668 0 Td [(set )-418(to )-418(either)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -27.012 -1.2 Td (EACCES)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td (or)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.191 0 Td (EAGAIN)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj 7.9971 0 0 7.9971 219.522 187.3325 Tm [(Although )-261(POSIX )-261(allows )-261(an )-261(implementation )-261(to )-261(r)18(eturn )-261(either )-261(err)18(or )-261(code, )-261(all )-261(four)]TJ 0 -1.25 TD [(implementations )-88(described )-88(in )-88(this )-88(text )-88(r)17(eturn)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 20.705 0 Td (EAGAIN)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.938 0 Td [(if )-88(the )-88(locking )-88(r)18(equest )-88(cannot)]TJ -24.643 -1.25 Td (be satis\336ed.)Tj 9.9964 0 0 9.9964 189.8798 146.3473 Tm [(This )-35(command )-35(is )-35(also )-35(used )-35(to )-35(clear )-35(the )-35(lock )-35(described )-35(by)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 25.686 0 Td (\337ockptr)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.347 0 Td (\()Tj /TT0 1 Tf (l_type)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -29.067 -1.2 Td (of)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.129 0 Td (F_UNLCK)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (\).)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47679 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Appendix )-250(C)]TJ 34.357 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(5)-750(Solutions)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 11.476 0 Td (915)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 198.8081 670.2598 Tm (ms->vsize = size;)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj 0 -1.189 TD (fp = funopen\(ms, mstream_read, mstream_write,)Tj 1.2 -1.189 Td (mstream_seek, mstream_close\);)Tj -1.2 -1.189 Td (if \(fp == NULL\) {)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(ms->flags & MS_MYBUF\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (free\(ms->buf\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (free\(ms\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj T* (return\(fp\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj 0 -1.902 TD (static int)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (type_to_flags\(const char *__restrict type\))Tj T* ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (const char *cp;)Tj T* (int flags = 0;)Tj 0 -1.902 TD (for \(cp = type; *cp != 0; cp++\) {)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (switch \(*cp\) {)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (case \325r\325:)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(flags != 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td [(return\(0\); )-600(/*)-600(error */)]TJ -2.4 -1.189 Td (flags |= MS_READ;)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (break;)Tj -2.4 -1.902 Td (case \325w\325:)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(flags != 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td [(return\(0\); )-600(/*)-600(error */)]TJ -2.4 -1.189 Td (flags |= MS_WRITE|MS_TRUNCATE;)Tj T* (break;)Tj -2.4 -1.902 Td (case \325a\325:)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(flags != 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td [(return\(0\); )-600(/*)-600(error */)]TJ -2.4 -1.189 Td (flags |= MS_APPEND;)Tj T* (break;)Tj -2.4 -1.902 Td (case \325+\325:)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(flags == 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td [(return\(0\); )-600(/*)-600(error */)]TJ -2.4 -1.189 Td (flags |= MS_READ|MS_WRITE;)Tj T* (break;)Tj -2.4 -1.902 Td (case \325b\325:)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (if \(flags == 0\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td [(return\(0\); )-600(/*)-600(error */)]TJ -2.4 -1.189 Td (break;)Tj -2.4 -1.902 Td (default:)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td [(return\(0\); )-3000(/*)-600(error */)]TJ -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47680 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (488)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Advanced )-250(I/O)]TJ 38.741 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(14)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 668.9599 Tm (F_SETLKW)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6 0 Td [(This )-36(command )-36(is )-36(a )-36(blocking )-36(version )-36(of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 17.555 0 Td (F_SETLK)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5358 Tc (.\()Tj 0 Tc 5.319 0 Td (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.96 0 Td (W)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.886 0 Td [(in )-36(the )-36(command)]TJ -25.72 -1.2 Td [(name )-230(means)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 6.273 0 Td (wait)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(.\) )-480(If)-481(the )-230(r)18(equested )-230(r)17(ead )-230(lock )-230(or )-230(write )-230(lock )-230(cannot )-230(be)]TJ -6.273 -1.2 Td [(granted )-55(because )-55(another )-55(pr)18(ocess )-55(curr)18(ently )-55(has )-55(some )-55(part )-55(of )-55(the )-55(r)21(equested)]TJ -0.018 Tc 0 -1.2 TD (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(gion )-125(locked, )-125(the )-125(calling )-125(pr)18(ocess )-125(is )-125(put )-125(to )-125(sleep.)-623(The )-125(pr)18(ocess )-125(wakes )-125(up)]TJ -0.856 -1.2 Td [(either when the lock becomes available or when interr)8(upted by a signal.)]TJ -4.2 -2.16 Td [(Be )-100(awar)]TJ 0.35 Tc 3.651 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.155 0 Td [(hat )-100(testing )-100(for )-100(a )-100(lock )-100(with)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 12.136 0 Td (F_GETLK)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.55 0 Td [(and )-100(then )-100(trying )-100(to )-100(obtain )-100(that )-100(lock)]TJ -23.292 -1.2 Td (with)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.416 0 Td (F_SETLK)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.583 0 Td (or)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.324 0 Td (F_SETLKW)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.183 0 Td [(is )-133(not )-133(an )-133(atomic )-133(operation.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 12.92 0 Td [(We )-317(h)]TJ 0 Tc 2.352 0 Td [(ave )-133(no )-133(guarantee )-133(that,)]TJ -28.776 -1.2 Td [(between )-112(the )-112(two)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.91 0 Td (fcntl)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.362 0 Td [(calls, )-112(some )-112(other )-112(pr)18(ocess )-112(won\325t )-112(come )-112(in )-112(and )-112(obtain )-112(the )-112(same)]TJ -11.272 -1.2 Td [(lock. )-334(If)-334(we )-84(don\325t )-84(want )-84(to )-84(block )-84(while )-84(waiting )-84(for )-84(a )-84(lock )-84(to )-84(become )-84(available )-84(to )-84(us, )-84(we)]TJ T* [(must handle the possible err)18(or r)18(eturns fr)18(om)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 19.544 0 Td (F_SETLK)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 183.5888 531.3681 Tm [(Note )-25(that )-25(POSIX.1 )-25(doesn\325t )-25(specify )-25(what )-25(happens )-25(when )-25(one )-25(pr)14(ocess )-25(r)18(ead )-25(locks )-25(a )-25(range )-25(of )-25(a )-25(\336le,)]TJ 0.4873 Tc 0 -1.25 TD (as)Tj 0 Tc 1.411 0 Td [(econd )-237(pr)18(ocess )-237(blocks )-237(while )-237(trying )-237(to )-237(get )-237(a )-237(write )-237(lock )-237(on )-237(the )-237(same )-237(range, )-237(and )-237(a )-237(thir)14(d)]TJ -1.411 -1.25 Td [(pr)18(ocesses )-4(then )-4(attempts )-4(to )-4(get )-4(another )-4(r)18(ead )-4(lock )-4(on )-4(the )-4(range.)-504(If )-4(the )-4(thir)]TJ 0.2539 Tc 31.939 0 Td (dp)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.466 0 Td (ro)Tj 0 Tc 0.923 0 Td [(cess )-4(is )-4(allowed )-4(to)]TJ -34.328 -1.25 Td [(place )-303(a )-303(r)18(ead )-303(lock )-303(on )-303(the )-303(range )-303(just )-303(because )-303(the )-303(range )-303(is )-303(alr)12(eady )-304(r)18(ead )-304(locked, )-304(then )-304(the)]TJ T* [(implementation )-21(might )-21(starve )-21(pr)18(ocesses )-21(with )-21(pending )-21(write )-21(locks.)-521(Thus, )-21(as )-21(additional )-21(r)22(equests)]TJ T* [(to )-208(r)18(ead )-208(lock )-208(the )-208(same )-208(range )-208(arrive, )-208(the )-208(time )-208(that )-208(the )-208(pr)22(ocess )-208(with )-208(the )-208(pending )-208(write-lock)]TJ -0.018 Tc T* (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(quest )-50(has )-50(to )-50(wait )-50(is )-50(extended.)-550(If )-50(the )-50(r)17(ead)]TJ 18.444 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(lock )-50(r)18(equests )-50(arrive )-50(quickly )-50(enough )-50(without )-50(a )-50(lull)]TJ -19.633 -1.25 Td (in the arrival rate, then the writer could wait for a long time.)Tj 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5905 440.3736 Tm [(When )-136(setting )-136(or )-136(r)17(eleasing )-136(a )-136(lock )-136(on )-136(a )-136(\336le, )-136(the )-136(system )-136(combines )-136(or )-136(splits )-136(adjacent)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(ar)18(eas )-66(as )-66(r)18(equir)18(ed. )-316(For)-316(example, )-66(if )-66(we )-66(lock )-66(bytes )-66(100 )-66(thr)17(ough )-66(199 )-66(and )-66(then )-66(unlock )-66(byte)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(150, )-36(the )-36(kernel )-36(still )-36(maintains )-36(the )-36(locks )-36(on )-36(bytes )-36(100 )-36(thr)18(ough )-36(149 )-36(and )-36(bytes )-36(151 )-36(thr)18(ough)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(199. )-250(Figur)]TJ 0.25 Tc 4.633 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (4.4 illustrates the byte-range locks in this situation.)Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2382.25 3824.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2454.25 3824.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2526.25 3824.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2598.25 3824.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2670.25 3824.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2742.25 3824.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.99988 0 0 0.99988 0 0 cm 0.699 g 277.8 346.4 93.6 36 re f Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2778 3464 936 360 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 301.7897 362.5747 Tm (locked range)Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3714.25 3824.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3786.25 3824.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3858.25 3824.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3930.25 3824.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4002.25 3824.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4074.25 3824.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l 36 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4110.25 3759.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4110.25 3694.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4110.25 3629.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4110.25 3565.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4110.25 3500.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l -36 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4038.25 3464.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3966.25 3464.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3894.25 3464.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3822.25 3464.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3750.25 3464.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2778.25 3464.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2706.25 3464.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2634.25 3464.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2562.25 3464.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2490.25 3464.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2418.25 3464.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l -36 36 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2382.25 3529.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2382.25 3593.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2382.25 3658.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2382.25 3723.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2382.25 3788.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2814.25 3428.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -72 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 275.3339 326.5616 Tm (100)Tj ET q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3678.25 3428.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -72 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9976 0 0 7.9976 361.6915 326.542 Tm (199)Tj -13.313 -2.25 Td [(File after locking bytes 100 thr)18(ough 199)]TJ ET q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2850.25 3824.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2850.25 3759.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2850.25 3694.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2850.25 3629.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2850.25 3565.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2850.25 3500.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3642.25 3824.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3642.25 3759.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3642.25 3694.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3642.25 3629.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3642.25 3565.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3642.25 3500.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2382.25 2816.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2454.25 2816.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2526.25 2816.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2598.25 2816.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2670.25 2816.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2742.25 2816.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.9996401 0 0 0.9996401 0 0 cm 0.699 g 277.8 245.6 43.2 36 re f Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2778 2456 432 360 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9966 0 0 7.9966 292.2772 271.7258 Tm (\336rst)Tj -0.588 -1.25 Td (locked)Tj 0.207 -1.25 Td (range)Tj ET q 0.9995801 0 0 0.9995801 0 0 cm 0.699 g 328.2 245.6 43.2 36 re f Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 3282 2456 432 360 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9962 0 0 7.9962 337.2941 271.7095 Tm (second)Tj 0.08 -1.25 Td (locked)Tj 0.207 -1.25 Td (range)Tj ET q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3714.25 2816.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3786.25 2816.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3858.25 2816.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3930.25 2816.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4002.25 2816.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4074.25 2816.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l 36 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4110.25 2751.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4110.25 2686.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4110.25 2621.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4110.25 2557.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4110.25 2492.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l -36 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4038.25 2456.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3966.25 2456.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3894.25 2456.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3822.25 2456.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3750.25 2456.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3210.25 2456.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3270.25 2456.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3330.25 2456.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3390.25 2456.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3210.25 2816.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3270.25 2816.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3330.25 2816.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3390.25 2816.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2778.25 2456.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2706.25 2456.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2634.25 2456.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2562.25 2456.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2490.25 2456.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2418.25 2456.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l -36 36 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2382.25 2521.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2382.25 2585.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2382.25 2650.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2382.25 2715.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2382.25 2780.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2814.25 2420.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -72 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9957 0 0 7.9957 275.2513 225.7181 Tm (100)Tj ET q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3174.25 2420.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -72 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9952 0 0 7.9952 311.2132 225.7045 Tm (149)Tj ET q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3318.25 2420.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -72 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9947 0 0 7.9947 325.585 225.691 Tm (151)Tj ET q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3678.25 2420.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -72 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9942 0 0 7.9942 361.5396 225.6774 Tm (199)Tj -10.908 -2.25 Td (File after unlocking byte 150)Tj ET q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2850.25 2816.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2850.25 2751.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2850.25 2686.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2850.25 2621.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2850.25 2557.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2850.25 2492.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3138.25 2816.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3138.25 2751.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3138.25 2686.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3138.25 2621.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3138.25 2557.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3138.25 2492.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3354.25 2816.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3354.25 2751.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3354.25 2686.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3354.25 2621.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3354.25 2557.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3354.25 2492.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3642.25 2816.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3642.25 2751.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3642.25 2686.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3642.25 2621.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3642.25 2557.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3642.25 2492.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9938 0 0 7.9938 250.8283 184.2562 Tm (Figure 14.4)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.695 0 Td (File byte-range lock diagram)Tj 9.9922 0 0 9.9922 147.4851 156.6777 Tm [(If )-68(we )-68(wer)17(e)-318(to)-318(l)-1(ock )-68(byte )-68(150, )-68(the )-68(system )-68(would )-68(coalesce )-68(the )-68(adjacent )-68(locked )-68(r)13(egions)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(into )-43(a )-43(single )-43(r)18(egion )-43(fr)18(om )-43(byte )-43(100 )-43(thr)18(ough )-43(199.)-543(The )-43(r)18(esulting )-43(pictur)]TJ 0.2932 Tc 30.294 0 Td (ew)Tj 0 Tc 1.606 0 Td [(ould )-43(be )-43(the )-43(\336rst)]TJ -31.9 -1.2 Td (diagram in Figur)Tj 0.25 Tc 7.492 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (4.4, the same as when we started.)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47681 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Appendix )-250(C)]TJ 34.357 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(5)-750(Solutions)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 11.476 0 Td (917)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 177.2094 670.2598 Tm (if \(ms->curpos > ms->vsize\) {)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (ms->vsize = ms->curpos;)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (if \(\(\(ms->flags & \(MS_READ|MS_WRITE\)\) ==)Tj 1.2 -1.189 Td (\(MS_READ|MS_WRITE\)\) && \(ms->vsize < ms->rsize\)\))Tj 1.2 -1.189 Td (*\(ms->buf + ms->vsize\) = 0;)Tj -4.8 -1.189 Td (})Tj T* (if \(\(ms->flags & \(MS_WRITE|MS_APPEND\)\) &&)Tj 1.2 -1.189 Td (!\(ms->flags & MS_READ\)\) {)Tj 1.2 -1.189 Td (if \(ms->curpos < ms->rsize\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (*\(ms->buf + ms->curpos\) = 0;)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (else)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (*\(ms->buf + ms->rsize - 1\) = 0;)Tj -4.8 -1.189 Td (})Tj T* (return\(nw\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj 0 -1.902 TD (static fpos_t)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (mstream_seek\(void *cookie, fpos_t pos, int whence\))Tj 0 -1.189 TD ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (int off;)Tj T* (struct memstream *ms = cookie;)Tj 0 -1.902 TD (switch \(whence\) {)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (case SEEK_SET:)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (off = pos;)Tj T* (break;)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (case SEEK_END:)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (off = ms->vsize + pos;)Tj T* (break;)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (case SEEK_CUR:)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (off = ms->curpos + pos;)Tj T* (break;)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj T* (if \(off < 0 || off > ms->vsize\) {)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (errno = EINVAL;)Tj T* (return -1;)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj T* (ms->curpos = off;)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (return\(off\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj 0 -1.902 TD (static int)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (mstream_close\(void *cookie\))Tj T* ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (struct memstream *ms = cookie;)Tj 0 -1.902 TD (if \(ms->flags & MS_MYBUF\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (free\(ms->buf\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (free\(ms\);)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (return\(0\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1556.25 1476.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1596.25 1476.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 232.974 134.0029 Tm (Figure C.4)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.417 0 Td (Implementation of)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.485 0 Td (fmemopen)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.05 0 Td (for BSD systems)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47682 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (964)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td (Index)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 129.5922 670.9597 Tm (F_FREESP)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(constant, )-250(1)55(12)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -5.217 -1.25 Td (fgetc)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.417 0 Td [(function, )-250(150)]TJ 6.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (151, 154)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (155, 452)Tj -12.857 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(150)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (F_GETFD)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(82)]TJ 5.563 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (83, 480, 592)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -10.763 -1.25 Td (F_GETFL)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(82)]TJ 5.563 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (85, 592)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -10.763 -1.25 Td (F_GETLK)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(82,)-250(486)]TJ 7.563 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (490)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -12.763 -1.25 Td (F_GETOWN)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(constant, )-250(82)]TJ 5.563 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (83, 592, 626)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -11.363 -1.25 Td (fgetpos)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(function, )-250(157)]TJ 6.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (159, 452)Tj -9.89 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(158)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (fgets)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.417 0 Td [(function, )-250(10,)-250(12, 19, 150, 152)]TJ 12.54 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (156, 168,)Tj -13.84 -1.25 Td (174)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (175, 214, 216, 452, 538, 543, 548,)Tj -2.167 -1.25 Td (550)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td [(552, 616, 622, 654, 738, 753, 803, 845, 91)55(1,)]TJ -2.167 -1.25 Td (913, 936)Tj -1.35 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(152)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (fgetwc)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(function, )-250(452)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.017 -1.25 Td (fgetws)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(function, )-250(452)]TJ -4.017 -1.25 Td [(FIFOs, )-250(95,)-250(534, 552)]TJ 8.492 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (556)Tj -9.075 -1.25 Td (\336le)Tj 1.35 -1.25 Td [(access permissions,)-500(99)]TJ 10.138 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (101, 140)Tj -10.721 -1.25 Td [(block special,)-500(95, 138)]TJ 9.503 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (139)Tj -10.087 -1.25 Td [(character special,)-500(95, 138)]TJ 11.178 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (139, 699)Tj -11.762 -1.25 Td [(descriptor passing,)-500(587, 642)]TJ 12.473 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (652)Tj -13.057 -1.25 Td [(descriptors, )-250(8)]TJ 6.269 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (10, 61)Tj 2.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (62)Tj -10.019 -1.25 Td [(device special,)-500(137)]TJ 8.482 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (139)Tj -9.066 -1.25 Td [(dir)18(ectory)]TJ 0.5 Tc 3.914 0 Td (,9)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (5)Tj -5.164 -1.25 Td [(gr)18(oup, )-250(182)]TJ 5.016 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (183)Tj -5.6 -1.25 Td [(holes, )-250(68)]TJ 4.155 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (69, 1)Tj -0.055 Tc 1.945 0 Td (11)Tj 0 Tc 1.028 0.09 Td (\320)Tj -0.055 Tc 0.583 -0.09 Td (11)Tj 0 Tc 0.945 0 Td (2)Tj -9.24 -1.25 Td [(mode cr)18(eation mask,)-500(104)]TJ 11.26 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (105, 129, 141, 169,)Tj -10.493 -1.25 Td (233, 252, 466)Tj -1.35 -1.25 Td [(of)18(fset, )-250(66)]TJ 4.256 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (68, 74, 77)Tj 4.083 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (78, 80, 231)Tj 4.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (232, 494, 522,)Tj -13.323 -1.25 Td (747)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (748, 908)Tj -3.517 -1.25 Td [(ownership, )-250(101)]TJ 7.067 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (102)Tj -7.65 -1.25 Td (pointer)Tj 0.5 Tc 3.146 0 Td (,1)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (44)Tj -0.018 Tc -4.396 -1.25 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (gular)Tj 0.5 Tc 2.271 0 Td (,9)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (5)Tj -4.377 -1.25 Td [(sharing, )-250(74)]TJ 5.163 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (77, 231)Tj -5.746 -1.25 Td [(size, )-250(1)]TJ -0.055 Tc 2.889 0 Td (11)Tj 0 Tc 1.028 0.09 Td (\320)Tj -0.055 Tc 0.583 -0.09 Td (11)Tj 0 Tc 0.945 0 Td (2)Tj -5.446 -1.25 Td [(times, )-250(124)]TJ 4.736 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (125, 532)Tj -5.319 -1.25 Td [(tr)8(uncation, )-250(1)55(12)]TJ 0 -1.25 TD [(types, )-250(95)]TJ 4.219 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (98)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -6.152 -1.25 Td (FILE)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.817 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e, )-250(131,)-250(143)]TJ 8.302 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (144, 151, 164, 168,)Tj -9.002 -1.25 Td (171)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (172, 220, 235, 273, 443)Tj 9.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (444, 538,)Tj -12.333 -1.25 Td (542)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (543, 545, 547, 622, 701, 754, 803, 914, 929)Tj -4.866 -1.25 Td [(\336le system,)-500(4, 1)55(13)]TJ 7.995 0.09 Td (\320)Tj -0.055 Tc 0.583 -0.09 Td (11)Tj 0 Tc 0.945 0 Td (6)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -8.174 -1.25 Td (devtmpfs)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5 Tc 4.967 0 Td (,1)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (39)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -6.217 -1.25 Td (ext2)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5 Tc 2.567 0 Td (,1)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (29)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -3.817 -1.25 Td (ext3)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5 Tc 2.567 0 Td (,1)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (29)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -3.817 -1.25 Td (ext4)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5 Tc 2.567 0 Td (,7)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (3, 86, 129, 465)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -3.817 -1.25 Td (HFS)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5 Tc 1.967 0 Td (,8)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td [(7, 1)55(13, 1)55(16)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -3.217 -1.25 Td (HSFS)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5 Tc 2.567 0 Td (,1)Tj 0 Tc 1.195 0 Td (13)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -3.762 -1.25 Td (PCFS)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5 Tc 2.567 0 Td (,4)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td [(9, 57, 1)55(13)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -3.817 -1.25 Td (S5)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5 Tc 1.367 0 Td (,6)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (5)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -2.617 -1.25 Td (UFS)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5 Tc 1.967 0 Td (,4)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td [(9, 57, 65, 1)55(13, 1)55(16, 129)]TJ -4.567 -1.25 Td [(\336lename, )-250(4)]TJ 27.35 65 Td [(tr)8(uncation, )-250(65)]TJ 6.42 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (66)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -8.353 -1.25 Td (FILENAME_MAX)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(38)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -7.617 -1.25 Td (fileno)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(function, )-250(164,)-250(545, 701, 913)]TJ -2.667 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(164)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (_FILE_OFFSET_BITS)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 10.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(70)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -10.617 -1.25 Td (FILEPERM)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(constant, )-250(800,)-250(825)]TJ -5.217 -1.25 Td [(\336les and dir)18(ectories, )-250(4)]TJ 9.988 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (8)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -10.571 -1.25 Td (FILESIZEBITS)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(39,)-250(44, 49)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -7.617 -1.25 Td (find)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.817 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram, )-250(124,)-250(135, 252)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -2.817 -1.25 Td (finger)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram, )-250(141,)-250(179, 910)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.017 -1.25 Td (FIOASYNC)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(constant, )-250(627,)-250(939)]TJ 8.063 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (940)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -13.863 -1.25 Td (FIOSETOWN)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.817 0 Td [(constant, )-250(627)]TJ -5.817 -1.25 Td [(FIPS, )-250(32)]TJ 3.855 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (33)Tj -4.439 -1.25 Td [(Flandr)18(ena, B.,)-500(229, 952)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf T* ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.817 0 Td (header)Tj 0.5 Tc 2.972 0 Td (,2)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (7, 38)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -10.039 -1.25 Td (flock)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.417 0 Td [(function, )-250(485)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -3.417 -1.25 Td (flock)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.417 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e, )-250(486,)-250(489)]TJ 8.302 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (490, 494)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -12.302 -1.25 Td (flockfile)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.817 0 Td [(function, )-250(443)]TJ 6.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (444)Tj -11.09 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(443)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (FLUSHO)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(constant, )-250(676,)-250(680, 687)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.017 -1.25 Td (fmemopen)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(function, )-250(171)]TJ 6.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (175, 913)Tj -10.49 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(171)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (fmtmsg)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(function, )-250(21)55(1, 452)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.017 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.417 0 Td (header)Tj 0.5 Tc 2.972 0 Td (,3)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (0)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -10.639 -1.25 Td (FNDELAY)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(482)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.617 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.017 0 Td (header)Tj 0.5 Tc 2.972 0 Td (,2)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (9)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -11.239 -1.25 Td (F_OK)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.817 0 Td [(constant, )-250(102)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -2.817 -1.25 Td (follow_link)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.017 0 Td [(function, )-250(48)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -7.017 -1.25 Td (fopen)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.417 0 Td [(function, )-250(6,)-250(144, 148)]TJ 9.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (150, 165, 220, 273,)Tj -10.34 -1.25 Td (452, 538)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (539, 542, 701, 803, 929)Tj -5.516 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(148)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (FOPEN_MAX)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.817 0 Td [(constant, )-250(38,)-250(43)]TJ -5.817 -1.25 Td [(for)18(egr)18(ound pr)18(ocess gr)18(oup, )-250(296,)-250(298, 300)]TJ 17.821 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (303, 306,)Tj -15.705 -1.25 Td [(31)55(1, 318)]TJ 3.528 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (322, 369, 377, 680)Tj 7.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (682, 685, 689, 710,)Tj -12.278 -1.25 Td (719, 741, 944)Tj -2.7 -1.25 Td [(for)18(egr)18(ound pr)18(ocess gr)18(oup ID,)-500(298, 303, 677)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf T* (fork)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.817 0 Td [(function, )-250(1)55(1)]TJ 5.485 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (13, 19, 23, 77, 228)Tj 7.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (237,)Tj -14.352 -1.25 Td (241)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (243, 245)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (249, 254, 260)Tj 5.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (261, 264)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (266,)Tj -16.666 -1.25 Td (269)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (272, 274)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (275, 277, 282, 286, 288,)Tj -6.333 -1.25 Td (290)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (292, 294, 296, 304, 307)Tj 9.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (308, 312, 326,)Tj -12.333 -1.25 Td (331, 334, 370)Tj 5.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (372, 381, 457)Tj 5.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (462, 466)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (469,)Tj -16.5 -1.25 Td (471, 479, 491)Tj 5.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (493, 498)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (500, 527, 533)Tj 5.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (539,)Tj -16.5 -1.25 Td (541, 544, 546, 550, 557, 565, 577, 585, 588,)Tj T* (618)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (619, 642, 653)Tj 5.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (655, 658)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (659, 669)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (670,)Tj -16.666 -1.25 Td (716, 721, 723)Tj 5.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (724, 726)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (728, 732, 739, 781,)Tj -10.333 -1.25 Td (922)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (923, 927)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (928, 930)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (931, 934, 937, 939, 948)Tj -11.85 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(229)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (fork1)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.417 0 Td [(function, )-250(229)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -3.417 -1.25 Td (forkall)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(function, )-250(229)]TJ -4.617 -1.25 Td [(Fowler)74(,)-250(G.)-250(S., )-250(135,)-250(949, 953)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf T* (fpathconf)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.817 0 Td [(function, )-250(37,)-250(39, 41)]TJ 8.54 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (48, 53)Tj 2.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (55, 65,)Tj -0.055 Tc -15.407 -1.25 Td (11)Tj 0 Tc 0.945 0 Td (0, 452, 537, 679)Tj -2.295 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(42)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47683 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (914)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Solutions )-250(to )-250(Selected )-250(Exer)18(cises )]TJ 38.165 0 Td [(Appendix)-500(C)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 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0 0 0.0997842 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5046.25 4000.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.0997842 0 0 0.0997842 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5046.25 3924.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.0997842 0 0 0.0997842 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5046.25 3848.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.0997842 0 0 0.0997842 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5046.25 3772.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.0997842 0 0 0.0997842 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2130.25 4766.25 cm 0 0 m 0 432 l S Q Q q 0.9977824 0 0 0.9977824 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 227.4 519.8 cm 0 0 m -7.2 -1.8 l -7.2 1.8 l f Q Q q 0.0997782 0 0 0.0997782 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2274 5198 cm 0 0 m -72 -18 l -72 18 l h S Q Q q 0.0997782 0 0 0.0997782 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2130.25 5198.25 cm 0 0 m 72 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9818 0 0 7.9818 228.8775 521.8488 Tm [(of)18(fset of \336rst index)]TJ -0.018 Tc 0 -1.25 TD (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(cor)18(d)-250(on)-250(f)]TJ -0.018 Tc (re)Tj 0.25 Tc 4.795 0 Td (el)Tj 0 Tc 1.02 0 Td (ist)Tj ET q 0.0997723 0 0 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583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (80)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3 0 Td [(File )-250(I/O)]TJ 39.741 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(3)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5911 668.9599 Tm [(The )-6(new )-6(\336le )-6(descriptor )-6(that )-6(is )-6(r)18(eturned )-6(as )-6(the )-6(value )-6(of )-6(the )-6(functions )-6(shar)19(es )-6(the )-6(same)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td (\336le table entry as the)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 9.423 0 Td (fd)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.028 0 Td [(ar)18(gument. )-250(W)]TJ 0.25 Tc 5.964 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.153 0 Td (how this in Figur)Tj 0.25 Tc 7.591 0 Td (e3)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (.9.)Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 1341.24 5078 1008 1152 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 151.3778 626.1649 Tm [(pr)18(ocess table entry)]TJ ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 1629.24 5726 576 72 re S Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 1629.24 5654 576 72 re S Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 1629.24 5582 576 72 re S Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 1629.24 5510 576 72 re S Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 1629.24 5222 576 288 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 0.25 Tc 13.9975 0 0 13.9975 182.9411 534.7437 Tm (...)Tj 0 Tc 6.9987 0 0 6.9987 147.5396 574.3366 Tm (fd 0:)Tj 0 -1.029 TD (fd 1:)Tj 0 -1.029 TD (fd 2:)Tj T* (fd 3:)Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1845.25 5798.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -288 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 6.9983 0 0 6.9983 170.3791 588.6587 Tm (fd)Tj -0.572 -0.714 Td (\337ags)Tj 4.471 0.714 Td (\336le)Tj -0.923 -0.714 Td (pointer)Tj ET q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2925.24 5726 720 144 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9976 0 0 7.9976 302.1693 577.8666 Tm (\336le status \337ags)Tj ET q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2925.24 5582 720 144 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9971 0 0 7.9971 298.4006 563.4371 Tm [(curr)18(ent \336le of)18(fset)]TJ ET q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2925.24 5438 720 144 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9966 0 0 7.9966 302.0531 549.0094 Tm (v-node pointer)Tj 1.406 5.125 Td (\336le table)Tj 6.9971 0 0 6.9971 427.7013 575.998 Tm (v-node information)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.52 -2.057 Td (v_data)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -2.383 -4.114 Td (i-node information)Tj 0.796 -2.057 Td [(curr)18(ent \336le size)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 1.287 -1.543 Td (i_vnode)Tj ET q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4221.25 5870.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -288 l 720 -288 l 720 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4221.25 5438.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -396 l 720 -396 l 720 0 l 0 0 l 720 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4221.25 5690.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4297.25 5690.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4373.25 5690.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4449.25 5690.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4525.25 5690.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4601.25 5690.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4677.25 5690.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4753.25 5690.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4829.25 5690.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4905.25 5690.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4221.25 5258.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4297.25 5258.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4373.25 5258.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4449.25 5258.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4525.25 5258.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4601.25 5258.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4677.25 5258.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4753.25 5258.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4829.25 5258.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4905.25 5258.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4221.25 5150.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4297.25 5150.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4373.25 5150.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4449.25 5150.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4525.25 5150.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4601.25 5150.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4677.25 5150.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4753.25 5150.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4829.25 5150.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4905.25 5150.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.9995201 0 0 0.9995201 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 422.124 545.96 cm 0 0 m -5.328 5.184 l -2.232 7.056 l f Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4221.2402 5459.6001 cm 0 0 m -53.28 51.84 l -22.32 70.56 l h S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4293.2402 5636 cm 0 0 m -90 0 l -150 0 -162.6 -28.32 -127.8 -84.96 c -75.6 -169.92 l S Q Q q 0.9994601 0 0 0.9994601 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 496.284 587 cm 0 0 m 4.032 -6.192 l 0.648 -7.344 l f Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4962.8398 5870 cm 0 0 m 40.32 -61.92 l 6.48 -73.44 l h S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4869.2402 5096 cm 0 0 m 180 0 l 300 0 315.96 127.92 227.88 383.76 c 95.76 767.52 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9952 0 0 7.9952 435.8024 589.886 Tm (v-node table)Tj ET q 0.9994002 0 0 0.9994002 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 288.924 587 cm 0 0 m -5.832 -4.608 l -7.344 -1.296 l f Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2889.24 5870 cm 0 0 m -58.32 -46.08 l -73.44 -12.96 l h S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2133.24 5690 cm 0 0 m 180 0 l 300 0 424.92 29.52 554.76 88.56 c 749.52 177.12 l S Q Q q 0.9993402 0 0 0.9993402 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 288.924 583.4 cm 0 0 m -4.752 -5.688 l -6.84 -2.808 l f Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2889.24 5834 cm 0 0 m -47.52 -56.88 l -68.4 -28.08 l h S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2133.24 5546 cm 0 0 m 180 0 l 300 0 425.04 47.28 555.12 141.84 c 750.24 283.68 l S Q Q q 0.9992802 0 0 0.9992802 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 418.524 587 cm 0 0 m -2.664 -6.912 l -5.616 -4.824 l f Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4185.2402 5870 cm 0 0 m -26.64 -69.12 l -56.16 -48.24 l h S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3573.24 5510 cm 0 0 m 180 0 l 300 0 401.28 59.04 483.84 177.12 c 607.68 354.24 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9938 0 0 7.9938 239.9727 478.6265 Tm (Figure 3.9)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.195 0 Td [(Kernel data str)8(uctur)18(es after)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 12.315 0 Td (dup)Tj 1.8 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.6 -0.04 Td (1)Tj 0.6 0.04 Td (\))Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9922 0 0 9.9922 129.4986 445.0527 Tm [(In this \336gur)18(e, we assume that when it\325s started, the pr)18(ocess executes)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.993 0 0 8.993 147.4846 427.1667 Tm (newfd = dup\(1\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.092 Tc 9.9922 0 0 9.9922 129.4986 407.9816 Tm [(We )-231(a)]TJ 0 Tc 2.184 0 Td [(ssume )-46(that )-46(the )-46(next )-46(available )-46(descriptor )-46(is )-46(3 )-46(\(which )-46(it )-46(pr)13(obably )-47(is, )-47(since )-47(0, )-47(1, )-47(and )-47(2)]TJ -2.184 -1.2 Td (ar)Tj 0.3983 Tc 0.877 0 Td (eo)Tj 0 Tc 1.423 0 Td [(pened )-148(by )-148(the )-148(shell\).)-648(Because )-148(both )-148(descriptors )-148(point )-148(to )-148(the )-148(same )-148(\336le )-148(table )-148(entry)108(,)]TJ -2.3 -1.2 Td [(they )-138(shar)]TJ 0.3884 Tc 4.214 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.193 0 Td [(he )-138(same )-138(\336le )-138(status )-138(\337ags)]TJ 0.0833 Tc 11.05 0 Td (\321r)Tj 0 Tc 1.46 0 Td [(ead, )-138(write, )-138(append, )-138(and )-138(so )-138(on)]TJ 0.0833 Tc 13.856 0 Td (\321a)Tj 0 Tc 1.583 0 Td [(nd )-138(the )-138(same)]TJ -33.357 -1.2 Td [(curr)18(ent \336le of)18(fset.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(Each )-396(descriptor )-396(has )-396(its )-396(own )-396(set )-396(of )-396(\336le )-396(descriptor )-396(\337ags.)-894(As )-396(we )-396(describe )-396(in)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(Section )-257(3.14, )-257(the )-257(close-on-exec )-257(\336le )-257(descriptor )-257(\337ag )-257(for )-257(the )-257(new )-257(descriptor )-257(is )-257(always)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(clear)18(ed by the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.427 0 Td (dup)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.05 0 Td (functions.)Tj -6.677 -1.2 Td [(Another )-288(way )-288(to )-288(duplicate )-288(a )-288(descriptor )-288(is )-288(with )-288(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 24.584 0 Td (fcntl)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.538 0 Td [(function, )-288(which )-288(we)]TJ -29.922 -1.2 Td [(describe in Section 3.14.)-500(Indeed, the call)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.993 0 0 8.993 147.4856 294.1705 Tm (dup\(fd\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9922 0 0 9.9922 129.4996 274.9854 Tm (is equivalent to)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.993 0 0 8.993 147.4856 257.0994 Tm (fcntl\(fd, F_DUPFD, 0\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9922 0 0 9.9922 129.4996 237.9143 Tm (Similarly)Tj 0.25 Tc 3.912 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 0.826 0 Td (he call)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.993 0 0 8.993 147.4856 220.0283 Tm (dup2\(fd, fd2\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9922 0 0 9.9922 129.4996 200.8433 Tm (is equivalent to)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.993 0 0 8.993 147.4856 182.9572 Tm (close\(fd2\);)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (fcntl\(fd, F_DUPFD, fd2\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9922 0 0 9.9922 129.4996 153.0805 Tm [(In )-119(this )-119(last )-119(case, )-119(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.415 0 Td (dup2)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.77 0 Td [(is )-120(not )-120(exactly )-120(the )-120(same )-120(as )-120(a)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 12.965 0 Td (close)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.37 0 Td [(followed )-120(by )-120(an)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.231 0 Td (fcntl)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj -35.75 -1.2 Td [(The dif)18(fer)18(ences ar)18(e)-250(as)-250(follows:)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47687 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 465.375 708 Tm (Index)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.525 0 Td (963)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 151.1909 670.9597 Tm (325, 372, 457, 479, 492, 527, 533, 538, 541, 557,)Tj 0 -1.25 TD (585, 653)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (654, 658)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (659, 669, 716)Tj 5.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (717, 721,)Tj -14.499 -1.25 Td (723, 727, 739, 742, 920, 928, 948)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -2.7 -1.25 Td (execl)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.417 0 Td [(function, )-250(249)]TJ 6.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (251, 261, 265)Tj 5.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (266, 272,)Tj -13.507 -1.25 Td (274)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (275, 283, 288, 331, 370)Tj 9.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (371, 539, 544,)Tj -12.333 -1.25 Td (550)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (551, 618, 655, 737, 922)Tj -3.517 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(249)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (execle)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(function, )-250(249)]TJ 6.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (251, 254, 287, 331)Tj -9.29 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(249)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (execlp)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(function, )-250(12)]TJ 5.54 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (13, 19, 249)Tj 4.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (251, 253)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (254,)Tj -16.773 -1.25 Td (264)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (265, 283, 740, 922)Tj -3.517 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(249)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (execv)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.417 0 Td [(function, )-250(249)]TJ 6.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (251, 331)Tj -8.69 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(249)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (execve)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(function, )-250(249)]TJ 6.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (251, 253, 331, 922)Tj -9.29 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(249)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (execvp)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(function, )-250(249)]TJ 6.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (251, 253, 731)Tj 5.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (732)Tj -15.457 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(249)]TJ -1.35 -1.25 Td [(exer)18(cises, solutions to,)-500(905)]TJ 11.901 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (945)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -12.484 -1.25 Td (_Exit)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.417 0 Td [(function, )-250(198,)-250(201, 236)]TJ 10.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (237, 239, 331, 365,)Tj -11.34 -1.25 Td (367, 388, 447)Tj -1.35 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(198)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (_exit)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.417 0 Td [(function, )-250(198,)-250(201, 235)]TJ 10.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (239, 265)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (266,)Tj -15.507 -1.25 Td (282)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (283, 331, 365, 367, 370, 381, 388, 447, 921,)Tj -2.167 -1.25 Td (924)Tj -1.35 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(198)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (exit)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.817 0 Td [(function, )-250(7,)-250(150, 154, 198)]TJ 11.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (202, 226, 231,)Tj -11.74 -1.25 Td (234)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (239, 246, 249, 265, 271)Tj 9.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (272, 274)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (275,)Tj -16.5 -1.25 Td (283, 288, 330, 365)Tj 7.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (366, 388, 447, 466, 542, 705,)Tj -8.166 -1.25 Td (732, 742, 817, 830, 895, 920)Tj 11.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (921, 944)Tj -13.517 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(198)]TJ -1.35 -1.25 Td (exit handler)Tj 0.5 Tc 5.228 0 Td (,2)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (00)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -6.478 -1.25 Td (expect)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram, )-250(720,)-250(739)]TJ 8.191 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (740, 951)Tj -12.791 -1.25 Td [(exponential backof)18(f, )-250(606)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf T* (ext2)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.817 0 Td [(\336le system,)-500(129)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -2.817 -1.25 Td (ext3)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.817 0 Td [(\336le system,)-500(129)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -2.817 -1.25 Td (ext4)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.817 0 Td [(\336le system,)-500(73, 86, 129, 465)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -2.817 -1.25 Td (EXTPROC)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(676,)-250(687)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.617 -5.375 Td (faccessat)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.817 0 Td [(function, )-250(102)]TJ 6.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (104, 331, 452)Tj -11.09 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(102)]TJ -1.35 -1.25 Td [(Fagin, R.,)-500(744, 750, 949)]TJ T* [(Fast-STREAMS, Linux,)-500(534)]TJ T* [(fatal err)18(or)]TJ 0.5 Tc 4.318 0 Td (,1)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (6)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -5.568 -1.25 Td (fchdir)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(function, )-250(135)]TJ 6.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (137, 592)Tj -9.29 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(135)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (fchmod)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(function, )-250(106)]TJ 6.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (108, 120, 125, 331, 452, 498,)Tj -7.94 -1.25 Td (592)Tj -1.35 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(106)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (fchmodat)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(function, )-250(106)]TJ 6.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (108, 331, 452)Tj -10.49 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(106)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 24.65 65.375 Td (fchown)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(function, )-250(109)]TJ 6.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj -0.055 Tc 0.583 -0.09 Td (11)Tj 0 Tc 0.945 0 Td (0, 125, 331, 452, 592)Tj -10.235 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(109)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (fchownat)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(function, )-250(109)]TJ 6.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj -0.055 Tc 0.583 -0.09 Td (11)Tj 0 Tc 0.945 0 Td (0, 331, 452)Tj -11.435 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(109)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (fclose)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(function, )-250(148)]TJ 6.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (150, 172)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (174, 199, 201, 365,)Tj -12.107 -1.25 Td (367, 452, 545, 701, 803)Tj -1.35 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(150)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (fcntl)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.417 0 Td [(function, )-250(61,)-250(77, 80)]TJ 8.54 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td [(87, 90, 1)55(12, 148, 164,)]TJ -9.84 -1.25 Td (252)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (253, 331, 451)Tj 5.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (452, 480, 482, 485)Tj 7.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (490,)Tj -16.5 -1.25 Td (492, 494)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (495, 510)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td [(51)55(1, 592, 626)]TJ 5.528 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (627, 783,)Tj -14.445 -1.25 Td (785, 939, 944)Tj -1.35 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(82)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.817 0 Td (header)Tj 0.5 Tc 2.972 0 Td (,2)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (9, 62)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -10.039 -1.25 Td (fdatasync)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.817 0 Td [(function, )-250(81,)-250(86)]TJ 7.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (87, 331, 451, 513, 592)Tj -12.09 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(81)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (FD_CLOEXEC)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(63,)-250(79, 82)]TJ 8.563 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (83, 252, 480)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -15.563 -1.25 Td (FD_CLR)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(function, )-250(503)]TJ 6.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (504, 665, 933)Tj -9.29 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(503)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (FD_ISSET)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(function, )-250(503)]TJ 6.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (504, 665, 817, 933)Tj -10.49 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(503)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (fdopen)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(function, )-250(148)]TJ 6.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (150, 159, 544, 936)Tj -9.29 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(148)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (fdopendir)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.817 0 Td [(function, )-250(130)]TJ 6.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (135)Tj -11.09 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(130)]TJ -1.35 -1.25 Td [(fd-pipe, )-250(653)]TJ 5.582 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (654, 656, 658)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -6.165 -1.25 Td (fd_pipe)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(function, )-250(630,)-250(655, 739, 896)]TJ -3.267 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(630)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (fd_set)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(data type,)-500(59, 503)]TJ 7.982 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (504, 532, 664, 805, 814,)Tj -9.882 -1.25 Td (816)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (817, 932)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (933, 939)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -9.033 -1.25 Td (FD_SET)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(function, )-250(503)]TJ 6.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (504, 664)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (665, 805, 816, 933)Tj -13.457 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(503)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0.1666 Tc -1.35 -1.25 Td (__)Tj 0 Tc 1.367 0 Td (FD_SETSIZE)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(933)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -7.783 -1.25 Td (FD_SETSIZE)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(504,)-250(932)]TJ 8.063 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (933)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -15.063 -1.25 Td (F_DUPFD)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(81)]TJ 5.563 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (83, 592)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -10.763 -1.25 Td (F_DUPFD_CLOEXEC)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(82,)-250(592)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -9.417 -1.25 Td (FD_ZERO)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(function, )-250(503)]TJ 6.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (504, 664, 805, 933)Tj -9.89 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(503)]TJ -1.35 -1.25 Td (featur)Tj 0.25 Tc 2.618 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.055 0 Td [(est macr)18(o, )-250(57)]TJ 6.062 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (58, 84)Tj -10.319 -1.25 Td (Fenner)Tj 0.25 Tc 2.999 0 Td (,B)Tj 0 Tc 1.111 0 Td [(., )-250(157,)-250(291, 470, 589, 952)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.11 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td (header)Tj 0.5 Tc 2.972 0 Td (,2)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (7)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -9.439 -1.25 Td (feof)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.817 0 Td [(function, )-250(151,)-250(157)]TJ -1.467 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(151)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (ferror)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(function, )-250(10,)-250(151, 154, 157, 273, 538, 543,)]TJ -1.317 -1.25 Td (550)Tj -1.35 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(151)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (fexecve)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(function, )-250(249)]TJ 6.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (250, 253, 331)Tj -9.89 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(249)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (FF0)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.217 0 Td [(constant, )-250(687)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -2.217 -1.25 Td (FF1)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.217 0 Td [(constant, )-250(687)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -2.217 -1.25 Td (FFDLY)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(676,)-250(684, 687, 689)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -3.417 -1.25 Td (fflush)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(function, )-250(145,)-250(147, 149, 172, 174)]TJ 14.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (175, 366,)Tj -15.94 -1.25 Td (452, 547)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (548, 552, 702, 721, 901, 904, 913)Tj -5.516 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(147)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47688 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(7.3)]TJ 34.639 0 Td [(Pr)18(ocess )-250(T)92(ermination)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 11.194 0 Td (199)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5911 668.9599 Tm (Historically)Tj 0.4979 Tc 5.076 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 1.074 0 Td (he)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.559 0 Td (exit)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.898 0 Td [(function )-248(has )-248(always )-248(performed )-248(a )-248(clean )-248(shutdown )-248(of )-248(the)]TJ -12.407 -1.2 Td (standar)Tj 0.3689 Tc 3.32 0 Td (dI)Tj 0 Tc 1.317 0 Td [(/O )-119(library: )-119(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.117 0 Td (fclose)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.969 0 Td [(function )-119(is )-119(called )-119(for )-119(all )-119(open )-119(str)19(eams. )-369(Recall)-369(fr)18(om)]TJ -15.723 -1.2 Td [(Section 5.5 that this causes all buf)18(fer)18(ed output data to be \337ushed \(written to the \336le\).)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(All )-193(thr)18(ee )-193(exit )-193(functions )-193(expect )-193(a )-193(single )-193(integer )-193(ar)18(gument, )-193(which )-193(we )-193(call )-193(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 35.7 0 Td (exit)Tj -37.5 -1.2 Td (status)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.552 Tc (.M)Tj 0 Tc 4.192 0 Td [(ost )-52(UNIX )-52(System )-52(shells )-52(pr)18(ovide )-52(a )-52(way )-52(to )-52(examine )-52(the )-52(exit )-52(status )-52(of )-52(a )-52(pr)19(ocess.)]TJ -4.192 -1.2 Td [(If )-129(\(a\) )-129(any )-129(of )-129(these )-129(functions )-129(is )-129(called )-129(without )-129(an )-129(exit )-129(status, )-129(\(b\))]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 29.303 0 Td (main)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.779 0 Td [(does )-129(a)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.318 0 Td (return)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -35.4 -1.2 Td [(without )-41(a )-41(r)18(eturn )-41(value, )-41(or )-41(\(c\) )-41(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 14.93 0 Td (main)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.691 0 Td [(function )-41(is )-41(not )-41(declar)19(ed )-40(to )-40(r)18(eturn )-40(an )-40(integer)]TJ 0.2905 Tc 19.452 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 0.866 0 Td (he)Tj -37.939 -1.2 Td [(exit )-14(status )-14(of )-14(the )-14(pr)18(ocess )-14(is )-14(unde\336ned.)-517(However)74(,)-264(if)-264(t)-1(he )-14(r)18(eturn )-14(type )-14(of)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 30.902 0 Td (main)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.664 0 Td [(is )-14(an )-14(integer)]TJ -33.566 -1.2 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.943 0 Td (main)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.037 Tc 2.65 0 Td (\324\324)Tj 0 Tc 0.519 0 Td (falls of)Tj 0.25 Tc 2.95 0 Td (ft)Tj 0 Tc 0.909 0 Td (he end\325)Tj 0.25 Tc 3.224 0 Td (\325\()Tj 0 Tc 0.861 0 Td [(an implicit r)18(eturn\), the exit status of the pr)18(ocess is 0.)]TJ 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 183.5895 552.9668 Tm [(This )-55(behavior )-55(is )-55(new )-55(with )-55(the )-55(1999 )-55(version )-55(of )-55(the )-55(ISO )-55(C )-55(standar)14(d. )-305(Historically)]TJ 0.3053 Tc 35.233 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 0.881 0 Td [(he )-55(exit )-55(status)]TJ -36.114 -1.25 Td [(was )-248(unde\336ned )-248(if )-248(the )-248(end )-248(of )-248(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 15.746 0 Td (main)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.898 0 Td [(function )-248(was )-248(r)18(eached )-248(without )-248(an )-248(explicit)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 19.756 0 Td (return)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -38.4 -1.25 Td (statement or a call to the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 11.051 0 Td (exit)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td (function.)Tj 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5912 509.9694 Tm [(Returning )-153(an )-153(integer )-153(value )-153(fr)18(om )-153(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 17.056 0 Td (main)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.803 0 Td [(function )-153(is )-153(equivalent )-153(to )-153(calling)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 14.941 0 Td (exit)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -36.6 -1.2 Td [(with the same value.)-500(Thus)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5912 481.2711 Tm (exit\(0\);)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5923 463.2722 Tm (is the same as)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5912 446.5732 Tm (return\(0\);)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5923 428.5743 Tm [(fr)18(om the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.026 0 Td (main)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td (function.)Tj /TT1 1 Tf -10.276 -3.6 Td (Example)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.6 -2.4 Td [(The pr)18(ogram in Figur)]TJ 0.25 Tc 9.538 0 Td (e7)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td [(.1 is the classic \324)37(\324hello, world\325)]TJ 0.25 Tc 12.796 0 Td (\325e)Tj 0 Tc 1.007 0 Td (xample.)Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 3554.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 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1.25 0 Td (83, 693)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -7.385 -1.25 Td (environ)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(variable, )-250(203)]TJ 5.907 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td [(204, 21)55(1, 213, 251, 255,)]TJ -8.407 -1.25 Td (444)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (445, 450, 920)Tj -4.866 -1.25 Td [(envir)18(onment list,)-500(203)]TJ 9.607 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (204, 233, 251, 286)Tj 7.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (288)Tj -18.357 -1.25 Td [(envir)18(onment variable,)-500(210)]TJ 11.849 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (213)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -11.083 -1.25 Td (COLUMNS)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5 Tc 4.367 0 Td (,2)Tj -0.055 Tc 1.25 0 Td (11)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0 Tc -5.617 -1.25 Td (DATEMSK)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5 Tc 4.367 0 Td (,2)Tj -0.055 Tc 1.25 0 Td (11)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0 Tc -5.617 -1.25 Td (HOME)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5 Tc 2.567 0 Td (,2)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (10)Tj 1.083 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td [(21)55(1, 288)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -5.483 -1.25 Td (IFS)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5 Tc 1.967 0 Td (,2)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (69)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -3.217 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(289)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -3.517 -1.25 Td (POSIXLY_CORRECT)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5 Tc 9.167 0 Td (,1)Tj -0.055 Tc 1.195 0 Td (11)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0 Tc -10.362 -1.25 Td (PWD)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5 Tc 1.967 0 Td (,2)Tj -0.055 Tc 1.25 0 Td (11)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0 Tc -3.217 -1.25 Td (SHELL)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5 Tc 3.167 0 Td (,2)Tj -0.055 Tc 1.25 0 Td (11)Tj 0.25 Tc 0.945 0 Td (,2)Tj 0 Tc 1 0 Td (88, 737)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -6.362 -1.25 Td (TERM)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5 Tc 2.567 0 Td (,2)Tj -0.055 Tc 1.25 0 Td (11)Tj 0.25 Tc 0.945 0 Td (,2)Tj 0 Tc 1 0 Td (87, 289)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -5.762 -1.25 Td (TMPDIR)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5 Tc 3.767 0 Td (,2)Tj -0.055 Tc 1.25 0 Td (11)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0 Tc -5.017 -1.25 Td (TZ)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5 Tc 1.367 0 Td (,1)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (90, 192, 195)Tj 5.083 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td [(196, 21)55(1, 919)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -8.283 -1.25 Td (USER)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5 Tc 2.567 0 Td (,2)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (10, 288)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -5.167 -1.25 Td (ENXIO)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.417 0 Td [(err)18(or)]TJ 0.5 Tc 2.118 0 Td (,5)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (53)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -6.785 -1.25 Td (EOF)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.217 0 Td [(constant, )-250(10,)-250(151)]TJ 7.563 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (152, 154, 164, 175, 545,)Tj -7.663 -1.25 Td (547)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (548, 550)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (551, 664, 730, 913)Tj -9.033 -1.25 Td (EOF terminal character)Tj 0.5 Tc 10.191 0 Td (,6)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (78, 680, 686)Tj 5.083 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (687, 700, 703)Tj -17.108 -1.25 Td (EOL terminal character)Tj 0.5 Tc 10.246 0 Td (,6)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (78, 680, 687, 700, 703)Tj -11.496 -1.25 Td (EOL2 terminal character)Tj 0.5 Tc 10.746 0 Td (,6)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (78, 680, 687, 700, 703)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -11.996 -1.25 Td (EOWNERDEAD)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.417 0 Td [(err)18(or)]TJ 0.5 Tc 2.118 0 Td (,4)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (32)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -9.785 -1.25 Td (EPERM)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.417 0 Td [(err)18(or)]TJ 0.5 Tc 2.118 0 Td (,2)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (56)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -6.785 -1.25 Td (EPIPE)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.417 0 Td [(err)18(or)]TJ 0.5 Tc 2.118 0 Td (,5)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (37, 937)Tj -6.785 -1.25 Td [(Epoch, )-250(20,)-250(22, 126, 187, 189)]TJ 12.117 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (190, 640)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -12.701 -1.25 Td (ERANGE)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(err)18(or)]TJ 0.5 Tc 2.118 0 Td (,5)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (0)Tj -7.385 -1.25 Td (ERASE terminal character)Tj 0.5 Tc 11.431 0 Td (,6)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (78, 680, 686)Tj 5.083 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (687,)Tj -15.648 -1.25 Td (702)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (703)Tj -4.866 -1.25 Td (ERASE2 terminal character)Tj 0.5 Tc 11.931 0 Td (,6)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (78, 681)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -13.181 -1.25 Td (err_cont)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(function, )-250(897,)-250(899)]TJ -3.867 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(900)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (err_dump)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(function, )-250(366,)-250(767, 897, 899)]TJ 22.133 65 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(900)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (err_exit)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(function, )-250(809,)-250(897, 899)]TJ -3.867 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(900)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (err_msg)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(function, )-250(897,)-250(899)]TJ -3.267 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(901)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (errno)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.417 0 Td [(variable, )-250(14)]TJ 5.407 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (15, 42, 50, 55, 65, 67, 81, 121,)Tj -6.707 -1.25 Td (144, 256, 265, 277, 301, 309, 314, 321, 327)Tj 17.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (328,)Tj -18.166 -1.25 Td (330)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (331, 333, 337, 339, 345, 351, 359, 371, 376,)Tj -2.167 -1.25 Td (380, 384, 386, 446)Tj 7.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (447, 454, 471, 474, 482, 484,)Tj -8.166 -1.25 Td (487, 499, 502, 508, 513)Tj 9.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (514, 537, 546, 553, 564,)Tj -10.166 -1.25 Td (568, 579, 581, 584, 592, 608)Tj 11.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (610, 627,)Tj -12.166 -1.25 Td (637)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (638, 640, 683, 693, 745, 805, 899, 925, 937)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -4.866 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.817 0 Td (header)Tj 0.5 Tc 2.972 0 Td (,1)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (4)Tj 0.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (16, 27)Tj -11.205 -1.25 Td [(err)18(or)]TJ 1.35 -1.25 Td [(handling, )-250(14)]TJ 5.828 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (16)Tj -6.412 -1.25 Td [(logging, daemon,)-500(469)]TJ 9.812 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (473)Tj -0.018 Tc -10.396 -1.25 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (covery)Tj 0.5 Tc 2.874 0 Td (,1)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (6)Tj -0.018 Tc -4.98 -1.25 Td (ro)Tj 0 Tc 0.923 0 Td [(utines, standar)18(d, )-250(898)]TJ 9.469 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (904)Tj -0.018 Tc -10.975 -1.25 Td (TO)Tj 0 Tc 1.381 0 Td [(CTT)18(OU, )-250(65,)-250(250, 953)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -2.731 -1.25 Td (err_quit)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(function, )-250(7,)-250(815, 897, 899, 912)]TJ -3.867 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(901)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (err_ret)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(function, )-250(897,)-250(899, 912)]TJ -3.267 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(899)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (err_sys)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(function, )-250(7,)-250(897, 899)]TJ -3.267 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(899)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (ESPIPE)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(err)18(or)]TJ 0.5 Tc 2.118 0 Td (,6)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (7, 592)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -7.385 -1.25 Td (ESRCH)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.417 0 Td [(err)18(or)]TJ 0.5 Tc 2.118 0 Td (,3)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (37)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -6.785 -1.25 Td (/etc/gettydefs)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 8.817 0 Td [(\336le, )-250(290)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -8.817 -1.25 Td (/etc/group)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.417 0 Td [(\336le, )-250(17)]TJ 3.208 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (18, 177, 185)Tj 5.083 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (186)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -15.875 -1.25 Td (/etc/hosts)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.417 0 Td [(\336le, )-250(186,)-250(795)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -6.417 -1.25 Td (/etc/init)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.817 0 Td [(dir)18(ectory)]TJ 0.5 Tc 3.914 0 Td (,2)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (90)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -10.981 -1.25 Td (/etc/inittab)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.617 0 Td [(\336le, )-250(290)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -7.617 -1.25 Td (/etc/master.passwd)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 11.217 0 Td [(\336le, )-250(185)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -11.217 -1.25 Td (/etc/networks)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 8.217 0 Td [(\336le, )-250(185)]TJ 3.708 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (186)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -12.508 -1.25 Td (/etc/passwd)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.017 0 Td [(\336le, )-250(2,)-250(99, 135, 177)]TJ 8.208 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (178, 180, 182,)Tj -13.108 -1.25 Td (185)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (186)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -4.866 -1.25 Td (/etc/printer.conf)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 10.617 0 Td [(\336le, )-250(794)]TJ 3.708 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (795, 799)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -14.908 -1.25 Td (/etc/protocols)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 8.817 0 Td [(\336le, )-250(185)]TJ 3.708 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (186)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -13.108 -1.25 Td (/etc/pwd.db)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.017 0 Td [(\336le, )-250(185)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -7.017 -1.25 Td (/etc/rc)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(\336le, )-250(189,)-250(291)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.617 -1.25 Td (/etc/services)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 8.217 0 Td [(\336le, )-250(185)]TJ 3.708 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (186)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -12.508 -1.25 Td (/etc/shadow)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.017 0 Td [(\336le, )-250(99,)-250(185)]TJ 5.208 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (186)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -12.808 -1.25 Td (/etc/spwd.db)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.617 0 Td [(\336le, )-250(185)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -7.617 -1.25 Td (/etc/syslog.conf)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 10.017 0 Td [(\336le, )-250(470)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -10.017 -1.25 Td (/etc/termcap)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.617 0 Td [(\336le, )-250(712)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -7.617 -1.25 Td (/etc/ttys)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.817 0 Td [(\336le, )-250(286)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -5.817 -1.25 Td (ETIME)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.417 0 Td [(err)18(or)]TJ 0.5 Tc 2.118 0 Td (,8)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (00, 805)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -6.785 -1.25 Td (ETIMEDOUT)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.817 0 Td [(err)18(or)]TJ 0.5 Tc 2.118 0 Td (,4)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (07, 413, 415, 581, 800)Tj -9.185 -1.25 Td [(Evans, J.,)-500(949)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0 -1.25 TD (EWOULDBLOCK)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.017 0 Td [(err)18(or)]TJ 0.5 Tc 2.118 0 Td (,1)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (6, 482, 609, 627)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -10.385 -1.25 Td (exec)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.817 0 Td [(function, )-250(10)]TJ 5.54 0.09 Td (\320)Tj -0.055 Tc 0.583 -0.09 Td (11)Tj 0.25 Tc 0.945 0 Td (,1)Tj 0 Tc 1 0 Td (3, 23, 39)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (40, 43, 79, 82,)Tj -12.352 -1.25 Td (100, 121, 125, 197, 201, 203, 225, 229, 233)Tj 17.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (234,)Tj -18.166 -1.25 Td (249)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (257, 260)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (261, 264)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (266, 269)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (271, 275,)Tj -14.666 -1.25 Td (277, 282)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (283, 286)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (288, 290)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (292, 294, 305,)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47690 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(9.9)]TJ 30.603 0 Td [(Shell )-250(Execution )-250(of )-250(Pr)18(ograms)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 15.23 0 Td (305)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 668.9599 Tm [(of )-19(that )-19(name.)-519(The )-19(next )-19(line )-19(we )-19(enter )-19(to )-19(the )-19(shell )-19(is )-19(taken )-19(as )-19(the )-19(passwor)14(d, )-19(and )-19(the )-19(\336le )-19(is)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(not )-27(encrypted )-27(corr)17(ectly)]TJ 0.2774 Tc 10.229 0 Td (,s)Tj 0 Tc 0.951 0 Td [(ending )-27(junk )-27(to )-27(the )-27(printer)]TJ 0.5274 Tc 11.44 0 Td (.H)Tj 0 Tc 1.609 0 Td [(er)18(e)-277(we)-277(h)-1(ave )-27(two )-27(pr)17(ocesses )-27(trying)]TJ -24.229 -1.2 Td [(to )-95(r)18(ead )-95(fr)18(om )-95(the )-95(same )-95(device )-95(at )-95(the )-95(same )-95(time, )-95(and )-95(the )-95(r)18(esult )-95(depends )-95(on )-95(the )-95(system.)]TJ T* [(Job )-260(contr)18(ol, )-260(as )-260(we )-260(described )-260(earlier)]TJ 0.5104 Tc 16.626 0 Td (,h)Tj 0 Tc 1.342 0 Td [(andles )-260(this )-260(multiplexing )-260(of )-260(a )-260(single )-260(terminal)]TJ -17.968 -1.2 Td [(between multiple pr)18(ocesses in a better fashion.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(Returning )-338(to )-338(our )-338(Bourne )-338(shell )-338(example, )-338(if )-338(we )-338(execute )-338(thr)18(ee )-338(pr)18(ocesses )-338(in )-338(the)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(pipeline, we can examine the pr)18(ocess contr)18(ol used by this shell:)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5911 581.335 Tm (ps -o pid,ppid,pgid,sid,comm | cat1 | cat2)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 564.4059 Tm (This pipeline generates the following output:)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 158.3905 548.7772 Tm [(PID )-600(PPID )-600(PGID)-1800(SID COMMAND)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(949 )-1200(947 )-1200(949 )-1200(949)-600(sh)]TJ -0.6 -1.189 Td [(1988 )-1200(949 )-1200(949 )-1200(949)-600(cat2)]TJ T* [(1989 )-600(1988)-1800(949 )-1200(949)-600(ps)]TJ T* [(1990 )-600(1988)-1800(949 )-1200(949)-600(cat1)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 183.589 486.9809 Tm [(Don\325t )-170(be )-170(alarmed )-170(if )-170(the )-170(output )-170(on )-170(your )-170(system )-170(doesn\325t )-170(show )-170(the )-170(pr)18(oper )-170(command )-170(names.)]TJ 0 -1.25 TD [(Sometimes you might get r)18(esults such as)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.45 -2 Td [(PID )-600(PPID )-600(PGID)-1800(SID COMMAND)]TJ T* [(949 )-1200(947 )-1200(949 )-1200(949)-600(sh)]TJ -0.6 -1.25 Td [(1831 )-1200(949 )-1200(949 )-1200(949)-600(sh)]TJ T* [(1832 )-600(1831)-1800(949 )-1200(949)-600(ps)]TJ T* [(1833 )-600(1831)-1800(949 )-1200(949)-600(sh)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf -2.85 -1.875 Td [(What\325s )-140(happening )-140(her)17(e)-390(is)-390(t)-1(hat )-140(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 15.98 0 Td (ps)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.59 0 Td [(pr)18(ocess )-140(is )-140(racing )-140(with )-140(the )-140(shell, )-140(which )-140(is )-140(forking )-140(and)]TJ -17.57 -1.25 Td [(executing )-162(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.486 0 Td (cat)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.212 0 Td [(commands. )-412(In)-411(this )-161(case, )-161(the )-161(shell )-161(hasn\325t )-161(yet )-161(completed )-161(the )-161(call )-161(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 30.902 0 Td (exec)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -39.6 -1.25 Td (when)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.727 0 Td (ps)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.45 0 Td [(has obtained the list of pr)18(ocesses to print.)]TJ 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5921 367.988 Tm [(Again, )-11(the )-11(last )-11(pr)17(ocess )-11(in )-11(the )-11(pipeline )-11(is )-11(the )-11(child )-11(of )-11(the )-11(shell, )-11(and )-11(all )-11(pr)18(evious )-11(pr)13(ocesses)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td (in the pipeline ar)Tj 0.25 Tc 7.502 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.173 0 Td [(hildr)18(en of the last pr)18(ocess. )-250(Figur)]TJ 0.25 Tc 14.448 0 Td (e9)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (.10 shows what is happening.)Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 1914 2704.1 360 287.996 re S Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 204.5754 288.0154 Tm (sh)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.483 -1.21 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (949)Tj 1.5 0.04 Td (\))Tj ET q 0.99988 0 0 0.99988 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 277.8 284.81 cm 0 0 m -7.2 -1.8 l -7.2 1.8 l f Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2778 2848.1001 cm 0 0 m -72 -18 l -72 18 l h S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2274.25 2848.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2340.25 2848.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2406.25 2848.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2472.25 2848.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2538.25 2848.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2604.25 2848.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2670.25 2848.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 242.9563 287.9982 Tm (fork)Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2778 2704.1 360 287.996 re S Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 290.9302 287.9809 Tm (sh)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.733 -1.21 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (1988)Tj 2 0.04 Td (\))Tj ET q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 3498 3064.1 360 288 re S Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9976 0 0 7.9976 362.8911 323.9528 Tm (sh)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.733 -1.21 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (1989)Tj 2 0.04 Td (\))Tj ET q 0.9997 0 0 0.9997 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 421.8 320.81 cm 0 0 m -7.2 -1.8 l -7.2 1.8 l f Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4218 3208.1001 cm 0 0 m -72 -18 l -72 18 l h S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3858.25 3208.25 cm 0 0 m 288 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9971 0 0 7.9971 394.0581 323.9334 Tm (exec)Tj ET q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 4218 3064.1 360 288 re S Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9966 0 0 7.9966 434.8173 323.9139 Tm (ps)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.733 -1.21 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (1989)Tj 2 0.04 Td (\))Tj ET q 0.9995801 0 0 0.9995801 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 349.8 320.81 cm 0 0 m -4.248 -6.048 l -6.624 -3.312 l f Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3498 3208.1001 cm 0 0 m -42.48 -60.48 l -66.24 -33.12 l h S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3138.25 2896.25 cm 0 0 m 27 24 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3193.25 2944.25 cm 0 0 m 28 24 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3249.25 2993.25 cm 0 0 m 28 23 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3305.25 3041.25 cm 0 0 m 27 24 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3360.25 3089.25 cm 0 0 m 28 24 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3416.25 3137.25 cm 0 0 m 28 24 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 6.0426 5.2369 -5.2369 6.0426 322.2683 301.2024 Tm (fork)Tj ET q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 3498 2344.1 360 287.996 re S Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9957 0 0 7.9957 362.804 251.9139 Tm (sh)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.733 -1.21 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (1990)Tj 2 0.04 Td (\))Tj ET q 0.9994601 0 0 0.9994601 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 421.8 248.81 cm 0 0 m -7.2 -1.8 l -7.2 1.8 l f Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4218 2488.1001 cm 0 0 m -72 -18 l -72 18 l h S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3858.25 2488.25 cm 0 0 m 288 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9952 0 0 7.9952 393.9635 251.8988 Tm (exec)Tj ET q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 4218 2344.1 360 287.996 re S Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9947 0 0 7.9947 429.9162 251.8837 Tm (cat1)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.133 -1.21 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (1990)Tj 2 0.04 Td (\))Tj ET q 0.9993402 0 0 0.9993402 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 349.8 248.81 cm 0 0 m -6.624 3.384 l -4.248 6.12 l f Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3498 2488.1001 cm 0 0 m -66.24 33.84 l -42.48 61.2 l h S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3138.25 2800.25 cm 0 0 m 27 -24 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3193.25 2751.25 cm 0 0 m 28 -23 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3249.25 2703.25 cm 0 0 m 28 -24 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3305.25 2655.25 cm 0 0 m 27 -24 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3360.25 2607.25 cm 0 0 m 28 -24 l S Q Q q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3416.25 2558.25 cm 0 0 m 28 -23 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 6.0411 -5.2356 5.2356 6.0411 326.4319 272.9734 Tm (fork)Tj ET q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4398.25 3057.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4398.25 3021.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4398.25 2986.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4398.25 2951.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4398.25 2916.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4398.25 2880.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4398.25 2844.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4398.25 2809.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4398.25 2774.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4398.25 2738.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4398.25 2703.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099928 0 0 0.099928 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4398.25 2668.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.9992203 0 0 0.9992203 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 439.8 263.21 cm 0 0 m -1.8 7.2 l 1.8 7.2 l f Q Q q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4398 2632.1001 cm 0 0 m -18 72 l 18 72 l h S Q Q q 0.099922 0 0 0.099922 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4398.25 2704.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9933 0 0 7.9933 441.429 284.2511 Tm (pipeline)Tj ET q 0.9991603 0 0 0.9991603 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 295.8 198.41 cm 0 0 m -1.8 7.2 l 1.8 7.2 l f Q Q q 0.099916 0 0 0.099916 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2958 1984.1 cm 0 0 m -18 72 l 18 72 l h S Q Q q 0.099916 0 0 0.099916 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2958.25 2704.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -648 l S Q Q q 0.099916 0 0 0.099916 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2778 1696.1 360 287.996 re S Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9928 0 0 7.9928 285.9425 187.0815 Tm (cat2)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.133 -1.21 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (1988)Tj 2 0.04 Td (\))Tj /TT0 1 Tf -0.75 6.885 Td (exec)Tj ET q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3174.25 1854.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3207.25 1867.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3240.25 1880.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3273.25 1893.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3306.25 1906.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3339.25 1920.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3372.25 1933.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3406.25 1946.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3439.25 1959.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3472.25 1972.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3504.25 1985.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3537.25 1998.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3570.25 2010.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3604.25 2023.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3637.25 2037.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3670.25 2050.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3703.25 2063.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3736.25 2076.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3769.25 2089.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3802.25 2102.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3835.25 2115.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3869.25 2128.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3902.25 2141.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3935.25 2154.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3968.25 2167.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4001.25 2180.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4034.25 2193.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4067.25 2206.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4100.25 2219.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4133.25 2232.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4166.25 2245.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4199.25 2258.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4232.25 2271.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4265.25 2285.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4298.25 2298.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4332.25 2311.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4365.25 2324.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.09991 0 0 0.09991 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4398.25 2337.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.4357 2.9305 -2.9305 7.4357 367.2732 197.789 Tm (pipeline)Tj ET q 0.9990404 0 0 0.9990404 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 313.8 184.01 cm 0 0 m 6.048 4.32 l 7.416 1.008 l f Q Q q 0.099904 0 0 0.099904 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3138 1840.1 cm 0 0 m 60.48 43.2 l 74.16 10.08 l h S Q Q q 0.099904 0 0 0.099904 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3210.25 1869.25 cm 0 0 m -5 -3 l S Q Q q 0.099904 0 0 0.099904 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2108.25 2682.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099904 0 0 0.099904 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2130.25 2654.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099904 0 0 0.099904 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2152.25 2626.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099904 0 0 0.099904 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2174.25 2598.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099904 0 0 0.099904 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2197.25 2570.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099904 0 0 0.099904 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2218.25 2542.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099904 0 0 0.099904 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2241.25 2514.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099904 0 0 0.099904 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2263.25 2486.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099904 0 0 0.099904 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2285.25 2458.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099904 0 0 0.099904 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2307.25 2430.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099904 0 0 0.099904 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2329.25 2401.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099904 0 0 0.099904 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2351.25 2373.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099904 0 0 0.099904 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2373.25 2345.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099904 0 0 0.099904 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2395.25 2317.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099904 0 0 0.099904 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2417.25 2289.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099904 0 0 0.099904 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2439.25 2261.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099904 0 0 0.099904 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2462.25 2233.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099904 0 0 0.099904 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2483.25 2205.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099904 0 0 0.099904 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2506.25 2177.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099904 0 0 0.099904 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2528.25 2149.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099904 0 0 0.099904 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2550.25 2121.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099904 0 0 0.099904 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2572.25 2093.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099904 0 0 0.099904 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2594.25 2064.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099904 0 0 0.099904 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2616.25 2036.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099904 0 0 0.099904 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2638.25 2008.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099904 0 0 0.099904 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2660.25 1980.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099904 0 0 0.099904 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2682.25 1952.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099904 0 0 0.099904 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2704.25 1924.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099904 0 0 0.099904 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2727.25 1896.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099904 0 0 0.099904 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2748.25 1868.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099904 0 0 0.099904 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2771.25 1840.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 4.3224 -5.497 5.497 4.3224 226.2081 253.3954 Tm [(noti\336cation to par)18(ent)]TJ 1.349 -1.429 Td (on termination)Tj ET q 0.9989805 0 0 0.9989805 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 209.4 270.41 cm 0 0 m 5.472 -4.968 l 2.448 -6.984 l f Q Q q 0.099898 0 0 0.099898 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2094 2704.1001 cm 0 0 m 54.72 -49.68 l 24.48 -69.84 l h S Q Q q 0.099898 0 0 0.099898 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2137.25 2639.25 cm 0 0 m -4 5 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9914 0 0 7.9914 167.541 144.2541 Tm (Figure 9.10)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.695 0 Td [(Pr)18(ocesses in the pipeline)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.159 0 Td [(ps )267(| )267(cat1 )267(| )267(cat2)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 8.866 0 Td (when invoked by Bourne shell)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47691 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (514)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Advanced )-250(I/O)]TJ 38.741 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(14)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf -0.092 Tc 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5911 668.9599 Tm [(We )-207(u)]TJ 0 Tc 2.263 0 Td [(se )-23(asynchr)18(onous )-23(I/O )-23(when )-23(we )-23(have )-23(other )-23(pr)17(ocessing )-23(to )-23(do )-23(and )-23(we )-23(don\325t )-23(want)]TJ -4.063 -1.2 Td [(to )-87(block )-87(while )-87(performing )-87(the )-87(I/O )-87(operation.)-590(However)]TJ 0.3374 Tc 25.1 0 Td (,w)Tj 0 Tc 1.421 0 Td [(hen )-87(we )-87(have )-87(completed )-87(the)]TJ -26.521 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(ocessing )-14(and )-14(\336nd )-14(that )-14(we )-14(still )-14(have )-14(asynchr)16(onous )-14(operations )-14(outstanding, )-14(we )-14(can )-14(call)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td (the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.637 0 Td (aio_suspend)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.85 0 Td (function to block until an operation completes.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 147.5915 613.8632 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -2.021 TD (int aio_suspend\(const struct aiocb *const)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 25.2 0 Td (list)Tj /TT0 1 Tf ([], int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 6.078 0 Td (nent)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -21.678 -1.189 Td (const struct timespec *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (timeout)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 17.251 -2.021 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 5623.25 cm 0 0 m 0 606 l 3900 606 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 546.3544 Tm [(One )-216(of )-216(thr)18(ee )-216(things )-216(can )-216(cause)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 14.505 0 Td (aio_suspend)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.067 0 Td [(to )-217(r)18(eturn. )-467(If)-466(we )-217(ar)]TJ 0.4666 Tc 8.86 0 Td (ei)Tj 0 Tc 1.237 0 Td [(nterr)8(upted )-217(by )-217(a)]TJ -31.669 -1.2 Td [(signal, )-24(it )-24(r)17(eturns)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 7.52 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.2743 Tc (1w)Tj 0 Tc 2.157 0 Td (ith)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.473 0 Td (errno)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.274 0 Td [(set )-24(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td (EINTR)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5243 Tc (.I)Tj 0.2743 Tc 4.111 0 Td (ft)Tj 0 Tc 0.933 0 Td [(he )-24(time )-24(limit )-24(speci\336ed )-24(by )-24(the )-24(optional)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf -22.119 -1.2 Td (timeout)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.848 0 Td [(ar)18(gument )-487(expir)18(es )-487(without )-487(any )-487(of )-487(the )-487(I/O )-487(operations )-487(completing, )-487(then)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -3.848 -1.2 Td (aio_suspend)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 6.878 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (turns)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 2.608 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.2775 Tc (1w)Tj 0 Tc 2.16 0 Td (ith)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.476 0 Td (errno)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.278 0 Td [(set )-27(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 2.656 0 Td (EAGAIN)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.878 0 Td [(\(we )-27(can )-27(pass )-27(a )-27(null )-27(pointer )-27(for )-27(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf -23.789 -1.2 Td (timeout)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.376 0 Td [(ar)18(gument )-15(if )-15(we )-15(want )-15(to )-15(block )-15(without )-15(a )-15(time )-15(limit\).)-519(If )-15(any )-15(of )-15(the )-15(I/O )-15(operations)]TJ -3.376 -1.2 Td (complete,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 4.716 0 Td (aio_suspend)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 7.017 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(turns )-167(0.)-667(If )-167(all )-167(asynchr)18(onous )-167(I/O )-167(operations )-167(ar)]TJ 0.4173 Tc 21.465 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.34 0 Td (omplete)Tj -35.395 -1.2 Td (when we call)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 6.066 0 Td (aio_suspend)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (,t)Tj 0 Tc 7.426 0 Td (hen)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.893 0 Td (aio_suspend)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.85 0 Td [(will r)18(eturn without blocking.)]TJ -20.435 -1.2 Td (The)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 2.18 0 Td (list)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.784 0 Td [(ar)18(gument )-256(is )-256(a )-256(pointer )-256(to )-256(an )-256(array )-256(of )-256(AIO )-256(contr)18(ol )-256(blocks )-256(and )-256(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 31.402 0 Td (nent)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -37.166 -1.2 Td [(ar)18(gument )-135(indicates )-135(the )-135(number )-135(of )-135(entries )-135(in )-135(the )-135(array)]TJ 0.6351 Tc 24.568 0 Td (.N)Tj 0 Tc 1.716 0 Td [(ull )-135(pointers )-135(in )-135(the )-135(array )-135(ar)18(e)]TJ -26.284 -1.2 Td [(skipped; )-198(the )-198(other )-198(entries )-198(must )-198(point )-198(to )-198(AIO )-198(contr)18(ol )-198(blocks )-198(that )-198(have )-198(been )-198(used )-198(to)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(initiate asynchr)18(onous I/O operations.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(When )-141(we )-141(have )-141(pending )-141(asynchr)18(onous )-141(I/O )-141(operations )-141(that )-141(we )-141(no )-141(longer )-141(want )-141(to)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td (complete, we can attempt to cancel them with the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 22.131 0 Td (aio_cancel)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.25 0 Td (function.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9989 0 0 8.9989 147.5822 383.274 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -2.021 TD (int aio_cancel\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 11.4 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 2.578 0 Td (truct aiocb *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (aiocb)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 14.81 -2.021 Td (Returns: \(see following\))Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.6 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 3424.25 cm 0 0 m 0 499 l 3900 499 l 3900 0 l 0 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9982 0 0 9.9982 129.5767 326.4812 Tm (The)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 2.088 0 Td (fd)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.192 0 Td [(ar)18(gument )-164(speci\336es )-164(the )-164(\336le )-164(descriptor )-164(with )-164(the )-164(outstanding )-164(asynchr)18(onous )-164(I/O)]TJ -3.281 -1.2 Td [(operations. )-541(If)-542(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 8.872 0 Td (aiocb)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.578 0 Td [(ar)18(gument )-291(is)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.104 0 Td (NULL)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5415 Tc (,t)Tj 0 Tc 3.518 0 Td [(hen )-291(the )-291(system )-291(attempts )-291(to )-291(cancel )-291(all)]TJ -21.07 -1.2 Td [(outstanding )-99(asynchr)18(onous )-99(I/O )-99(operations )-99(on )-99(the )-99(\336le.)-599(Otherwise, )-99(the )-99(system )-99(attempts)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(to )-148(cancel )-148(the )-148(single )-148(asynchr)16(onous )-148(I/O )-148(operation )-148(described )-148(by )-148(the )-148(AIO )-148(contr)18(ol )-148(block.)]TJ -0.092 Tc T* [(We )-512(s)]TJ 0 Tc 2.389 0 Td [(ay )-328(that )-328(the )-328(system )-328(\324)38(\324attempts\325)37(\325)-578(to)-578(c)1(ancel )-328(the )-328(operations, )-328(because )-328(ther)19(e)-578(is)-578(n)1(o)]TJ -2.389 -1.2 Td [(guarantee that the system will be able to cancel any operations that ar)18(e)-250(in)-250(p)]TJ -0.018 Tc (ro)Tj 0 Tc 34.122 0 Td [(gr)18(ess.)]TJ -32.322 -1.2 Td (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.924 0 Td (aio_cancel)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.25 0 Td [(function can r)18(eturn one of four values:)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -8.174 -1.92 Td (AIO_ALLDONE)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.883 0 Td [(All )-98(of )-98(the )-98(operations )-98(completed )-98(befor)]TJ 0.3482 Tc 17.005 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.153 0 Td [(he )-98(attempt )-98(to )-98(cancel)]TJ -18.158 -1.2 Td (them.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -9.883 -1.72 Td (AIO_CANCELED)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.883 0 Td [(All of the r)18(equested operations have been canceled.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -9.883 -1.72 Td (AIO_NOTCANCELED)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.883 0 Td [(At )-451(least )-451(one )-451(of )-451(the )-451(r)18(equested )-451(operations )-451(could )-451(not )-451(be)]TJ T* (canceled.)Tj /TT1 1 Tf -9.883 -1.72 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 8.834 Tc (1T)Tj 0 Tc 10.496 0 Td [(he )-29(call )-29(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.297 0 Td (aio_cancel)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.279 0 Td [(failed. )-279(The)-279(err)18(or )-29(code )-29(will )-29(be )-29(stor)17(ed)]TJ -11.189 -1.2 Td (in)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.123 0 Td (errno)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (.)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47692 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (22)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3 0 Td [(UNIX )-250(System )-250(Overview)]TJ 39.741 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(1)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2814 6062 864 360 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 304.6897 627.4024 Tm (application)Tj 1.446 -1.25 Td (code)Tj ET q 0.99994 0 0 0.99994 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 324.6 606.2 cm 0 0 m 1.8 -7.2 l -1.8 -7.2 l f Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3246 6062 cm 0 0 m 18 -72 l -18 -72 l h S Q Q q 0.99988 0 0 0.99988 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 324.6 570.2 cm 0 0 m -1.8 7.2 l 1.8 7.2 l f Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3246 5702 cm 0 0 m -18 72 l 18 72 l h S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3246.25 5990.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -216 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2814 5342 864 360 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 291.3116 555.34 Tm (memory allocation)Tj 0.376 -1.25 Td (function)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.957 0 Td (malloc)Tj ET q 0.99982 0 0 0.99982 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 324.6 534.2 cm 0 0 m 1.8 -7.2 l -1.8 -7.2 l f Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3246 5342 cm 0 0 m 18 -72 l -18 -72 l h S Q Q q 0.99976 0 0 0.99976 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 324.6 498.2 cm 0 0 m -1.8 7.2 l 1.8 7.2 l f Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3246 4982 cm 0 0 m -18 72 l 18 72 l h S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3246.25 5270.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -216 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2958 4694 576 288 re S Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9976 0 0 7.9976 314.9055 486.8939 Tm (sbrk)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -1.234 -1.25 Td (system call)Tj ET q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2526 4262 1440 720 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9971 0 0 7.9971 400.4558 460.2743 Tm (kernel)Tj ET q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2670.25 5198.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2670.25 5272.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2670.25 5346.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2670.25 5420.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2670.25 5494.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2670.25 5568.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2670.25 5642.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2670.25 5715.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2670.25 5790.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2670.25 5864.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2670.25 5938.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2670.25 6012.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2670.25 6086.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2670.25 6160.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2670.25 6234.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2670.25 6308.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2670.25 6381.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2670.25 6456.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2670.25 6530.25 cm 0 0 m 0 36 l 36 36 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2740.25 6566.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2809.25 6566.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2879.25 6566.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2948.25 6566.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3018.25 6566.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3088.25 6566.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3158.25 6566.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3228.25 6566.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3298.25 6566.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3367.25 6566.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3437.25 6566.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3507.25 6566.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3576.25 6566.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3646.25 6566.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3716.25 6566.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3786.25 6566.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l 36 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3822.25 6492.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3822.25 6417.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3822.25 6344.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3822.25 6270.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3822.25 6196.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3822.25 6122.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3822.25 6048.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3822.25 5974.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3822.25 5900.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3822.25 5826.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3822.25 5751.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3822.25 5678.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3822.25 5604.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3822.25 5530.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3822.25 5456.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3822.25 5382.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3822.25 5308.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3822.25 5234.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -36 l -36 -36 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3752.25 5198.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3682.25 5198.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3612.25 5198.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3543.25 5198.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3473.25 5198.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3403.25 5198.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3334.25 5198.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3264.25 5198.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3194.25 5198.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3124.25 5198.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 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4.017 0 Td [(err)18(or)]TJ 0.5 Tc 2.118 0 Td (,1)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (21, 558, 584)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -7.385 -1.25 Td (EFBIG)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.417 0 Td [(err)18(or)]TJ 0.5 Tc 2.118 0 Td (,9)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (25)Tj -6.785 -1.25 Td [(ef)18(fective)]TJ 1.35 -1.25 Td [(gr)18(oup ID,)-500(98)]TJ 5.877 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (99, 101)Tj 3.083 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td [(102, 108, 1)55(10, 140, 183,)]TJ -8.777 -1.25 Td (228, 233, 256, 258, 558, 587)Tj -1.35 -1.25 Td [(user ID,)-500(98)]TJ 5.095 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (99, 101)Tj 3.083 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td [(102, 106, 1)55(10, 126, 140, 228,)]TJ -7.995 -1.25 Td (233, 253, 256)Tj 5.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (260, 276, 286, 288, 337, 381, 558,)Tj -6.166 -1.25 Td (562, 568, 573, 586)Tj 7.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (587, 637, 640, 809, 918)Tj -10.866 -1.25 Td [(ef)18(\336ciency)]TJ 1.35 -1.25 Td [(I/O, )-250(72)]TJ 3.562 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (74)Tj -4.146 -1.25 Td (standar)Tj 0.25 Tc 3.32 0 Td (dI)Tj 0 Tc 1.198 0 Td [(/O, )-250(153)]TJ 3.725 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (156)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -10.177 -1.25 Td (EIDRM)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.417 0 Td [(err)18(or)]TJ 0.5 Tc 2.118 0 Td (,5)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (62)Tj 1.083 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (564, 568)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (570, 579)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -12.618 -1.25 Td (EINPROGRESS)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.017 0 Td [(err)18(or)]TJ 0.5 Tc 2.118 0 Td (,5)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (19)Tj 1.083 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (520, 608)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -12.051 -1.25 Td (EINTR)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.417 0 Td [(err)18(or)]TJ 0.5 Tc 2.118 0 Td (,1)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (6, 265)Tj 2.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (266, 301, 327)Tj 5.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (329, 339, 359,)Tj -13.418 -1.25 Td (370, 502, 508, 514, 545)Tj 9.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (546, 563)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (564,)Tj -14.333 -1.25 Td (569)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (570, 620)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -4.866 -1.25 Td (EINVAL)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(err)18(or)]TJ 0.5 Tc 2.118 0 Td (,4)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (2, 47)Tj 2.083 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (48, 345, 389, 543, 545)Tj 9.083 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (546,)Tj -17.018 -1.25 Td (705)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (707, 774, 914)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -4.866 -1.25 Td (EIO)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.217 0 Td [(err)18(or)]TJ 0.5 Tc 2.118 0 Td (,3)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (09, 321, 823)Tj 5.083 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (824, 826)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (827)Tj -15.418 -1.25 Td [(Ellis, M.,)-500(xxxii)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf T* (ELOOP)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.417 0 Td [(err)18(or)]TJ 0.5 Tc 2.118 0 Td (,1)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (21)Tj 1.083 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (122)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -8.451 -1.25 Td (EMFILE)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(err)18(or)]TJ 0.5 Tc 2.118 0 Td (,5)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (44, 546)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -7.385 -1.25 Td (EMSGSIZE)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(err)18(or)]TJ 0.5 Tc 2.118 0 Td (,6)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (10)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -8.585 -1.25 Td (ENAMETOOLONG)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.617 0 Td [(err)18(or)]TJ 0.5 Tc 2.118 0 Td (,6)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (5, 637, 640)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -10.985 -1.25 Td (encrypt)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(function, )-250(442)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.617 -1.25 Td (endgrent)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(function, )-250(183)]TJ 6.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (184, 442, 452)Tj -10.49 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(183)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (endhostent)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.417 0 Td [(function, )-250(452,)-250(597)]TJ -5.067 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(597)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (endnetent)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.817 0 Td [(function, )-250(452,)-250(598)]TJ -4.467 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(598)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (endprotoent)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.017 0 Td [(function, )-250(452,)-250(598)]TJ -5.667 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(598)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (endpwent)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(function, )-250(180)]TJ 6.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (181, 442, 452)Tj -10.49 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(180)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (endservent)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.417 0 Td [(function, )-250(452,)-250(599)]TJ -5.067 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(599)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (endspent)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(function, )-250(182)]TJ -3.867 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(182)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (endutxent)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.817 0 Td [(function, )-250(442,)-250(452)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -5.817 -1.25 Td (ENFILE)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(err)18(or)]TJ 0.5 Tc 2.118 0 Td (,1)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (6)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -7.385 -1.25 Td (ENOBUFS)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(err)18(or)]TJ 0.5 Tc 2.118 0 Td (,1)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (6)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -7.985 -1.25 Td (ENOENT)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(err)18(or)]TJ 0.5 Tc 2.118 0 Td (,1)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (5, 170, 445, 745, 774)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -7.385 -1.25 Td (ENOLCK)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(err)18(or)]TJ 0.5 Tc 2.118 0 Td (,1)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (6)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -7.385 -1.25 Td (ENOMEM)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(err)18(or)]TJ 0.5 Tc 2.118 0 Td (,1)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (6, 914)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -7.385 -1.25 Td (ENOMSG)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(err)18(or)]TJ 0.5 Tc 2.118 0 Td (,5)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (64)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -7.385 -1.25 Td (ENOSPC)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(err)18(or)]TJ 0.5 Tc 2.118 0 Td (,1)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (6, 445)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47694 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (774)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5 Tc 3.5 0 Td (AD)Tj 0 Tc 2.052 0 Td [(atabase )-250(Library)]TJ 36.689 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(20)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 6690.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 129.5922 659.4594 Tm [(564 )-1200(/*)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(565 )-1800(*)-600(Store a record in the database.)-1200(Return 0 if OK, 1 if record)]TJ T* [(566 )-1800(*)-600(exists and DB_INSERT specified, -1 on error.)]TJ T* [(567 )-1800(*/)]TJ T* [(568 )-1200(int)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(569 )-1200(db_store\(DBHANDLE)-600(h, const char *key, const char *data, int flag\))]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(570 )-1200({)]TJ T* [(571 )-2400(DB)-3600(*db = h;)]TJ T* [(572 )-2400(int )-2400(rc,)-600(keylen, datlen;)]TJ T* [(573 )-2400(off_t)-1800(ptrval;)]TJ 0 -1.783 TD [(574 )-2400(if)-600(\(flag != DB_INSERT && flag != DB_REPLACE &&)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(575 )-3600(flag)-600(!= DB_STORE\) {)]TJ T* [(576 )-4800(errno)]TJ 0.6 Tc 10.8 0 Td (=E)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (INVAL;)Tj -12.6 -1.189 Td [(577 )-4800(return\(-1\);)]TJ T* [(578 )-2400(})]TJ T* [(579 )-2400(keylen)]TJ 0.6 Tc 9 0 Td (=s)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (trlen\(key\);)Tj -10.8 -1.189 Td [(580 )-2400(datlen)]TJ 0.6 Tc 9 0 Td (=s)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td [(trlen\(data\) + 1;)-3600(/* +1 for newline at end */)]TJ -10.8 -1.189 Td [(581 )-2400(if)-600(\(datlen < DATLEN_MIN || datlen > DATLEN_MAX\))]TJ T* [(582 )-4800(err_dump\("db_store:)-600(invalid data length"\);)]TJ 0 -1.783 TD [(583 )-2400(/*)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(584 )-3000(*)-600(_db_find_and_lock calculates which hash table this new record)]TJ T* [(585 )-3000(*)-600(goes into \(db->chainoff\), regardless of whether it already)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(586 )-3000(*)-600(exists or not. The following calls to _db_writeptr change the)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(587 )-3000(*)-600(hash table entry for this chain to point to the new record.)]TJ T* [(588 )-3000(*)-600(The new record is added to the front of the hash chain.)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(589 )-3000(*/)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(590 )-2400(if)-600(\(_db_find_and_lock\(db, key, 1\) < 0\) { /* record not found */)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(591 )-4800(if)-600(\(flag == DB_REPLACE\) {)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD (592 )Tj 9.6 0 Td (rc)Tj 0.6 Tc 1.8 0 Td (=-)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (1;)Tj -13.2 -1.189 Td (593 )Tj 9.6 0 Td (db->cnt_storerr++;)Tj -9.6 -1.189 Td (594 )Tj 9.6 0 Td (errno)Tj 0.6 Tc 3.6 0 Td (=E)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td [(NOENT; )-2400(/*)-600(error, record does not exist */)]TJ -15 -1.189 Td (595 )Tj 9.6 0 Td [(goto)-600(doreturn;)]TJ -9.6 -1.189 Td [(596 )-4800(})]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 3016.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 277.5647 Tm [([564 )167(\320 )167(582])]TJ -0.092 Tc 5 0 Td [(We )-218(u)]TJ 0 Tc 2.274 0 Td (se)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.187 0 Td (db_store)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.084 0 Td [(to )-34(add )-34(a )-34(r)18(ecor)18(d)-284(to)-284(the )-34(database.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 14.568 0 Td [(We )-218(\336)]TJ 0 Tc 2.276 0 Td [(rst )-34(validate )-34(the )-34(\337ag)]TJ -25.389 -1.2 Td [(value )-3(we )-3(ar)]TJ 0.253 Tc 5.134 0 Td (ep)Tj 0 Tc 1.333 0 Td [(assed. )-253(Then)-253(we )-3(make )-3(sur)]TJ 0.253 Tc 11.341 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.058 0 Td [(hat )-3(the )-3(length )-3(of )-3(the )-3(data )-3(r)18(ecor)]TJ 0.253 Tc 13.555 0 Td (di)Tj 0 Tc 1.155 0 Td (s)Tj -33.576 -1.2 Td [(valid. )-282(If)-282(it )-32(isn\325t, )-32(we )-32(dr)18(op )-32(cor)]TJ 0.282 Tc 12.703 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.261 0 Td [(nd )-32(exit.)-532(This )-32(is )-32(OK )-32(for )-32(an )-32(example, )-32(but )-32(if )-32(we)]TJ -13.964 -1.2 Td (wer)Tj 0.5784 Tc 1.69 0 Td (eb)Tj 0 Tc 1.61 0 Td [(uilding )-328(a )-328(pr)17(oduction-quality )-328(library)]TJ 0.5783 Tc 16.717 0 Td (,w)Tj 0 Tc 1.662 0 Td [(e\325d )-328(r)18(eturn )-328(an )-328(err)18(or )-328(status)]TJ -21.68 -1.2 Td [(instead, which would give the application a chance to r)18(ecover)74(.)]TJ -5 -1.6 Td [([583 )167(\320 )167(596])]TJ -0.092 Tc 5 0 Td [(We )-242(c)]TJ 0 Tc 2.139 0 Td (all)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.39 0 Td (_db_find_and_lock)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 10.508 0 Td [(to )-58(see )-58(if )-58(the )-58(r)19(ecor)]TJ 0.3077 Tc 7.719 0 Td (da)Tj 0 Tc 1.419 0 Td [(lr)18(eady )-58(exists.)-558(It )-58(is )-58(OK )-58(if)]TJ -23.173 -1.2 Td [(the )-47(r)18(ecor)]TJ 0.2974 Tc 3.907 0 Td (dd)Tj 0 Tc 1.519 0 Td [(oesn\325t )-47(exist )-47(and )-47(either)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.106 0 Td (DB_INSERT)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.697 0 Td (or)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.238 0 Td (DB_STORE)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.097 0 Td [(is )-47(speci\336ed, )-47(or)]TJ -27.565 -1.2 Td [(if )-418(the )-418(r)18(ecor)]TJ 0.668 Tc 5.57 0 Td (da)Tj 0 Tc 1.779 0 Td [(lr)18(eady )-418(exists )-418(and )-418(either)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 12.191 0 Td (DB_REPLACE)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.668 0 Td (or)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.609 0 Td (DB_STORE)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.468 0 Td (is)Tj -33.285 -1.2 Td [(speci\336ed. )-421(Replacing)-420(an )-171(existing )-171(r)19(ecor)]TJ 0.4206 Tc 17.298 0 Td (di)Tj 0 Tc 1.323 0 Td [(mplies )-171(that )-171(the )-171(keys )-171(ar)]TJ 0.4206 Tc 10.664 0 Td (ei)Tj 0 Tc 1.191 0 Td (dentical)Tj -30.476 -1.2 Td [(but )-160(that )-160(the )-160(data )-160(r)20(ecor)18(ds )-160(pr)18(obably )-160(dif)19(fer)]TJ 0.6597 Tc 18.583 0 Td (.N)Tj 0 Tc 1.741 0 Td [(ote )-160(that )-160(the )-160(\336nal )-160(ar)18(gument )-160(to)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -20.323 -1.2 Td (_db_find_and_lock)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 10.475 0 Td [(speci\336es )-25(that )-25(the )-25(hash )-25(chain )-25(must )-25(be )-25(write )-25(locked, )-25(as)]TJ -10.475 -1.2 Td [(we will pr)18(obably be modifying this hash chain.)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47695 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(14.5)]TJ 35.16 0 Td [(Asynchr)18(onous )-250(I/O)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 10.673 0 Td (519)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 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3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 129.5922 670.9597 Tm (DATEMSK)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(envir)18(onment variable,)-500(21)55(1)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.617 -1.25 Td (db)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.617 0 Td (library)Tj 0.5 Tc 2.87 0 Td (,7)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (44, 952)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -5.737 -1.25 Td (DB)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.617 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e, )-250(756)]TJ 6.302 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (758, 760)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (762, 765)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (768, 773, 776,)Tj -14.135 -1.25 Td (782)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -2.7 -1.25 Td (_db_alloc)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.817 0 Td [(function, )-250(757,)-250(760)]TJ 8.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (761)Tj -13.09 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(760)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (db_close)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(function, )-250(745,)-250(749, 754, 761)]TJ -3.867 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(745, 761)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (db_delete)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.817 0 Td [(function, )-250(746,)-250(752, 754, 768)]TJ 12.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (769, 771,)Tj -15.74 -1.25 Td (945)Tj -1.35 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(746, 768)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (_db_dodelete)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.617 0 Td [(function, )-250(757,)-250(768)]TJ 8.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (769, 772, 776,)Tj -13.54 -1.25 Td (780)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (781, 787, 944)Tj 5.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (945)Tj -9.683 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(769)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (db_fetch)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(function, )-250(745,)-250(748)]TJ 8.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (749, 752, 754, 762,)Tj -11.14 -1.25 Td (767)Tj -1.35 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(745, 762)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (_db_find_and_lock)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 10.617 0 Td [(function, )-250(757,)-250(762)]TJ 8.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (763,)Tj -16.54 -1.25 Td (767)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (768, 774)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (775, 777, 786)Tj -7.683 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(763)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (_db_findfree)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.617 0 Td [(function, )-250(757,)-250(775, 777)]TJ 10.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (778, 781)Tj -16.89 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(777)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (_db_free)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(function, )-250(757)]TJ 6.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (758, 761)Tj -10.49 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(761)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (DBHANDLE)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(data type,)-500(749, 754, 757, 761)]TJ 12.482 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (762, 768,)Tj -15.582 -1.25 Td (774, 779)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -2.7 -1.25 Td (_db_hash)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(function, )-250(757,)-250(764, 787)]TJ -3.867 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(764)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (DB_INSERT)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.817 0 Td [(constant, )-250(745,)-250(749, 754, 774, 776)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -5.817 -1.25 Td (dbm)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.217 0 Td (library)Tj 0.5 Tc 2.87 0 Td (,7)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (43)Tj 1.083 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (744, 952)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -8.003 -1.25 Td (dbm_clearerr)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.617 0 Td [(function, )-250(442)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -7.617 -1.25 Td (dbm_close)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.817 0 Td [(function, )-250(442,)-250(452)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -5.817 -1.25 Td (dbm_delete)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.417 0 Td [(function, )-250(442,)-250(452)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -6.417 -1.25 Td (dbm_error)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.817 0 Td [(function, )-250(442)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -5.817 -1.25 Td (dbm_fetch)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.817 0 Td [(function, )-250(442,)-250(452)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -5.817 -1.25 Td (dbm_firstkey)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.617 0 Td [(function, )-250(442)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -7.617 -1.25 Td (dbm_nextkey)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.017 0 Td [(function, )-250(442,)-250(452)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -7.017 -1.25 Td (dbm_open)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(function, )-250(442,)-250(452)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -5.217 -1.25 Td (dbm_store)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.817 0 Td [(function, )-250(442,)-250(452)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -5.817 -1.25 Td (db_nextrec)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.417 0 Td [(function, )-250(746,)-250(750, 752, 754, 769, 779,)]TJ -3.717 -1.25 Td (781, 787, 944)Tj 5.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (945)Tj -7.516 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(746, 779)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (db_open)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(function, )-250(745)]TJ 6.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (746, 749, 752, 754)Tj 7.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (757,)Tj -16.707 -1.25 Td (759)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (761, 781)Tj -3.517 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(745, 757)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (_db_readdat)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.017 0 Td [(function, )-250(757,)-250(762, 768, 780, 945)]TJ -5.667 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(768)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (_db_readidx)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.017 0 Td [(function, )-250(757,)-250(764)]TJ 8.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (765, 778, 780,)Tj -12.94 -1.25 Td (945)Tj -1.35 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(765)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (_db_readptr)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.017 0 Td [(function, )-250(757,)-250(763, 765, 770,)]TJ -4.317 -1.25 Td (775)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (777, 787)Tj -3.517 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(765)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 24.65 65 Td (DB_REPLACE)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(745,)-250(754, 774)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -6.417 -1.25 Td (db_rewind)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.817 0 Td [(function, )-250(746,)-250(754, 760, 779, 781)]TJ -4.467 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(746, 779)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (DB_STORE)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(constant, )-250(745,)-250(754, 774)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -5.217 -1.25 Td (db_store)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(function, )-250(745,)-250(747, 749, 752, 754, 769,)]TJ -2.517 -1.25 Td (771, 774, 781, 787)Tj -1.35 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(745, 774)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (_db_writedat)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.617 0 Td [(function, )-250(757,)-250(769, 771)]TJ 10.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (772,)Tj -15.54 -1.25 Td (775)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (777, 781, 787, 944)Tj 7.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (945)Tj -11.683 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(771)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (_db_writeidx)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.617 0 Td [(function, )-250(522,)-250(757, 759, 770, 772,)]TJ -4.917 -1.25 Td (775)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (776, 781, 787, 945)Tj -3.517 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(772)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (_db_writeptr)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.617 0 Td [(function, )-250(757,)-250(759, 770, 773,)]TJ -4.917 -1.25 Td (775)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (776, 778)Tj -3.517 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(773)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (dcheck)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram, )-250(122)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.017 -1.25 Td (dd)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.617 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram, )-250(275)]TJ -1.617 -1.25 Td [(deadlock, )-250(234,)-250(402, 490, 552, 721)]TJ 1.35 -1.25 Td [(avoidance, )-250(402)]TJ 6.851 0.09 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0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(cor)18(ds back by key value.)]TJ -8.607 -1.48 Td [(3. )-633(Perform)-250(the following loop)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 13.909 0 Td [(nr)18(ec)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 1.973 0 Td (#)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 0.799 0 Td (5)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.75 0 Td (times.)Tj -15.798 -1.48 Td [(a. )-633(Read)]TJ 0.25 Tc 4.141 0 Td (ar)Tj 0 Tc 1.145 0 Td [(andom r)18(ecor)18(d.)]TJ -5.286 -1.48 Td [(b. )-580(Every)-250(37 times thr)18(ough the loop, delete a random r)18(ecor)18(d.)]TJ 0 -1.48 TD [(c. )-689(Every)]TJ -0.055 Tc 4.637 0 Td [(11 )-259(t)]TJ 0 Tc 1.669 0 Td [(imes )-148(thr)18(ough )-148(the )-148(loop, )-148(insert )-148(a )-148(new )-148(r)15(ecor)]TJ 0.3984 Tc 19.175 0 Td (da)Tj 0 Tc 1.509 0 Td [(nd )-148(r)18(ead )-148(the )-148(r)17(ecor)18(d)]TJ -25.358 -1.2 Td (back.)Tj -1.633 -1.48 Td [(d. )-522(Every)-523(17 )-273(times )-273(thr)18(ough )-273(the )-273(loop, )-273(r)18(eplace )-273(a )-273(random )-273(r)14(ecor)]TJ 0.5235 Tc 28.958 0 Td (dw)Tj 0 Tc 1.969 0 Td [(ith )-273(a )-273(new)]TJ -0.018 Tc -29.293 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(cor)18(d. )-275(Every)-275(other )-25(one )-25(of )-25(these )-25(r)18(eplacements )-25(is )-25(a )-25(r)17(ecor)]TJ 0.2751 Tc 23.967 0 Td (dw)Tj 0 Tc 1.72 0 Td [(ith )-25(the )-25(same )-25(size)]TJ -26.543 -1.2 Td [(data; the alternate is a r)18(ecor)]TJ 0.25 Tc 12.14 0 Td (dw)Tj 0 Tc 1.695 0 Td (ith a longer data portion.)Tj -17.101 -1.48 Td [(4. )-633(Delete)-345(all )-95(the )-95(r)19(ecor)18(ds )-95(that )-95(this )-95(child )-95(wr)19(ote. )-345(Every)-345(time )-95(a )-95(r)18(ecor)18(d)-345(is)-345(deleted, )-95(ten)]TJ 1.633 -1.2 Td [(random r)18(ecor)18(ds ar)]TJ 0.25 Tc 8.152 0 Td (el)Tj 0 Tc 1.02 0 Td (ooked up.)Tj -10.805 -2.04 Td [(The )-111(number )-111(of )-111(operations )-111(performed )-111(on )-111(the )-111(database )-111(is )-111(counted )-111(by )-111(the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 33 0 Td (cnt_xxx)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -34.8 -1.2 Td [(variables )-54(in )-54(the)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 7.169 0 Td (DB)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.504 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e, )-54(which )-54(wer)]TJ 0.3038 Tc 9.25 0 Td (ei)Tj 0 Tc 1.074 0 Td [(ncr)18(emented )-54(in )-54(the )-54(functions.)-554(The )-54(number )-54(of)]TJ -18.996 -1.2 Td [(operations )-63(dif)18(fers )-63(fr)18(om )-63(one )-63(child )-63(to )-63(the )-63(next, )-63(since )-63(the )-63(random-number )-63(generator )-63(used)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(to )-57(select )-57(r)18(ecor)18(ds )-57(is )-57(initialized )-57(in )-57(each )-57(child )-57(to )-57(the )-57(child\325s )-57(pr)18(ocess )-57(ID.)]TJ 0.3068 Tc 30.912 0 Td (At)Tj 0 Tc 1.411 0 Td [(ypical )-57(count )-57(of)]TJ -32.323 -1.2 Td (the operations performed in each child is shown in Figur)Tj 0.25 Tc 25.085 0 Td (e2)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (0.6.)Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1382.25 4278.25 cm 0 0 m 3727 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 378.1336 419.7496 Tm (Calls to)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 3.587 0 Td (fcntl)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -3.622 -1.25 Td (\(per operation\))Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3507.25 4058.25 cm 0 0 m 1076 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 352.6435 397.7284 Tm [(Coarse-grained )-250(Fine-grained)]TJ 1.767 -1.25 Td [(locking )-3211(locking)]TJ -17.425 2 Td (Operation)Tj 29.47 1.25 Td (Operation)Tj 1.002 -1.25 Td (count)Tj -1.11 -1.25 Td (\()Tj /T1_2 1 Tf [(nr)18(ec)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 0.1666 Tc 2.223 0 Td (=2)Tj 0 Tc 1.273 0 Td (,000\))Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1382.25 3838.25 cm 0 0 m 3727 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1382.25 3818.25 cm 0 0 m 3727 0 l S Q Q BT /TT1 1 Tf 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 142.1929 373.7103 Tm (db_store)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 5.3 0 Td (DB_INSERT)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(,)-250(no)-250(empty r)18(ecor)18(d, appended)]TJ 6.2275 Tc 24.16 0 Td (28)Tj 0 Tc 12.344 0 Td (2,920)Tj /TT1 1 Tf -41.804 -1.25 Td (db_store)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 5.3 0 Td (DB_INSERT)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (,e)Tj 0 Tc 6.379 0 Td [(mpty r)18(ecor)]TJ 0.25 Tc 4.839 0 Td (dr)Tj 0 Tc 1.238 0 Td (eused )Tj 11.704 0 Td (2)Tj 5.8666 Tc 6.727 0 Td (44)Tj 0 Tc 6.867 0 Td (68)Tj /TT1 1 Tf -43.054 -1.25 Td (db_store)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 5.3 0 Td (DB_REPLACE)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (,d)Tj 0 Tc 7.111 0 Td [(if)18(fer)18(ent data length, appended)]TJ 6.2275 Tc 17.049 0 Td (28)Tj 0 Tc 13.094 0 Td (405)Tj /TT1 1 Tf -42.554 -1.25 Td (db_store)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 5.3 0 Td (DB_REPLACE)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (,e)Tj 0 Tc 6.979 0 Td (qual data length)Tj 6.2275 Tc 17.181 0 Td (22)Tj 0 Tc 13.094 0 Td (416)Tj /TT1 1 Tf -42.554 -1.25 Td (db_store)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (,r)Tj 0 Tc 5.677 0 Td (ecor)Tj 0.25 Tc 1.846 0 Td (dn)Tj 0 Tc 1.443 0 Td (ot found)Tj 6.2275 Tc 20.494 0 Td (22 )Tj 13.594 0 Td (7)Tj 0 Tc 0.5 0 Td (1)Tj ET q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1382.25 3298.25 cm 0 0 m 3727 0 l S Q Q BT /TT1 1 Tf 7.9976 0 0 7.9976 142.1843 321.7035 Tm (db_fetch)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (,r)Tj 0 Tc 5.677 0 Td (ecor)Tj 0.25 Tc 1.846 0 Td (df)Tj 0 Tc 1.194 0 Td (ound )Tj 20.743 0 Td (2)Tj 4.6166 Tc 6.727 0 Td (23)Tj 0 Tc 5.617 0 Td (2,873)Tj /TT1 1 Tf -41.804 -1.25 Td (db_fetch)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (,r)Tj 0 Tc 5.677 0 Td (ecor)Tj 0.25 Tc 1.846 0 Td (dn)Tj 0 Tc 1.443 0 Td (ot found)Tj 6.2275 Tc 20.494 0 Td (22)Tj 0 Tc 12.344 0 Td (2,966)Tj ET q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1382.25 3078.25 cm 0 0 m 3727 0 l S Q Q BT /TT1 1 Tf 7.9971 0 0 7.9971 142.1758 299.6921 Tm (db_delete)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (,r)Tj 0 Tc 6.277 0 Td (ecor)Tj 0.25 Tc 1.846 0 Td (df)Tj 0 Tc 1.194 0 Td (ound )Tj 20.143 0 Td (2)Tj 5.1166 Tc 6.727 0 Td (43)Tj 0 Tc 6.117 0 Td (,388)Tj /TT1 1 Tf -42.304 -1.25 Td (db_delete)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (,r)Tj 0 Tc 6.277 0 Td (ecor)Tj 0.25 Tc 1.846 0 Td (dn)Tj 0 Tc 1.443 0 Td (ot found)Tj 6.2275 Tc 19.894 0 Td (22)Tj 0 Tc 13.094 0 Td (422)Tj ET q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1382.25 2858.25 cm 0 0 m 3727 0 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4583.25 2858.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1420 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4091.25 2858.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1200 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3507.25 2858.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1420 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5109.25 2858.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1420 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1382.25 2858.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1420 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9966 0 0 7.9966 209.408 267.6875 Tm (Figure 20.6)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.09 Tc 5.695 0 Td (Ty)Tj 0 Tc 1.079 0 Td (pical count of operations performed by each child)Tj -0.092 Tc 9.9958 0 0 9.9958 129.5458 241.2986 Tm [(We )-243(p)]TJ 0 Tc 2.296 0 Td [(erformed )-58(about )-58(ten )-58(times )-58(mor)]TJ 0.3085 Tc 13.479 0 Td (ef)Tj 0 Tc 1.121 0 Td [(etches )-58(than )-58(stor)17(es )-58(or )-58(deletions, )-58(which )-58(is )-58(pr)16(obably)]TJ -16.896 -1.2 Td (typical of many database applications.)Tj 1.8 -1.2 Td [(Each )-13(child )-13(is )-13(performing )-13(these )-13(operations )-13(\(fetching, )-13(storing, )-13(and )-13(deleting\) )-13(only )-13(with)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(the )-74(r)18(ecor)18(ds )-74(that )-74(the )-74(child )-74(wr)16(ote. )-324(The)-325(concurr)18(ency )-74(contr)18(ols )-74(ar)]TJ 0.3243 Tc 27.505 0 Td (eb)Tj 0 Tc 1.356 0 Td [(eing )-74(exer)18(cised )-74(because)]TJ -28.861 -1.2 Td [(all )-48(the )-48(childr)18(en )-48(ar)]TJ 0.2984 Tc 7.898 0 Td (eo)Tj 0 Tc 1.323 0 Td [(perating )-48(on )-48(the )-48(same )-48(database )-48(\(albeit )-48(dif)16(fer)18(ent )-48(r)18(ecor)18(ds )-48(in )-48(the )-48(same)]TJ -9.222 -1.2 Td [(database\). )-376(The)-375(total )-126(number )-126(of )-126(r)19(ecor)18(ds )-126(in )-126(the )-126(database )-126(incr)18(eases )-126(in )-126(pr)18(oportion )-126(to )-126(the)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(number )-30(of )-30(childr)17(en. )-280(\(W)55(ith )-30(one )-30(child,)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 16.766 0 Td [(nr)18(ec)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 2.003 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(cor)18(ds )-30(ar)]TJ 0.2804 Tc 3.559 0 Td (eo)Tj 0 Tc 1.305 0 Td [(riginally )-30(written )-30(to )-30(the )-30(database.)]TJ -0.055 Tc -24.49 -1.2 Td (Wi)Tj 0 Tc 1.236 0 Td [(th two childr)18(en,)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 7.271 0 Td [(nr)18(ec)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 1.973 0 Td (#)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 0.799 0 Td (2)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 0.75 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(cor)18(ds ar)]TJ 0.25 Tc 3.529 0 Td (eo)Tj 0 Tc 1.275 0 Td (riginally written, and so on.\))Tj -0.092 Tc -15.889 -1.2 Td [(To )-428(t)]TJ 0 Tc 1.887 0 Td [(est )-244(the )-244(concurr)18(ency )-244(pr)18(ovided )-244(by )-244(coarse-grained )-244(locking )-244(versus )-244(\336ne-grained)]TJ -3.687 -1.2 Td [(locking )-143(and )-143(to )-143(compar)]TJ 0.3926 Tc 10.36 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.198 0 Td [(he )-143(thr)18(ee )-143(types )-143(of )-143(locking )-143(\(no )-143(locking, )-143(advisory )-143(locking, )-143(and)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47699 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (756)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.5 Tc 3.5 0 Td (AD)Tj 0 Tc 2.052 0 Td [(atabase )-250(Library)]TJ 36.689 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(20)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 6690.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 129.5922 659.4594 Tm [(27 )-1200(/*)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(28 )-1800(*)-600(Library\325s private representation of the database.)]TJ T* [(29 )-1800(*/)]TJ T* [(30 )-1200(typedef)-600(struct {)]TJ T* [(31 )-2400(int)-2400(idxfd; )-600(/*)-600(fd for index file */)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(32 )-2400(int)-2400(datfd; )-600(/*)-600(fd for data file */)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(33 )-2400(char)-1200(*idxbuf; /* malloc\325ed buffer for index record */)]TJ T* [(34 )-2400(char)-1200(*datbuf; /* malloc\325ed buffer for data record*/)]TJ T* [(35 )-2400(char)-1200(*name; )-1200(/*)-600(name db was opened under */)]TJ T* [(36 )-2400(off_t)-1200(idxoff; /* offset in index file of index record */)]TJ T* (37 )Tj 13.2 0 Td [(/*)-600(key is at \(idxoff + PTR_SZ + IDXLEN_SZ\) */)]TJ -13.2 -1.189 Td [(38 )-2400(size_t)-600(idxlen; /* length of index record */)]TJ T* (39 )Tj 13.2 0 Td [(/*)-600(excludes IDXLEN_SZ bytes at front of record */)]TJ -13.2 -1.189 Td (40 )Tj 13.2 0 Td [(/*)-600(includes newline at end of index record */)]TJ -13.2 -1.189 Td [(41 )-2400(off_t)-1200(datoff; /* offset in data file of data record */)]TJ T* [(42 )-2400(size_t)-600(datlen; /* length of data record */)]TJ T* (43 )Tj 13.2 0 Td [(/*)-600(includes newline at end */)]TJ -13.2 -1.189 Td [(44 )-2400(off_t)-1200(ptrval; /* contents of chain ptr in index record */)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(45 )-2400(off_t)-1200(ptroff; /* chain ptr offset pointing to this idx record */)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(46 )-2400(off_t)-1200(chainoff; /* offset of hash chain for this index record */)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(47 )-2400(off_t)-1200(hashoff; )-600(/*)-600(offset in index file of hash table */)]TJ T* [(48 )-2400(DBHASH)-600(nhash; )-1800(/*)-600(current hash table size */)]TJ T* [(49 )-2400(COUNT)-1200(cnt_delok; )-1800(/*)-600(delete OK */)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(50 )-2400(COUNT)-1200(cnt_delerr; )-1200(/*)-600(delete error */)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(51 )-2400(COUNT)-1200(cnt_fetchok; )-600(/*)-600(fetch OK */)]TJ T* [(52 )-2400(COUNT)-1200(cnt_fetcherr; /* fetch error */)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(53 )-2400(COUNT)-1200(cnt_nextrec; )-600(/*)-600(nextrec */)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(54 )-2400(COUNT)-1200(cnt_stor1; )-1800(/*)-600(store: DB_INSERT, no empty, appended */)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(55 )-2400(COUNT)-1200(cnt_stor2; )-1800(/*)-600(store: DB_INSERT, found empty, reused */)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(56 )-2400(COUNT)-1200(cnt_stor3; )-1800(/*)-600(store: DB_REPLACE, diff len, appended */)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(57 )-2400(COUNT)-1200(cnt_stor4; )-1800(/*)-600(store: DB_REPLACE, same len, overwrote */)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(58 )-2400(COUNT)-1200(cnt_storerr; )-600(/*)-600(store error */)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(59 )-1200(})-600(DB;)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 3123.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 288.2634 Tm [([27 )167(\320 )167(48])-668(The)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.973 0 Td (DB)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.499 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e)-299(is)-299(wher)18(e)-299(we)-299(keep )-49(all )-49(the )-49(information )-49(for )-49(each )-49(open )-49(database.)]TJ -3.472 -1.2 Td (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.04 0 Td (DBHANDLE)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.166 0 Td [(value )-116(that )-116(is )-116(r)18(eturned )-116(by)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.68 0 Td (db_open)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.566 0 Td [(and )-116(used )-116(by )-116(all )-116(the )-116(other)]TJ -23.452 -1.2 Td [(functions )-148(is )-148(r)18(eally )-148(just )-148(a )-148(pointer )-148(to )-148(one )-148(of )-148(these )-148(str)10(uctur)18(es, )-148(but )-148(we )-148(hide )-148(that)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(fr)18(om the callers.)]TJ 0 -1.8 TD [(Since )-33(we )-33(stor)]TJ 0.2834 Tc 5.874 0 Td (ep)Tj 0 Tc 1.363 0 Td [(ointers )-33(and )-33(lengths )-33(as )-33(ASCII )-33(in )-33(the )-33(database, )-33(we )-33(convert )-33(these)]TJ -7.237 -1.2 Td [(to )-117(numeric )-117(values )-117(and )-117(save )-117(them )-117(in )-117(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 18.538 0 Td (DB)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.567 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e. )-367(W)]TJ 0.367 Tc 5.744 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.346 0 Td [(lso )-117(save )-117(the )-117(hash)]TJ -27.195 -1.2 Td [(table )-59(size )-59(even )-59(though )-59(it )-59(is )-59(\336xed, )-59(just )-59(in )-59(case )-59(we )-59(decide )-59(to )-59(enhance )-59(the )-59(library)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(to )-446(allow )-446(callers )-446(to )-446(specify )-446(the )-446(size )-446(when )-446(the )-446(database )-446(is )-446(cr)18(eated )-446(\(see)]TJ T* [(Exer)18(cise 20.7\).)]TJ -4 -1.6 Td [([49 )167(\320 )167(59])-668(The )-103(last )-103(ten )-103(\336elds )-103(in )-103(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 15.389 0 Td (DB)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.553 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)]TJ 0.3529 Tc 3.49 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.276 0 Td [(ount )-103(both )-103(successful )-103(and )-103(unsuccessful)]TJ -17.708 -1.2 Td [(operations. )-406(If)-407(we )-156(want )-156(to )-156(analyze )-156(the )-156(performance )-156(of )-156(our )-156(database, )-156(we )-156(can)]TJ T* [(write )-148(a )-148(function )-148(to )-148(r)18(eturn )-148(these )-148(statistics, )-148(but )-148(for )-148(now )-148(we )-148(only )-148(maintain )-148(the)]TJ T* (counters.)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47700 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 465.375 708 Tm (Index)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.525 0 Td (959)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 129.5922 670.9597 Tm (command)Tj 4.449 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(line ar)18(guments, )-250(203)]TJ -4.782 -1.25 Td [(Common Application Envir)18(onment,)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 16.474 0 Td (see)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.417 0 Td (CAE)Tj -17.891 -1.25 Td (Common Open Softwar)Tj 0.25 Tc 10.538 0 Td (eE)Tj 0 Tc 1.34 0 Td [(nvir)18(onment,)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 5.963 0 Td (see)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.417 0 Td (COSE)Tj -19.258 -1.25 Td (communication, network printer)Tj 0.5 Tc 14.384 0 Td (,7)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (89)Tj 1.083 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (843)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -17.3 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.017 0 Td (header)Tj 0.5 Tc 2.972 0 Td (,2)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (7)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -11.239 -1.25 Td (comp_t)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(data type,)-500(59)]TJ -4.017 -1.25 Td [(Computing Science Resear)18(ch Gr)18(oup,)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 16.684 0 Td (see)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.417 0 Td (CSRG)Tj -18.101 -1.25 Td [(condition variable attributes,)-500(440)]TJ 14.849 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (441)Tj -15.432 -1.25 Td [(condition variables,)-500(413)]TJ 10.8 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (416)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -11.384 -1.25 Td (cond_signal)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.017 0 Td [(function, )-250(416)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -7.017 -1.25 Td (connect)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(function, )-250(331,)-250(451, 605)]TJ 10.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (608, 610)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td [(61)55(1,)]TJ -16.707 -1.25 Td (621, 635, 641)Tj 5.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (642)Tj -7.516 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(605)]TJ -1.35 -1.25 Td [(connection establishment,)-500(605)]TJ 13.545 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (609)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -14.129 -1.25 Td (connect_retry)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.217 0 Td [(function, )-250(607,)-250(614, 800, 808, 834)]TJ -6.867 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(606)]TJ 7.775 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (607)Tj -9.709 -1.25 Td [(contr)18(olling)]TJ 1.35 -1.25 Td [(pr)18(ocess, )-250(296)]TJ 5.628 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (297, 318)Tj -6.211 -1.25 Td [(terminal, )-250(63,)-250(233, 252, 270, 292, 295)]TJ 15.58 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (298, 301,)Tj -14.814 -1.25 Td (303)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td [(304, 306, 309, 31)55(1)]TJ 7.528 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (312, 318, 321, 377, 463,)Tj -10.278 -1.25 Td (465)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (466, 469, 480, 680, 685, 691, 694, 700, 702,)Tj -2.167 -1.25 Td (716, 724, 726)Tj 5.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (727, 898, 953)Tj -8.867 -1.25 Td [(cooked terminal mode,)-500(672)]TJ 0 -1.25 TD [(cooperating pr)18(ocesses, )-250(495,)-250(752, 945)]TJ 0 -1.25 Td [(Coor)18(dinated Universal T)55(ime,)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 13.344 0 Td (see)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.417 0 Td (UTC)Tj -14.761 -1.25 Td [(copr)18(ocesses, )-250(548)]TJ 7.521 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (552, 721, 737)Tj -8.105 -1.25 Td [(copy-on-write, )-250(229,)-250(458)]TJ T* (cor)Tj 0.25 Tc 1.367 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.34 0 Td [(ump, )-250(74,)-250(928)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -2.707 -1.25 Td (core)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.817 0 Td [(\336le, )-250(1)]TJ -0.055 Tc 2.57 0 Td (11)Tj 0.25 Tc 0.945 0 Td (,1)Tj 0 Tc 1 0 Td (24, 275, 315, 317, 320, 332, 366, 681,)Tj -4.632 -1.25 Td (703, 909, 920, 922)Tj -2.7 -1.25 Td (COSE \(Common Open Softwar)Tj 0.25 Tc 13.752 0 Td (eE)Tj 0 Tc 1.34 0 Td [(nvir)18(onment\), )-250(32)]TJ -15.092 -1.25 Td [(count, link,)-500(44, 59, 1)55(14)]TJ 9.999 0.09 Td (\320)Tj -0.055 Tc 0.583 -0.09 Td (11)Tj 0 Tc 0.945 0 Td (7, 130)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -11.528 -1.25 Td (cp)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.617 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram, )-250(141,)-250(528)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.617 -1.25 Td (cpio)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.817 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram, )-250(127,)-250(142, 910)]TJ 10.191 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td [(91)55(1)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -13.591 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td (header)Tj 0.5 Tc 2.972 0 Td (,2)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (9)Tj -9.439 -1.25 Td (CR terminal character)Tj 0.5 Tc 9.615 0 Td (,6)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (78, 680, 703)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -10.865 -1.25 Td (CR0)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.217 0 Td [(constant, )-250(685)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -2.217 -1.25 Td (CR1)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.217 0 Td [(constant, )-250(685)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -2.217 -1.25 Td (CR2)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.217 0 Td [(constant, )-250(685)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -2.217 -1.25 Td (CR3)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.217 0 Td [(constant, )-250(685)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -2.217 -1.25 Td (CRDLY)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(676,)-250(684)]TJ 8.063 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (685, 689)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -12.063 -1.25 Td (CREAD)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(675,)-250(686)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -3.417 -1.25 Td (creat)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.417 0 Td [(function, )-250(61,)-250(66, 68, 79, 89, 101, 104, 1)55(18,)]TJ -0.717 -1.25 Td (121, 125, 149, 331, 451, 491, 825)Tj 13.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (826, 909, 912)Tj -15.517 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(66)]TJ -1.35 -1.25 Td [(cr)18(eation mask, \336le mode,)-500(104)]TJ 13.135 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (105, 129, 141, 169,)Tj -11.019 -1.25 Td (233, 252, 466)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -2.7 -1.25 Td (cron)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.817 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram, )-250(259,)-250(382, 465, 470, 472)]TJ 14.191 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (474, 925)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -17.591 -1.25 Td (CRTSCTS)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(675,)-250(686)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.617 -1.25 Td (CRTS_IFLOW)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(675,)-250(686)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -6.417 -1.25 Td (CRTSXOFF)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(constant, )-250(675,)-250(686)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -5.217 -1.25 Td (crypt)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.417 0 Td [(function, )-250(287,)-250(298, 304, 442)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -3.417 -1.25 Td (crypt)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.417 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram, )-250(298,)-250(700)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 22.583 65 Td (CS5)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.217 0 Td [(constant, )-250(684,)-250(686)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -2.217 -1.25 Td (CS6)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.217 0 Td [(constant, )-250(684,)-250(686)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -2.217 -1.25 Td (CS7)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.217 0 Td [(constant, )-250(684,)-250(686)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -2.217 -1.25 Td (CS8)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.217 0 Td [(constant, )-250(684,)-250(686, 706)]TJ 10.063 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (708)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -12.863 -1.25 Td (.cshrc)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(\336le, )-250(289)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.017 -1.25 Td (CSIZE)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(675,)-250(684, 686, 706)]TJ 12.063 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (707)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -16.063 -1.25 Td (csopen)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(function, )-250(653)]TJ 6.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (654)Tj -9.29 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(654, 659)]TJ -1.35 -1.25 Td [(CSRG \(Computing Science Resear)18(ch Gr)18(oup\), )-250(xx,)]TJ 2.7 -1.25 Td (xxvi, 34)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -2.7 -1.25 Td (CSTOPB)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(constant, )-250(675,)-250(686)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.017 -1.25 Td (ctermid)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(function, )-250(442,)-250(452, 694, 700)]TJ 12.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (701)Tj -15.89 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(694)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (ctime)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.417 0 Td [(function, )-250(192)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -3.417 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.817 0 Td (header)Tj 0.5 Tc 2.972 0 Td (,2)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (7)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -10.039 -1.25 Td (cu)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.617 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram, )-250(500)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.617 -1.25 Td (cupsd)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.417 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram, )-250(465,)-250(793)]TJ -3.417 -1.25 Td [(curr)18(ent dir)18(ectory)]TJ 0.5 Tc 7.37 0 Td (,4)Tj 0 Tc 1.333 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (5, 8, 13, 43, 50, 65, 94, 100,)Tj -0.055 Tc -6.587 -1.25 Td (11)Tj 0 Tc 0.945 0 Td (5)Tj 0.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj -0.055 Tc 0.583 -0.09 Td (11)Tj 0 Tc 0.945 0 Td (7, 120, 127, 130, 135)Tj 8.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td [(137, 178, 21)55(1, 233,)]TJ -12.223 -1.25 Td (252, 315, 317, 466)Tj -2.7 -1.25 Td [(Curses, )-250(32)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf T* (curses)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td (library)Tj 0.5 Tc 2.87 0 Td (,7)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (12)Tj 1.083 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (713, 949, 953)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -9.803 -1.25 Td (cuserid)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(function, )-250(276)]TJ -4.617 -4.75 Td [(daemon, )-250(463)]TJ 5.934 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (480)Tj -5.167 -1.25 Td [(coding, )-250(466)]TJ 5.363 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 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T)74(., )-250(206,)-250(949)]TJ T* [(Darwin, )-250(xxii,)-250(xxvii, 35)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf T* (dash)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.817 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram, )-250(372)]TJ -2.817 -1.25 Td [(data, out-of-band,)-500(626)]TJ T* (data segment)Tj 1.35 -1.25 Td [(initialized, )-250(205)]TJ T* [(uninitialized, )-250(205)]TJ -1.35 -1.25 Td (data transfer)Tj 0.5 Tc 5.547 0 Td (,6)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (10)Tj 1.083 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (623)Tj -8.464 -1.25 Td [(data types, primitive system,)-500(58)]TJ T* (database library)Tj 0.5 Tc 7.013 0 Td (,7)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (43)Tj 1.083 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (787)Tj -8.579 -1.25 Td [(coarse-grained locking,)-500(752)]TJ T* [(concurr)18(ency)]TJ 0.5 Tc 5.341 0 Td (,7)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (52)Tj 1.083 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (753)Tj -8.258 -1.25 Td [(\336ne-grained locking,)-500(752)]TJ T* [(implementation, )-250(746)]TJ 9.393 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (750)Tj -9.977 -1.25 Td [(performance, )-250(781)]TJ 7.97 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (786)Tj -8.554 -1.25 Td [(sour)18(ce code,)-500(753)]TJ 7.536 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (781)Tj -9.469 -1.25 Td [(database transactions,)-500(952)]TJ T* [(Date, C. 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q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3615.25 6350.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3545.25 6350.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3474.25 6350.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3404.25 6350.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3334.25 6350.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3263.25 6350.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3192.25 6350.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3122.25 6350.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3051.25 6350.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2982.25 6350.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2911.25 6350.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2840.25 6350.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2770.25 6350.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2699.25 6350.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2629.25 6350.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2559.25 6350.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2488.25 6350.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2418.25 6350.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2382.25 6062.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2452.25 6062.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2523.25 6062.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2593.25 6062.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2663.25 6062.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2734.25 6062.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2804.25 6062.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2875.25 6062.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2946.25 6062.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3015.25 6062.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3086.25 6062.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3156.25 6062.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3227.25 6062.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3298.25 6062.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3368.25 6062.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3438.25 6062.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3509.25 6062.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3579.25 6062.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3650.25 6062.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3720.25 6062.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3791.25 6062.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3861.25 6062.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3931.25 6062.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4002.25 6062.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4038.25 5630.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3967.25 5630.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3897.25 5630.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3827.25 5630.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3756.25 5630.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3686.25 5630.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3615.25 5630.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3545.25 5630.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3474.25 5630.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3404.25 5630.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3334.25 5630.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3263.25 5630.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3192.25 5630.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3122.25 5630.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3051.25 5630.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2982.25 5630.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2911.25 5630.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2840.25 5630.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2770.25 5630.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2699.25 5630.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2629.25 5630.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2559.25 5630.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2488.25 5630.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2418.25 5630.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 410.9507 654.7614 Tm (\(2 bytes\))Tj 0 -1.8 TD (\(2 bytes\))Tj 0 -2.7 TD (\(4 bytes\))Tj 0 -4.5 TD (\(0-)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (n)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.972 0 Td (bytes\))Tj -1.972 -3.6 Td (\(1 byte\))Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -19.458 -3.53 Td (Figure 21.3)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.695 0 Td [(Str)8(uctur)18(e)-250(of)-250(an)-250(IPP header)]TJ 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 147.5822 498.1404 Tm [(The )-10(next )-10(4 )-10(bytes )-10(contain )-10(an )-10(integer )-10(identifying )-10(the )-10(r)20(equest, )-10(which )-10(allows )-10(r)18(equests )-10(to)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(be )-95(matched )-95(up )-95(with )-95(r)17(esponses. )-345(Optional)-345(attributes )-95(follow )-95(this, )-95(terminated )-95(by )-95(an )-95(end-)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(of-attributes )-472(tag.)-972(Any )-472(data )-472(that )-472(might )-472(be )-472(associated )-472(with )-472(the )-472(r)13(equest )-473(follows)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD (immediately after the end-of-attributes tag.)Tj 1.8 -1.2 Td [(In )-185(the )-185(header)]TJ 0.4352 Tc 6.148 0 Td (,i)Tj 0 Tc 0.976 0 Td [(ntegers )-185(ar)]TJ 0.4352 Tc 4.553 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.338 0 Td [(tor)18(ed )-185(as )-185(signed, )-185(two\325s-complement, )-185(binary )-185(values )-185(in)]TJ -14.816 -1.2 Td [(big-endian )-78(byte )-78(or)18(der )-78(\(i.e., )-78(network )-78(byte )-78(or)18(der\). )-328(Attributes)-328(ar)]TJ 0.3281 Tc 27.829 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.231 0 Td [(tor)18(ed )-78(in )-78(gr)18(oups. )-328(Each)]TJ -29.06 -1.2 Td [(gr)18(oup )-24(starts )-24(with )-24(a )-24(single )-24(byte )-24(identifying )-24(the )-24(gr)20(oup. )-274(W)55(ithin )-24(each )-24(gr)18(oup, )-24(an )-24(attribute )-24(is)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(generally )-9(r)18(epr)18(esented )-9(as )-9(a )-9(1)]TJ 12.304 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(byte )-9(tag, )-9(followed )-9(by )-9(a )-9(2)]TJ 10.883 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(byte )-9(name )-9(length, )-9(followed )-9(by )-9(the)]TJ -23.853 -1.2 Td [(name )-57(of )-57(the )-57(attribute, )-57(followed )-57(by )-57(a )-57(2)]TJ 16.948 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(byte )-57(value )-57(length, )-57(and )-57(\336nally )-57(by )-57(the )-57(value )-57(itself.)]TJ -17.281 -1.2 Td [(The )-148(value )-148(can )-148(be )-148(encoded )-148(as )-148(a )-148(string, )-148(a )-148(binary )-148(integer)78(,)-398(or)-398(a)-398(m)1(or)]TJ 0.3976 Tc 29.747 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.321 0 Td [(omplex )-148(str)8(uctur)18(e,)]TJ -31.067 -1.2 Td (such as a date/timestamp.)Tj 1.8 -1.2 Td (Figur)Tj 0.4624 Tc 2.383 0 Td (e2)Tj 0 Tc 1.441 0 Td [(1.4 )-212(shows )-212(how )-212(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 9.259 0 Td (attributes-charset)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 11.262 0 Td [(attribute )-212(would )-212(be )-212(encoded)]TJ -26.145 -1.2 Td (with a value of)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 6.85 0 Td (utf-8)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (.)Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2382 2098 1656 1224 re S Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 286.7364 323.1818 Tm (attribute tag = 0x47)Tj -1.559 -2.25 Td (size of attribute name = 18)Tj -1.339 -3.6 Td (name =)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.55 0 Td (attributes-charset)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -1.958 -3.6 Td (size of attribute value = 5)Tj 2.311 -3.15 Td (value =)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.544 0 Td (utf-8)Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2382.25 3178.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2452.25 3178.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2523.25 3178.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2593.25 3178.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2663.25 3178.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2734.25 3178.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2804.25 3178.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2875.25 3178.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2946.25 3178.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3015.25 3178.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3086.25 3178.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3156.25 3178.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3227.25 3178.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3298.25 3178.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3368.25 3178.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3438.25 3178.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3509.25 3178.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3579.25 3178.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3650.25 3178.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3720.25 3178.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3791.25 3178.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3861.25 3178.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3931.25 3178.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4002.25 3178.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4038.25 2962.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3967.25 2962.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3897.25 2962.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3827.25 2962.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3756.25 2962.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3686.25 2962.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3615.25 2962.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3545.25 2962.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3474.25 2962.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3404.25 2962.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3334.25 2962.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3263.25 2962.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3192.25 2962.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3122.25 2962.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3051.25 2962.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2982.25 2962.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2911.25 2962.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2840.25 2962.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2770.25 2962.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2699.25 2962.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2629.25 2962.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2559.25 2962.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2488.25 2962.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2418.25 2962.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2382.25 2602.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2452.25 2602.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2523.25 2602.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2593.25 2602.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2663.25 2602.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2734.25 2602.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2804.25 2602.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2875.25 2602.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2946.25 2602.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3015.25 2602.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3086.25 2602.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3156.25 2602.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3227.25 2602.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3298.25 2602.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3368.25 2602.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3438.25 2602.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3509.25 2602.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3579.25 2602.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3650.25 2602.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3720.25 2602.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3791.25 2602.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3861.25 2602.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3931.25 2602.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4002.25 2602.25 cm 0 0 m 36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4038.25 2386.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3967.25 2386.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3897.25 2386.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3827.25 2386.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3756.25 2386.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3686.25 2386.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3615.25 2386.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3545.25 2386.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3474.25 2386.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3404.25 2386.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3334.25 2386.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3263.25 2386.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3192.25 2386.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3122.25 2386.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3051.25 2386.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2982.25 2386.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2911.25 2386.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2840.25 2386.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2770.25 2386.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2699.25 2386.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2629.25 2386.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2559.25 2386.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2488.25 2386.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2418.25 2386.25 cm 0 0 m -36 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 410.9014 323.1624 Tm (\(1 byte\))Tj 0 -2.25 TD (\(2 bytes\))Tj 0 -3.6 TD (\(18 bytes\))Tj T* (\(2 bytes\))Tj 0 -3.15 TD (\(5 bytes\))Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -20.379 -4.43 Td (Figure 21.4)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.695 0 Td (Sample IPP attribute encoding)Tj 9.9976 0 0 9.9976 147.5648 159.9614 Tm [(Depending )-41(on )-41(the )-41(operation )-41(r)18(equested, )-41(some )-41(attributes )-41(ar)]TJ 0.2912 Tc 25.794 0 Td (er)Tj 0 Tc 1.147 0 Td [(equir)18(ed )-41(to )-41(be )-41(pr)17(ovided)]TJ -28.741 -1.2 Td [(in )-134(the )-134(r)17(equest )-134(message, )-134(wher)18(eas )-134(others )-134(ar)]TJ 0.3844 Tc 19.114 0 Td (eo)Tj 0 Tc 1.409 0 Td [(ptional. )-384(For)-385(example, )-134(Figur)]TJ 0.3844 Tc 12.669 0 Td (e2)Tj 0 Tc 1.363 0 Td [(1.5 )-134(shows)]TJ -34.556 -1.2 Td [(the attributes de\336ned for a print-job r)18(equest.)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47704 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Appendix )-250(A)]TJ 34.618 0 Td [(Function )-250(Pr)18(ototypes)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 11.215 0 Td (865)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 129.5922 670.9597 Tm (ssize_t)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (msgrcv)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 6.6 0 Td (msqid)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,v)Tj 0 Tc 4.208 0 Td (oid *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (ptr)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 6.022 0 Td (ize_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3.6 0 Td (nbytes)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,l)Tj 0 Tc 4.43 0 Td (ong)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 2.4 0 Td (type)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 3.522 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (\337ag)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -25.082 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 564)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -28.125 -1.5 Td (\337ag)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (:I)Tj 0 Tc 3.289 0 Td (PC_NOWAIT, MSG_NOERROR)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -3.289 -1.5 Td (Returns: size of data portion of message if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 20.784 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -34.284 -2.788 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (msgsnd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 6.6 0 Td (msqid)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 4.208 0 Td (onst void *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (ptr)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 9.622 0 Td (ize_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3.6 0 Td (nbytes)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 4.43 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (\337ag)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -22.76 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 563)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -28.125 -1.5 Td (\337ag)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (:I)Tj 0 Tc 3.289 0 Td (PC_NOWAIT)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -3.289 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.113 -2.788 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (msync)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(void *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (addr)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 10.833 0 Td (ize_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3.6 0 Td (len)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 3.023 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (\337ags)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -11.756 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 528)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -28.125 -1.5 Td (\337ag)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (:M)Tj 0 Tc 3.289 0 Td (S_ASYNC, MS_INVALIDATE, MS_SYNC)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -3.289 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.113 -2.788 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (munmap)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(void *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (addr)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 11.433 0 Td (ize_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3.6 0 Td (len)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -7.533 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 528)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.113 -2.788 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (nanosleep)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(const struct timespec *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -0.018 Tc (re)Tj 0 Tc 20.56 0 Td (qtp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -14.56 -1.25 Td (struct timespec *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -0.018 Tc (re)Tj 0 Tc 10.96 0 Td (mtp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -9.46 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 374)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td [(Returns: 0 if slept for r)18(equested time,)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 16.563 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -30.063 -2.788 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (nice)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 5.4 0 Td (incr)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj 2.1 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 276)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: new nice value)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 10.856 0 Td (!)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.799 0 Td (NZERO)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td (if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 2.886 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -31.291 -2.788 Td (uint32_t)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (ntohl)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(uint32_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 9 0 Td (netint32)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -1.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 594)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: 32)Tj 4.977 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(bit integer in host byte or)18(der)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -18.81 -2.788 Td (uint16_t)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (ntohs)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(uint16_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 9 0 Td (netint16)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -1.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 594)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: 16)Tj 4.977 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(bit integer in host byte or)18(der)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -18.81 -2.788 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (open)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(const char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (path)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 13.777 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (o\337ag)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,.)Tj 0 Tc 3.733 0 Td (.. /* mode_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 7.8 0 Td (mode)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.711 0 Td (*/ \);)Tj -22.321 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 62)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -28.125 -1.5 Td (o\337ag)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (:O)Tj 0 Tc 3.733 0 Td (_RDONLY, O_WRONLY, O_RDWR, O_EXEC,)Tj -0.6 -1.25 Td (O_SEARCH;)Tj 0 -1.25 TD (O_APPEND, O_CLOEXEC, O_CREAT,)Tj T* (O_DIRECTORY, O_DSYNC, O_EXCL,)Tj T* (O_NOCTTY, O_NOFOLLOW, O_NONBLOCK,)Tj T* (O_RSYNC, O_SYNC, O_TRUNC, O_TTY_INIT)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -3.133 -1.5 Td (mode)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (:S)Tj 0 Tc 3.911 0 Td (_IS)Tj 1.8 0.04 Td ([)Tj 0.6 -0.04 Td (UG)Tj 1.2 0.04 Td (])Tj 0.6 -0.04 Td (ID, S_ISVTX,)Tj -4.8 -1.25 Td (S_I)Tj 1.8 0.04 Td ([)Tj 0.6 -0.04 Td (RWX)Tj 1.8 0.04 Td (])Tj 0.6 -0.04 Td (\(USR|GRP|OTH\))Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -8.111 -1.5 Td (Returns: \336le descriptor if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 13.25 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ -13.25 -1.5 Td (Platforms:)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 4.802 0 Td (O_FSYNC)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td [(\337ag on Fr)18(eeBSD 8.0 and Mac OS X 10.6.8)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47705 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Appendix )-250(A)]TJ 34.618 0 Td [(Function )-250(Pr)18(ototypes)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 11.215 0 Td (861)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 129.5922 670.9597 Tm (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (getsockopt)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 9 0 Td (sockfd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 4.262 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (level)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 3.634 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (option)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,v)Tj 0 Tc 4.355 0 Td (oid *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 8.4 0 Td (val)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -26.651 -1.25 Td (socklen_t *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 12 0 Td (lenp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -11.1 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 624)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.113 -3.375 Td (struct)Tj 0 -1.25 TD [(spwd )-2400(*)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf (getspent)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(void\);)Tj 13.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 182)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: pointer if OK,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 10.333 0 Td (NULL)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td [(on err)18(or)]TJ -12.983 -1.5 Td (Platforms: Linux 3.2.0, Solaris 10)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -13.5 -3.375 Td (struct)Tj T* [(spwd )-2400(*)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf (getspnam)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(const char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (name)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj 13.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 182)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: pointer if OK,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 10.333 0 Td (NULL)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td [(on err)18(or)]TJ -12.983 -1.5 Td (Platforms: Linux 3.2.0, Solaris 10)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -13.5 -3.375 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (gettimeofday)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(struct timeval *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 22.8 0 Td (tp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -15 -1.25 Td (void *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 9 0 Td (tzp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -9.3 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 190)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 always)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -13.5 -3.375 Td (uid_t)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (getuid)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(void\);)Tj 7.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 228)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td [(Returns: r)18(eal user ID of calling pr)18(ocess)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -13.5 -3.375 Td (struct)Tj T* [(tm )-3600(*)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf (gmtime)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(const time_t *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (calptr)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj 13.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 192)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td [(Returns: pointer to br)18(oken-down time,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 17.297 0 Td (NULL)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td [(on err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -33.447 -3.375 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (grantpt)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 7.2 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj 0.3 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 723)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 on success,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 9.847 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -23.347 -3.375 Td (uint32_t)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (htonl)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(uint32_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 9 0 Td (hostint32)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -1.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 594)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: 32)Tj 4.977 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(bit integer in network byte or)18(der)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -18.81 -3.375 Td (uint16_t)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (htons)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(uint16_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 9 0 Td (hostint16)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -1.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 594)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: 16)Tj 4.977 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(bit integer in network byte or)18(der)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47706 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (956)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td (Index)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 129.5922 670.9597 Tm (add_worker)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.417 0 Td [(function, )-250(814,)-250(824, 828)]TJ -5.067 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(828)]TJ -1.35 -1.25 Td [(adjustment on exit, semaphor)18(e, )-250(570)]TJ 15.912 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (571)Tj -16.495 -1.25 Td [(Adobe Systems,)-500(825, 947)]TJ 0 -1.25 TD [(advisory r)18(ecor)]TJ 0.25 Tc 6.361 0 Td (dl)Tj 0 Tc 1.152 0 Td [(ocking, )-250(495)]TJ -7.513 -1.25 Td [(AES \(Application Envir)18(onment Speci\336cation\),)-500(32)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf T* (AEXPND)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(constant, )-250(271)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.017 -1.25 Td (AF_INET)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(590)]TJ 6.063 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (591, 595)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (596, 598, 601,)Tj -12.73 -1.25 Td (603)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (604, 802, 808)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -4.866 -1.25 Td (AF_INET6)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(constant, )-250(590,)-250(595)]TJ 8.063 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (596, 601)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -13.863 -1.25 Td (AF_IPX)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(constant, )-250(590)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.017 -1.25 Td (AF_LOCAL)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(constant, )-250(590)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -5.217 -1.25 Td (AFORK)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(270)]TJ 6.063 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (271, 273)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -10.063 -1.25 Td (AF_UNIX)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(590,)-250(601, 630, 632, 635, 637,)]TJ -1.917 -1.25 Td (640)Tj 1.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (641, 941)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -4.866 -1.25 Td (AF_UNSPEC)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.817 0 Td [(constant, )-250(590,)-250(601)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -5.817 -1.25 Td (agetty)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram, )-250(290)]TJ -4.017 -1.25 Td [(Aho, A. V)129(., )-250(262,)-250(947)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf T* (AI_ALL)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(constant, )-250(603)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.017 -1.25 Td (AI_CANONNAME)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(603,)-250(616, 618, 623, 802)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -7.617 -1.25 Td (AI_NUMERICHOST)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 8.817 0 Td [(constant, )-250(603)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -8.817 -1.25 Td (AI_NUMERICSERV)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 8.817 0 Td [(constant, )-250(603)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -8.817 -1.25 Td (aio_cancel)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.417 0 Td [(function, )-250(514)]TJ 6.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (515)Tj -11.69 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(514)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (aiocb)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.417 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e, )-250(51)55(1, 517)]TJ 8.247 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (518)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -12.247 -1.25 Td (aio_error)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.817 0 Td [(function, )-250(331,)-250(513, 515, 519)]TJ 12.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (520)Tj -17.09 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(513)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (aio_fsync)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.817 0 Td [(function, )-250(512)]TJ 6.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (513, 520)Tj -11.09 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(513)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td (header)Tj 0.5 Tc 2.972 0 Td (,2)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (9)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -8.839 -1.25 Td (AIO_LISTIO_MAX)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 8.817 0 Td [(constant, )-250(515)]TJ 6.063 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (516)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -15.463 -1.25 Td (AIO_MAX)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(515)]TJ 6.063 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (516)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -11.263 -1.25 Td (AIO_PRIO_DELTA_MAX)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 11.217 0 Td [(constant, )-250(515)]TJ 6.063 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (516)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -17.863 -1.25 Td (aio_read)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(function, )-250(512)]TJ 6.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (513, 515, 518)Tj -10.49 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(512)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (aio_return)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.417 0 Td [(function, )-250(331,)-250(513, 519)]TJ 10.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (520)Tj -15.69 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(513)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (aio_suspend)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.017 0 Td [(function, )-250(331,)-250(451, 514, 520)]TJ -5.667 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(514)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (aio_write)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.817 0 Td [(function, )-250(512)]TJ 6.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (513, 515, 519)Tj -11.09 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(512)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (AI_PASSIVE)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(603)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -6.417 -1.25 Td (AI_V4MAPPED)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.017 0 Td [(constant, )-250(600,)-250(603)]TJ -7.017 -1.25 Td [(AIX, )-250(35,)-250(334)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf T* (alarm)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.417 0 Td [(function, )-250(313,)-250(317, 331)]TJ 10.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (332, 335, 338)Tj 5.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (343,)Tj -17.507 -1.25 Td (357, 373)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (374, 381)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (382, 620)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (621, 924)Tj -13.85 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(338)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (alloca)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(function, )-250(210)]TJ -4.017 -1.25 Td [(Almquist, K.,)-500(4)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf T* (already_running)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.417 0 Td [(function, )-250(475)]TJ 6.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (478)Tj -14.69 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(474)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (ALTWERASE)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.817 0 Td [(constant, )-250(676,)-250(682, 685)]TJ -5.817 -1.25 Td [(American National Standar)18(ds Institute,)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 17.869 0 Td (see)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.417 0 Td (ANSI)Tj 6.714 65 Td [(Andrade, J. M.,)-500(560, 947)]TJ T* [(ANSI \(American National Standar)18(ds Institute\),)-500(25)]TJ T* [(ANSI C,)-500(xxx\320xxxi)]TJ T* (Apple Computer)Tj 0.5 Tc 7.468 0 Td (,x)Tj 0 Tc 1.266 0 Td (xi, xxvi)Tj -8.734 -1.25 Td [(Application Envir)18(onment Speci\336cation,)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 17.959 0 Td (see)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.417 0 Td (AES)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -19.376 -1.25 Td (apue_db.h)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.817 0 Td (header)Tj 0.5 Tc 2.972 0 Td (,7)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (45, 753, 757, 761)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -10.039 -1.25 Td (apue.h)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td (header)Tj 0.5 Tc 2.972 0 Td (,7)Tj 0.25 Tc 1.25 0 Td (,9)Tj 0 Tc 1.083 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (10, 247, 324, 489)Tj 7.083 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (490, 635,)Tj -14.872 -1.25 Td (755, 895)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (898)Tj -6.866 -1.25 Td [(Ar)18(chitectur)18(e, UNIX,)-500(1)]TJ 9.952 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (2)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -10.536 -1.25 Td (argc)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.817 0 Td [(variable, )-250(815)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -2.817 -1.25 Td (ARG_MAX)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(40,)-250(43, 47, 49, 251)]TJ -4.617 -1.25 Td [(ar)18(guments, command)]TJ 9.679 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(line, )-250(203)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -10.012 -1.25 Td (argv)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.817 0 Td [(variable, )-250(663)]TJ -2.817 -1.25 Td [(Arnold J. Q.,)-500(206, 947)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf T* ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 8.217 0 Td (header)Tj 0.5 Tc 2.972 0 Td (,2)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (9, 594)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -12.439 -1.25 Td (asctime)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(function, )-250(192)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.617 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.417 0 Td (header)Tj 0.5 Tc 2.972 0 Td (,2)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (7)Tj -10.639 -1.25 Td (assignment-allocation character)Tj 0.5 Tc 13.938 0 Td (,1)Tj 0 Tc 1.25 0 Td (62)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -15.188 -1.25 Td (ASU)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.217 0 Td [(constant, )-250(271,)-250(273)]TJ -2.217 -1.25 Td [(asynchr)18(onous I/O,)-500(501, 509)]TJ 12.478 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (520)Tj -13.062 -1.25 Td [(asynchr)18(onous socket I/O,)-500(627)]TJ T* [(async-signal safe,)-500(330, 446, 450, 457, 461)]TJ 17.802 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (462, 927)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -18.385 -1.25 Td (at)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.617 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram, )-250(259,)-250(472)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.617 -1.25 Td (atd)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.217 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram, )-250(259,)-250(465)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -2.217 -1.25 Td (AT_EACCESS)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(103)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -6.417 -1.25 Td (atexit)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.017 0 Td [(function, )-250(40)]TJ 5.54 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (41, 43, 200, 202, 226, 236,)Tj -7.44 -1.25 Td (394, 731, 920)Tj -1.35 -1.25 Td [(de\336nition of,)-500(200)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.35 -1.25 Td (ATEXIT_MAX)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(40)]TJ 5.563 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (41, 43, 49, 52)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -12.563 -1.25 Td (AT_FDCWD)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.217 0 Td [(constant, )-250(65,)-250(94, 102, 106, 1)55(10, 1)55(16)]TJ 14.953 0.09 Td (\320)Tj -0.055 Tc 0.583 -0.09 Td (11)Tj 0 Tc 0.945 0 Td (7,)Tj -18.998 -1.25 Td (120, 123)Tj 3.583 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (124, 127, 129, 553)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -6.866 -1.25 Td (atoi)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.817 0 Td [(function, )-250(766,)-250(839)]TJ 8.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (840)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -11.44 -1.25 Td (atol)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.817 0 Td [(function, )-250(765)]TJ 6.04 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (767, 818, 823)Tj -9.44 -1.25 Td [(atomic operation,)-500(39, 44, 59, 63, 77)]TJ 15.339 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td [(79, 81, 1)55(16, 149,)]TJ -13.223 -1.25 Td (359, 365, 488, 553, 566, 568, 570, 945)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -2.7 -1.25 Td (AT_REMOVEDIR)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(1)55(17)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -7.617 -1.25 Td (AT_SYMLINK_FOLLOW)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 10.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(1)55(16)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -10.617 -1.25 Td (AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 11.817 0 Td [(constant, )-250(94,)-250(106, 1)55(10,)]TJ -9.117 -1.25 Td (127)Tj -0.074 Tc -2.7 -1.25 Td (AT)Tj 0 Tc 1.317 0 Td (&T)Tj 0.5 Tc 1.317 0 Td (,x)Tj 0 Tc 1.266 0 Td (ix, 6, 33, 174, 336, 507, 948)Tj -3.9 -1.25 Td [(automatic variables,)-500(205, 215, 217, 219, 226)]TJ T* [(avoidance, deadlock,)-500(402)]TJ 11.389 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (407)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -11.973 -1.25 Td (awk)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.217 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram, )-250(44,)-250(46, 262)]TJ 9.191 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (264, 552, 950)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -11.991 -1.25 Td (AXSIG)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(271,)-250(273)]TJ 8.063 0.09 Td (\320)Tj 0.583 -0.09 Td (274)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -12.063 -4.75 Td (B0)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(692)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -1.617 -1.25 Td (B110)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.817 0 Td [(constant, )-250(692)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -2.817 -1.25 Td (B115200)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.617 0 Td [(constant, )-250(692)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -4.617 -1.25 Td (B1200)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.417 0 Td [(constant, )-250(692)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -3.417 -1.25 Td (B134)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.817 0 Td [(constant, )-250(692)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -2.817 -1.25 Td (B150)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.817 0 Td [(constant, )-250(692)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47707 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (46)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3 0 Td [(UNIX )-250(Standar)18(dization )-250(and )-250(Implementations)]TJ 39.741 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(2)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 151.1909 670.2598 Tm (printf\("\\t\\t}\\n"\))Tj 0 -1.189 TD (printf\("\\t} else {\\n"\))Tj T* (printf\("\\t\\tprintf\(\\" %%ld\\\\n\\", val\);\\n"\))Tj T* (printf\("\\t}\\n"\))Tj T* (printf\("}\\n\\n"\))Tj 0 -1.189 TD (printf\("static void\\n"\))Tj 0 -1.189 TD (printf\("pr_pathconf\(char *mesg, char *path, int name\)\\n"\))Tj T* (printf\("{\\n"\))Tj T* [(printf\("\\tlong )-600(val;\\n"\))]TJ T* (printf\("\\n"\))Tj T* (printf\("\\tfputs\(mesg, stdout\);\\n"\))Tj T* (printf\("\\terrno = 0;\\n"\))Tj T* (printf\("\\tif \(\(val = pathconf\(path, name\)\) < 0\) {\\n"\))Tj T* (printf\("\\t\\tif \(errno != 0\) {\\n"\))Tj 0 -1.189 TD (printf\("\\t\\t\\tif \(errno == EINVAL\)\\n"\))Tj 0 -1.189 TD (printf\("\\t\\t\\t\\tfputs\(\\" \(not supported\)\\\\n\\", stdout\);\\n"\ \))Tj T* (printf\("\\t\\t\\telse\\n"\))Tj T* (printf\("\\t\\t\\t\\terr_sys\(\\"pathconf error, path = %%s\\", path\);\\\ n"\))Tj T* (printf\("\\t\\t} else {\\n"\))Tj T* (printf\("\\t\\t\\tfputs\(\\" \(no limit\)\\\\n\\", stdout\);\\n"\))Tj T* (printf\("\\t\\t}\\n"\))Tj T* (printf\("\\t} else {\\n"\))Tj T* (printf\("\\t\\tprintf\(\\" %%ld\\\\n\\", val\);\\n"\))Tj 0 -1.189 TD (printf\("\\t}\\n"\))Tj 0 -1.189 TD (printf\("}\\n"\))Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 3980.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 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Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -37.307 -1.2 Td (sysconf)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td (with the necessary)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.453 0 Td (#ifdef)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td (statements.)Tj -14.953 -1.2 Td (For example, the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 7.633 0 Td (awk)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.05 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram transforms a line in the input \336le that looks like)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 8.9989 0 0 8.9989 147.5824 293.2642 Tm [(NAME_MAX )-2933(_PC_NAME_MAX)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5845 275.2664 Tm (into the following C code:)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.9989 0 0 8.9989 147.5824 258.5684 Tm (#ifdef NAME_MAX)Tj 2.778 -1.189 Td (printf\("NAME_MAX is defined to be %d\\n", NAME_MAX+0\);)Tj -2.778 -1.189 Td (#else)Tj 2.778 -1.189 Td (printf\("no symbol for NAME_MAX\\n"\);)Tj -2.778 -1.189 Td (#endif)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (#ifdef _PC_NAME_MAX)Tj 2.778 -1.189 Td (pr_pathconf\("NAME_MAX =", argv[1], _PC_NAME_MAX\);)Tj -2.778 -1.189 Td (#else)Tj 2.778 -1.189 Td (printf\("no symbol for _PC_NAME_MAX\\n"\);)Tj -2.778 -1.189 Td (#endif)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5845 144.2821 Tm [(The )-225(pr)18(ogram )-225(in )-225(Figur)]TJ 0.475 Tc 10.213 0 Td (e2)Tj 0 Tc 1.454 0 Td [(.14, )-225(generated )-225(by )-225(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 10.303 0 Td (awk)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.275 0 Td [(pr)18(ogram, )-225(prints )-225(all )-225(these )-225(limits,)]TJ -24.245 -1.2 Td (handling the case in which a limit is not de\336ned.)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47708 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q BT /CS0 cs 0 0 0 scn /GS0 gs /TT0 1 Tf 0.0002 Tc -0.0002 Tw 12 0 0 12 218.4731 545.9739 Tm (This page intentionally left blank )Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 47.58 40.02 cm 0 g /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47709 0 obj <> endobj 47710 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q BT /CS0 cs 0 0 0 scn /GS0 gs /TT0 1 Tf 0.0002 Tc -0.0002 Tw 12 0 0 12 218.4731 545.9739 Tm (This page intentionally left blank )Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 47.58 40.02 cm 0 g /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47711 0 obj <> endobj 47712 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (938)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Solutions )-250(to )-250(Selected )-250(Exer)18(cises )]TJ 38.165 0 Td [(Appendix)-500(C)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 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Td (eC)Tj 0 Tc 1.438 0 Td [(.21 shows the r)18(elevant events.)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1917.25 6006.25 cm 0 0 m 2964 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 195.7295 592.5289 Tm [(Par)18(ent)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.118 0 Td (i)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.1 0 Td (Child)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.734 0 Td (i)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.1 0 Td [(Shar)18(ed value)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.262 0 Td (update)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -16.631 -1.25 Td [(set to)-2675(set to)-3697(set to)]TJ -0.018 Tc 16.837 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (turns)Tj 8.648 0.625 Td (Comment)Tj ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1917.25 5786.25 cm 0 0 m 2964 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1917.25 5766.25 cm 0 0 m 2964 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.231 Tc 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 297.1635 568.4977 Tm (0i)Tj 0 Tc 10.022 0 Td (nitialized by)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 5.771 0 Td (mmap)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 15.279 Tc -21.841 -1.25 Td (1c)Tj 0 Tc 16.223 0 Td [(hild r)8(uns \336rst, then is blocked)]TJ 20.305 Tc -21.249 -1.25 Td (0p)Tj 0 Tc 21.406 0 Td [(ar)18(ent r)8(uns)]TJ -10.332 -1.25 Td (1)Tj 3.05 Tc 6.181 -1.25 Td (0t)Tj 0 Tc 3.876 0 Td [(hen par)18(ent is blocked)]TJ 9.231 Tc -10.057 -1.25 Td (2c)Tj 0 Tc 10.175 0 Td [(hild r)18(esumes)]TJ -3.994 -1.25 Td (1)Tj 15.279 Tc -12.229 -1.25 Td (3t)Tj 0 Tc 16.105 0 Td (hen child is blocked)Tj 20.305 Tc -21.131 -1.25 Td (2p)Tj 0 Tc 21.406 0 Td [(ar)18(ent r)18(esumes)]TJ -10.332 -1.25 Td (3)Tj 3.05 Tc 6.181 -1.25 Td (2t)Tj 0 Tc 3.876 0 Td [(hen par)18(ent is blocked)]TJ -10.057 -1.25 Td (4)Tj 6.181 -1.25 Td (3)Tj 15.279 Tc -12.229 -1.25 Td (5t)Tj 0 Tc 16.105 0 Td (hen child is blocked)Tj 20.305 Tc -21.131 -1.25 Td (4p)Tj 0 Tc 21.406 0 Td [(ar)18(ent r)18(esumes)]TJ ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1917.25 4246.25 cm 0 0 m 2964 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3690.25 4246.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1760 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3282.25 4246.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1760 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2701.25 4246.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1760 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2315.25 4246.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1760 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4881.25 4246.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1760 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1917.25 4246.25 cm 0 0 m 0 1760 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 222.8435 406.5024 Tm (Figure C.21)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.917 0 Td [(Alternation between par)18(ent and child in Figur)]TJ 0.25 Tc 20.361 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (5.33)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 9.9976 0 0 9.9976 93.5774 372.9105 Tm [(Chapter )-278(16)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 3.6 -2.56 Td (16.1)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.065 0 Td (Figur)Tj 0.25 Tc 2.383 0 Td (eC)Tj 0 Tc 1.438 0 Td [(.22 shows a pr)18(ogram that prints the system\325s byte or)18(der)74(.)]TJ ET q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1602.25 3402.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1646.25 3402.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9973 0 0 8.9973 160.2019 330.5998 Tm (#include )Tj 0 -1.189 TD (#include )Tj 0 -1.189 TD (#include )Tj 0 -1.783 TD (int)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (main\(void\))Tj T* ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td [(uint32_t )-4200(i)]TJ 0.6 Tc 10.8 0 Td (=0)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (x04030201;)Tj -12.6 -1.189 Td [(unsigned char)-1800(*cp = \(unsigned char *\)&i;)]TJ 0 -1.783 TD (if \(*cp == 1\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (printf\("little-endian\\n"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (else if \(*cp == 4\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (printf\("big-endian\\n"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (else)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (printf\("who knows?\\n"\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (exit\(0\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj ET q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1602.25 1547.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1646.25 1547.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9971 0 0 7.9971 259.2437 141.0472 Tm (Figure C.22)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.917 0 Td [(Determine byte or)18(der on system)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47713 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q BT /CS0 cs 0 0 0 scn /GS0 gs /TT0 1 Tf 0.0002 Tc -0.0002 Tw 12 0 0 12 218.4731 545.9739 Tm (This page intentionally left blank )Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 47.58 40.02 cm 0 g /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47714 0 obj <> endobj 47715 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (892)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Function )-250(Pr)18(ototypes )]TJ 38.096 0 Td [(Appendix)-500(A)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 129.5922 670.9597 Tm (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (vsscanf)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(const char *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 17.4 0 Td (buf)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 3.097 0 Td (onst char *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 12 0 Td (format)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -27.697 -1.25 Td (va_list)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 4.8 0 Td [(ar)18(g)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -2.1 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 163)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -28.125 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0 -1.5 TD (Returns: number of input items assigned,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 18.524 0 Td (EOF)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.05 0 Td [(if input err)18(or)]TJ -16.597 -1.25 Td (or end of \336le befor)Tj 0.25 Tc 8.155 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (ny conversion)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -26.861 -3.125 Td (void)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (vsyslog)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 7.2 0 Td (priority)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 4.911 0 Td (onst char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (format)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,v)Tj 0 Tc 11.066 0 Td (a_list)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 4.2 0 Td [(ar)18(g)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -19.877 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 472)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -28.125 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf T* [(Platforms: Fr)18(eeBSD 8.0, Linux 3.2.0, Mac OS X 10.6.8, Solaris 10)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -13.5 -3.125 Td (pid_t)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (wait)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (statloc)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj 7.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 238)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td [(Returns: pr)18(ocess ID if OK, 0, or)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 13.96 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -27.46 -3.125 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (waitid)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(idtype_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 9.6 0 Td (idtype)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 4.3 0 Td (d_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 2.4 0 Td (id)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 2.578 0 Td (iginfo_t *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (infop)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 9.856 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (options)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -23.034 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 244)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -28.125 -1.5 Td (idtype)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (:P)Tj 0 Tc 4.3 0 Td (_PID, P_PGID, P_ALL)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -4.3 -1.5 Td (options)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (:W)Tj 0 Tc 4.744 0 Td (CONTINUED, WEXITED, WNOHANG, WNOWAIT,)Tj -0.6 -1.25 Td (WSTOPPED)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -4.144 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ -7.613 -1.5 Td (Platforms: Linux 3.2.0, Solaris 10)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -13.5 -3.125 Td (pid_t)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (waitpid)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(pid_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 8.4 0 Td (pid)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 3.078 0 Td (nt *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (statloc)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 6.828 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (options)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -12.606 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 238)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -28.125 -1.5 Td (options)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (:W)Tj 0 Tc 4.744 0 Td (CONTINUED, WNOHANG, WUNTRACED)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -4.744 -1.5 Td [(Returns: pr)18(ocess ID if OK, 0, or)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 13.96 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -27.46 -3.125 Td (pid_t)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (wait3)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (statloc)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 11.028 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (options)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 4.744 0 Td (truct rusage *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (rusage)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -10.072 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 245)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -28.125 -1.25 Td ()Tj 0 -1.25 TD ()Tj T* ()Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 0 -1.5 TD (options)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (:W)Tj 0 Tc 4.744 0 Td (NOHANG, WUNTRACED)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -4.744 -1.5 Td [(Returns: pr)18(ocess ID if OK, 0, or)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 13.96 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ -13.96 -1.5 Td [(Platforms: Fr)18(eeBSD 8.0, Linux 3.2.0, Mac OS X 10.6.8, Solaris 10)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -13.5 -3.125 Td (pid_t)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (wait4)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(pid_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 7.2 0 Td (pid)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 3.078 0 Td (nt *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (statloc)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 6.828 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (options)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 4.744 0 Td (truct rusage *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (rusage)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -16.15 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 245)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -28.125 -1.25 Td ()Tj 0 -1.25 TD ()Tj T* ()Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 0 -1.5 TD (options)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (:W)Tj 0 Tc 4.744 0 Td (NOHANG, WUNTRACED)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -4.744 -1.5 Td [(Returns: pr)18(ocess ID if OK, 0, or)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 13.96 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ -13.96 -1.5 Td [(Platforms: Fr)18(eeBSD 8.0, Linux 3.2.0, Mac OS X 10.6.8, Solaris 10)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47716 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Appendix )-250(A)]TJ 34.618 0 Td [(Function )-250(Pr)18(ototypes)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 11.215 0 Td (891)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 129.5922 670.9597 Tm (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (vdprintf)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 7.8 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 2.578 0 Td (onst char *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 12 0 Td (format)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,v)Tj 0 Tc 4.466 0 Td (a_list)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 4.2 0 Td [(ar)18(g)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -23.544 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 161)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -28.125 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0 -1.5 TD (Returns: number of characters output if OK, negative)Tj 3.977 -1.25 Td [(value if output err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -17.477 -3.125 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (vfprintf)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(FILE *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 14.4 0 Td (fp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 2.578 0 Td (onst char *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 12 0 Td (format)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -23.578 -1.25 Td (va_list)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 4.8 0 Td [(ar)18(g)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -2.7 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 161)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -28.125 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf T* (Returns: number of characters output if OK, negative)Tj 3.977 -1.25 Td [(value if output err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -17.477 -3.125 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (vfscanf)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(FILE *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 13.8 0 Td (fp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 2.578 0 Td (onst char *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 12 0 Td (format)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -23.578 -1.25 Td (va_list)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 4.8 0 Td [(ar)18(g)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -2.1 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 163)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -28.125 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf T* (Returns: number of input items assigned,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 18.524 0 Td (EOF)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.05 0 Td [(if input err)18(or)]TJ -16.597 -1.25 Td (or end of \336le befor)Tj 0.25 Tc 8.155 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (ny conversion)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -26.861 -3.125 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (vprintf)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(const char *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 17.4 0 Td (format)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,v)Tj 0 Tc 4.466 0 Td (a_list)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 4.2 0 Td [(ar)18(g)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -18.566 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 161)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -28.125 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf T* (Returns: number of characters output if OK, negative)Tj 3.977 -1.25 Td [(value if output err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -17.477 -3.125 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (vscanf)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(const char *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 16.8 0 Td (format)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,v)Tj 0 Tc 4.466 0 Td (a_list)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 4.2 0 Td [(ar)18(g)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -17.966 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 163)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -28.125 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf T* (Returns: number of input items assigned,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 18.524 0 Td (EOF)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.05 0 Td [(if input err)18(or)]TJ -16.597 -1.25 Td (or end of \336le befor)Tj 0.25 Tc 8.155 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (ny conversion)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -26.861 -3.125 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (vsnprintf)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(char *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 15 0 Td (buf)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 3.097 0 Td (ize_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3.6 0 Td (n)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -15.697 -1.25 Td (const char *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 12.6 0 Td (format)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,v)Tj 0 Tc 4.466 0 Td (a_list)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 4.2 0 Td [(ar)18(g)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -19.766 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 161)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -28.125 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf T* [(Returns: number of characters that would have been stor)18(ed)]TJ 3.977 -1.25 Td [(in array if buf)18(fer was lar)18(ge enough, negative value)]TJ 0 -1.25 TD [(if encoding err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -17.477 -3.125 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (vsprintf)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(char *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 14.4 0 Td (buf)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 3.097 0 Td (onst char *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 12 0 Td (format)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -24.097 -1.25 Td (va_list)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 4.8 0 Td [(ar)18(g)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -2.7 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 161)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -28.125 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0 -1.5 TD [(Returns: number of characters stor)18(ed in array if OK, negative)]TJ 3.977 -1.25 Td [(value if encoding err)18(or)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47717 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (890)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Function )-250(Pr)18(ototypes )]TJ 38.096 0 Td [(Appendix)-500(A)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 129.5922 670.9597 Tm (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (truncate)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(const char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (path)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,o)Tj 0 Tc 16.177 0 Td (ff_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3 0 Td (length)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -11.677 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td [(p. 1)55(12)]TJ -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.113 -2.875 Td [(char )-2400(*)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf (ttyname)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 13.2 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj 0.3 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 695)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: pointer to pathname of terminal,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 18.648 0 Td (NULL)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td [(on err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -34.798 -2.875 Td (mode_t)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (umask)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(mode_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 7.8 0 Td (cmask)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -0.3 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 104)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td [(Returns: pr)18(evious \336le mode cr)18(eation mask)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -13.5 -2.875 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (uname)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(struct utsname *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (name)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj 7.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 187)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: non-negative value if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 15.622 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -29.122 -2.875 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (ungetc)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 6.6 0 Td (c)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,F)Tj 0 Tc 2.207 0 Td (ILE *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (fp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -1.307 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 151)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns:)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3.977 0 Td (c)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.657 0 Td (if OK,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.886 0 Td (EOF)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.05 0 Td [(on err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -23.07 -2.875 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (unlink)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(const char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (path)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj 7.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td [(p. 1)55(17)]TJ -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.113 -2.875 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (unlinkat)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 7.8 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 2.578 0 Td (onst char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (path)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 10.177 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (\337ag)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -14.855 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td [(p. 1)55(17)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf -28.125 -1.5 Td (\337ag)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (:A)Tj 0 Tc 3.289 0 Td (T_REMOVEDIR)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -3.289 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.113 -2.875 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (unlockpt)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 7.8 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -0.3 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 723)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 on success,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 9.847 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -23.347 -2.875 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (unsetenv)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(const char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (name)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj 7.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 212)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.113 -2.875 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (utimensat)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 8.4 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 2.578 0 Td (onst char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (path)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -4.978 -1.25 Td (const struct timespec)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 13.2 0 Td (times)Tj /TT0 1 Tf ([2], int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 7.567 0 Td (\337ag)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -19.267 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 126)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -28.125 -1.5 Td (\337ag)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (:A)Tj 0 Tc 3.289 0 Td (T_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -3.289 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.113 -2.875 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (utimes)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(const char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (path)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 14.977 0 Td (onst struct timeval)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 12 0 Td (times)Tj /TT0 1 Tf ([2]\);)Tj -19.477 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 127)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47718 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Appendix )-250(A)]TJ 34.618 0 Td [(Function )-250(Pr)18(ototypes)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 11.215 0 Td (889)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 129.5922 670.9597 Tm (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (tcgetattr)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 8.4 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 2.578 0 Td (truct termios *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (termptr)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -3.478 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 683)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.113 -2.875 Td (pid_t)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (tcgetpgrp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 8.4 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -0.9 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 298)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td [(Returns: pr)18(ocess gr)18(oup ID of for)18(egr)18(ound pr)18(ocess gr)18(oup if OK,)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 3.977 -1.25 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -17.477 -2.875 Td (pid_t)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (tcgetsid)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 7.8 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -0.3 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 299)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td [(Returns: session leader)-74(\325s pr)18(ocess gr)18(oup ID if OK,)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 21.903 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -35.403 -2.875 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (tcsendbreak)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 9.6 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 2.578 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (duration)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -6.478 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 693)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.113 -2.875 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (tcsetattr)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 8.4 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 2.578 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (opt)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 3.077 0 Td (onst struct termios *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (termptr)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -8.355 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 683)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -28.125 -1.5 Td (opt)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (:T)Tj 0 Tc 3.077 0 Td (CSANOW, TCSADRAIN, TCSAFLUSH)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -3.077 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.113 -2.875 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (tcsetpgrp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 8.4 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,p)Tj 0 Tc 2.578 0 Td (id_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3 0 Td (pgrpid)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -6.478 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 298)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.113 -2.875 Td (long)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (telldir)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(DIR *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (dp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj 7.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 130)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td [(Returns: curr)18(ent location in dir)18(ectory associated with)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 23.685 0 Td (dp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -37.185 -2.875 Td (time_t)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (time)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(time_t *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (calptr)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj 7.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 189)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: value of time if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 12.909 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -26.409 -2.875 Td (clock_t)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (times)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(struct tms *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (buf)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 12.282 0 Td (\);)Tj -4.782 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 280)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: elapsed wall clock time in clock ticks if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 3.977 -1.25 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -17.477 -2.875 Td [(FILE )-2400(*)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf (tmpfile)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(void\);)Tj 13.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 167)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: \336le pointer if OK,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 11.958 0 Td (NULL)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td [(on err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -28.108 -2.875 Td [(char )-2400(*)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf (tmpnam)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (ptr)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj 13.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 167)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: pointer to unique pathname,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 16.89 0 Td (NULL)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td [(on err)18(or)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47719 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (888)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Function )-250(Pr)18(ototypes )]TJ 38.096 0 Td [(Appendix)-500(A)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 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(:_)Tj 0 Tc 3.967 0 Td (SC_ARG_MAX, _SC_ASYNCHRONOUS_IO,)Tj -0.6 -1.25 Td (_SC_ATEXIT_MAX, _SC_BARRIERS,)Tj 0 -1.25 TD (_SC_CHILD_MAX, _SC_CLK_TCK,)Tj T* (_SC_CLOCK_SELECTION, _SC_COLL_WEIGHTS_MAX,)Tj T* (_SC_DELAYTIMER_MAX, _SC_HOST_NAME_MAX,)Tj T* (_SC_IOV_MAX, _SC_JOB_CONTROL,)Tj T* (_SC_LINE_MAX, _SC_LOGIN_NAME_MAX,)Tj T* (_SC_MAPPED_FILED, _SC_MEMORY_PROTECTION,)Tj T* (_SC_NGROUPS_MAX,_SC_OPEN_MAX,)Tj T* (_SC_PAGESIZE, _SC_PAGE_SIZE,)Tj T* (_SC_READER_WRITER_LOCKS,)Tj T* (_SC_REALTIME_SIGNALS, _SC_RE_DUP_MAX,)Tj T* (_SC_RTSIG_MAX, _SC_SAVED_IDS,)Tj T* (_SC_SEMAPHORES, _SC_SEM_NSEMS_MAX,)Tj T* (_SC_SEM_VALUE_MAX, _SC_SHELL,)Tj T* (_SC_SIGQUEUE_MAX, _SC_SPIN_LOCKS,)Tj T* (_SC_STREAM_MAX, _SC_SYMLOOP_MAX,)Tj T* (_SC_THREAD_SAFE_FUNCTIONS,)Tj T* (_SC_THREADS, _SC_TIMER_MAX,)Tj T* (_SC_TIMERS, _SC_TTY_NAME_MAX,)Tj T* (_SC_TZNAME_MAX, _SC_VERSION,)Tj T* (_SC_XOPEN_CRYPT, _SC_XOPEN_REALTIME,)Tj T* (_SC_XOPEN_REALTIME_THREADS, _SC_XOPEN_SHM)Tj T* (_SC_XOPEN_VERSION)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -3.367 -1.5 Td [(Returns: corr)18(esponding value if OK,)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 16.235 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -29.735 -3.125 Td (void)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (syslog)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 6.6 0 Td (priority)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 4.911 0 Td (har *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (format)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,.)Tj 0 Tc 7.466 0 Td (..\);)Tj -11.477 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 470)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -41.625 -3.125 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (system)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(const char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (cmdstring)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj 7.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 265)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: termination status of shell)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -13.5 -3.125 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (tcdrain)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 7.2 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj 0.3 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 693)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.113 -3.125 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (tcflow)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 6.6 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 2.578 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (action)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -3.478 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 693)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -28.125 -1.5 Td (action)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (:T)Tj 0 Tc 4.262 0 Td (COOFF, TCOON, TCIOFF, TCION)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -4.262 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.113 -3.125 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (tcflush)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 7.2 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 2.578 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (queue)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -4.078 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 693)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -28.125 -1.5 Td (queue)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (:T)Tj 0 Tc 4.153 0 Td (CIFLUSH, TCOFLUSH, TCIOFLUSH)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -4.153 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47720 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Appendix )-250(A)]TJ 34.618 0 Td [(Function )-250(Pr)18(ototypes)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 11.215 0 Td (887)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 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-1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ -7.613 -1.5 Td (Platforms: Solaris 10)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -13.5 -3 Td [(char )-2400(*)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf (strerror)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 13.8 0 Td (errnum)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -0.3 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 15)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: pointer to message string)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -13.5 -3 Td (size_t)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (strftime)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(char *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 14.4 0 Td (buf)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 3.097 0 Td (ize_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3.6 0 Td (maxsize)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -15.697 -1.25 Td (const char *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 12.6 0 Td (format)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -12.6 -1.25 Td (const struct tm *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 15.6 0 Td (tmptr)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -13.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 192)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td [(Returns: number of characters stor)18(ed in array if r)18(oom,)]TJ 0.25 Tc 3.977 -1.25 Td (0o)Tj 0 Tc 1.296 0 Td (therwise)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -18.773 -3 Td (size_t)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (strftime_l)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(char *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 15.6 0 Td (buf)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 3.097 0 Td (ize_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3.6 0 Td (maxsize)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -15.697 -1.25 Td (const char *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 12.6 0 Td (format)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -12.6 -1.25 Td (const struct tm *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 15.6 0 Td (tmptr)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,l)Tj 0 Tc 4.133 0 Td (ocale_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 4.8 0 Td (locale)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -23.633 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 192)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td [(Returns: number of characters stor)18(ed in array if r)18(oom,)]TJ 0.25 Tc 3.977 -1.25 Td (0o)Tj 0 Tc 1.296 0 Td (therwise)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -18.773 -3 Td [(char )-2400(*)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf (strptime)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(const char *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 24 0 Td (buf)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 3.097 0 Td (onst char *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 12 0 Td (format)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -27.697 -1.25 Td (struct tm *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 12 0 Td (tmptr)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -9.9 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 195)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: pointer to one character past last character parsed,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.977 -1.25 Td (NULL)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td (otherwise)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -20.127 -3 Td (char)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 5.4 0 Td (*strsignal)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 9 0 Td (signo)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -0.9 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 380)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: a pointer to a string describing the signal)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -13.5 -3 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (symlink)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(const char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (actualpath)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 18.039 0 Td (onst char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (sympath)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -10.539 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 123)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.113 -3 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (symlinkat)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(const char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (actualpath)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 19.239 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 2.578 0 Td (onst char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (sympath)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -16.117 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 123)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.113 -3 Td (void)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (sync)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(void\);)Tj 7.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 81)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47721 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (886)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Function )-250(Pr)18(ototypes )]TJ 38.096 0 Td [(Appendix)-500(A)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 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0 Td (p. 359)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns:)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 3.977 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (1w)Tj 0 Tc 2.133 0 Td (ith)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.449 0 Td (errno)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td (set to)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.601 0 Td (EINTR)Tj -26.91 -3.375 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (sigwait)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(const sigset_t *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 19.8 0 Td (set)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 2.911 0 Td (nt *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 7.8 0 Td (signop)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -23.011 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 454)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td [(Returns: 0 if OK, err)18(or number on failur)18(e)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -13.5 -3.375 Td (unsigned)Tj 0 -1.25 TD (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (sleep)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(unsigned int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 11.4 0 Td (seconds)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -3.9 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 373)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 or number of unslept seconds)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -13.5 -3.375 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (snprintf)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(char *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 14.4 0 Td (buf)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 3.097 0 Td (ize_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3.6 0 Td (n)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -15.697 -1.25 Td (const char *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 12.6 0 Td (format)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,.)Tj 0 Tc 4.466 0 Td (..\);)Tj -14.966 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 159)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td [(Returns: number of characters that would have been stor)18(ed)]TJ 3.977 -1.25 Td [(in array if buf)18(fer was lar)18(ge enough, negative value)]TJ T* [(if encoding err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -17.477 -3.375 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (sockatmark)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 9 0 Td (sockfd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -1.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 626)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: 1 if at mark, 0 if not at mark,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 16.749 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -30.249 -3.375 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (socket)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 6.6 0 Td (domain)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 4.8 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (type)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 3.522 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td [(pr)18(otocol)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -11.022 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 590)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -28.125 -1.5 Td (type)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (:S)Tj 0 Tc 3.522 0 Td (OCK_STREAM, SOCK_DGRAM, SOCK_SEQPACKET)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -3.522 -1.5 Td (Returns: \336le \(socket\) descriptor if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 16.941 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -30.441 -3.375 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (socketpair)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 9 0 Td (domain)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 4.8 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (type)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 3.522 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td [(pr)18(otocol)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 5.021 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (sockfd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf ([2]\);)Tj -20.243 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 630)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -28.125 -1.5 Td (type)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (:S)Tj 0 Tc 3.522 0 Td (OCK_STREAM, SOCK_DGRAM, SOCK_SEQPACKET)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -3.522 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.113 -3.375 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (sprintf)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(char *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 13.8 0 Td (buf)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 3.097 0 Td (onst char *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 12 0 Td (format)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,.)Tj 0 Tc 4.466 0 Td (..\);)Tj -25.863 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 159)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td [(Returns: number of characters stor)18(ed in array if OK, negative)]TJ 3.977 -1.25 Td [(value if encoding err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -17.477 -3.375 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (sscanf)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(const char *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 16.8 0 Td (buf)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -12.6 -1.25 Td (const char *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 12.6 0 Td (format)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,.)Tj 0 Tc 4.466 0 Td (..\);)Tj -13.766 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 162)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: number of input items assigned,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 18.524 0 Td (EOF)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.05 0 Td [(if input err)18(or or)]TJ -16.597 -1.25 Td (end of \336le befor)Tj 0.25 Tc 6.964 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (ny conversion)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47722 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Appendix )-250(A)]TJ 34.618 0 Td [(Function )-250(Pr)18(ototypes)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 11.215 0 Td (885)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 129.5922 670.9597 Tm (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (sigdelset)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(sigset_t *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (set)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 14.911 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (signo)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -9.211 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 344)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.113 -3.375 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (sigemptyset)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(sigset_t *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (set)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj 7.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 344)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.113 -3.375 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (sigfillset)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(sigset_t *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (set)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj 7.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 344)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.113 -3.375 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (sigismember)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(const sigset_t *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (set)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 19.711 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (signo)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -14.011 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 344)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td [(Returns: 1 if tr)8(ue, 0 if false,)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 12.047 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -25.547 -3.375 Td (void)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (siglongjmp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(sigjmp_buf)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 13.2 0 Td (env)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 3.245 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (val)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -10.745 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 356)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td [(This function never r)18(eturns)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -13.5 -3.375 Td [(void )-1800(\(*)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf (signal)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 12.6 0 Td (signo)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,v)Tj 0 Tc 3.967 0 Td (oid \(*)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (func)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\)\(int\)\)\)\(int\);)Tj -3.067 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 323)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td [(Returns: pr)18(evious disposition of signal if OK,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.977 -1.25 Td (SIG_ERR)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td [(on err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.927 -3.375 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (sigpending)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(sigset_t *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (set)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj 7.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 347)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.113 -3.375 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (sigprocmask)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 9.6 0 Td (how)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 3.466 0 Td (onst sigset_t *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 14.4 0 Td (set)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -20.266 -1.25 Td (sigset_t *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 11.4 0 Td (oset)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -11.1 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 346)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -28.125 -1.5 Td (how)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (:S)Tj 0 Tc 3.466 0 Td (IG_BLOCK, SIG_UNBLOCK, SIG_SETMASK)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -3.466 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.113 -3.375 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (sigqueue)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(pid_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 9 0 Td (pid)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 3.078 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (signo)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 3.967 0 Td (onst union sigval)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 10.8 0 Td (value)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\))Tj -21.145 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 376)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.113 -3.375 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (sigsetjmp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(sigjmp_buf)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 12.6 0 Td (env)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 3.245 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (savemask)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -10.145 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 356)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td [(Returns: 0 if called dir)18(ectly)]TJ 0.25 Tc 11.731 0 Td (,n)Tj 0 Tc 1.082 0 Td [(onzer)18(o)-250(if)-250(r)18(eturning fr)18(om a call)]TJ -8.836 -1.25 Td (to)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.122 0 Td (siglongjmp)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47723 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (884)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Function )-250(Pr)18(ototypes )]TJ 38.096 0 Td [(Appendix)-500(A)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 129.5922 670.9597 Tm (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (setvbuf)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(FILE *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 13.8 0 Td (fp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 2.578 0 Td (har *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 8.4 0 Td (buf)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 3.097 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (mode)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -24.875 -1.25 Td (size_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 4.2 0 Td (size)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -1.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 146)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -28.125 -1.5 Td (mode)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (:_)Tj 0 Tc 3.911 0 Td (IOFBF, _IOLBF, _IONBF)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -3.911 -1.5 Td [(Returns: 0 if OK, nonzer)18(o)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -13.5 -3.125 Td [(void )-2400(*)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf (shmat)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 12 0 Td (shmid)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 4.245 0 Td (onst void *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (addr)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 10.233 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (\337ag)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -14.778 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 574)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -28.125 -1.5 Td (\337ag)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (:S)Tj 0 Tc 3.289 0 Td (HM_RND, SHM_RDONLY)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -3.289 -1.5 Td [(Returns: pointer to shar)18(ed memory segment if OK,)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 22.649 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -36.149 -3.125 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (shmctl)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 6.6 0 Td (shmid)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 4.245 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (cmd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 3.485 0 Td (truct shmid_ds *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (buf)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 11.082 0 Td (\);)Tj -19.712 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 573)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -28.125 -1.5 Td (cmd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (:I)Tj 0 Tc 3.485 0 Td (PC_STAT, IPC_SET, IPC_RMID,)Tj -0.6 -1.25 Td (SHM_LOCK)Tj 5.4 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.6 -0.04 Td (Linux 3.2.0, Solaris 10)Tj 13.8 0.04 Td (\))Tj 0.6 -0.04 Td (,)Tj -20.4 -1.25 Td (SHM_UNLOCK)Tj 6.6 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.6 -0.04 Td (Linux 3.2.0, Solaris 10)Tj 13.8 0.04 Td (\))Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -23.885 -1.54 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.113 -3.125 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (shmdt)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(const void *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (addr)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj 7.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 574)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.113 -3.125 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (shmget)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(key_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 7.8 0 Td (key)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 3.133 0 Td (ize_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3.6 0 Td (size)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 3.3 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (\337ag)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -12.133 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 572)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -28.125 -1.5 Td (\337ag)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (:I)Tj 0 Tc 3.289 0 Td (PC_CREAT, IPC_EXCL)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -3.289 -1.5 Td [(Returns: non-negative shar)18(ed memory ID if OK,)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 21.51 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -35.01 -3.125 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (shutdown)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 7.8 0 Td (sockfd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 4.262 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (how)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -6.362 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 592)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -28.125 -1.5 Td (how)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (:S)Tj 0 Tc 3.466 0 Td (HUT_RD, SHUT_WR, SHUT_RDWR)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -3.466 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.113 -3.125 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (sig2str)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 7.2 0 Td (signo)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 3.967 0 Td (har *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (str)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -3.667 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 380)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ -7.613 -1.5 Td (Platforms: Solaris 10)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -13.5 -3.125 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (sigaction)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 8.4 0 Td (signo)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 3.967 0 Td (onst struct sigaction *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 19.2 0 Td (act)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -25.567 -1.25 Td (struct sigaction *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 16.2 0 Td (oact)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -14.7 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 350)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.113 -3.125 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (sigaddset)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(sigset_t *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (set)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 14.911 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (signo)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -9.211 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 344)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47724 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Appendix )-250(A)]TJ 34.618 0 Td [(Function )-250(Pr)18(ototypes)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 11.215 0 Td (883)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 129.5922 670.9597 Tm (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (setregid)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(gid_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 9 0 Td (rg)Tj 0 Tc 0.871 0 Td (id)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,g)Tj 0 Tc 2.578 0 Td (id_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3 0 Td (egid)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -7.949 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 257)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.113 -3 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (setreuid)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(uid_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 9 0 Td (ruid)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,u)Tj 0 Tc 3.523 0 Td (id_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3 0 Td (euid)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -8.023 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 257)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.113 -2.875 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (setrlimit)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 8.4 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.76 0 Td [(sour)18(ce)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 4.356 0 Td (onst struct rlimit *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (rlptr)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -6.016 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 220)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -0.018 Tc -28.125 -1.5 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.76 0 Td [(sour)18(ce)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (:R)Tj 0 Tc 4.356 0 Td (LIMIT_CORE, RLIMIT_CPU,)Tj -0.6 -1.25 Td (RLIMIT_DATA, RLIMIT_FSIZE,)Tj 0 -1.25 TD (RLIMIT_NOFILE, RLIMIT_STACK,)Tj T* (RLIMIT_AS)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6 0 Td [(\(Fr)18(eeBSD 8.0, Linux 3.2.0,)]TJ 0.333 -1.25 Td (Solaris 10\))Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -6.333 -1.25 Td (RLIMIT_MEMLOCK)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 Td [(\(Fr)18(eeBSD 8.0, Linux 3.2.0,)]TJ 0.333 -1.25 Td (Mac OS X 10.6.8\))Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -9.333 -1.25 Td (RLIMIT_MSGQUEUE)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.6 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (Linux 3.2.0)Tj 4.853 0.04 Td (\))Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.333 -0.04 Td (,)Tj -15.119 -1.25 Td (RLIMIT_NICE)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.2 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (Linux 3.2.0)Tj 4.853 0.04 Td (\))Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.333 -0.04 Td (,)Tj -12.719 -1.25 Td (RLIMIT_NPROC)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.8 0 Td [(\(Fr)18(eeBSD 8.0, Linux 3.2.0,)]TJ 0.333 -1.25 Td (Mac OS X 10.6.8\))Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -8.133 -1.25 Td (RLIMIT_NPTS)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.2 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td [(Fr)18(eeBSD 8.0)]TJ 5.301 0.04 Td (\))Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.333 -0.04 Td (,)Tj -13.167 -1.25 Td (RLIMIT_RSS)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.6 0 Td [(\(Fr)18(eeBSD 8.0, Linux 3.2.0,)]TJ 0.333 -1.25 Td (Mac OS X 10.6.8\))Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -6.933 -1.25 Td (RLIMIT_SBSIZE)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.4 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td [(Fr)18(eeBSD 8.0)]TJ 5.301 0.04 Td (\))Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.333 -0.04 Td (,)Tj -14.367 -1.25 Td (RLIMIT_SIGPENDING)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 10.8 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (Linux 3.2.0)Tj 4.853 0.04 Td (\))Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.333 -0.04 Td (,)Tj -16.319 -1.25 Td (RLIMIT_SWAP)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.2 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td [(Fr)18(eeBSD 8.0)]TJ 5.301 0.04 Td (\))Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.333 -0.04 Td (,)Tj -13.167 -1.25 Td (RLIMIT_VMEM)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.2 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (Solaris 10)Tj 4.222 0.04 Td (\))Tj -16.271 -1.54 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.113 -2.875 Td (void)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (setservent)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 9 0 Td (stayopen)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -1.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 599)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -41.625 -2.875 Td (pid_t)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (setsid)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(void\);)Tj 7.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 295)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td [(Returns: pr)18(ocess gr)18(oup ID if OK,)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 14.702 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -28.202 -2.875 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (setsockopt)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 9 0 Td (sockfd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 4.262 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (level)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 3.634 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (option)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 4.355 0 Td (onst void *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (val)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -18.251 -1.25 Td (socklen_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 6 0 Td (len)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -5.1 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 624)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.113 -2.875 Td (void)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (setspent)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(void\);)Tj 7.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 182)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Platforms: Linux 3.2.0, Solaris 10)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -13.5 -2.875 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (setuid)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(uid_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 7.8 0 Td (uid)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -0.3 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 256)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47725 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (882)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Function )-250(Pr)18(ototypes )]TJ 38.096 0 Td [(Appendix)-500(A)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 129.5922 670.9597 Tm (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (seteuid)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(uid_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 8.4 0 Td (uid)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -0.9 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 258)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.113 -3 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (setgid)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(gid_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 7.8 0 Td (gid)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -0.3 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 256)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.113 -3 Td (void)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (setgrent)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(void\);)Tj 7.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 183)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -41.625 -3 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (setgroups)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 8.4 0 Td [(ngr)18(oups)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 5.116 0 Td (onst gid_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 6.6 0 Td [(gr)18(ouplist)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf ([]\);)Tj -12.616 -1.5 Td [( )-1800(/*)-600(Linux */)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 184)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -28.125 -1.25 Td ( /* FreeBSD, Mac OS X, and Solaris */)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0 -1.5 TD (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.113 -3 Td (void)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (sethostent)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 9 0 Td (stayopen)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -1.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 597)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -41.625 -3 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (setjmp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(jmp_buf)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 9 0 Td (env)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -1.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 215)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td [(Returns: 0 if called dir)18(ectly)]TJ 0.25 Tc 11.731 0 Td (,n)Tj 0 Tc 1.082 0 Td [(onzer)18(o)-250(if)-250(r)18(eturning fr)18(om)]TJ 0.25 Tc -8.836 -1.25 Td (ac)Tj 0 Tc 1.194 0 Td (all to)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.454 0 Td (longjmp)Tj -21.125 -3 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (setlogmask)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 9 0 Td (maskpri)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -1.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 470)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td [(Returns: pr)18(evious log priority mask value)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -13.5 -3 Td (void)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (setnetent)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 8.4 0 Td (stayopen)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -0.9 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 598)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -41.625 -3 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (setpgid)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(pid_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 8.4 0 Td (pid)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,p)Tj 0 Tc 3.078 0 Td (id_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3 0 Td (pgid)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -6.978 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 294)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.113 -3 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (setpriority)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 9.6 0 Td (which)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 4.207 0 Td (d_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 2.4 0 Td (who)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 3.466 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (value)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -13.973 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 277)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -28.125 -1.5 Td (which)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (:P)Tj 0 Tc 4.207 0 Td (RIO_PROCESS, PRIO_PGRP, PRIO_USER)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -4.207 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.113 -3 Td (void)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (setprotoent)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 9.6 0 Td (stayopen)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -2.1 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 598)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -41.625 -3 Td (void)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (setpwent)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(void\);)Tj 7.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 180)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47726 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Appendix )-250(A)]TJ 34.618 0 Td [(Function )-250(Pr)18(ototypes)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 11.215 0 Td (881)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 129.5922 670.9597 Tm (ssize_t)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (send)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 5.4 0 Td (sockfd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 4.262 0 Td (onst void *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (buf)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 9.697 0 Td (ize_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3.6 0 Td (nbytes)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 4.43 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (\337ags)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -21.689 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 610)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -28.125 -1.5 Td (\337ags)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (:M)Tj 0 Tc 3.678 0 Td (SG_EOR, MSG_OOB, MSG_NOSIGNAL)Tj -0.6 -1.25 Td (MSG_CONFIRM)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.2 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (Linux 3.2.0)Tj 4.853 0.04 Td (\))Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.333 -0.04 Td (,)Tj -12.719 -1.25 Td (MSG_DONTROUTE)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.4 0 Td [(\(Fr)18(eeBSD 8.0, Linux 3.2.0,)]TJ 0.333 -1.25 Td (Mac OS X 10.6.8, Solaris 10\))Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -8.733 -1.25 Td (MSG_DONTWAIT)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.8 0 Td [(\(Fr)18(eeBSD 8.0, Linux 3.2.0,)]TJ 0.333 -1.25 Td (Mac OS X 10.6.8, Solaris 10\))Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -8.133 -1.25 Td (MSG_EOF)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.8 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td [(Fr)18(eeBSD 8.0, Mac OS X 10.6.8)]TJ 12.919 0.04 Td (\))Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.333 -0.04 Td (,)Tj -18.385 -1.25 Td (MSG_MORE)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.4 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (Linux 3.2.0)Tj 4.853 0.04 Td (\))Tj -13.664 -1.54 Td (Returns: number of bytes sent if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 16.386 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -29.886 -3.375 Td (ssize_t)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (sendmsg)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 7.2 0 Td (sockfd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 4.262 0 Td (onst struct msghdr *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (msg)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 15.467 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (\337ags)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -21.229 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td [(p. 61)55(1)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf -28.125 -1.5 Td (\337ags)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (:M)Tj 0 Tc 3.678 0 Td (SG_EOR, MSG_OOB, MSG_NOSIGNAL)Tj -0.6 -1.25 Td (MSG_CONFIRM)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.2 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (Linux 3.2.0)Tj 4.853 0.04 Td (\))Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.333 -0.04 Td (,)Tj -12.719 -1.25 Td (MSG_DONTROUTE)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.4 0 Td [(\(Fr)18(eeBSD 8.0, Linux 3.2.0,)]TJ 0.333 -1.25 Td (Mac OS X 10.6.8, Solaris 10\))Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -8.733 -1.25 Td (MSG_DONTWAIT)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.8 0 Td [(\(Fr)18(eeBSD 8.0, Linux 3.2.0,)]TJ 0.333 -1.25 Td (Mac OS X 10.6.8, Solaris 10\))Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -8.133 -1.25 Td (MSG_EOF)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.8 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td [(Fr)18(eeBSD 8.0, Mac OS X 10.6.8)]TJ 12.919 0.04 Td (\))Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.333 -0.04 Td (,)Tj -18.385 -1.25 Td (MSG_MORE)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.4 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (Linux 3.2.0)Tj 4.853 0.04 Td (\))Tj -13.664 -1.54 Td (Returns: number of bytes sent if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 16.386 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -29.886 -3.375 Td (ssize_t)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (sendto)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 6.6 0 Td (sockfd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 4.262 0 Td (onst void *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (buf)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 9.697 0 Td (ize_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3.6 0 Td (nbytes)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 4.43 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (\337ags)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -26.189 -1.25 Td (const struct sockaddr *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (destaddr)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 19.044 0 Td (ocklen_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 5.4 0 Td (destlen)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -21.144 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 610)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -28.125 -1.5 Td (\337ags)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (:M)Tj 0 Tc 3.678 0 Td (SG_EOR, MSG_OOB, MSG_NOSIGNAL)Tj -0.6 -1.25 Td (MSG_CONFIRM)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.2 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (Linux 3.2.0)Tj 4.853 0.04 Td (\))Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.333 -0.04 Td (,)Tj -12.719 -1.25 Td (MSG_DONTROUTE)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 8.4 0 Td [(\(Fr)18(eeBSD 8.0, Linux 3.2.0,)]TJ 0.333 -1.25 Td (Mac OS X 10.6.8, Solaris 10\))Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -8.733 -1.25 Td (MSG_DONTWAIT)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.8 0 Td [(\(Fr)18(eeBSD 8.0, Linux 3.2.0,)]TJ 0.333 -1.25 Td (Mac OS X 10.6.8, Solaris 10\))Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -8.133 -1.25 Td (MSG_EOF)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.8 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td [(Fr)18(eeBSD 8.0, Mac OS X 10.6.8)]TJ 12.919 0.04 Td (\))Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.333 -0.04 Td (,)Tj -18.385 -1.25 Td (MSG_MORE)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.4 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (Linux 3.2.0)Tj 4.853 0.04 Td (\))Tj -13.664 -1.54 Td (Returns: number of bytes sent if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 16.386 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -29.886 -3.375 Td (void)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (setbuf)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(FILE *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 13.2 0 Td (fp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 2.578 0 Td (har *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 8.4 0 Td (buf)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.482 0 Td (\);)Tj -18.16 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 146)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -41.625 -3.375 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (setegid)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(gid_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 8.4 0 Td (gid)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -0.9 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 258)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.113 -3.375 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (setenv)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(const char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (name)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 15.367 0 Td (onst char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (value)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 10.567 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 1.8 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.76 0 Td (write)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -20.994 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 212)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47727 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (880)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Function )-250(Pr)18(ototypes )]TJ 38.096 0 Td [(Appendix)-500(A)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 129.5922 670.9597 Tm (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (semget)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(key_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 7.8 0 Td (key)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 3.133 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (nsems)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 4.301 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (\337ag)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -11.334 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 567)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -28.125 -1.5 Td (\337ag)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (:I)Tj 0 Tc 3.289 0 Td (PC_CREAT, IPC_EXCL)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -3.289 -1.5 Td [(Returns: semaphor)18(e)-250(ID)-250(if)-250(OK,)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 13.345 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -26.845 -3.25 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (sem_getvalue)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(sem_t *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 17.4 0 Td (sem)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 3.356 0 Td (nt *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 7.8 0 Td (valp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -21.056 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 582)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.113 -3.25 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (sem_init)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(sem_t *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (sem)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 12.956 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td [(pshar)18(ed)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,u)Tj 0 Tc 4.893 0 Td (nsigned int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 7.2 0 Td (value)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -19.349 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 582)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.113 -3.25 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (semop)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 6 0 Td (semid)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 4.134 0 Td (truct sembuf)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 7.8 0 Td (semoparray)Tj /TT0 1 Tf ([], size_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 11.266 0 Td (nops)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -21.7 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 568)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.113 -3.25 Td [(sem_t )-1800(*)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf (sem_open)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(const char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (name)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 22.567 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (o\337ag)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,.)Tj 0 Tc 3.733 0 Td (.. /* mode_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 7.8 0 Td (mode)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -24.5 -1.25 Td (unsigned int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 7.8 0 Td (value)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.767 0 Td (*/ \);)Tj -8.467 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 579)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -28.125 -1.5 Td (\337ag)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (:I)Tj 0 Tc 3.289 0 Td (PC_CREAT, IPC_EXCL)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -3.289 -1.5 Td [(Returns: pointer to semaphor)18(e)-250(if)-250(OK,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 16.576 0 Td (SEM_FAILED)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.25 0 Td [(on err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -36.326 -3.25 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (sem_post)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(sem_t *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (sem)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj 7.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 582)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.113 -3.25 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (sem_timedwait)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(sem_t *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 18 0 Td (sem)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -9.6 -1.25 Td (const struct timespec *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 19.2 0 Td (tsptr)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -20.1 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 581)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -28.125 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0 -1.5 TD (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.113 -3.25 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (sem_trywait)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(sem_t *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (sem)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj 7.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf T* (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.113 -3.25 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (sem_unlink)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(const char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (name)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj 7.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 580)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.113 -3.25 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (sem_wait)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(sem_t *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (sem)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj 7.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 581)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47728 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Appendix )-250(A)]TJ 34.618 0 Td [(Function )-250(Pr)18(ototypes)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 11.215 0 Td (879)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 129.5922 670.9597 Tm (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (renameat)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 7.8 0 Td (oldfd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 3.8 0 Td (onst char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (oldname)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 11.789 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (newfd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -19.789 -1.25 Td (const char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (newname)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj 2.1 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td [(p. 1)55(19)]TJ -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.113 -3.25 Td (void)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (rewind)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(FILE *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (fp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj 7.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 158)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -41.625 -3.25 Td (void)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (rewinddir)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(DIR *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (dp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj 7.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 130)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -41.625 -3.25 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (rmdir)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(const char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (path)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj 7.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 130)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.113 -3.25 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (scanf)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(const char *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 16.2 0 Td (format)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,.)Tj 0 Tc 4.466 0 Td (..\);)Tj -13.166 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 162)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: number of input items assigned,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 18.524 0 Td (EOF)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.05 0 Td [(if input err)18(or or)]TJ -16.597 -1.25 Td (end of \336le befor)Tj 0.25 Tc 6.964 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (ny conversion)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -25.67 -3.25 Td (void)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (seekdir)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(DIR *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (dp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,l)Tj 0 Tc 10.6 0 Td (ong)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 2.4 0 Td (loc)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -5.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 130)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -41.625 -3.25 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (select)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 6.6 0 Td (maxfdp1)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,f)Tj 0 Tc 5.3 0 Td (d_set *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 9.6 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.76 0 Td (adfds)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -18.06 -1.25 Td (fd_set *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 10.2 0 Td (writefds)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,f)Tj 0 Tc 5.078 0 Td (d_set *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 9.6 0 Td (exceptfds)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -24.878 -1.25 Td (struct timeval *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 15 0 Td (tvptr)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -11.7 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 502)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td [(Returns: count of r)18(eady descriptors, 0 on timeout,)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 22.148 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -35.648 -3.25 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (sem_close)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(sem_t *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (sem)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj 7.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 580)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.113 -3.25 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (semctl)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 6.6 0 Td (semid)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 4.134 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (semnum)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 5.246 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (cmd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,.)Tj 0 Tc 3.485 0 Td (..)Tj -18.865 -1.25 Td (/* union semun)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 9 0 Td [(ar)18(g)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 1.915 0 Td (*/ \);)Tj -7.615 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 567)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -28.125 -1.5 Td (cmd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (:I)Tj 0 Tc 3.485 0 Td (PC_STAT, IPC_SET, IPC_RMID, GETPID,)Tj -0.6 -1.25 Td (GETNCNT, GETZCNT, GETVAL, SETVAL,)Tj 0 -1.25 TD (GETALL, SETALL)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -2.885 -1.5 Td (Returns: \(depends on command\),)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 15.007 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -28.507 -3.25 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (sem_destroy)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(sem_t *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (sem)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj 7.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 582)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47729 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (878)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Function )-250(Pr)18(ototypes )]TJ 38.096 0 Td [(Appendix)-500(A)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 129.5922 670.9597 Tm [(void )-2400(*)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf (realloc)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(void *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (ptr)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 17.422 0 Td (ize_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3.6 0 Td (newsize)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -7.522 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 207)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: non-null pointer if OK,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 14.393 0 Td (NULL)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td [(on err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -30.543 -3 Td (ssize_t)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (recv)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 5.4 0 Td (sockfd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,v)Tj 0 Tc 4.262 0 Td (oid *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (buf)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 6.097 0 Td (ize_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3.6 0 Td (nbytes)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 4.43 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (\337ags)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -18.089 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 612)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -28.125 -1.5 Td (\337ags)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (:M)Tj 0 Tc 3.678 0 Td (SG_PEEK, MSG_OOB, MSG_WAITALL,)Tj -0.6 -1.25 Td (MSG_CMSG_CLOEXEC)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 10.2 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (Linux 3.2.0)Tj 4.853 0.04 Td (\))Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.333 -0.04 Td (,)Tj -15.719 -1.25 Td (MSG_DONTWAIT)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.8 0 Td [(\(Fr)18(eeBSD 8.0, Linux 3.2.0,)]TJ 0.333 -1.25 Td (Solaris 10\))Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -8.133 -1.25 Td (MSG_ERRQUEUE)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.8 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (Linux 3.2.0)Tj 4.853 0.04 Td (\))Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.333 -0.04 Td (,)Tj -13.319 -1.25 Td (MSG_TRUNC)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (Linux 3.2.0)Tj 4.853 0.04 Td (\))Tj -14.264 -1.54 Td [(Returns: length of message in bytes, 0 if no messages ar)18(e)]TJ 3.977 -1.25 Td [(available and peer has done an or)18(derly shutdown,)]TJ 0 -1.25 TD (or)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 1.191 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -18.668 -3 Td (ssize_t)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (recvfrom)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 7.8 0 Td (sockfd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,v)Tj 0 Tc 4.262 0 Td (oid *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 8.4 0 Td (buf)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 3.097 0 Td (ize_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3.6 0 Td (len)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 3.023 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (\337ags)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -26.582 -1.25 Td (struct sockaddr *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 15.6 0 Td (addr)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -15.6 -1.25 Td (socklen_t *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 12 0 Td (addrlen)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -9.9 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 613)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -28.125 -1.5 Td (\337ags)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (:M)Tj 0 Tc 3.678 0 Td (SG_PEEK, MSG_OOB, MSG_WAITALL)Tj -0.6 -1.25 Td (MSG_CMSG_CLOEXEC)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 10.2 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (Linux 3.2.0)Tj 4.853 0.04 Td (\))Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.333 -0.04 Td (,)Tj -15.719 -1.25 Td (MSG_DONTWAIT)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.8 0 Td [(\(Fr)18(eeBSD 8.0, Linux 3.2.0,)]TJ 0.333 -1.25 Td (Solaris 10\))Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -8.133 -1.25 Td (MSG_ERRQUEUE)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.8 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (Linux 3.2.0)Tj 4.853 0.04 Td (\))Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.333 -0.04 Td (,)Tj -13.319 -1.25 Td (MSG_TRUNC)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (Linux 3.2.0)Tj 4.853 0.04 Td (\))Tj -14.264 -1.54 Td [(Returns: length of message in bytes, 0 if no messages ar)18(e)]TJ 3.977 -1.25 Td [(available and peer has done an or)18(derly shutdown,)]TJ T* (or)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 1.191 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -18.668 -3 Td (ssize_t)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (recvmsg)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 7.2 0 Td (sockfd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 4.262 0 Td (truct msghdr *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (msg)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 11.867 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (\337ags)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -17.629 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 613)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -28.125 -1.5 Td (\337ags)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (:M)Tj 0 Tc 3.678 0 Td (SG_PEEK, MSG_OOB, MSG_WAITALL)Tj -0.6 -1.25 Td (MSG_CMSG_CLOEXEC)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 10.2 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (Linux 3.2.0)Tj 4.853 0.04 Td (\))Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.333 -0.04 Td (,)Tj -15.719 -1.25 Td (MSG_DONTWAIT)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.8 0 Td [(\(Fr)18(eeBSD 8.0, Linux 3.2.0,)]TJ 0.333 -1.25 Td (Solaris 10\))Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -8.133 -1.25 Td (MSG_ERRQUEUE)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.8 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (Linux 3.2.0)Tj 4.853 0.04 Td (\))Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.333 -0.04 Td (,)Tj -13.319 -1.25 Td (MSG_TRUNC)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (Linux 3.2.0)Tj 4.853 0.04 Td (\))Tj -14.264 -1.54 Td [(Returns: length of message in bytes, 0 if no messages ar)18(e)]TJ 3.977 -1.25 Td [(available and peer has done an or)18(derly shutdown,)]TJ T* (or)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 1.191 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -18.668 -3 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (remove)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(const char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (path)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj 7.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td [(p. 1)55(19)]TJ -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.113 -3 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (rename)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(const char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (oldname)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 16.589 0 Td (onst char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (newname)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -9.089 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td [(p. 1)55(19)]TJ -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47730 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Appendix )-250(A)]TJ 34.618 0 Td [(Function )-250(Pr)18(ototypes)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 11.215 0 Td (877)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 129.5922 670.9597 Tm (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (putchar_unlocked)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 12.6 0 Td (c)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -5.1 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 444)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns:)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3.977 0 Td (c)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.657 0 Td (if OK,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.886 0 Td (EOF)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.05 0 Td [(on err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -23.07 -2.875 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (putc_unlocked)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 10.8 0 Td (c)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,F)Tj 0 Tc 2.207 0 Td (ILE *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (fp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -5.507 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 444)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns:)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3.977 0 Td (c)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.657 0 Td (if OK,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.886 0 Td (EOF)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.05 0 Td [(on err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -23.07 -2.875 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (putenv)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (str)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj 7.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 212)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td [(Returns: 0 if OK, nonzer)18(o)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -13.5 -2.875 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (puts)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(const char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (str)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj 7.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 153)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: non-negative value if OK,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 15.622 0 Td (EOF)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.05 0 Td [(on err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -31.172 -2.875 Td (ssize_t)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (pwrite)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 6.6 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 2.578 0 Td (onst void *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (buf)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 9.697 0 Td (ize_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3.6 0 Td (nbytes)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,o)Tj 0 Tc 4.43 0 Td (ff_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3 0 Td (offset)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -22.405 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 78)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: number of bytes written if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 17.808 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -31.308 -2.875 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (raise)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 6 0 Td (signo)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj 1.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 337)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td [(Returns: 0 if OK, nonzer)18(o)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -13.5 -2.875 Td (ssize_t)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (read)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 5.4 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,v)Tj 0 Tc 2.578 0 Td (oid *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (buf)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 6.097 0 Td (ize_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3.6 0 Td (nbytes)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -10.175 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 71)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td [(Returns: number of bytes r)18(ead if OK, 0 if end of \336le,)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 3.977 -1.25 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -17.477 -1.625 Td (struct)Tj 0 -1.25 TD [(dirent )-1200(*)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf (readdir)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(DIR *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (dp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj 13.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 130)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: pointer if OK,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 10.333 0 Td (NULL)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td [(at end of dir)18(ectory or err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -26.483 -2.875 Td (ssize_t)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (readlink)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(const char *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 18 0 Td (path)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 3.577 0 Td (har *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 8.4 0 Td (buf)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -24.577 -1.25 Td (size_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 4.2 0 Td (bufsize)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -2.1 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 123)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td [(Returns: number of bytes r)18(ead if OK,)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 16.542 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -30.042 -2.875 Td (ssize_t)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (readlinkat)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 9 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 2.578 0 Td (onst char* restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 12 0 Td (path)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -16.978 -1.25 Td (char *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 9 0 Td (buf)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 3.097 0 Td (ize_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3.6 0 Td (bufsize)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -14.797 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 123)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td [(Returns: number of bytes r)18(ead if OK,)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 16.542 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -30.042 -2.875 Td (ssize_t)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (readv)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 6 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 2.578 0 Td (onst struct iovec *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (iov)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 14.422 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (iovcnt)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -17.3 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 521)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td [(Returns: number of bytes r)18(ead if OK, 0 if end of \336le,)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 3.977 -1.25 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47731 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (876)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Function )-250(Pr)18(ototypes )]TJ 38.096 0 Td [(Appendix)-500(A)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 129.5922 670.9597 Tm (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (pthread_setspecific)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(pthread_key_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 20.4 0 Td (key)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 3.133 0 Td (onst void *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (value)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -16.033 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 449)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td [(Returns: 0 if OK, err)18(or number on failur)18(e)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -13.5 -3 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (pthread_sigmask)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 12 0 Td (how)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 3.466 0 Td (onst sigset_t *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 14.4 0 Td (set)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -20.266 -1.25 Td (sigset_t *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 11.4 0 Td (oset)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -13.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 454)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -28.125 -1.5 Td (how)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (:S)Tj 0 Tc 3.466 0 Td (IG_BLOCK, SIG_UNBLOCK, SIG_SETMASK)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -3.466 -1.5 Td [(Returns: 0 if OK, err)18(or number on failur)18(e)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -13.5 -3 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (pthread_spin_destroy)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(pthread_spinlock_t *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (lock)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj 7.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 417)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td [(Returns: 0 if OK, err)18(or number on failur)18(e)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -13.5 -3 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (pthread_spin_init)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(pthread_spinlock_t *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (lock)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 26.173 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td [(pshar)18(ed)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -20.473 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 417)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -28.125 -1.5 Td [(pshar)18(ed)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (:P)Tj 0 Tc 4.893 0 Td (THREAD_PROCESS_PRIVATE,)Tj -0.6 -1.25 Td (PTHREAD_PROCESS_SHARED)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -4.293 -1.5 Td [(Returns: 0 if OK, err)18(or number on failur)18(e)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -13.5 -3 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (pthread_spin_lock)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(pthread_spinlock_t *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (lock)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj 7.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 418)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td [(Returns: 0 if OK, err)18(or number on failur)18(e)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -13.5 -3 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (pthread_spin_trylock)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(pthread_spinlock_t *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (lock)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj 7.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 418)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td [(Returns: 0 if OK, err)18(or number on failur)18(e)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -13.5 -3 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (pthread_spin_unlock)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(pthread_spinlock_t *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (lock)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj 7.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 418)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td [(Returns: 0 if OK, err)18(or number on failur)18(e)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -13.5 -3 Td (void)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (pthread_testcancel)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(void\);)Tj 7.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 453)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -41.625 -3 Td [(char )-2400(*)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf (ptsname)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 13.2 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj 0.3 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 723)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: pointer to name of PTY slave if OK,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 19.921 0 Td (NULL)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td [(on err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -36.071 -3 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (putc)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 5.4 0 Td (c)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,F)Tj 0 Tc 2.207 0 Td (ILE *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (fp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -0.107 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 152)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns:)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3.977 0 Td (c)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.657 0 Td (if OK,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.886 0 Td (EOF)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.05 0 Td [(on err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -23.07 -3 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (putchar)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 7.2 0 Td (c)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj 0.3 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 152)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns:)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3.977 0 Td (c)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.657 0 Td (if OK,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.886 0 Td (EOF)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.05 0 Td [(on err)18(or)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47732 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Appendix )-250(A)]TJ 34.618 0 Td [(Function )-250(Pr)18(ototypes)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 11.215 0 Td (875)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 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(int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (pipe)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 5.4 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf ([2]\);)Tj 2.1 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 535)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.113 -3.125 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (poll)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(struct pollfd)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 11.4 0 Td (fdarray)Tj /TT0 1 Tf ([], nfds_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 9.544 0 Td (nfds)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 3.523 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (timeout)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -18.767 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 506)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td [(Returns: count of r)18(eady descriptors, 0 on timeout,)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 22.148 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -35.648 -3.125 Td [(FILE )-2400(*)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf (popen)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(const char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (cmdstring)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 22.73 0 Td (onst char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (type)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -9.23 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 541)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -28.125 -1.5 Td (type)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (:")Tj 0 Tc 3.522 0 Td (r", "w")Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -3.522 -1.5 Td (Returns: \336le pointer if OK,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 11.958 0 Td (NULL)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td [(on err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -28.108 -3.125 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (posix_openpt)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 10.2 0 Td (o\337ag)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -2.7 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 722)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -28.125 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 0 -1.5 TD (o\337ag)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (:O)Tj 0 Tc 3.733 0 Td (_RWDR, O_NOCTTY)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -3.733 -1.5 Td (Returns: \336le descriptor of next available PTY master if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 3.977 -1.25 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -17.477 -3.125 Td (ssize_t)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (pread)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 6 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,v)Tj 0 Tc 2.578 0 Td (oid *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (buf)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 6.097 0 Td (ize_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3.6 0 Td (nbytes)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,o)Tj 0 Tc 4.43 0 Td (ff_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3 0 Td (offset)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -18.205 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 78)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td [(Returns: number of bytes r)18(ead, 0 if end of \336le,)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 20.456 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -33.956 -3.125 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (printf)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(const char *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 16.8 0 Td (format)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,.)Tj 0 Tc 4.466 0 Td (..\);)Tj -13.766 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 159)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: number of characters output if OK, negative value)Tj 3.977 -1.25 Td [(if output err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -17.477 -3.125 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (pselect)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 7.2 0 Td (maxfdp1)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,f)Tj 0 Tc 5.3 0 Td (d_set *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 9.6 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.76 0 Td (adfds)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -18.06 -1.25 Td (fd_set *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 10.2 0 Td (writefds)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,f)Tj 0 Tc 5.078 0 Td (d_set *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 9.6 0 Td (exceptfds)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -24.878 -1.25 Td (const struct timespec *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 19.2 0 Td (tsptr)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -19.2 -1.25 Td (const sigset_t *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 15 0 Td (sigmask)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -12.3 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 506)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td [(Returns: count of r)18(eady descriptors, 0 on timeout,)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 22.148 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -35.648 -3.125 Td (void)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (psiginfo)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(const siginfo_t *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (info)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 18.956 0 Td (onst char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (msg)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -11.456 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 379)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47741 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (866)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Function )-250(Pr)18(ototypes )]TJ 38.096 0 Td [(Appendix)-500(A)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 129.5922 670.9597 Tm (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (openat)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 6.6 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 2.578 0 Td (onst char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (path)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 10.177 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (o\337ag)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,.)Tj 0 Tc 3.733 0 Td (..)Tj -20.688 -1.25 Td (/* mode_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 6 0 Td (mode)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.711 0 Td (*/ \);)Tj -5.411 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 62)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -28.125 -1.5 Td (o\337ag)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (:O)Tj 0 Tc 3.733 0 Td (_RDONLY, O_WRONLY, O_RDWR, O_EXEC,)Tj -0.6 -1.25 Td (O_SEARCH;)Tj 0 -1.25 TD (O_APPEND, O_CLOEXEC, O_CREAT,)Tj T* (O_DIRECTORY, O_DSYNC, O_EXCL,)Tj T* (O_NOCTTY, O_NOFOLLOW, O_NONBLOCK,)Tj T* (O_RSYNC, O_SYNC, O_TRUNC, O_TTY_INIT)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -3.133 -1.5 Td (mode)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (:S)Tj 0 Tc 3.911 0 Td (_IS)Tj 1.8 0.04 Td ([)Tj 0.6 -0.04 Td (UG)Tj 1.2 0.04 Td (])Tj 0.6 -0.04 Td (ID, S_ISVTX,)Tj -4.8 -1.25 Td (S_I)Tj 1.8 0.04 Td ([)Tj 0.6 -0.04 Td (RWX)Tj 1.8 0.04 Td (])Tj 0.6 -0.04 Td (\(USR|GRP|OTH\))Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -8.111 -1.5 Td (Returns: \336le descriptor if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 13.25 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ -13.25 -1.5 Td (Platforms:)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 4.802 0 Td (O_FSYNC)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td [(\337ag on Fr)18(eeBSD 8.0 and Mac OS X 10.6.8)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -22.752 -2.875 Td [(DIR )-3000(*)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf (opendir)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(const char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (path)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj 13.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 130)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: pointer if OK,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 10.333 0 Td (NULL)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td [(on err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -26.483 -2.875 Td (void)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (openlog)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(const char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (ident)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 15.856 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (option)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 4.355 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (facility)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -16.311 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 470)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -28.125 -1.5 Td (option)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (:L)Tj 0 Tc 4.355 0 Td (OG_CONS, LOG_NDELAY, LOG_NOWAIT,)Tj -0.6 -1.25 Td (LOG_ODELAY, LOG_PERROR, LOG_PID)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -3.755 -1.5 Td (facility)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (:L)Tj 0 Tc 4.596 0 Td (OG_AUTH, LOG_AUTHPRIV, LOG_CRON,)Tj -0.6 -1.25 Td (LOG_DAEMON, LOG_FTP, LOG_KERN,)Tj T* (LOG_LOCAL[0)Tj 6.6 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.6 -0.09 Td (7], LOG_LPR, LOG_MAIL,)Tj -7.2 -1.25 Td (LOG_NEWS, LOG_SYSLOG, LOG_USER, LOG_UUCP)Tj -17.496 -2.875 Td [(FILE )-2400(*)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf (open_memstream)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(char **)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (bufp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 22.797 0 Td (ize_t *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (sizep)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -9.297 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 173)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td [(Returns: str)18(eam pointer if OK,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 13.572 0 Td (NULL)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td [(on err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -29.722 -2.875 Td [(FILE )-2400(*)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf (open_wmemstream)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(wchar_t **)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (bufp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 25.197 0 Td (ize_t *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (sizep)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -11.697 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 173)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td [(Returns: str)18(eam pointer if OK,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 13.572 0 Td (NULL)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td [(on err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -29.722 -2.875 Td (long)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (pathconf)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(const char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (path)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 16.177 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (name)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -10.477 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 42)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -28.125 -1.5 Td (name)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (:_)Tj 0 Tc 3.967 0 Td (PC_ASYNC_IO, _PC_CHOWN_RESTRICTED,)Tj -0.6 -1.25 Td (_PC_FILESIZEBITS, _PC_LINK_MAX,)Tj T* (_PC_MAX_CANON, _PC_MAX_INPUT,)Tj T* (_PC_NAME_MAX, _PC_NO_TRUNC, _PC_PATH_MAX,)Tj T* (_PC_PIPE_BUF, _PC_PRIO_IO, _PC_SYMLINK_MAX,)Tj T* (_PC_SYNC_IO, _PC_TIMESTAMP_RESOLUTION,)Tj T* (_PC_2_SYMLINKS, _PC_VDISABLE)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -3.367 -1.5 Td [(Returns: corr)18(esponding value if OK,)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 16.235 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -29.735 -2.875 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (pause)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(void\);)Tj 7.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 338)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns:)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 3.977 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (1w)Tj 0 Tc 2.133 0 Td (ith)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.449 0 Td (errno)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td (set to)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.601 0 Td (EINTR)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47742 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (864)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Function )-250(Pr)18(ototypes )]TJ 38.096 0 Td [(Appendix)-500(A)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 129.5922 670.9597 Tm [(char )-2400(*)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf (mkdtemp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (template)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj 13.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 169)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td [(Returns: pointer to dir)18(ectory name if OK,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 18.424 0 Td (NULL)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td [(on err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -34.574 -2.875 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (mkfifo)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(const char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (path)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,m)Tj 0 Tc 14.977 0 Td (ode_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3.6 0 Td (mode)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -11.077 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 553)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -28.125 -1.5 Td (mode)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (:S)Tj 0 Tc 3.911 0 Td (_IS)Tj 1.8 0.04 Td ([)Tj 0.6 -0.04 Td (UG)Tj 1.2 0.04 Td (])Tj 0.6 -0.04 Td (ID, S_ISVTX,)Tj -4.8 -1.25 Td (S_I)Tj 1.8 0.04 Td ([)Tj 0.6 -0.04 Td (RWX)Tj 1.8 0.04 Td (])Tj 0.6 -0.04 Td (\(USR|GRP|OTH\))Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -8.111 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.113 -2.875 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (mkfifoat)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 7.8 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 2.578 0 Td (onst char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (path)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,m)Tj 0 Tc 10.177 0 Td (ode_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3.6 0 Td (mode)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -16.655 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 553)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -28.125 -1.5 Td (mode)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (:S)Tj 0 Tc 3.911 0 Td (_IS)Tj 1.8 0.04 Td ([)Tj 0.6 -0.04 Td (UG)Tj 1.2 0.04 Td (])Tj 0.6 -0.04 Td (ID, S_ISVTX,)Tj -4.8 -1.25 Td (S_I)Tj 1.8 0.04 Td ([)Tj 0.6 -0.04 Td (RWX)Tj 1.8 0.04 Td (])Tj 0.6 -0.04 Td (\(USR|GRP|OTH\))Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -8.111 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.113 -2.875 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (mkstemp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (template)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj 7.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 169)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: \336le descriptor if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 13.25 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -26.75 -2.875 Td (time_t)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (mktime)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(struct tm *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (tmptr)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj 7.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 192)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: calendar time if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 13.144 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -26.644 -2.875 Td [(void )-2400(*)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf (mmap)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(void *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (addr)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 16.233 0 Td (ize_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3.6 0 Td (len)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 3.023 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td [(pr)18(ot)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 3.448 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (\337ag)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 3.289 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -25.993 -1.25 Td (off_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3.6 0 Td (off)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.185 0 Td (\);)Tj -0.285 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 525)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -28.125 -1.5 Td [(pr)18(ot)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (:P)Tj 0 Tc 3.448 0 Td (ROT_READ, PROT_WRITE, PROT_EXEC,)Tj -0.6 -1.25 Td (PROT_NONE)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -2.848 -1.5 Td (\337ag)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (:M)Tj 0 Tc 3.289 0 Td (AP_FIXED, MAP_SHARED, MAP_PRIVATE)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -3.289 -1.5 Td [(Returns: starting addr)18(ess of mapped r)18(egion if OK,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.977 -1.25 Td (MAP_FAILED)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.25 0 Td [(on err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -23.727 -2.875 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (mprotect)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(void *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (addr)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 12.633 0 Td (ize_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3.6 0 Td (len)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 3.023 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td [(pr)18(ot)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -13.556 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 527)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.113 -2.875 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (msgctl)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 6.6 0 Td (msqid)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 4.208 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (cmd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 3.485 0 Td (truct msqid_ds *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (buf)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 11.082 0 Td (\);)Tj -19.675 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 562)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -28.125 -1.5 Td (cmd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (:I)Tj 0 Tc 3.485 0 Td (PC_STAT, IPC_SET, IPC_RMID)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -3.485 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.113 -2.875 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (msgget)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(key_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 7.8 0 Td (key)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 3.133 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (\337ag)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -5.233 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 562)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -28.125 -1.5 Td (\337ag)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (:I)Tj 0 Tc 3.289 0 Td (PC_CREAT, IPC_EXCL)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -3.289 -1.5 Td (Returns: message queue ID if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 15.193 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47743 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Appendix )-250(A)]TJ 34.618 0 Td [(Function )-250(Pr)18(ototypes)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 11.215 0 Td (863)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 129.5922 670.9597 Tm (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (lio_listio)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 9 0 Td (mode)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -2.4 -1.25 Td (struct aiocb *restrict const)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 17.4 0 Td (list)Tj /TT0 1 Tf ([restrict],)Tj -17.4 -1.25 Td (int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 2.4 0 Td (nent)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 3.634 0 Td (truct sigevent *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 15 0 Td (sigev)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -20.134 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 515)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -28.125 -1.5 Td (mode)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (:L)Tj 0 Tc 3.911 0 Td (IO_NOWAIT, LIO_WAIT)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -3.911 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.113 -3.125 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (listen)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 6.6 0 Td (sockfd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 4.262 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (backlog)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -5.162 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 608)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.113 -3.125 Td (struct)Tj 0 -1.25 TD [(tm )-3600(*)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf (localtime)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(const time_t *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (calptr)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj 13.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 192)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td [(Returns: pointer to br)18(oken-down time,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 17.297 0 Td (NULL)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td [(on err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -33.447 -3.125 Td (void)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (longjmp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(jmp_buf)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 9.6 0 Td (env)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 3.245 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (val)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -7.145 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 215)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td [(This function never r)18(eturns)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -13.5 -3.125 Td (off_t)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (lseek)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 6 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,o)Tj 0 Tc 2.578 0 Td (ff_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3 0 Td (offset)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 3.911 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (whence)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -9.789 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 67)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -28.125 -1.5 Td (whence)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (:S)Tj 0 Tc 4.763 0 Td (EEK_SET, SEEK_CUR, SEEK_END)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -4.763 -1.5 Td [(Returns: new \336le of)18(fset if OK,)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 13.306 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -26.806 -3.125 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (lstat)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(const char *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 16.2 0 Td (path)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -12.6 -1.25 Td (struct stat *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 13.2 0 Td (buf)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.482 0 Td (\);)Tj -10.782 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 93)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.113 -3.125 Td [(void )-2400(*)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf (malloc)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(size_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 14.4 0 Td (size)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -0.9 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 207)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: non-null pointer if OK,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 14.393 0 Td (NULL)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td [(on err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -30.543 -3.125 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (mkdir)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(const char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (path)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,m)Tj 0 Tc 14.377 0 Td (ode_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3.6 0 Td (mode)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -10.477 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 129)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -28.125 -1.5 Td (mode)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (:S)Tj 0 Tc 3.911 0 Td (_IS)Tj 1.8 0.04 Td ([)Tj 0.6 -0.04 Td (UG)Tj 1.2 0.04 Td (])Tj 0.6 -0.04 Td (ID, S_ISVTX,)Tj -4.8 -1.25 Td (S_I)Tj 1.8 0.04 Td ([)Tj 0.6 -0.04 Td (RWX)Tj 1.8 0.04 Td (])Tj 0.6 -0.04 Td (\(USR|GRP|OTH\))Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -8.111 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.113 -3.125 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (mkdirat)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 7.2 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 2.578 0 Td (onst char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (path)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,m)Tj 0 Tc 10.177 0 Td (ode_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3.6 0 Td (mode)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -16.055 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 129)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -28.125 -1.5 Td (mode)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (:S)Tj 0 Tc 3.911 0 Td (_IS)Tj 1.8 0.04 Td ([)Tj 0.6 -0.04 Td (UG)Tj 1.2 0.04 Td (])Tj 0.6 -0.04 Td (ID, S_ISVTX,)Tj -4.8 -1.25 Td (S_I)Tj 1.8 0.04 Td ([)Tj 0.6 -0.04 Td (RWX)Tj 1.8 0.04 Td (])Tj 0.6 -0.04 Td (\(USR|GRP|OTH\))Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -8.111 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47744 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (862)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Function )-250(Pr)18(ototypes )]TJ 38.096 0 Td [(Appendix)-500(A)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 129.5922 670.9597 Tm (const)Tj 0 -1.25 TD [(char )-2400(*)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf (inet_ntop)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 14.4 0 Td (domain)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 4.8 0 Td (onst void *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 12 0 Td (addr)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -19.2 -1.25 Td (char *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 9 0 Td (str)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 2.911 0 Td (ocklen_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 5.4 0 Td (size)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -15.811 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 596)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td [(Returns: pointer to addr)18(ess string on success,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 20.189 0 Td (NULL)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td [(on err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -36.339 -3.375 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (inet_pton)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 8.4 0 Td (domain)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 4.8 0 Td (onst char *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 12 0 Td (str)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -19.2 -1.25 Td (void *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 9 0 Td (addr)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -7.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 596)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: 1 on success, 0 if the format is invalid, or)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 22.128 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -35.628 -3.375 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (initgroups)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(const char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (username)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,g)Tj 0 Tc 19.49 0 Td (id_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3 0 Td (basegid)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -14.99 -1.5 Td [( )-1800(/*)-600(Linux & Solaris */)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 184)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -28.125 -1.25 Td ( /* FreeBSD & Mac OS X */)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0 -1.5 TD (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.113 -3.375 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (ioctl)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 6 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 2.578 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 1.8 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.76 0 Td (quest)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,.)Tj 0 Tc 3.93 0 Td (..\);)Tj -7.568 -1.5 Td [( )-2400(/*)-600(System V */)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 87)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -28.125 -1.25 Td [( )-600(/*)-600(BSD and Linux */)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf T* (Returns:)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 3.977 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ 0.25 Tc 4.795 0 Td (,s)Tj 0 Tc 0.924 0 Td (omething else if OK)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -23.196 -3.375 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (isatty)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 6.6 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj 0.9 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 695)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td [(Returns: 1 \(tr)8(ue\) if terminal device, 0 \(false\) otherwise)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -13.5 -3.375 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (kill)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(pid_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 6.6 0 Td (pid)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 3.078 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (signo)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -3.978 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 337)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.113 -3.375 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (lchown)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(const char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (path)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,u)Tj 0 Tc 14.977 0 Td (id_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3 0 Td (owner)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,g)Tj 0 Tc 4.3 0 Td (id_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3 0 Td [(gr)18(oup)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -17.777 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 109)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.113 -3.375 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (link)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(const char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (existingpath)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 17 0 Td (onst char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (newpath)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -9.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td [(p. 1)55(16)]TJ -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.113 -3.375 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (linkat)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 6.6 0 Td (efd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 2.967 0 Td (onst char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (existingpath)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 13.4 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (nfd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -20.567 -1.25 Td (const char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (newpath)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 12.444 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (\337ag)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -10.944 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td [(p. 1)55(16)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf -28.125 -1.5 Td (\337ag)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (:A)Tj 0 Tc 3.289 0 Td (T_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -3.289 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47745 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (860)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Function )-250(Pr)18(ototypes )]TJ 38.096 0 Td [(Appendix)-500(A)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 129.5922 670.9597 Tm (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (getrlimit)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 8.4 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.76 0 Td [(sour)18(ce)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 4.356 0 Td (truct rlimit *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (rlptr)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -6.016 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 220)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -0.018 Tc -28.125 -1.5 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.76 0 Td [(sour)18(ce)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (:R)Tj 0 Tc 4.356 0 Td (LIMIT_CORE, RLIMIT_CPU,)Tj -0.6 -1.25 Td (RLIMIT_DATA, RLIMIT_FSIZE,)Tj 0 -1.25 TD (RLIMIT_NOFILE, RLIMIT_STACK,)Tj T* (RLIMIT_AS)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6 0 Td [(\(Fr)18(eeBSD 8.0, Linux 3.2.0,)]TJ 0.333 -1.25 Td (Solaris 10\))Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -6.333 -1.25 Td (RLIMIT_MEMLOCK)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9 0 Td [(\(Fr)18(eeBSD 8.0, Linux 3.2.0,)]TJ 0.333 -1.25 Td (Mac OS X 10.6.8\))Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -9.333 -1.25 Td (RLIMIT_MSGQUEUE)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.6 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (Linux 3.2.0)Tj 4.853 0.04 Td (\))Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.333 -0.04 Td (,)Tj -15.119 -1.25 Td (RLIMIT_NICE)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.2 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (Linux 3.2.0)Tj 4.853 0.04 Td (\))Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.333 -0.04 Td (,)Tj -12.719 -1.25 Td (RLIMIT_NPROC)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.8 0 Td [(\(Fr)18(eeBSD 8.0, Linux 3.2.0,)]TJ 0.333 -1.25 Td (Mac OS X 10.6.8\))Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -8.133 -1.25 Td (RLIMIT_NPTS)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.2 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td [(Fr)18(eeBSD 8.0)]TJ 5.301 0.04 Td (\))Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.333 -0.04 Td (,)Tj -13.167 -1.25 Td (RLIMIT_RSS)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.6 0 Td [(\(Fr)18(eeBSD 8.0, Linux 3.2.0,)]TJ 0.333 -1.25 Td (Mac OS X 10.6.8\))Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -6.933 -1.25 Td (RLIMIT_SBSIZE)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 8.4 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td [(Fr)18(eeBSD 8.0)]TJ 5.301 0.04 Td (\))Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.333 -0.04 Td (,)Tj -14.367 -1.25 Td (RLIMIT_SIGPENDING)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 10.8 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (Linux 3.2.0)Tj 4.853 0.04 Td (\))Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.333 -0.04 Td (,)Tj -16.319 -1.25 Td (RLIMIT_SWAP)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.2 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td [(Fr)18(eeBSD 8.0)]TJ 5.301 0.04 Td (\))Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.333 -0.04 Td (,)Tj -13.167 -1.25 Td (RLIMIT_VMEM)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 7.2 0.04 Td (\()Tj 0.333 -0.04 Td (Solaris 10)Tj 4.222 0.04 Td (\))Tj -16.271 -1.54 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.113 -2.8 Td [(char )-2400(*)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf (gets)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (buf)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 14.082 0 Td (\);)Tj -0.582 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 152)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns:)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3.977 0 Td (buf)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.547 0 Td (if OK,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.886 0 Td (NULL)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td [(on end of \336le or err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -24.56 -2.8 Td (struct)Tj T* [(servent )-600(*)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf (getservbyname)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(const char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (name)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 25.567 0 Td (onst char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf [(pr)18(oto)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -12.067 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 599)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: pointer if OK,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 10.333 0 Td (NULL)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td [(on err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -26.483 -2.8 Td (struct)Tj T* [(servent )-600(*)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf (getservbyport)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 16.8 0 Td (port)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 3.466 0 Td (onst char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf [(pr)18(oto)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -6.766 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 599)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: pointer if OK,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 10.333 0 Td (NULL)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td [(on err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -26.483 -2.8 Td (struct)Tj T* [(servent )-600(*)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf (getservent)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(void\);)Tj 13.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 599)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: pointer if OK,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 10.333 0 Td (NULL)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td [(on err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -26.483 -2.8 Td (pid_t)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (getsid)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(pid_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 7.8 0 Td (pid)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -0.3 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 296)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td [(Returns: session leader)-74(\325s pr)18(ocess gr)18(oup ID if OK,)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 3.977 -1.25 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -17.477 -2.8 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (getsockname)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 9.6 0 Td (sockfd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 4.262 0 Td (truct sockaddr *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 15 0 Td (addr)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -21.662 -1.25 Td (socklen_t *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 12 0 Td (alenp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -11.7 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 605)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47746 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Appendix )-250(A)]TJ 34.618 0 Td [(Function )-250(Pr)18(ototypes)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 11.215 0 Td (859)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 129.5922 670.9597 Tm (pid_t)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (getpid)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(void\);)Tj 7.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 228)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td [(Returns: pr)18(ocess ID of calling pr)18(ocess)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -13.5 -3.375 Td (pid_t)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (getppid)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(void\);)Tj 7.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 228)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td [(Returns: par)18(ent pr)18(ocess ID of calling pr)18(ocess)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -13.5 -3.375 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (getpriority)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 9.6 0 Td (which)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 4.207 0 Td (d_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 2.4 0 Td (who)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -8.707 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 277)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -28.125 -1.5 Td (which)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (:P)Tj 0 Tc 4.207 0 Td (RIO_PROCESS, PRIO_PGRP, PRIO_USER)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -4.207 -1.5 Td (Returns: nice value between)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 12.693 0 Td (!)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (NZERO)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.799 0 Td (and)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.943 0 Td (NZERO)Tj /TT2 1 Tf (!)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (1)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.399 0 Td (if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf -18.857 -1.25 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -17.477 -3.375 Td (struct)Tj 0 -1.25 TD (protoent *)Tj /TT1 1 Tf (getprotobyname)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(const char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (name)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj 13.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 598)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: pointer if OK,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 10.333 0 Td (NULL)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td [(on err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -26.483 -3.375 Td (struct)Tj T* (protoent *)Tj /TT1 1 Tf (getprotobynumber)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 18.6 0 Td [(pr)18(oto)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -5.1 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 598)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: pointer if OK,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 10.333 0 Td (NULL)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td [(on err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -26.483 -3.375 Td (struct)Tj 0 -1.25 Td (protoent *)Tj /TT1 1 Tf (getprotoent)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(void\);)Tj 13.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 598)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: pointer if OK,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 10.333 0 Td (NULL)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td [(on err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -26.483 -3.375 Td (struct)Tj T* [(passwd )-1200(*)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf (getpwent)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(void\);)Tj 13.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 180)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: pointer if OK,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 10.333 0 Td (NULL)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td [(on err)18(or or end of \336le)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -26.483 -3.375 Td (struct)Tj T* [(passwd )-1200(*)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf (getpwnam)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(const char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (name)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj 13.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 179)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: pointer if OK,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 10.333 0 Td (NULL)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td [(on err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -26.483 -3.375 Td (struct)Tj T* [(passwd )-1200(*)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf (getpwuid)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(uid_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 15 0 Td (uid)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -1.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 179)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: pointer if OK,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 10.333 0 Td (NULL)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td [(on err)18(or)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47747 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (858)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Function )-250(Pr)18(ototypes )]TJ 38.096 0 Td [(Appendix)-500(A)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 129.5922 670.9597 Tm (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (getnameinfo)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(const struct sockaddr *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 26.4 0 Td (addr)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -19.2 -1.25 Td (socklen_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 6 0 Td (alen)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 3.467 0 Td (har *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 8.4 0 Td (host)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -17.867 -1.25 Td (socklen_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 6 0 Td (hostlen)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 4.689 0 Td (har *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 8.4 0 Td (service)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -19.089 -1.25 Td (socklen_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 6 0 Td (servlen)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,u)Tj 0 Tc 4.69 0 Td (nsigned int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 7.2 0 Td (\337ags)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -17.59 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 600)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -28.125 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 0 -1.5 TD (\337ags)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (:N)Tj 0 Tc 3.678 0 Td (I_DGRAM, NI_NAMEREQD, NI_NOFQDN,)Tj -0.6 -1.25 Td (NI_NUMERICHOST, NI_NUMERICSCOPE,)Tj 0 -1.25 TD (NI_NUMERICSERV)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -3.078 -1.5 Td [(Returns: 0 if OK, nonzer)18(o)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -13.5 -3.25 Td (struct)Tj T* [(netent )-1200(*)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf (getnetbyaddr)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(uint32_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 19.2 0 Td (net)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 3.078 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (type)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -10.578 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 598)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: pointer if OK,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 10.333 0 Td (NULL)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td [(on err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -26.483 -3.25 Td (struct)Tj T* [(netent )-1200(*)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf (getnetbyname)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(const char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (name)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj 13.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 598)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: pointer if OK,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 10.333 0 Td (NULL)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td [(on err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -26.483 -3.25 Td (struct)Tj T* [(netent )-1200(*)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf (getnetent)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(void\);)Tj 13.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 598)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: pointer if OK,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 10.333 0 Td (NULL)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td [(on err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -26.483 -3.25 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (getopt)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 6.6 0 Td [(ar)18(gc)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 3.522 0 Td (har * const)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 7.2 0 Td [(ar)18(gv)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf ([], const char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (options)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -9.822 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 662)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -28.125 -1.5 Td (extern int opterr, optind, optopt;)Tj T* (extern char *optarg;)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0 -1.5 TD (Returns: the next option character)Tj 0.25 Tc 14.9 0 Td (,o)Tj 0 Tc 1.046 0 Td (r)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 0.645 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (1w)Tj 0 Tc 2.133 0 Td (hen all options)Tj -14.747 -1.25 Td [(have been pr)18(ocessed)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -17.477 -3.25 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (getpeername)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 9.6 0 Td (sockfd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 4.262 0 Td (truct sockaddr *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 15 0 Td (addr)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -21.662 -1.25 Td (socklen_t *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 12 0 Td (alenp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -11.7 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 605)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.113 -3.25 Td (pid_t)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (getpgid)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(pid_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 8.4 0 Td (pid)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -0.9 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 294)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td [(Returns: pr)18(ocess gr)18(oup ID if OK,)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 14.702 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -28.202 -3.25 Td (pid_t)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (getpgrp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(void\);)Tj 7.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 293)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td [(Returns: pr)18(ocess gr)18(oup ID of calling pr)18(ocess)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47748 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Appendix )-250(A)]TJ 34.618 0 Td [(Function )-250(Pr)18(ototypes)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 11.215 0 Td (857)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 129.5922 670.9597 Tm [(char )-2400(*)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf (getenv)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(const char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (name)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj 13.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 210)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: pointer to value associated with)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 18.335 0 Td (name)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -14.358 -1.25 Td (NULL)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td (if not found)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -20.127 -3 Td (uid_t)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (geteuid)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(void\);)Tj 7.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 228)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td [(Returns: ef)18(fective user ID of calling pr)18(ocess)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -13.5 -3 Td (gid_t)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (getgid)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(void\);)Tj 7.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 228)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td [(Returns: r)18(eal gr)18(oup ID of calling pr)18(ocess)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -13.5 -3 Td (struct)Tj 0 -1.25 TD [(group )-1800(*)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf (getgrent)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(void\);)Tj 13.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 183)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: pointer if OK,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 10.333 0 Td (NULL)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td [(on err)18(or or end of \336le)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -26.483 -3 Td (struct)Tj T* [(group )-1800(*)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf (getgrgid)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(gid_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 15 0 Td (gid)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -1.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 182)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: pointer if OK,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 10.333 0 Td (NULL)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td [(on err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -26.483 -3 Td (struct)Tj T* [(group )-1800(*)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf (getgrnam)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(const char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (name)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj 13.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 182)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: pointer if OK,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 10.333 0 Td (NULL)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td [(on err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -26.483 -3 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (getgroups)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 8.4 0 Td (gidsetsize)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,g)Tj 0 Tc 5.689 0 Td (id_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3 0 Td [(gr)18(ouplist)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf ([]\);)Tj -9.589 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 184)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td [(Returns: number of supplementary gr)18(oup IDs if OK,)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 3.977 -1.25 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -17.477 -3 Td (struct)Tj T* [(hostent )-600(*)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf (gethostent)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(void\);)Tj 13.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 597)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: pointer if OK,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 10.333 0 Td (NULL)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td [(on err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -26.483 -3 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (gethostname)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (name)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 14.767 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (namelen)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -9.067 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 188)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.113 -3 Td [(char )-2400(*)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf (getlogin)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(void\);)Tj 13.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 275)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: pointer to string giving login name if OK,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.977 -1.25 Td (NULL)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td [(on err)18(or)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47749 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (856)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Function )-250(Pr)18(ototypes )]TJ 38.096 0 Td [(Appendix)-500(A)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 129.5922 670.9597 Tm (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (fwide)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(FILE *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (fp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 9.778 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (mode)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -4.078 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 144)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -28.125 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0 -1.5 TD [(Returns: positive if str)18(eam is wide oriented, negative if str)18(eam)]TJ 3.977 -1.25 Td [(is byte oriented, or 0 if str)18(eam has no orientation)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -17.477 -2.875 Td (size_t)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (fwrite)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(const void *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 16.8 0 Td (ptr)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 3.022 0 Td (ize_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3.6 0 Td (size)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 3.3 0 Td (ize_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3.6 0 Td (nobj)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -26.122 -1.25 Td (FILE *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 9 0 Td (fp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -5.7 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 156)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: number of objects written)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -13.5 -2.875 Td (const)Tj 0 -1.25 TD [(char )-2400(*)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf (gai_strerror)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 16.2 0 Td [(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -2.7 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 600)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td [(Returns: a pointer to a string describing the err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -13.5 -2.875 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (getaddrinfo)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(const char *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 19.8 0 Td (host)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -12.6 -1.25 Td (const char *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 12.6 0 Td (service)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -12.6 -1.25 Td (const struct addrinfo *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 19.2 0 Td (hint)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -19.2 -1.25 Td (struct addrinfo **restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 16.2 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.76 0 Td (s)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -16.66 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 599)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -28.125 -1.25 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0 -1.5 TD (Returns: 0 if OK, nonzer)Tj 0.25 Tc 10.679 0 Td (oe)Tj 0 Tc 1.275 0 Td [(rr)18(or code on err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -25.454 -2.875 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (getc)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(FILE *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (fp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj 7.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 150)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: next character if OK,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 13.331 0 Td (EOF)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.05 0 Td [(on end of \336le or err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -28.881 -2.875 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (getchar)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(void\);)Tj 7.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 150)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: next character if OK,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 13.331 0 Td (EOF)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.05 0 Td [(on end of \336le or err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -28.881 -2.875 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (getchar_unlocked)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(void\);)Tj 7.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 444)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: the next character if OK,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 14.968 0 Td (EOF)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.05 0 Td [(on end of \336le or err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -30.518 -2.875 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (getc_unlocked)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(FILE *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (fp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj 7.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 444)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: the next character if OK,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 14.968 0 Td (EOF)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.05 0 Td [(on end of \336le or err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -30.518 -2.875 Td [(char )-2400(*)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf (getcwd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (buf)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 16.897 0 Td (ize_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3.6 0 Td (size)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -6.997 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 136)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns:)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3.977 0 Td (buf)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.547 0 Td (if OK,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.886 0 Td (NULL)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td [(on err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -24.56 -2.875 Td (gid_t)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (getegid)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(void\);)Tj 7.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 228)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td [(Returns: ef)18(fective gr)18(oup ID of calling pr)18(ocess)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47750 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Appendix )-250(A)]TJ 34.618 0 Td [(Function )-250(Pr)18(ototypes)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 11.215 0 Td (855)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 129.5922 670.9597 Tm (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (fsetpos)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(FILE *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (fp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 10.978 0 Td (onst fpos_t *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (pos)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -3.478 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 158)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td [(Returns: 0 if OK, nonzer)18(o)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -13.5 -3 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (fstat)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 6 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 2.578 0 Td (truct stat *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (buf)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.682 0 Td (\);)Tj -9.76 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 93)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.113 -3 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (fstatat)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 7.2 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 2.578 0 Td (onst char *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 12 0 Td (path)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -16.978 -1.25 Td (struct stat *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 13.2 0 Td (buf)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 3.097 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (\337ag)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -15.397 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 93)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -28.125 -1.5 Td (\337ag)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (:A)Tj 0 Tc 3.289 0 Td (T_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -3.289 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.113 -3 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (fsync)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 6 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj 1.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 81)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.113 -3 Td (long)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (ftell)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(FILE *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (fp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj 7.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 158)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td [(Returns: curr)18(ent \336le position indicator if OK,)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 20.037 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1L on err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -33.537 -3 Td (off_t)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (ftello)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(FILE *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (fp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj 7.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 158)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td [(Returns: curr)18(ent \336le position indicator if OK,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.977 -1.25 Td (\(off_t\))Tj /TT2 1 Tf (!)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (1)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.599 0 Td [(on err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -23.076 -3 Td (key_t)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (ftok)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(const char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (path)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 13.777 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (id)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -8.077 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 557)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: key if OK,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.704 0 Td (\(key_t\))Tj /TT2 1 Tf (!)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (1)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.599 0 Td [(on err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -27.803 -3 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (ftruncate)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 8.4 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,o)Tj 0 Tc 2.578 0 Td (ff_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3 0 Td (length)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -6.478 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td [(p. 1)55(12)]TJ -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.113 -3 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (ftrylockfile)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(FILE *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (fp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj 7.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 443)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td [(Returns: 0 if OK, nonzer)18(o)-250(if)-250(lock can\325t be acquir)18(ed)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -13.5 -3 Td (void)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (funlockfile)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(FILE *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (fp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj 7.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 443)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -41.625 -3 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (futimens)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 7.8 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 2.578 0 Td (onst struct timespec)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 12.6 0 Td (times)Tj /TT0 1 Tf ([2]\);)Tj -15.478 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 126)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47751 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (854)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Function )-250(Pr)18(ototypes )]TJ 38.096 0 Td [(Appendix)-500(A)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 129.5922 670.9597 Tm (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (fprintf)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(FILE *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 13.8 0 Td (fp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 2.578 0 Td (onst char *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 12 0 Td (format)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,.)Tj 0 Tc 4.466 0 Td (..\);)Tj -25.344 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 159)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: number of characters output if OK, negative value)Tj 3.977 -1.25 Td [(if output err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -17.477 -3.125 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (fputc)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 6 0 Td (c)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,F)Tj 0 Tc 2.207 0 Td (ILE *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (fp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -0.707 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 152)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns:)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3.977 0 Td (c)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.657 0 Td (if OK,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.886 0 Td (EOF)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.05 0 Td [(on err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -23.07 -3.125 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (fputs)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(const char *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 16.2 0 Td (str)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,F)Tj 0 Tc 2.911 0 Td (ILE *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 8.4 0 Td (fp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -20.011 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 153)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: non-negative value if OK,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 15.622 0 Td (EOF)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.05 0 Td [(on err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -31.172 -3.125 Td (size_t)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (fread)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(void *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 12.6 0 Td (ptr)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 3.022 0 Td (ize_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3.6 0 Td (size)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 3.3 0 Td (ize_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3.6 0 Td (nobj)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -22.522 -1.25 Td (FILE *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 9 0 Td (fp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -5.1 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 156)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td [(Returns: number of objects r)18(ead)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -13.5 -3.125 Td (void)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (free)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(void *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (ptr)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj 7.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 207)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -41.625 -3.125 Td (void)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (freeaddrinfo)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(struct addrinfo *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (ai)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj 7.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 599)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -28.125 -1.5 Td ()Tj -13.5 -3.125 Td [(FILE )-2400(*)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf (freopen)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(const char *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 23.4 0 Td (path)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 3.577 0 Td (onst char *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 12 0 Td (type)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -28.177 -1.25 Td (FILE *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 9 0 Td (fp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -6.3 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 148)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -28.125 -1.5 Td (type)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (:")Tj 0 Tc 3.522 0 Td (r", "w", "a", "r+", "w+", "a+")Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -3.522 -1.5 Td (Returns: \336le pointer if OK,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 11.958 0 Td (NULL)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td [(on err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -28.108 -3.125 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (fscanf)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(FILE *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 13.2 0 Td (fp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 2.578 0 Td (onst char *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 12 0 Td (format)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,.)Tj 0 Tc 4.466 0 Td (..\);)Tj -24.744 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 162)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: number of input items assigned,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 18.524 0 Td (EOF)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.05 0 Td (if input)Tj -16.597 -1.25 Td [(err)18(or or end of \336le befor)]TJ 0.25 Tc 10.597 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (ny conversion)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -29.303 -3.125 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (fseek)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(FILE *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (fp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,l)Tj 0 Tc 9.778 0 Td (ong)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 2.4 0 Td (offset)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 3.911 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (whence)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -10.389 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 158)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -28.125 -1.5 Td (whence)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (:S)Tj 0 Tc 4.763 0 Td (EEK_SET, SEEK_CUR, SEEK_END)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -4.763 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.113 -3.125 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (fseeko)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(FILE *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (fp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,o)Tj 0 Tc 10.378 0 Td (ff_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3 0 Td (offset)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 3.911 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (whence)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -11.589 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 158)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -28.125 -1.5 Td (whence)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (:S)Tj 0 Tc 4.763 0 Td (EEK_SET, SEEK_CUR, SEEK_END)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -4.763 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47752 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Appendix )-250(A)]TJ 34.618 0 Td [(Function )-250(Pr)18(ototypes)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 11.215 0 Td (853)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 129.5922 670.9597 Tm (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (fflush)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(FILE *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (fp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj 7.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 147)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (EOF)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.05 0 Td [(on err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -23.163 -2.8 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (fgetc)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(FILE *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (fp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj 7.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 150)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: next character if OK,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 13.331 0 Td (EOF)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.05 0 Td [(on end of \336le or err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -28.881 -2.8 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (fgetpos)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(FILE *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 13.8 0 Td (fp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,f)Tj 0 Tc 2.578 0 Td (pos_t *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 9.6 0 Td (pos)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -18.478 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 158)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td [(Returns: 0 if OK, nonzer)18(o)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -13.5 -2.8 Td [(char )-2400(*)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf (fgets)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(char *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 18.6 0 Td (buf)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 3.097 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (n)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,F)Tj 0 Tc 2.356 0 Td (ILE *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 8.4 0 Td (fp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -20.753 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 152)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns:)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3.977 0 Td (buf)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.547 0 Td (if OK,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.886 0 Td (NULL)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td [(on end of \336le or err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -24.56 -2.8 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (fileno)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(FILE *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (fp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj 7.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 164)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td [(Returns: \336le descriptor associated with the str)18(eam,)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 22.568 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -36.068 -2.8 Td (void)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (flockfile)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(FILE *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (fp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj 7.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 443)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -41.625 -2.8 Td [(FILE )-2400(*)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf (fmemopen)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(void *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 20.4 0 Td (buf)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 3.097 0 Td (ize_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3.6 0 Td (size)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -15.697 -1.25 Td (const char *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 12.6 0 Td (type)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -10.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 171)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -28.125 -1.5 Td (type)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (:")Tj 0 Tc 3.522 0 Td (r", "w", "a", "r+", "w+", "a+")Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -3.522 -1.5 Td [(Returns: str)18(eam pointer if OK,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 13.572 0 Td (NULL)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td [(on err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -29.722 -2.8 Td [(FILE )-2400(*)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf (fopen)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(const char *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 22.2 0 Td (path)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 3.577 0 Td (onst char *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 12 0 Td (type)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -24.277 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 148)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -28.125 -1.5 Td (type)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (:")Tj 0 Tc 3.522 0 Td (r", "w", "a", "r+", "w+", "a+")Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -3.522 -1.5 Td (Returns: \336le pointer if OK,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 11.958 0 Td (NULL)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td [(on err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -28.108 -2.8 Td (pid_t)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (fork)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(void\);)Tj 7.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 229)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td [(Returns: 0 in child, pr)18(ocess ID of child in par)18(ent,)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 21.561 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -35.061 -2.8 Td (long)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (fpathconf)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 8.4 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 2.578 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (name)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -5.278 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 42)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -28.125 -1.5 Td (name)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (:_)Tj 0 Tc 3.967 0 Td (PC_ASYNC_IO, _PC_CHOWN_RESTRICTED,)Tj -0.6 -1.25 Td (_PC_FILESIZEBITS, _PC_LINK_MAX,)Tj 0 -1.25 TD (_PC_MAX_CANON, _PC_MAX_INPUT,)Tj T* (_PC_NAME_MAX, _PC_NO_TRUNC, _PC_PATH_MAX,)Tj T* (_PC_PIPE_BUF, _PC_PRIO_IO, _PC_SYMLINK_MAX,)Tj T* (_PC_SYNC_IO, _PC_TIMESTAMP_RESOLUTION,)Tj T* (_PC_2_SYMLINKS, _PC_VDISABLE)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -3.367 -1.5 Td [(Returns: corr)18(esponding value if OK,)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 16.235 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47753 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (852)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Function )-250(Pr)18(ototypes )]TJ 38.096 0 Td [(Appendix)-500(A)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 129.5922 670.9597 Tm (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (fcntl)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 6 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 2.578 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (cmd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,.)Tj 0 Tc 3.485 0 Td (.. /* int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 6 0 Td [(ar)18(g)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 1.915 0 Td (*/ \);)Tj -14.278 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 82)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -28.125 -1.5 Td (cmd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (:F)Tj 0 Tc 3.485 0 Td (_DUPFD, F_DUPFD_CLOEXEC, F_GETFD,)Tj -0.6 -1.25 Td (F_SETFD, F_GETFL, F_SETFL, F_GETOWN,)Tj 0 -1.25 TD (F_SETOWN, F_GETLK, F_SETLK, F_SETLKW)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -2.885 -1.5 Td (Returns: depends on)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 9.392 0 Td (cmd)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.935 0 Td (if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 2.886 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -27.713 -2.875 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (fdatasync)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 8.4 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -0.9 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 81)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ -7.613 -1.5 Td (Platforms: Linux 3.2.0, Solaris 10)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -13.5 -2.875 Td (void)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (FD_CLR)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 6.6 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,f)Tj 0 Tc 2.578 0 Td (d_set *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (fdset)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -1.678 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 503)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -41.625 -2.875 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (FD_ISSET)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 7.8 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,f)Tj 0 Tc 2.578 0 Td (d_set *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (fdset)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -2.878 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 503)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: nonzer)Tj 0.25 Tc 7.043 0 Td (oi)Tj 0 Tc 1.087 0 Td (f)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 0.583 0 Td (fd)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.028 0 Td (is in set, 0 otherwise)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -23.241 -2.875 Td [(FILE )-2400(*)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf (fdopen)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 12.6 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 2.578 0 Td (onst char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (type)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -1.678 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 148)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -28.125 -1.5 Td (type)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (:")Tj 0 Tc 3.522 0 Td (r", "w", "a", "r+", "w+", "a+")Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -3.522 -1.5 Td (Returns: \336le pointer if OK,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 11.958 0 Td (NULL)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td [(on err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -28.108 -2.875 Td [(DIR )-3000(*)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf (fdopendir)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 14.4 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -0.9 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 130)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: pointer if OK,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 10.333 0 Td (NULL)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td [(on err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -26.483 -2.875 Td (void)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (FD_SET)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 6.6 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,f)Tj 0 Tc 2.578 0 Td (d_set *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (fdset)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -1.678 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 503)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -41.625 -2.875 Td (void)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (FD_ZERO)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(fd_set *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (fdset)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj 7.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 503)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -41.625 -2.875 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (feof)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(FILE *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (fp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj 7.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 151)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: nonzer)Tj 0.25 Tc 7.043 0 Td (o\()Tj 0 Tc 1.129 0 Td [(tr)8(ue\) if end of \336le on str)18(eam,)]TJ 0.25 Tc -4.195 -1.25 Td (0\()Tj 0 Tc 1.083 0 Td (false\) otherwise)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -18.56 -2.875 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (ferror)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(FILE *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (fp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj 7.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 151)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: nonzer)Tj 0.25 Tc 7.043 0 Td (o\()Tj 0 Tc 1.129 0 Td [(tr)8(ue\) if err)18(or on str)18(eam, 0 \(false\) otherwise)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.672 -2.875 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (fexecve)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 7.2 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 2.578 0 Td (har *const)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 6.6 0 Td [(ar)18(gv)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf ([], char *const)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 11.415 0 Td (envp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf ([]\);)Tj -20.293 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 249)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns:)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 3.977 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)74(,)-250(no)-250(r)18(eturn on success)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47754 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Appendix )-250(A)]TJ 34.618 0 Td [(Function )-250(Pr)18(ototypes)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 11.215 0 Td (851)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 129.5922 670.9597 Tm (void)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (_exit)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 6 0 Td (status)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj 1.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 198)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td [(This function never r)18(eturns)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -13.5 -3.25 Td (void)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (exit)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 5.4 0 Td (status)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj 2.1 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 198)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td [(This function never r)18(eturns)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -13.5 -3.25 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (faccessat)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 8.4 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 2.578 0 Td (onst char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (path)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 10.177 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (mode)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 3.911 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (\337ag)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -21.166 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 102)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -28.125 -1.5 Td (mode)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (:R)Tj 0 Tc 3.911 0 Td (_OK, W_OK, X_OK, F_OK)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -3.911 -1.5 Td (\337ag)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (:A)Tj 0 Tc 3.289 0 Td (T_EACCESS)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -3.289 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.113 -3.25 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (fchdir)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 6.6 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj 0.9 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 135)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.113 -3.25 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (fchmod)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 6.6 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,m)Tj 0 Tc 2.578 0 Td (ode_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3.6 0 Td (mode)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -5.278 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 106)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -28.125 -1.5 Td (mode)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (:S)Tj 0 Tc 3.911 0 Td (_IS)Tj 1.8 0.04 Td ([)Tj 0.6 -0.04 Td (UG)Tj 1.2 0.04 Td (])Tj 0.6 -0.04 Td (ID, S_ISVTX,)Tj -4.8 -1.25 Td (S_I)Tj 1.8 0.04 Td ([)Tj 0.6 -0.04 Td (RWX)Tj 1.8 0.04 Td (])Tj 0.6 -0.04 Td (\(USR|GRP|OTH\))Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -8.111 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.113 -3.25 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (fchmodat)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 7.8 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 2.578 0 Td (onst char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (path)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,m)Tj 0 Tc 10.177 0 Td (ode_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3.6 0 Td (mode)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 3.911 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (\337ag)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -22.366 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 106)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -28.125 -1.5 Td (mode)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (:S)Tj 0 Tc 3.911 0 Td (_IS)Tj 1.8 0.04 Td ([)Tj 0.6 -0.04 Td (UG)Tj 1.2 0.04 Td (])Tj 0.6 -0.04 Td (ID, S_ISVTX,)Tj -4.8 -1.25 Td (S_I)Tj 1.8 0.04 Td ([)Tj 0.6 -0.04 Td (RWX)Tj 1.8 0.04 Td (])Tj 0.6 -0.04 Td (\(USR|GRP|OTH\))Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -8.111 -1.5 Td (\337ag)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (:A)Tj 0 Tc 3.289 0 Td (T_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -3.289 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.113 -3.25 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (fchown)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 6.6 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,u)Tj 0 Tc 2.578 0 Td (id_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3 0 Td (owner)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,g)Tj 0 Tc 4.3 0 Td (id_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3 0 Td [(gr)18(oup)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -11.978 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 109)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.113 -3.25 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (fchownat)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 7.8 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 2.578 0 Td (onst char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (path)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,u)Tj 0 Tc 10.177 0 Td (id_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3 0 Td (owner)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -18.155 -1.25 Td (gid_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3.6 0 Td [(gr)18(oup)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 4.171 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (\337ag)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -7.471 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 109)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -28.125 -1.5 Td (\337ag)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (:A)Tj 0 Tc 3.289 0 Td (T_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -3.289 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.113 -3.25 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (fclose)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(FILE *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (fp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj 7.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 150)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (EOF)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.05 0 Td [(on err)18(or)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47755 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (850)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Function )-250(Pr)18(ototypes )]TJ 38.096 0 Td [(Appendix)-500(A)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 129.5922 670.9597 Tm (void)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (endnetent)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(void\);)Tj 7.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 598)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -41.625 -2.875 Td (void)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (endprotoent)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(void\);)Tj 7.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 598)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -41.625 -2.875 Td (void)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (endpwent)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(void\);)Tj 7.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 180)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -41.625 -2.875 Td (void)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (endservent)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(void\);)Tj 7.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 599)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -41.625 -2.875 Td (void)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (endspent)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(void\);)Tj 7.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 182)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Platforms: Linux 3.2.0, Solaris 10)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -13.5 -2.875 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (execl)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(const char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (path)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 14.377 0 Td (onst char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf [(ar)18(g0)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,.)Tj 0 Tc 10.215 0 Td (..)Tj -20.992 -1.25 Td (/* \(char *\) 0 */ \);)Tj 3.9 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 249)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns:)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 3.977 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)74(,)-250(no)-250(r)18(eturn on success)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -17.477 -2.875 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (execle)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(const char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (path)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 14.977 0 Td (onst char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf [(ar)18(g0)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,.)Tj 0 Tc 10.215 0 Td (.. /* \(char *\) 0,)Tj -20.992 -1.25 Td (char *const)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 7.2 0 Td (envp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf ([] */ \);)Tj -3.9 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 249)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns:)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 3.977 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)74(,)-250(no)-250(r)18(eturn on success)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -17.477 -2.875 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (execlp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(const char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (\336lename)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 16.562 0 Td (onst char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf [(ar)18(g0)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,.)Tj 0 Tc 10.215 0 Td (..)Tj -22.577 -1.25 Td (/* \(char *\) 0 */ \);)Tj 3.3 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 249)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns:)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 3.977 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)74(,)-250(no)-250(r)18(eturn on success)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -17.477 -2.875 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (execv)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(const char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (path)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 14.377 0 Td (har *const)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 6.6 0 Td [(ar)18(gv)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf ([]\);)Tj -13.477 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 249)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns:)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 3.977 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)74(,)-250(no)-250(r)18(eturn on success)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -17.477 -2.875 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (execve)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(const char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (path)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 14.977 0 Td (har *const)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 6.6 0 Td [(ar)18(gv)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf ([],)Tj -17.377 -1.25 Td (char *const)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 7.2 0 Td (envp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf ([]\);)Tj -3.9 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 249)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns:)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 3.977 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)74(,)-250(no)-250(r)18(eturn on success)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -17.477 -2.875 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (execvp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(const char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (\336lename)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 16.562 0 Td (har *const)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 6.6 0 Td [(ar)18(gv)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf ([]\);)Tj -15.662 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 249)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns:)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 3.977 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)74(,)-250(no)-250(r)18(eturn on success)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -17.477 -2.875 Td (void)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (_Exit)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 6 0 Td (status)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj 1.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 198)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td [(This function never r)18(eturns)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47756 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Appendix )-250(A)]TJ 34.618 0 Td [(Function )-250(Pr)18(ototypes)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 11.215 0 Td (849)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 129.5922 670.9597 Tm (unsigned)Tj 0 -1.25 TD (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (CMSG_LEN)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(unsigned int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 13.2 0 Td (nbytes)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -5.7 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 645)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: size to allocate for data object)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 17.213 0 Td (nbytes)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.88 0 Td [(lar)18(ge)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -33.593 -2.875 Td (struct)Tj T* [(cmsghdr )-600(*)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf (CMSG_NXTHDR)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(struct msghdr *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (mp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 25.278 0 Td (truct cmsghdr *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (cp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -11.778 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 645)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: pointer to next)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 10.722 0 Td (cmsghdr)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)]TJ 0.25 Tc 3.49 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (ssociated with)Tj -15.914 -1.25 Td (the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.637 0 Td (msghdr)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)]TJ 0.25 Tc 3.49 0 Td (eg)Tj 0 Tc 1.285 0 Td [(iven the curr)18(ent)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 7.26 0 Td (cmsghdr)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -17.522 -1.25 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e, or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.66 0 Td (NULL)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td [(if we\325r)18(e)-250(at)-250(the last one)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -25.787 -2.875 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (connect)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 7.2 0 Td (sockfd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 4.262 0 Td (onst struct sockaddr *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (addr)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -6.662 -1.25 Td (socklen_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 6 0 Td (len)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -3.3 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 605)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.113 -2.875 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (creat)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(const char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (path)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,m)Tj 0 Tc 14.377 0 Td (ode_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3.6 0 Td (mode)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -10.477 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 66)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -28.125 -1.5 Td (mode)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (:S)Tj 0 Tc 3.911 0 Td (_IS)Tj 1.8 0.04 Td ([)Tj 0.6 -0.04 Td (UG)Tj 1.2 0.04 Td (])Tj 0.6 -0.04 Td (ID, S_ISVTX,)Tj -4.8 -1.25 Td (S_I)Tj 1.8 0.04 Td ([)Tj 0.6 -0.04 Td (RWX)Tj 1.8 0.04 Td (])Tj 0.6 -0.04 Td (\(USR|GRP|OTH\))Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -8.111 -1.5 Td (Returns: \336le descriptor opened for write-only if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 3.977 -1.25 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -17.477 -2.875 Td [(char )-2400(*)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf (ctermid)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (ptr)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj 13.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 694)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td [(Returns: pointer to name of contr)18(olling terminal on success,)]TJ 3.977 -1.25 Td [(pointer to empty string on err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -17.477 -2.875 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (dprintf)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 7.2 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 2.578 0 Td (onst char *restrict)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 12 0 Td (format)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,.)Tj 0 Tc 4.466 0 Td (..\);)Tj -18.744 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 159)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: number of characters output if OK, negative value)Tj 3.977 -1.25 Td [(if output err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -17.477 -2.875 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (dup)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 4.8 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj 2.7 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 79)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: new \336le descriptor if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 15.395 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -28.895 -2.875 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (dup2)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 5.4 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 2.578 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (fd2)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -2.278 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 79)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: new \336le descriptor if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 15.395 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -28.895 -2.875 Td (void)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (endgrent)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(void\);)Tj 7.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 183)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -41.625 -2.875 Td (void)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (endhostent)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(void\);)Tj 7.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 597)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47757 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (848)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Function )-250(Pr)18(ototypes )]TJ 38.096 0 Td [(Appendix)-500(A)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 129.5922 670.9597 Tm (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (clock_gettime)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(clockid_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 14.4 0 Td (clock_id)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 5.058 0 Td (truct timespec *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (tsp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -11.958 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 189)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -28.125 -1.5 Td (clock_id)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (:C)Tj 0 Tc 5.058 0 Td (LOCK_REALTIME, CLOCK_MONOTONIC,)Tj -0.6 -1.25 Td (CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID,)Tj 0 -1.25 TD (CLOCK_THREAD_CPUTIME_ID)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -4.458 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.113 -3.25 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (clock_nanosleep)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(clockid_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 15.6 0 Td (clock_id)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 5.058 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (\337ags)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -12.858 -1.25 Td (const struct timespec *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -0.018 Tc (re)Tj 0 Tc 14.56 0 Td (qtp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -14.56 -1.25 Td (struct timespec *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -0.018 Tc (re)Tj 0 Tc 10.96 0 Td (mtp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -13.06 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 375)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -28.125 -1.5 Td (clock_id)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (:C)Tj 0 Tc 5.058 0 Td (LOCK_REALTIME, CLOCK_MONOTONIC,)Tj -0.6 -1.25 Td (CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID,)Tj T* (CLOCK_THREAD_CPUTIME_ID)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -4.458 -1.5 Td (\337ags)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (:T)Tj 0 Tc 3.678 0 Td (IMER_ABSTIME)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -3.678 -1.5 Td [(Returns: 0 if slept for r)18(equested time, err)18(or number on failur)18(e)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -13.5 -3.25 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (clock_settime)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(clockid_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 14.4 0 Td (clock_id)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 5.058 0 Td (onst struct timespec *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (tsp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -11.958 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 190)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -28.125 -1.5 Td (clock_id)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (:C)Tj 0 Tc 5.058 0 Td (LOCK_REALTIME, CLOCK_MONOTONIC,)Tj -0.6 -1.25 Td (CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID,)Tj T* (CLOCK_THREAD_CPUTIME_ID)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -4.458 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.113 -3.25 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (close)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 6 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj 1.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 66)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.113 -3.25 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (closedir)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(DIR *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (dp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj 7.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 130)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.113 -3.25 Td (void)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (closelog)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(void\);)Tj 7.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 470)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -41.625 -3.25 Td (unsigned)Tj T* [(char )-2400(*)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf (CMSG_DATA)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(struct cmsghdr *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (cp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj 13.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 645)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: pointer to data associated with)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 17.834 0 Td (cmsghdr)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -35.784 -3.25 Td (struct)Tj T* [(cmsghdr )-600(*)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf (CMSG_FIRSTHDR)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(struct msghdr *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (mp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj 13.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 645)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: pointer to \336rst)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 10.569 0 Td (cmsghdr)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)]TJ 0.25 Tc 3.49 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td (ssociated with)Tj -15.761 -1.25 Td (the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.637 0 Td (msghdr)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.85 0 Td [(str)8(uctur)18(e, or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 5.66 0 Td (NULL)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td (if none exists)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47758 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Appendix )-250(A)]TJ 34.618 0 Td [(Function )-250(Pr)18(ototypes)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 11.215 0 Td (847)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 129.5922 670.9597 Tm (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (bind)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 5.4 0 Td (sockfd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 4.262 0 Td (onst struct sockaddr *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (addr)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 16.833 0 Td (ocklen_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 5.4 0 Td (len)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -24.395 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 604)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.113 -2.8 Td [(void )-2400(*)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf (calloc)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(size_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 14.4 0 Td (nobj)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 3.541 0 Td (ize_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3.6 0 Td (size)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -8.041 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 207)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: non-null pointer if OK,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 14.393 0 Td (NULL)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td [(on err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -30.543 -2.8 Td (speed_t)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (cfgetispeed)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(const struct termios *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (termptr)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj 7.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 692)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: baud rate value)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -13.5 -2.8 Td (speed_t)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (cfgetospeed)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(const struct termios *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (termptr)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj 7.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 692)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: baud rate value)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -13.5 -2.8 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (cfsetispeed)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(struct termios *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (termptr)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 21.711 0 Td (peed_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 4.2 0 Td (speed)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -18.411 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 692)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.113 -2.8 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (cfsetospeed)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(struct termios *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (termptr)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 21.711 0 Td (peed_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 4.2 0 Td (speed)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -18.411 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 692)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.113 -2.8 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (chdir)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(const char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (path)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj 7.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 135)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.113 -2.8 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (chmod)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(const char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (path)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,m)Tj 0 Tc 14.377 0 Td (ode_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3.6 0 Td (mode)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -10.477 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 106)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -28.125 -1.5 Td (mode)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (:S)Tj 0 Tc 3.911 0 Td (_IS)Tj 1.8 0.04 Td ([)Tj 0.6 -0.04 Td (UG)Tj 1.2 0.04 Td (])Tj 0.6 -0.04 Td (ID, S_ISVTX,)Tj -4.8 -1.25 Td (S_I)Tj 1.8 0.04 Td ([)Tj 0.6 -0.04 Td (RWX)Tj 1.8 0.04 Td (])Tj 0.6 -0.04 Td (\(USR|GRP|OTH\))Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -8.111 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.113 -2.8 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (chown)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(const char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (path)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,u)Tj 0 Tc 14.377 0 Td (id_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3 0 Td (owner)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,g)Tj 0 Tc 4.3 0 Td (id_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 3 0 Td [(gr)18(oup)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -17.177 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 109)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.113 -2.8 Td (void)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (clearerr)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(FILE *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (fp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj 7.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 151)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -41.625 -2.8 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (clock_getres)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(clockid_t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 13.8 0 Td (clock_id)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 5.058 0 Td (truct timespec *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (tsp)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -11.358 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 190)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -28.125 -1.5 Td (clock_id)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (:C)Tj 0 Tc 5.058 0 Td (LOCK_REALTIME, CLOCK_MONOTONIC,)Tj -0.6 -1.25 Td (CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID,)Tj 0 -1.25 TD (CLOCK_THREAD_CPUTIME_ID)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -4.458 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47759 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (846)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Function )-250(Pr)18(ototypes )]TJ 38.096 0 Td [(Appendix)-500(A)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9995 0 0 7.9995 129.5922 670.9597 Tm (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (access)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(const char *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (path)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,i)Tj 0 Tc 14.977 0 Td (nt)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.8 0 Td (mode)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -9.277 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 102)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf -28.125 -1.5 Td (mode)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (:R)Tj 0 Tc 3.911 0 Td (_OK, W_OK, X_OK, F_OK)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf -3.911 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.113 -3 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (aio_cancel)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 9 0 Td (fd)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 2.578 0 Td (truct aiocb *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (aiocb)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -4.078 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 514)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns:)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3.977 0 Td (AIO_ALLDONE)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 7.1 0 Td (AIO_CANCELED)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf (,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -7.1 -1.25 Td (AIO_NOTCANCELED)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (,o)Tj 0 Tc 10.046 0 Td (r)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 0.645 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -28.168 -3 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (aio_error)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(const struct aiocb *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (aiocb)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj 7.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 513)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if operation succeeded,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 15.191 0 Td (EINPROGRESS)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 6.85 0 Td (if)Tj -18.064 -1.25 Td [(operation is still in pr)18(ogr)18(ess, err)18(or code if)]TJ 0 -1.25 TD (operation failed, or)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 8.712 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -26.189 -3 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (aio_fsync)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 8.4 0 Td (op)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.6 Tc (,s)Tj 0 Tc 2.744 0 Td (truct aiocb *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (aiocb)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -3.644 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 513)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.113 -3 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (aio_read)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(struct aiocb *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (aiocb)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj 7.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 512)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.113 -3 Td (ssize_t)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (aio_return)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(const struct aiocb *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (aiocb)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj 7.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 513)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td [(Returns: r)18(esult of asynchr)18(onous operation,)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 19.038 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -32.538 -3 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (aio_suspend)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(const struct aiocb *const)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 22.8 0 Td (list)Tj /TT0 1 Tf ([], int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 6.078 0 Td (nent)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (,)Tj -21.678 -1.25 Td (const struct timespec *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (timeout)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj 0.3 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 514)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.113 -3 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (aio_write)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(struct aiocb *)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (aiocb)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj 7.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 512)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td (Returns: 0 if OK,)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 7.613 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf [(1)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -21.113 -3 Td (unsigned)Tj T* (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (alarm)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(unsigned int)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 11.4 0 Td (seconds)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\);)Tj -3.9 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 338)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td [(Returns: 0 or number of seconds until pr)18(eviously set alarm)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -13.5 -3 Td (int)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 6 0 Td (atexit)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(void \(*)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf (func)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\)\(void\)\);)Tj 7.5 -1.5 Td ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 28.125 0 Td (p. 200)Tj -28.125 -1.5 Td [(Returns: 0 if OK, nonzer)18(o)-250(on)-250(err)18(or)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47760 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q BT /CS0 cs 0 0 0 scn /GS0 gs /TT0 1 Tf 0.0002 Tc -0.0002 Tw 12 0 0 12 218.4731 545.9739 Tm (This page intentionally left blank )Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 47.58 40.02 cm 0 g /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47761 0 obj <> endobj 47762 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(21.5)]TJ 38.014 0 Td [(Sour)18(ce )-250(Code)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 7.819 0 Td (797)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 6690.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 8.9995 0 0 8.9995 129.5922 659.4594 Tm [(40 )-1200(#define)-600(STAT_SRV_INTERN )-1200(0x0500)-1200(/* unexpected internal error */)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(41 )-1200(#define)-600(STAT_SRV_NOTSUP )-1200(0x0501)-1200(/* operation not supported */)]TJ T* [(42 )-1200(#define)-600(STAT_SRV_UNAVAIL )-600(0x0502 )-600(/*)-600(service unavailable */)]TJ T* [(43 )-1200(#define)-600(STAT_SRV_BADVER )-1200(0x0503)-1200(/* version not supported */)]TJ T* [(44 )-1200(#define)-600(STAT_SRV_DEVERR )-1200(0x0504)-1200(/* device error */)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(45 )-1200(#define)-600(STAT_SRV_TMPERR )-1200(0x0505)-1200(/* temporary error */)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(46 )-1200(#define)-600(STAT_SRV_REJECT )-1200(0x0506)-1200(/* server not accepting jobs */)]TJ T* [(47 )-1200(#define)-600(STAT_SRV_TOOBUSY )-600(0x0507 )-600(/*)-600(server too busy */)]TJ T* [(48 )-1200(#define)-600(STAT_SRV_CANCEL )-1200(0x0508)-1200(/* job has been canceled */)]TJ T* [(49 )-1200(#define)-600(STAT_SRV_NOMULTI )-600(0x0509 )-600(/*)-600(multi-doc jobs unsupported */)]TJ 0 -2.021 TD [(50 )-1200(/*)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(51 )-1800(*)-600(Operation IDs)]TJ T* [(52 )-1800(*/)]TJ T* [(53 )-1200(#define)-600(OP_PRINT_JOB )-4800(0x02)]TJ T* [(54 )-1200(#define)-600(OP_PRINT_URI )-4800(0x03)]TJ T* [(55 )-1200(#define)-600(OP_VALIDATE_JOB )-3000(0x04)]TJ T* [(56 )-1200(#define)-600(OP_CREATE_JOB )-4200(0x05)]TJ T* [(57 )-1200(#define)-600(OP_SEND_DOC )]TJ 20.4 0 Td (0x06)Tj -20.4 -1.189 Td [(58 )-1200(#define)-600(OP_SEND_URI )]TJ 20.4 0 Td (0x07)Tj -20.4 -1.189 Td [(59 )-1200(#define)-600(OP_CANCEL_JOB )-4200(0x08)]TJ T* [(60 )-1200(#define)-600(OP_GET_JOB_ATTR )-3000(0x09)]TJ T* [(61 )-1200(#define)-600(OP_GET_JOBS )]TJ 20.4 0 Td (0x0a)Tj -20.4 -1.189 Td [(62 )-1200(#define)-600(OP_GET_PRINTER_ATTR )-600(0x0b)]TJ T* [(63 )-1200(#define)-600(OP_HOLD_JOB )]TJ 20.4 0 Td (0x0c)Tj -20.4 -1.189 Td [(64 )-1200(#define)-600(OP_RELEASE_JOB )-3600(0x0d)]TJ T* [(65 )-1200(#define)-600(OP_RESTART_JOB )-3600(0x0e)]TJ T* [(66 )-1200(#define)-600(OP_PAUSE_PRINTER )-2400(0x10)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(67 )-1200(#define)-600(OP_RESUME_PRINTER )-1800(0x11)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(68 )-1200(#define)-600(OP_PURGE_JOBS )-4200(0x12)]TJ 0 -2.021 TD [(69 )-1200(/*)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(70 )-1800(*)-600(Attribute Tags.)]TJ T* [(71 )-1800(*/)]TJ T* [(72 )-1200(#define)-600(TAG_OPERATION_ATTR )-1200(0x01)-1200(/* operation attributes tag */)]TJ T* [(73 )-1200(#define)-600(TAG_JOB_ATTR )-4800(0x02)-1200(/* job attributes tag */)]TJ T* [(74 )-1200(#define)-600(TAG_END_OF_ATTR )-3000(0x03)-1200(/* end of attributes tag */)]TJ T* [(75 )-1200(#define)-600(TAG_PRINTER_ATTR )-2400(0x04)-1200(/* printer attributes tag */)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(76 )-1200(#define)-600(TAG_UNSUPP_ATTR )-3000(0x05)-1200(/* unsupported attributes tag */)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 2545.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9.9988 0 0 9.9988 129.5844 230.4903 Tm [([40 )167(\320 )167(49])]TJ -0.092 Tc 4 0 Td [(We )-207(c)]TJ 0 Tc 2.104 0 Td [(ontinue )-23(to )-23(de\336ne )-23(status )-23(codes.)-522(The )-23(ones )-23(in )-23(the )-23(range)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 23.849 0 Td (0x500)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.273 0 Td (to)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.145 0 Td (0x5ff)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.273 0 Td [(ar)18(e)]TJ -33.644 -1.2 Td [(server )-52(err)18(or )-52(codes.)-552(All )-52(codes )-52(ar)]TJ 0.3021 Tc 14.185 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.392 0 Td [(escribed )-52(in )-52(Sections )-52(13.1.1 )-52(thr)18(ough )-52(13.1.5 )-52(in)]TJ -15.577 -1.2 Td [(RFC 291)55(1.)]TJ -4 -1.6 Td [([50 )167(\320 )167(68])]TJ -0.092 Tc 4 0 Td [(We )-186(d)]TJ 0 Tc 2.25 0 Td [(e\336ne )-2(the )-2(various )-2(operation )-2(IDs )-2(next.)-501(Ther)18(e)-252(is)-252(one )-2(ID )-2(for )-2(each )-2(task )-2(de\336ned)]TJ -2.25 -1.2 Td [(by )-84(IPP )-84(\(see )-84(Section )-84(4.4.15 )-84(in )-84(RFC )-84(291)58(1\). )-334(In)-333(our )-84(example, )-84(we )-84(will )-84(use )-84(only )-84(the)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td (print-job operation.)Tj -4 -1.6 Td [([69 )167(\320 )167(76])-668(The )-50(attribute )-50(tags )-50(delimit )-50(the )-50(attribute )-50(gr)18(oups )-50(in )-50(the )-50(IPP )-50(r)20(equest )-50(and )-50(r)18(esponse)]TJ 4 -1.2 Td [(messages. )-250(The)-250(tag values ar)]TJ 0.25 Tc 12.464 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.34 0 Td (e\336ned in Section 3.5.1 of RFC 2910.)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47763 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (796)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Communicating )-250(with )-250(a )-250(Network )-250(Printer)]TJ 38.741 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(21)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf -0.092 Tc 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 668.9599 Tm [(We )-184(s)]TJ 0 Tc 2.061 0 Td (tart with the)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 5.717 0 Td (ipp.h)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.25 0 Td (header \336le.)Tj ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 6570.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 1.8 Tc 8.9989 0 0 8.9989 134.9838 647.4213 Tm (1#)Tj 0 Tc 3 0 Td (ifndef _IPP_H)Tj 1.8 Tc -3 -1.189 Td (2#)Tj 0 Tc 3 0 Td (define _IPP_H)Tj 1.8 Tc -3 -1.783 Td (3/)Tj 0 Tc 3 0 Td (*)Tj 2.4 Tc -3 -1.189 Td (4*)Tj 0 Tc 4.2 0 Td (Defines parts of the IPP protocol between the scheduler)Tj 2.4 Tc -4.2 -1.189 Td (5*)Tj 0 Tc 4.2 0 Td [(and the printer.)-1200(Based on RFC2911 and RFC2910.)]TJ 2.4 Tc -4.2 -1.189 Td (6*)Tj 0 Tc 3.6 0 Td (/)Tj 1.8 Tc -3.6 -1.783 Td (7/)Tj 0 Tc 3 0 Td (*)Tj 2.4 Tc -3 -1.189 Td (8*)Tj 0 Tc 4.2 0 Td (Status code classes.)Tj 2.4 Tc -4.2 -1.189 Td (9*)Tj 0 Tc 3.6 0 Td (/)Tj -4.2 -1.189 Td [(10 )-1200(#define)-600(STATCLASS_OK\(x\) )-2400(\(\(x\))-600(>= 0x0000 && \(x\) <= 0x00ff\))]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(11 )-1200(#define)-600(STATCLASS_INFO\(x\) )-1200(\(\(x\))-600(>= 0x0100 && \(x\) <= 0x01ff\))]TJ T* [(12 )-1200(#define)-600(STATCLASS_REDIR\(x\) )-600(\(\(x\))-600(>= 0x0300 && \(x\) <= 0x03ff\))]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(13 )-1200(#define)-600(STATCLASS_CLIERR\(x\) \(\(x\) >= 0x0400 && \(x\) <= 0x04ff\))]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(14 )-1200(#define)-600(STATCLASS_SRVERR\(x\) \(\(x\) >= 0x0500 && \(x\) <= 0x05ff\))]TJ 0 -1.783 TD [(15 )-1200(/*)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(16 )-1800(*)-600(Status codes.)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(17 )-1800(*/)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(18 )-1200(#define)-600(STAT_OK )]TJ 18.6 0 Td [(0x0000)-1200(/* success */)]TJ -18.6 -1.189 Td [(19 )-1200(#define)-600(STAT_OK_ATTRIGN )-1200(0x0001)-1200(/* OK; some attrs ignored */)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(20 )-1200(#define)-600(STAT_OK_ATTRCON )-1200(0x0002)-1200(/* OK; some attrs conflicted */)]TJ 0 -1.783 TD [(21 )-1200(#define)-600(STAT_CLI_BADREQ )-1200(0x0400)-1200(/* invalid client request */)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(22 )-1200(#define)-600(STAT_CLI_FORBID )-1200(0x0401)-1200(/* request is forbidden */)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(23 )-1200(#define)-600(STAT_CLI_NOAUTH )-1200(0x0402)-1200(/* authentication required */)]TJ T* [(24 )-1200(#define)-600(STAT_CLI_NOPERM )-1200(0x0403)-1200(/* client not authorized */)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(25 )-1200(#define)-600(STAT_CLI_NOTPOS )-1200(0x0404)-1200(/* request not possible */)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(26 )-1200(#define)-600(STAT_CLI_TIMOUT )-1200(0x0405)-1200(/* client too slow */)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(27 )-1200(#define)-600(STAT_CLI_NOTFND )-1200(0x0406)-1200(/* no object found for URI */)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(28 )-1200(#define)-600(STAT_CLI_OBJGONE )-600(0x0407 )-600(/*)-600(object no longer available */)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(29 )-1200(#define)-600(STAT_CLI_TOOBIG )-1200(0x0408)-1200(/* requested entity too big */)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(30 )-1200(#define)-600(STAT_CLI_TOOLNG )-1200(0x0409)-1200(/* attribute value too large */)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(31 )-1200(#define)-600(STAT_CLI_BADFMT )-1200(0x040a)-1200(/* unsupported doc format */)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(32 )-1200(#define)-600(STAT_CLI_NOTSUP )-1200(0x040b)-1200(/* attributes not supported */)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(33 )-1200(#define)-600(STAT_CLI_NOSCHM )-1200(0x040c)-1200(/* URI scheme not supported */)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(34 )-1200(#define)-600(STAT_CLI_NOCHAR )-1200(0x040d)-1200(/* charset not supported */)]TJ T* [(35 )-1200(#define)-600(STAT_CLI_ATTRCON )-600(0x040e )-600(/*)-600(attributes conflicted */)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(36 )-1200(#define)-600(STAT_CLI_NOCOMP )-1200(0x040f)-1200(/* compression not supported */)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(37 )-1200(#define)-600(STAT_CLI_COMPERR )-600(0x0410 )-600(/*)-600(data can\325t be decompressed */)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(38 )-1200(#define)-600(STAT_CLI_FMTERR )-1200(0x0411)-1200(/* document format error */)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(39 )-1200(#define)-600(STAT_CLI_ACCERR )-1200(0x0412)-1200(/* error accessing data */)]TJ ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1296.25 2147.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 100 0 l 150 0 l 200 0 l 250 0 l 300 0 l 350 0 l 400 0 l 450 0 l 500 0 l 550 0 l 600 0 l 650 0 l 700 0 l 750 0 l 800 0 l 850 0 l 900 0 l 950 0 l 1000 0 l 1050 0 l 1100 0 l 1150 0 l 1200 0 l 1250 0 l 1300 0 l 1350 0 l 1400 0 l 1450 0 l 1500 0 l 1550 0 l 1600 0 l 1650 0 l 1700 0 l 1750 0 l 1800 0 l 1850 0 l 1900 0 l 1950 0 l 2000 0 l 2050 0 l 2100 0 l 2150 0 l 2200 0 l 2250 0 l 2300 0 l 2350 0 l 2400 0 l 2450 0 l 2500 0 l 2550 0 l 2600 0 l 2650 0 l 2700 0 l 2750 0 l 2800 0 l 2850 0 l 2900 0 l 2950 0 l 3000 0 l 3050 0 l 3100 0 l 3150 0 l 3200 0 l 3250 0 l 3300 0 l 3350 0 l 3400 0 l 3450 0 l 3500 0 l 3550 0 l 3600 0 l 3650 0 l 3700 0 l 3750 0 l 3800 0 l 3850 0 l 3900 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9982 0 0 9.9982 129.5767 190.6637 Tm [([1 )167(\320 )167(14])]TJ -0.092 Tc 4 0 Td [(We )-185(s)]TJ 0 Tc 2.062 0 Td [(tart )-1(the)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 3.437 0 Td (ipp.h)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.251 0 Td [(header )-1(with )-1(the )-1(standar)17(d)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.402 0 Td (#ifdef)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.851 0 Td [(to )-1(pr)18(event )-1(err)18(ors )-1(when )-1(it)]TJ -24.004 -1.2 Td [(is )-168(included )-168(twice )-168(in )-168(the 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3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 147.5911 668.9599 Tm [(IPP )-321(is )-321(speci\336ed )-321(in )-321(a )-321(series )-321(of )-321(documents )-321(\(Requests )-321(For )-321(Comments, )-321(or )-321(RFCs\))]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(available )-557(at)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 6.409 0 Td (http://www.ietf.org/rfc.html)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.0567 Tc (.P)Tj -0.018 Tc 18.711 0 Td (ro)Tj 0 Tc 0.923 0 Td [(posed )-557(draft )-557(standar)18(ds )-557(ar)19(e)]TJ -26.043 -1.2 Td [(developed )-178(by )-178(the )-178(Printer )-178(W)92(orking )-178(Gr)18(oup, )-178(which )-178(is )-178(associated )-178(with )-178(the )-178(IEEE.)-678(These)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(drafts )-58(ar)]TJ 0.308 Tc 3.774 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.287 0 Td [(vailable )-58(at)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 4.912 0 Td (http://www.pwg.org/ipp)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.558 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 14.621 0 Td [(he )-58(main )-58(documents )-58(ar)]TJ 0.308 Tc 10.016 0 Td (el)Tj 0 Tc 1.078 0 Td [(isted )-58(in)]TJ -35.688 -1.2 Td (Figur)Tj 0.7966 Tc 2.383 0 Td (e2)Tj 0 Tc 1.776 0 Td [(1.1, )-547(although )-547(many )-547(other )-547(documents )-547(ar)]TJ 0.7966 Tc 20.093 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.776 0 Td [(vailable )-547(to )-547(further )-547(specify)]TJ -26.027 -1.2 Td [(administrative pr)18(ocedur)18(es, job attributes, and the like.)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1403.25 5878.25 cm 0 0 m 3685 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 161.7926 579.7304 Tm (Document )Tj 24.626 0 Td [(T)55(itle)]TJ ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1403.25 5758.25 cm 0 0 m 3685 0 l S Q Q q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1403.25 5738.25 cm 0 0 m 3685 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 144.334 565.6982 Tm (RFC 2567)Tj 10.5 0 Td [(Design Goals for an Internet Printing Pr)18(otocol)]TJ -10.5 -1.25 Td (RFC 2568)Tj 10.5 0 Td [(Rationale for the Str)8(uctur)18(e)-250(of)-250(the Model and Pr)18(otocol for the Internet Printing)]TJ 1.35 -1.25 Td [(Pr)18(otocol)]TJ -11.85 -1.25 Td (RFC 291)Tj 6.372 Tc 3.628 0 Td (1I)Tj 0 Tc 7.209 0 Td [(nternet Printing Pr)18(otocol/1.1: Model and Semantics)]TJ -10.837 -1.25 Td (RFC 2910)Tj 10.5 0 Td [(Internet Printing Pr)18(otocol/1.1: Encoding and T)90(ransport)]TJ -10.5 -1.25 Td (RFC 3196)Tj 10.5 0 Td [(Internet Printing Pr)18(otocol/1.1: Implementor)-74(\325s Guide)]TJ ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1403.25 5118.25 cm 0 0 m 3685 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 228.3052 503.6791 Tm [(Internet Printing Pr)18(otocol V)111(ersion 2.0, Second Edition)]TJ -10.5 0 Td [(Candidate Standar)18(d)]TJ 1.35 -1.25 Td (5100.12)Tj 3.25 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td [(201)55(1)]TJ ET q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1403.25 4898.25 cm 0 0 m 3685 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2223.25 4898.25 cm 0 0 m 0 980 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5088.25 4898.25 cm 0 0 m 0 980 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 1403.25 4898.25 cm 0 0 m 0 980 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9976 0 0 7.9976 260.4738 470.4588 Tm (Figure 21.1)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.445 0 Td (Primary IPP documents)Tj 9.997 0 0 9.997 147.5559 444.0668 Tm [(Candidate )-153(Standar)]TJ 0.4033 Tc 8.433 0 Td (d5)Tj 0 Tc 1.514 0 Td (100.12)Tj 2.75 0.09 Td (-)Tj 0.333 -0.09 Td (201)Tj 0.4034 Tc 1.445 0 Td (1s)Tj 0 Tc 1.327 0 Td [(peci\336es )-153(all )-153(featur)18(es )-153(that )-153(implementations )-153(must)]TJ -17.603 -1.2 Td [(support )-34(to )-34(conform )-34(to )-34(dif)16(fer)18(ent )-34(versions )-34(of )-34(the )-34(IPP )-34(standar)16(d. )-284(Ther)]TJ 0.2844 Tc 29.606 0 Td (ea)Tj -0.018 Tc 1.263 0 Td [(re )-70(m)]TJ 0 Tc 2.023 0 Td [(any )-34(pr)18(oposed)]TJ -32.893 -1.2 Td [(extensions )-374(to )-374(the )-374(IPP )-374(pr)18(otocol )-374(\(speci\336c )-374(featur)18(es )-374(ar)]TJ 0.6239 Tc 24.516 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.714 0 Td [(e\336ned )-374(in )-374(other )-374(IPP-r)18(elated)]TJ -26.23 -1.2 Td [(documents\). )-450(These)-450(featur)18(es )-200(ar)]TJ 0.45 Tc 14.056 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.54 0 Td [(ivided )-200(into )-200(gr)18(oups )-200(to )-200(cr)18(eate )-200(dif)18(fer)18(ent )-200(conformance)]TJ -15.596 -1.2 Td [(levels; )-76(each )-76(level )-76(is )-76(a )-76(dif)20(fer)18(ent )-76(pr)18(otocol )-76(version.)-576(For )-76(compatibility)]TJ 0.3258 Tc 29.573 0 Td (,e)Tj 0 Tc 1.055 0 Td [(ach )-76(higher )-76(level )-76(of)]TJ -30.628 -1.2 Td [(conformance )-101(r)18(equir)18(es )-101(that )-101(implementations )-101(meet )-101(most )-101(of )-101(the )-101(r)18(equir)18(ements )-101(de\336ned )-101(by)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(lower )-1(versions )-1(of )-1(the )-1(standar)18(d. )-251(In)-251(this )-1(chapter)74(,)-251(we)-251(will )-1(use )-1(IPP )-1(version )-1(1.1 )-1(in )-1(our )-1(simple)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td (example.)Tj 1.8 -1.2 Td [(IPP )-10(is )-10(built )-10(on )-10(top )-10(of )-10(HTTP)]TJ 0.26 Tc 11.897 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 0.836 0 Td [(he )-10(Hypertext )-10(T)90(ransfer )-10(Pr)18(otocol )-10(\(Section )-10(21.3\).)-510(HTTP)]TJ 0.26 Tc 23.084 0 Td (,i)Tj 0 Tc 0.801 0 Td (n)Tj -38.418 -1.2 Td (turn, is built on top of TCP/IP)Tj 0.5 Tc 13.259 0 Td (.F)Tj 0 Tc 1.306 0 Td (igur)Tj 0.25 Tc 1.827 0 Td (e2)Tj 0 Tc 1.229 0 Td [(1.2 shows the str)8(uctur)18(e)-250(of)-250(an)-250(IPP message.)]TJ ET q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 1626 2782 540 360 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9971 0 0 7.9971 174.4172 299.3322 Tm (Ethernet)Tj 0.367 -1.25 Td (header)Tj ET q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2166 2782 540 360 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9966 0 0 7.9966 239.7353 299.3143 Tm (IP)Tj -1.052 -1.25 Td (header)Tj ET q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2706 2782 540 360 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9962 0 0 7.9962 289.7569 299.2963 Tm (TCP)Tj -0.56 -1.25 Td (header)Tj ET q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 3246 2782 540 360 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9957 0 0 7.9957 340.7679 299.2783 Tm (HTTP)Tj -0.192 -1.25 Td (header)Tj ET q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 3786 2782 540 360 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9952 0 0 7.9952 399.1804 299.2604 Tm (IPP)Tj -0.75 -1.25 Td (header)Tj ET q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 4326 2782 540 360 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9947 0 0 7.9947 441.9442 299.2424 Tm (data to be)Tj 0.528 -1.25 Td (printed)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -24.24 -4.255 Td (Figure 21.2)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.695 0 Td [(Str)8(uctur)18(e)-250(of)-250(an)-250(IPP message)]TJ 9.9934 0 0 9.9934 147.5027 230.0483 Tm [(IPP )-143(is )-143(a )-143(r)17(equest\320r)18(esponse )-143(pr)18(otocol. )-393(A)-394(client )-143(sends )-143(a )-143(r)18(equest )-143(message )-143(to )-143(a )-143(server)71(,)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(and )-84(the )-84(server )-84(answers )-84(with )-84(a )-84(r)18(esponse )-84(message.)-584(The )-84(IPP )-84(header )-84(contains )-84(a )-84(\336eld )-84(that)]TJ T* [(indicates )-115(the )-115(r)18(equested )-115(operation.)-615(Operations )-115(ar)]TJ 0.3649 Tc 22.07 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.455 0 Td [(e\336ned )-115(to )-115(submit )-115(print )-115(jobs, )-115(cancel)]TJ -23.525 -1.2 Td [(print )-47(jobs, )-47(get )-47(job )-47(attributes, )-47(get )-47(printer )-47(attributes, )-47(pause )-47(and )-47(r)18(estart )-47(the )-47(printer)]TJ 0.2967 Tc 35.341 0 Td (,p)Tj 0 Tc 1.148 0 Td [(lace )-47(a)]TJ -36.489 -1.2 Td [(job on hold, and r)18(elease a held job.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td (Figur)Tj 0.3129 Tc 2.383 0 Td (e2)Tj 0 Tc 1.292 0 Td [(1.3 )-63(shows )-63(the )-63(str)8(uctur)18(e)-313(of)-313(an)-313(IPP )-63(message )-63(header)]TJ 0.5629 Tc 22.142 0 Td (.T)Tj 0 Tc 1.426 0 Td [(he )-63(\336rst )-63(2 )-63(bytes )-63(ar)]TJ 0.313 Tc 7.778 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.118 0 Td (he)Tj -37.939 -1.2 Td [(IPP )-24(version )-24(number)]TJ 0.5238 Tc 8.796 0 Td (.F)Tj 0 Tc 1.33 0 Td [(or )-24(pr)18(otocol )-24(version )-24(1.1, )-24(each )-24(byte )-24(has )-24(a )-24(value )-24(of )-24(1.)-524(For )-24(a )-24(pr)22(otocol)]TJ -0.018 Tc -10.125 -1.2 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(quest, )-149(the )-149(next )-149(2 )-149(bytes )-149(contain )-149(a )-149(value )-149(identifying )-149(the )-149(type )-149(of )-149(operation )-149(r)21(equested.)]TJ -0.856 -1.2 Td [(For a pr)18(otocol r)18(esponse, these 2 bytes contain a status code instead.)]TJ ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47765 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q BT /CS0 cs 0 0 0 scn /GS0 gs /TT0 1 Tf 0.0002 Tc -0.0002 Tw 12 0 0 12 218.4731 545.9739 Tm (This page intentionally left blank )Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 47.58 40.02 cm 0 g /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47766 0 obj <> endobj 47767 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm [(Section )-250(20.5)]TJ 30.134 0 Td [(Centralized )-250(or )-250(Decentralized?)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 15.699 0 Td (751)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 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I/O with the database \336les.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(The )-114(centralized )-114(appr)18(oach )-114(has )-114(the )-114(advantage )-114(that )-114(customer )-114(tuning )-114(of )-114(its )-114(operation)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(may )-309(be )-309(possible.)-809(For )-309(example, )-309(we )-309(might )-309(be )-309(able )-309(to )-309(assign )-309(dif)20(fer)18(ent )-309(priorities )-309(to)]TJ -0 -1.2 Td [(dif)18(fer)18(ent )-61(pr)18(ocesses )-61(thr)18(ough )-61(the )-61(centralized )-61(pr)16(ocess. )-311(This)-312(could )-61(af)18(fect )-61(the )-61(scheduling )-61(of)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td [(I/O )-217(operations )-217(by )-217(the )-217(centralized )-217(pr)20(ocess. )-467(W)55(ith )-217(the )-217(decentralized )-217(appr)19(oach, )-217(this )-217(is)]TJ 0 -1.2 Td (mor)Tj 0.3676 Tc 1.806 0 Td (ed)Tj 0 Tc 1.458 0 Td [(if)18(\336cult )-118(to )-118(do.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 6.507 0 Td [(We )-302(a)]TJ -0.018 Tc 2.255 0 Td [(re )-154(u)]TJ 0 Tc 1.826 0 Td [(sually )-117(at )-117(the )-117(mer)18(cy )-117(of 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478.3539 Tm (func2\(x\))Tj ET q 0.99982 0 0 0.99982 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 279.6 617 cm 0 0 m -7.2 -1.8 l -7.2 1.8 l f Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2796 6170 cm 0 0 m -72 -18 l -72 18 l h S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2076.25 6170.25 cm 0 0 m 648 0 l S Q Q q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2796 6098 432 144 re S Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 289.1306 615.0924 Tm (func1)Tj ET q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3012.25 6026.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3012.25 5990.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3012.25 5954.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3012.25 5918.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3012.25 5882.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q BT /TT1 1 Tf 7.9976 0 0 7.9976 236.3291 575.4673 Tm (pthread_mutex_lock\(x->lock\))Tj ET q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3012.25 5666.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3012.25 5630.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3012.25 5594.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3012.25 5558.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3012.25 5522.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q BT /TT1 1 Tf 7.9971 0 0 7.9971 281.8985 539.4458 Tm (func2\(x\))Tj ET q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3012.25 5306.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3012.25 5270.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3012.25 5234.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3012.25 5198.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3012.25 5162.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q BT /TT1 1 Tf 7.9966 0 0 7.9966 231.5027 503.4285 Tm (pthread_mutex_unlock\(x->lock\))Tj ET q 0.9995801 0 0 0.9995801 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 409.2 480.2 cm 0 0 m -7.2 -1.8 l -7.2 1.8 l f Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4092 4802 cm 0 0 m -72 -18 l -72 18 l h S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2076.25 4802.25 cm 0 0 m 1944 0 l S Q Q q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 4092 4730 432 144 re S Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9962 0 0 7.9962 418.599 478.2104 Tm (func2)Tj ET q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4308.25 4658.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4308.25 4622.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4308.25 4586.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4308.25 4550.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4308.25 4514.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q BT /TT1 1 Tf 7.9957 0 0 7.9957 365.8024 438.6031 Tm (pthread_mutex_lock\(x->lock\))Tj ET q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4308.25 4298.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4308.25 4262.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4308.25 4226.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4308.25 4190.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q q 0.099946 0 0 0.099946 0 0 cm 12 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4308.25 4154.25 cm 0 0 m 0 0 l S Q Q BT /TT1 1 Tf 7.9952 0 0 7.9952 360.9833 402.5984 Tm (pthread_mutex_unlock\(x->lock\))Tj ET q 0.9994002 0 0 0.9994002 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 430.8 487.4 cm 0 0 m -1.8 7.2 l 1.8 7.2 l f Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 4308 4874 cm 0 0 m -18 72 l 18 72 l h S Q Q q 0.09994 0 0 0.09994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3336.25 5414.25 cm 0 0 m 972 0 l 972 -468 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9947 0 0 7.9947 254.3041 375.552 Tm (Figure 12.6)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 5.695 0 Td (Recursive locking opportunity)Tj 9.9934 0 0 9.9934 129.5147 345.5718 Tm [(the )-53(mutex )-53(befor)]TJ 0.303 Tc 7.088 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.226 0 Td (alling)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 2.814 0 Td (func2)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.303 0 Td [(and )-53(r)18(eacquir)18(e)-303(it)-303(after)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 9.665 0 Td (func2)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 3.303 0 Td (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(turns, )-53(but )-53(this )-53(appr)18(oach)]TJ -28.255 -1.2 Td [(opens )-215(a )-215(window )-215(wher)]TJ 0.4646 Tc 10.496 0 Td (ea)Tj 0 Tc 1.444 0 Td [(nother )-215(thr)18(ead )-215(can )-215(possibly )-215(grab )-215(contr)18(ol )-215(of )-215(the )-215(mutex )-215(and)]TJ -11.939 -1.2 Td [(change )-331(the )-331(data )-331(str)7(uctur)18(e)-581(in)-581(t)-1(he )-331(middle )-331(of)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 21.391 0 Td (func1)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.8313 Tc (.T)Tj 0 Tc 4.694 0 Td [(his )-331(may )-331(not )-331(be )-331(acceptable,)]TJ -26.086 -1.2 Td [(depending on what pr)18(otection the mutex is intended to pr)18(ovide.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td (Figur)Tj 0.3938 Tc 2.383 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.373 0 Td [(2.7 )-144(shows )-144(an )-144(alternative )-144(to )-144(using )-144(a )-144(r)19(ecursive )-144(mutex )-144(in )-144(this )-144(case.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 30.137 0 Td [(We )-328(c)]TJ 0 Tc 2.225 0 Td (an)Tj -37.918 -1.2 Td [(leave )-124(the )-124(interfaces )-124(to)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 10.322 0 Td (func1)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.374 0 Td (and)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 2.067 0 Td (func2)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.374 0 Td [(unchanged )-124(and )-124(avoid )-124(a )-124(r)18(ecursive )-124(mutex )-124(by)]TJ -19.138 -1.2 Td [(pr)18(oviding )-65(a )-65(private )-65(version )-65(of)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 13.815 0 Td (func2)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.3153 Tc (,c)Tj 0 Tc 4.009 0 Td (alled)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 2.487 0 Td (func2_locked)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.5653 Tc (.T)Tj 0.3153 Tc 8.536 0 Td (oc)Tj 0 Tc 1.305 0 Td (all)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.397 0 Td (func2_locked)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf (,)Tj -31.55 -1.2 Td [(we )-49(must )-49(hold )-49(the )-49(mutex )-49(embedded )-49(in )-49(the )-49(data )-49(str)4(uctur)]TJ 0.2994 Tc 24.861 0 Td (ew)Tj 0 Tc 1.612 0 Td [(hose )-49(addr)18(ess )-49(we )-49(pass )-49(as )-49(the)]TJ -26.473 -1.2 Td [(ar)18(gument. )-421(The)-420(body )-171(of)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 11.308 0 Td (func2_locked)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 7.621 0 Td [(contains )-171(a )-171(copy )-171(of)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 8.904 0 Td (func2)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.4208 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 4.171 0 Td (nd)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.614 0 Td (func2)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.421 0 Td (now)Tj -37.038 -1.2 Td [(simply acquir)18(es the mutex, calls)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 14.368 0 Td (func2_locked)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.25 Tc (,a)Tj 0 Tc 8.2 0 Td [(nd then r)18(eleases the mutex.)]TJ -20.768 -1.2 Td [(If )-188(we )-188(didn\325t )-188(have )-188(to )-188(leave )-188(the )-188(interfaces )-188(to )-188(the )-188(library )-188(functions )-188(unchanged, )-188(we)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(could )-12(have )-12(added )-12(a )-12(second )-12(parameter )-12(to )-12(each )-12(function )-12(to )-12(indicate )-12(whether )-12(the )-12(str)4(uctur)18(e)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(is )-85(locked )-85(by )-85(the )-85(caller)]TJ 0.5846 Tc 9.803 0 Td (.I)Tj 0 Tc 1.172 0 Td [(t)-335(is)-335(u)1(sually )-85(better )-85(to )-85(leave )-85(the )-85(interfaces )-85(unchanged )-85(if )-85(we )-85(can,)]TJ -10.974 -1.2 Td (however)Tj 0.25 Tc 3.806 0 Td (,i)Tj 0 Tc 0.791 0 Td (nstead of polluting them with implementation artifacts.)Tj -2.797 -1.2 Td [(The )-226(strategy )-226(of )-226(pr)18(oviding )-226(locked )-226(and )-226(unlocked )-226(versions )-226(of )-226(functions )-226(is )-226(usually)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(applicable )-120(in )-120(simple )-120(situations.)-622(In )-120(mor)]TJ 0.3704 Tc 17.783 0 Td (ec)Tj 0 Tc 1.293 0 Td [(omplex )-120(situations, )-120(such )-120(as )-120(when )-120(the )-120(library)]TJ -19.077 -1.2 Td [(needs )-74(to )-74(call )-74(a )-74(function )-74(outside )-74(the )-74(library)]TJ 0.3241 Tc 18.986 0 Td (,w)Tj 0 Tc 1.408 0 Td [(hich )-74(then )-74(might )-74(call )-74(back )-74(into )-74(the )-74(library)110(,)]TJ -20.394 -1.2 Td [(we need to r)18(ely on r)18(ecursive locks.)]TJ ET q 0.099934 0 0 0.099934 0 0 cm 4 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 5141.25 1418.25 cm 0 0 m 50 0 l 50 50 l 0 50 l 0 0 l S Q Q EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47771 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q BT /CS0 cs 0 0 0 scn /GS0 gs /TT0 1 Tf 0.0002 Tc -0.0002 Tw 12 0 0 12 218.4731 545.9739 Tm (This page intentionally left blank )Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 47.58 40.02 cm 0 g /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47772 0 obj <> endobj 47773 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (398)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(Thr)18(eads )]TJ 36.604 0 Td (Chapter)Tj -0.055 Tc 6.284 0 Td (11)Tj ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 1640 0 l 1680 0 l 1720 0 l 1760 0 l 1800 0 l 1840 0 l 1880 0 l 1920 0 l 1960 0 l 2000 0 l 2040 0 l 2080 0 l 2120 0 l 2160 0 l 2200 0 l 2240 0 l 2280 0 l 2320 0 l 2360 0 l 2400 0 l 2440 0 l 2480 0 l 2520 0 l 2560 0 l 2600 0 l 2640 0 l 2680 0 l 2720 0 l 2760 0 l 2800 0 l 2840 0 l 2880 0 l 2920 0 l 2960 0 l 3000 0 l 3040 0 l 3080 0 l 3120 0 l 3160 0 l 3200 0 l 3240 0 l 3280 0 l 3320 0 l 3360 0 l 3400 0 l 3440 0 l 3480 0 l 3520 0 l 3560 0 l 3600 0 l 3640 0 l 3680 0 l 3720 0 l 3760 0 l 3800 0 l 3840 0 l 3880 0 l 3920 0 l 3960 0 l 4000 0 l 4040 0 l 4080 0 l 4120 0 l 4160 0 l 4200 0 l 4240 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 9.9994 0 0 9.9994 129.5922 668.9599 Tm (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td [(ad )-258(the )-258(variable, )-258(thr)18(ead )-258(B )-258(acquir)20(es )-257(a )-257(lock.)-758(Similarly)]TJ 0.5075 Tc 24.295 0 Td (,w)Tj 0 Tc 1.591 0 Td [(hen )-257(thr)18(ead )-257(A )-257(updates )-257(the)]TJ -26.743 -1.2 Td [(variable, )-124(it )-124(acquir)18(es )-124(the )-124(same )-124(lock.)-624(Thus )-124(thr)18(ead )-124(B )-124(will )-124(be )-124(unable )-124(to )-124(r)18(ead )-124(the )-124(variable)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(until thr)18(ead A r)18(eleases the lock.)]TJ ET q 0.099994 0 0 0.099994 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2814.25 6182.25 cm 0 0 m 360 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.999 0 0 7.999 282.6061 621.3654 Tm [(Thr)18(ead A)]TJ ET q 0.099988 0 0 0.099988 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2778 5462 432 216 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 7.9986 0 0 7.9986 291.4795 555.1401 Tm (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (ad)Tj ET q 0.099982 0 0 0.099982 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2778 5030 432 216 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9981 0 0 7.9981 288.5307 511.9171 Tm (write)Tj 5.9986 0 0 5.9986 307.1263 507.9181 Tm (1)Tj ET q 0.099976 0 0 0.099976 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2778 4598 432 216 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9976 0 0 7.9976 288.5134 468.6994 Tm (write)Tj 5.9982 0 0 5.9982 307.1079 464.7006 Tm (2)Tj ET q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 2706 4526 576 1224 re S Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 3534.25 6182.25 cm 0 0 m 360 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9971 0 0 7.9971 355.1801 621.2163 Tm [(Thr)18(ead B)]TJ ET q 0.099964 0 0 0.099964 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 3498 4238 432 216 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 7.9966 0 0 7.9966 363.3793 432.6582 Tm (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (ad)Tj ET q 0.099958 0 0 0.099958 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J 3498 5822 432 216 re S Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf -0.018 Tc 7.9962 0 0 7.9962 363.3575 590.9563 Tm (re)Tj 0 Tc 0.856 0 Td (ad)Tj ET q 0.9995201 0 0 0.9995201 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 256.2 467 cm 0 0 m -1.8 7.2 l 1.8 7.2 l f Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2562 4670 cm 0 0 m -18 72 l 18 72 l h S Q Q q 0.099952 0 0 0.099952 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2562.25 5534.25 cm 0 0 m 0 -792 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 1 Tf 7.9957 0 0 7.9957 236.2404 508.1655 Tm (time)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -1.582 -13.73 Td [(Figure 1)37(1.8)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf -0.09 Tc 6.25 0 Td (Tw)Tj 0.25 Tc 1.357 0 Td (ot)Tj 0 Tc 1.122 0 Td [(hr)18(eads synchr)18(onizing memory access)]TJ -0.092 Tc 9.9946 0 0 9.9946 147.5205 374.3978 Tm [(We )-202(a)]TJ 0 Tc 2.155 0 Td [(lso )-18(need )-18(to )-18(synchr)18(onize )-18(two )-18(or )-18(mor)]TJ 0.2681 Tc 15.709 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.073 0 Td [(hr)18(eads )-18(that )-18(might )-18(try )-18(to )-18(modify )-18(the )-18(same)]TJ -20.737 -1.2 Td [(variable )-345(at )-345(the )-345(same )-345(time.)-847(Consider )-345(the )-345(case )-345(in )-345(which )-345(we )-345(incr)18(ement )-345(a )-345(variable)]TJ T* (\(Figur)Tj 0.25 Tc 2.716 0 Td (e1)Tj 0 Tc 1.174 0 Td [(1.9\). )-250(The)-250(incr)18(ement operation is usually br)18(oken down into thr)18(ee steps.)]TJ -2.09 -2.04 Td [(1. )-633(Read)-250(the memory location into a r)18(egister)74(.)]TJ 0 -1.6 TD [(2. )-633(Incr)18(ement the value in the r)18(egister)74(.)]TJ T* [(3. )-633(W)74(rite the new value back to the memory location.)]TJ 0 -2.04 TD [(If )-88(two )-88(thr)18(eads )-88(try )-88(to )-88(incr)19(ement )-88(the )-88(same )-88(variable )-88(at )-88(almost )-88(the )-88(same )-88(time )-88(without)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 Td [(synchr)18(onizing )-29(with )-29(each )-29(other)]TJ 0.2791 Tc 13.442 0 Td (,t)Tj 0 Tc 0.855 0 Td [(he )-29(r)18(esults )-29(can )-29(be )-29(inconsistent.)]TJ -0.092 Tc 13.736 0 Td (Yo)Tj 0.2792 Tc 1.121 0 Td (ue)Tj 0 Tc 1.361 0 Td [(nd )-29(up )-29(with )-29(a )-29(value)]TJ -30.515 -1.2 Td [(that )-14(is )-14(either )-14(one )-14(or )-14(two )-14(gr)16(eater )-14(than )-14(befor)18(e, )-14(depending )-14(on )-14(the )-14(value )-14(observed )-14(when )-14(the)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(second )-73(thr)18(ead )-73(starts )-73(its )-73(operation.)-573(If )-73(the )-73(second )-73(thr)18(ead )-73(performs )-73(step )-73(1 )-73(befor)]TJ 0.3235 Tc 34.737 0 Td (et)Tj 0 Tc 1.129 0 Td [(he )-73(\336rst)]TJ -35.865 -1.2 Td [(thr)18(ead )-132(performs )-132(step )-132(3, )-132(the )-132(second )-132(thr)20(ead )-131(will )-131(r)18(ead )-131(the )-131(same )-131(initial )-131(value )-131(as )-131(the )-131(\336rst)]TJ T* [(thr)18(ead, incr)18(ement it, and write it back, with no net ef)18(fect.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 Td [(If )-45(the )-45(modi\336cation )-45(is )-45(atomic, )-45(then )-45(ther)]TJ 0.2953 Tc 17.142 0 Td (ei)Tj 0 Tc 1.065 0 Td [(sn\325t )-45(a )-45(race.)-546(In )-45(the )-45(pr)18(evious )-45(example, )-45(if )-45(the)]TJ -20.007 -1.2 Td [(incr)18(ement )-25(takes )-25(only )-25(one )-25(memory )-25(cycle, )-25(then )-25(no )-25(race )-25(exists.)-525(If )-25(our )-25(data )-25(always )-25(appears)]TJ T* [(to )-490(be)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 3.383 0 Td [(sequentially )-490(consistent)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 0.7396 Tc (,t)Tj 0 Tc 10.982 0 Td [(hen )-490(we )-490(need )-490(no )-490(additional )-490(synchr)20(onization. )-740(Our)]TJ -14.365 -1.2 Td [(operations )-754(ar)]TJ 1.0045 Tc 6.571 0 Td (es)Tj 0 Tc 1.907 0 Td [(equentially )-754(consistent )-754(when )-754(multiple )-754(thr)18(eads )-754(can\325t )-754(observe)]TJ -8.479 -1.2 Td [(inconsistencies )-336(in )-336(our 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-1.189 TD (exit\(0\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (})Tj 0 -1.783 TD (int)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (main\(int argc, char *argv[]\))Tj 0 -1.189 TD ({)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td [(pid_t )-1200(pid;)]TJ T* [(char )-1800(*s;)]TJ T* [(int )-2400(nzero,)-600(ret;)]TJ 0 -1.189 TD [(int )-2400(adj)]TJ 0.6 Tc 7.2 0 Td (=0)Tj 0 Tc 1.8 0 Td (;)Tj -9 -1.783 Td (setbuf\(stdout, NULL\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (#if defined\(NZERO\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (nzero = NZERO;)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (#elif defined\(_SC_NZERO\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (nzero = sysconf\(_SC_NZERO\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (#else)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (#error NZERO undefined)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (#endif)Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (printf\("NZERO = %d\\n", nzero\);)Tj 0 -1.189 TD (if \(argc == 2\))Tj 2.4 -1.189 Td (adj = strtol\(argv[1], NULL, 10\);)Tj -2.4 -1.189 Td (gettimeofday\(&end, NULL\);)Tj 0 -1.189 TD [(end.tv_sec += 10;)-1800(/* run for 10 seconds */)]TJ 0 -1.783 TD (if \(\(pid = fork\(\)\) < 0\) {)Tj ET EMC Q q 1 0 0 1 55.08 74.52 cm /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47777 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q BT /CS0 cs 0 0 0 scn /GS0 gs /TT0 1 Tf 0.0002 Tc -0.0002 Tw 12 0 0 12 218.4731 545.9739 Tm (This page intentionally left blank )Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 47.58 40.02 cm 0 g /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47778 0 obj <> endobj 47779 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q /Part <>BDC q 14.19 14.24 583.62 763.52 re W n BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 93.6 708 Tm (160)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td (Standar)Tj 0.5 Tc 3.421 0 Td (dI)Tj 0 Tc 1.448 0 Td [(/O )-250(Library)]TJ 34.372 0 Td [(Chapter )-250(5)]TJ ET q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 936.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l S Q Q q 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 956.25 7008.25 cm 0 0 m 40 0 l 80 0 l 120 0 l 160 0 l 200 0 l 240 0 l 280 0 l 320 0 l 360 0 l 400 0 l 440 0 l 480 0 l 520 0 l 560 0 l 600 0 l 640 0 l 680 0 l 720 0 l 760 0 l 800 0 l 840 0 l 880 0 l 920 0 l 960 0 l 1000 0 l 1040 0 l 1080 0 l 1120 0 l 1160 0 l 1200 0 l 1240 0 l 1280 0 l 1320 0 l 1360 0 l 1400 0 l 1440 0 l 1480 0 l 1520 0 l 1560 0 l 1600 0 l 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5.142 0 Td [(component )-92(speci\336es )-92(a )-92(minimum )-92(\336eld )-92(width )-92(for )-92(the )-92(conversion.)-589(If)]TJ -8.957 -1.2 Td [(the )-19(conversion )-19(r)18(esults )-19(in )-19(fewer )-19(characters, )-19(it )-19(is )-19(padded )-19(with )-19(spaces.)-519(The )-19(\336eld )-19(width )-19(is )-19(a)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD (non-negative decimal integer or an asterisk.)Tj 1.8 -1.2 Td (The)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.991 0 Td (precision)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 5.717 0 Td [(component )-67(speci\336es )-67(the )-67(minimum )-67(number )-67(of )-67(digits )-67(to )-67(appear )-67(for)]TJ -9.509 -1.2 Td [(integer )-5(conversions, )-5(the )-5(minimum )-5(number )-5(of )-5(digits )-5(to )-5(appear )-5(to )-5(the )-5(right )-5(of )-5(the )-5(decimal)]TJ T* [(point )-324(for )-324(\337oating-point )-324(conversions, )-324(or )-324(the )-324(maximum )-324(number )-324(of )-324(bytes )-324(for )-324(string)]TJ T* [(conversions. )-326(The)-327(pr)18(ecision )-76(is )-76(a )-76(period )-76(\(.\) )-76(followed 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313.306 Tm (Length modi\336er)Tj 15.686 0 Td (Description)Tj ET q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2093.25 3094.25 cm 0 0 m 2306 0 l S Q Q q 0.09997 0 0 0.09997 0 0 cm 3.2 w 1 j 1 J q 1 0 0 1 2093.25 3074.25 cm 0 0 m 2306 0 l S Q Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 7.9971 0 0 7.9971 213.2072 299.2922 Tm (hh)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 8.696 0 Td (signed or unsigned)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.762 0 Td (char)Tj -17.458 -1.25 Td (h)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 8.696 0 Td (signed or unsigned)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.762 0 Td (short)Tj -17.458 -1.25 Td (l)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 8.696 0 Td (signed or unsigned)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.762 0 Td (long)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 2.65 0 Td (or wide character)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -20.108 -1.25 Td (ll)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 8.696 0 Td (signed or unsigned)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 8.762 0 Td (long long)Tj 8.096 Tc -17.458 -1.25 Td (ji)Tj 0 Tc 9.296 0 Td (ntmax_t)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 4.45 0 Td (or)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 1.191 0 Td (uintmax_t)Tj 8.096 Tc -14.937 -1.25 Td (zs)Tj 0 Tc 9.296 0 Td (ize_t)Tj 8.096 Tc -9.296 -1.25 Td (tp)Tj 0 Tc 9.296 0 Td (trdiff_t)Tj 8.096 Tc -9.296 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l -0.372 -0.609 -0.252 -0.592 -0.073 -0.592 c 0.155 -0.593 0.304 -0.642 0.394 -0.706 c 0.483 -0.773 0.531 -0.874 0.531 -1.017 c 0.531 -1.214 0.399 -1.335 0.238 -1.382 c 0.238 -1.393 l 0.369 -1.418 0.458 -1.538 0.488 -1.76 c 0.523 -1.992 0.56 -2.082 0.584 -2.13 c 0.332 -2.13 l 0.296 -2.082 0.261 -1.943 0.231 -1.747 c 0.195 -1.556 0.098 -1.483 -0.091 -1.483 c -0.259 -1.483 l -0.26 -2.13 l h -0.259 -1.298 m -0.086 -1.298 l 0.111 -1.298 0.28 -1.226 0.28 -1.04 c 0.281 -0.908 0.183 -0.778 -0.085 -0.777 c -0.163 -0.777 -0.217 -0.783 -0.258 -0.789 c -0.259 -1.298 l f Q EMC EMC q 1 0 0 1 -0 0 cm 0.9 g 105.124 180.223 403.806 135.613 re f Q BT 0 g /GS1 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 0.0085 Tc 0.0015 Tw 15.9136 0 0 15.9136 185.729 295.078 Tm [(Ac)-29(ti)-9(v)-9(a)9(t)9(e)-1( yo)5(u)7(r)-1( F)-10(R)-7(EE On)9(li)9(n)7(e)-1( E)4(d)-1(i)5(t)3(i)4(o)3(n a)9(t)9( )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 2.668 -1.187 Td [(inf)-17(o)-6(r)-23(m)2(it)-19(.c)-14(om)-16(/)23(s)-18(af)-27(ar)-24(if)-20(r)-6(e)-9(e)]TJ 0.05 Tc -0.025 Tw 10.9406 0 0 10.9406 141.924 256.289 Tm [(ST)8(E)20(P)25( 1)82(:)]TJ 0.265 g /GS0 gs /T1_1 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw 3.349 0 Td ( )Tj 11.4379 0 0 11.4379 198.616 256.289 Tm ( )Tj 0.0012 Tc -0.0012 Tw T* [(E)-12(nter t)-12(h)1(e coupon code: LD)-6(M)-14(R)42(W)-9(B)-18(I)-18(.)]TJ 0 g /GS1 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 0.05 Tc -0.025 Tw 10.9406 0 0 10.9406 141.924 236.397 Tm [(ST)8(E)20(P)25( 2)25(:)]TJ 0.265 g /GS0 gs /T1_1 1 Tf 1.4977 Tc 0 Tw 3.406 0 Td ( )Tj 0.0106 Tc -0.0006 Tw 11.4379 0 0 11.4379 198.616 236.397 Tm [(N)-7(e)8(w S)-18(af)-15(a)1(r)-5(i)1( u)-6(s)6(er)-10(s)-10(,)1( com)-6(p)-2(le)-6(te t)-12(he br)-5(ie)-6(f r)7(e)-5(gis)-6(t)-8(r)-20(a)6(t)-5(i)1(on for)-8(m)-9(.)11( )]TJ 0.0111 Tc -0.0011 Tw 0 -1.217 TD [(S)-17(a)1(f)-14(a)2(r)-4(i)1( subs)6(cr)-4(iber)-10(s)-9(,)1( ju)-5(s)-6(t)1( log in)-6(.)]TJ 0.0104 Tc -0.0004 Tw 7.4595 0 0 7.4595 191.334 204.073 Tm [(I)-30(f yo)-18(u h)-25(a)4(ve d)-19(i)-20(f)-45(\002)244( )22(c)-16(u)-16(l)-20(t)-40(y r)-10(e)-21(g)-18(i)-18(s)-22(t)-21(e)-21(r)-21(i)-17(n)-16(g o)-19(n S)-34(a)-16(f)-30(a)-15(r)-21(i o)-15(r a)-11(c)-11(c)-11(e)-25(s)-19(s)-15(i)-17(n)-16(g t)-28(h)-17(e o)-19(n)-17(l)-15(i)-17(n)-17(e e)-20(d)-19(i)-20(t)-22(i)-15(o)-19(n)-26(,)10( )]TJ 0.0226 Tc -0.0126 Tw 3.503 -1.267 Td [(p)-6(l)-4(e)-19(a)-12(se)13( e)-27(-)-20(m)-15(a)-3(il)13( c)-4(u)-10(s)-10(t)-10(o)-8(m)-6(e)-8(r-)-13(se)-8(r)-33(v)-7(ice)-14(@)-10(s)-14(a)-4(f)-18(a)-3(r)-9(i)-6(b)-9(o)-6(o)-6(k)-24(so)-7(n)-4(l)-3(i)-5(n)-4(e)-16(.)7(co)-8(m)]TJ ET q 1 0 0 1 105.124 315.836 cm 0.68 G 1.989 w 4 M /GS2 gs 403.806 0 -403.806 -135.613 re S Q q 1 0 0 1 105.124 315.836 cm 0.68 G 1.989 w 4 M /GS2 gs 0 0 m h S Q q 1 0 0 1 -0 0 cm 239.47 685.008 -135.344 -180.089 re W n q /GS2 gs 135.396 0 0 180.126 104.097 504.912 cm /Im0 Do Q Q q 1 0 0 1 104.126 685.008 cm 0.265 G 0.5 w 4 M /GS2 gs 135.344 0 -135.344 -180.089 re S Q q 1 0 0 1 104.126 685.008 cm 0.265 G 0.5 w 4 M /GS2 gs 0 0 m h S Q BT /GS2 gs /T1_1 1 Tf -0.0625 Tc 0.0725 Tw 9.946 0 0 9.946 104.1293 476.394 Tm [(Yo)-81(u)-77(r)-72( p)-81(u)-77(r)-71(c)-85(h)-88(a)-87(s)-73(e)-72( o)-78(f)-72( )]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 0.01 Tc 0 Tw [(A)-11(d)-20(v)8(a)-15(n)-7(c)-12(e)-11(d P)-12(r)-17(o)-6(g)-17(r)-12(a)-16(m)-16(m)-15(i)-13(n)-8(g i)-13(n t)-16(h)-6(e U)-23(N)-24(I)-19(X)]TJ 0 Tc 5.7985 0 0 5.7985 343.86 479.706 Tm (\256)Tj 0.01 Tc 9.946 0 0 9.946 348.209 476.394 Tm [( E)-19(n)-1(v)-12(i)-16(r)-17(o)-8(n)-11(m)-12(e)-13(n)-12(t)-49(, T)-13(h)-11(i)-16(r)-17(d E)-14(d)-18(i)-16(t)-17(i)-7(o)-8(n)-29(,)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 0.0177 Tc -0.0077 Tw [( include)-7(s)18( )]TJ 0.0107 Tc -0.0007 Tw -24.541 -1.4 Td [(acce)-14(s)-9(s)1( t)-12(o)1( a fre)-13(e)1( o)-8(n)-6(li)-6(n)-6(e)1( e)-9(d)-9(i)-10(t)-11(i)-5(o)-8(n fo)-5(r 4)-6(5)1( d)-18(a)14(y)-6(s)1( t)-18(h)-4(ro)-7(u)-7(g)-9(h t)-18(h)-6(e )]TJ /T1_3 1 Tf 0.01 Tc 0 Tw 23.095 0 Td [(S)-19(a)-13(f)-13(a)-19(r)-16(i B)-14(o)-8(o)-9(k)-24(s O)-17(n)-9(l)-8(i)-9(n)-9(e )]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 0.0164 Tc [(su)-3(bscr)-5(ipt)-6(i)1(o)-3(n)16( )]TJ 0.0106 Tc -0.0006 Tw -23.095 -1.4 Td [(se)-10(r)-36(v)-9(ice)-18(.)1( N)-13(e)-22(a)-5(r)-11(l)-10(y)1( ev)9(e)-10(r)-37(y Ad)-7(d)-9(i)-8(so)-9(n)-21(-)23(W)41(e)-15(s)-7(l)-6(ey P)-8(r)2(o)-5(f)-3(e)-15(s)-9(s)-5(i)-5(o)-9(n)-15(a)-8(l)1( b)-11(o)-7(o)-8(k)1( i)-8(s)1( a)15(v)-17(ai)-5(l)-15(a)-10(b)-10(l)-6(e o)-9(n)-6(li)-6(n)-6(e)1( t)-18(h)-4(ro)-7(u)-7(g)-9(h )]TJ /T1_3 1 Tf 0.0264 Tc -0.0164 Tw 35.398 0 Td [(Sa)4(f)4(a)-3(ri)16( Bo)8(o)8(k)-8(s)26( )]TJ 0.0266 Tc 0 Tw -35.398 -1.4 Td [(On)7(l)9(i)7(n)8(e)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 0.011 Tc -0.001 Tw 3.267 0 Td [(, a)-8(l)-6(o)-8(n)-5(g w)-11(i)-10(t)-18(h)1( t)-18(h)-7(o)-7(u)-11(s)-16(a)-8(nd)-13(s o)-5(f)1( b)-10(o)-7(o)-8(k)-26(s a)-8(n)-3(d v)-8(i)-1(d)-8(e)-13(o)-5(s)1( fro)-9(m)1( p)-7(u)-8(b)-10(l)-4(i)-7(s)-7(h)-6(e)-10(r)-16(s su)-6(c)-11(h)1( a)-14(s)1( Ci)-7(sco P)-7(r)1(e)-14(s)-8(s)-16(,)1( E)-32(x)-13(a)-9(m)11( )]TJ 0.0108 Tc -0.0008 Tw -3.267 -1.4 Td [(Cr)-25(a)-10(m)-17(, I)-17(B)-25(M P)-7(r)1(e)-14(s)-9(s)-16(,)1( O)-4(\220)-24(R)10(e)-12(i)-5(l)-4(l)-10(y)1( M)-15(e)-9(d)-8(i)-15(a)-29(,)1( P)-7(r)1(e)-14(n)-6(t)-11(i)-2(ce H)-22(a)-8(ll)-13(, Q)-15(u)-6(e)-21(,)1( S)-23(a)-10(m)-12(s)-16(, a)-9(n)-3(d V)-15(M)-12(w)-19(a)-5(re P)-7(r)1(e)-14(s)-9(s)-13(.)]TJ /T1_3 1 Tf 0.01 Tc 0 Tw 0 -2 TD [(S)-19(a)-13(f)-13(a)-19(r)-16(i B)-14(o)-8(o)-9(k)-24(s O)-17(n)-9(l)-8(i)-9(n)-9(e)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 0.0109 Tc -0.0009 Tw [( i)-7(s)1( a d)-8(i)-4(g)-7(i)-10(t)-28(a)-8(l li)-7(b)-7(r)-25(a)-5(r)-37(y p)-6(r)2(o)9(v)-9(id)-8(i)-6(n)-5(g se)-22(a)-5(r)2(c)-11(h)-15(a)-9(b)-10(l)-5(e)-21(, o)-8(n)-21(-)-26(d)-8(e)-15(m)-17(a)-8(n)-3(d acce)-14(s)-9(s)1( t)-12(o)1( t)-18(h)-7(o)-7(u)-11(s)-16(a)-8(nd)-13(s o)-5(f)11( )]TJ 0.01 Tc 0 Tw 0 -1.4 TD [(t)-11(e)-13(c)-12(h)-9(n)-8(o)-8(l)-7(o)-5(g)-39(y)43(, d)-9(i)-5(g)-8(i)-11(t)-29(a)-9(l m)-9(e)-10(d)-9(i)-15(a)-30(, a)-9(n)-4(d p)-7(r)2(o)-6(f)-3(e)-15(s)-9(s)-5(i)-6(o)-9(n)-15(a)-9(l d)-9(e)4(v)8(e)-14(l)-7(o)-11(p)-12(m)-9(e)-15(n)-7(t b)-11(o)-8(o)-9(k)-27(s a)-9(n)-4(d v)-9(i)-2(d)-9(e)-14(o)-6(s fro)-10(m l)-6(e)-22(ad)-9(i)-7(n)-6(g p)-8(u)-9(b)-11(l)-5(i)-8(s)-8(h)-7(e)-11(r)-17(s)-13(.)10( )]TJ 0.0109 Tc -0.0009 Tw T* [(W)-7(i)-10(t)-18(h)1( o)-8(n)-6(e m)-9(o)-8(n)-6(t)-18(h)-6(l)-10(y o)-4(r)1( y)9(e)-22(a)-5(r)-11(l)-10(y)1( su)-8(b)-8(sc)-7(r)-10(i)-8(p)-7(t)-11(i)-5(o)-8(n)1( p)-6(r)-10(ice)-21(,)1( y)9(o)-7(u ge)-12(t u)-7(n)-6(li)-7(m)-7(i)-10(t)-10(e)-9(d acce)-14(s)-9(s)1( t)-12(o)1( l)-5(e)-22(a)-5(r)-12(n)-5(i)-6(n)-5(g)1( t)-12(o)-7(o)-7(l)-10(s a)-8(n)-3(d)11( )]TJ 0.0107 Tc -0.0007 Tw T* [(i)-6(n)-6(fo)-5(r)-14(m)-17(at)-11(i)-5(o)-8(n o)-8(n)1( t)-12(o)-10(p)-5(i)-2(c)-13(s)1( i)-6(n)-6(c)-10(l)-6(u)-5(d)-9(i)-6(n)-6(g m)-9(o)-9(b)-8(i)-5(l)-6(e)1( a)-11(p)-12(p a)-9(n)-3(d so)-5(f)-37(t)-30(w)-19(a)-5(re d)-9(e)4(v)9(e)-13(l)-7(o)-10(p)-11(m)-8(e)-14(n)-6(t)-42(,)1( t)-11(i)-8(p)-7(s)1( a)-9(n)-3(d t)-14(r)-11(ic)-11(k)-26(s)1( o)-8(n)1( u)-12(s)-5(i)-6(n)-6(g)11( )]TJ 0.0106 Tc T* [(y)9(o)-7(ur f)-20(a)15(v)9(o)-5(r)-11(i)-10(t)-10(e)1( g)-22(a)2(d)-9(g)-1(e)-12(t)-21(s)-16(,)1( n)-6(e)-12(t)-30(w)6(o)-5(r)-12(k)-21(i)-6(n)-6(g)-14(, p)-6(r)2(oje)-13(c)-20(t m)-17(a)-9(n)-15(a)-10(ge)-15(m)-8(e)-14(n)-6(t)-42(, g)-6(r)-25(a)-11(p)-10(h)-5(i)-3(c d)-9(e)-15(s)-5(i)-5(g)-9(n)-15(, a)-9(n)-3(d m)-7(u)-7(c)-11(h)1( m)-9(o)-5(re)-18(.)]TJ 1 g /T1_0 1 Tf 0.0125 Tc 0 Tw 29.8379 0 0 29.8379 252.324 602.171 Tm [(FRE)8(E)13( )]TJ -0.0001 Tc 0.0101 Tw 27.8487 0 0 27.8487 252.324 572.333 Tm [(Online)-10( Ed)-6(ition)]TJ ET q 1 0 0 1 508.673 160.422 cm 0.853 G 0.757 w 4 M 0 0 m -406.048 0 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 139.187 136.237 cm 0.729 g 0 0 m 0.325 1.008 0.665 2.012 1.022 3.051 c 1.042 3.051 l 1.996 0 l 0 0 l h 1.508 4.818 m 1.208 4.708 l -1.118 -1.846 l -1.527 -2.976 -1.667 -3.114 -2.389 -3.224 c -2.389 -3.471 l 0.129 -3.471 l 0.129 -3.224 l -0.735 -3.127 -0.853 -2.976 -0.662 -2.184 c -0.527 -1.67 -0.27 -0.823 -0.148 -0.45 c 2.142 -0.45 l 2.416 -1.271 2.686 -2.135 2.778 -2.432 c 2.943 -2.976 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0.204 -0.676 0.134 -0.578 -0.062 -0.578 c -0.188 -0.587 l -0.189 -0.965 l f Q BT 0.184 g /T1_0 1 Tf 0.0085 Tc 0.0015 Tw 11.7 0 0 11.7 149.932 399.205 Tm [(Fee)8(d)-1( your br)-21(a)6(i)7(n)]TJ 0.265 g /TT0 1 Tf 0.0104 Tc -0.0004 Tw 9.75 0 0 9.75 149.932 386.042 Tm [(G)-18(a)-14(i)-13(n u)-13(n)-17(l)-13(i)-13(m)-15(i)-14(t)-16(e)-17(d a)-9(cce)-18(s)-10(s t)-13(o t)-19(h)-13(o)-12(u)-16(s)-11(a)-14(n)-15(d)-16(s of b)-10(o)-9(o)-11(k)-36(s a)-14(n)-15(d v)-18(i)-10(d)-13(e)-15(o)-6(s a)-14(b)-10(o)-12(u)-14(t t)-16(e)-17(ch)-16(n)-13(o)-12(l)-13(o)-8(g)-46(y)48(,)10( )]TJ 0.0108 Tc -0.0008 Tw 0 -1.35 TD [(d)-12(i)-10(g)-15(i)-13(t)-30(a)-15(l m)-16(e)-17(d)-12(i)-12(a a)-13(n)-14(d p)-12(r)-12(of)-8(e)-18(s)-10(s)-9(i)-8(o)-11(n)-14(a)-15(l)1( d)-13(e)-3(ve)-18(l)-12(o)-11(p)-12(m)-16(e)-19(n)-9(t f)-15(r)-12(o)-11(m)1( O)6(\222)-19(Re)-18(i)-13(l)-12(l)-17(y)1( M)-16(e)-17(d)-12(i)-12(a)-27(,)11( )]TJ -0.0007 Tw 0 -1.35 TD [(A)-5(d)-13(d)-12(i)-13(s)-6(o)-11(n)-24(-)16(W)34(e)-18(s)-11(l)-14(ey)49(, M)-16(i)-10(cr)-12(o)-5(s)-6(of)-42(t P)-12(r)-16(e)-18(s)-10(s)-13(,)1( C)-5(i)-13(s)-7(c)4(o P)-12(r)-16(e)-18(s)-10(s)-13(,)1( M)-16(c)-9(G)-22(r)-31(aw H)-16(i)-13(l)-12(l)-10(, W)-12(i)-13(l)-14(ey)49(,)1( W)-14(R)12(O)26(X)-32(,)11( )]TJ 0.0101 Tc -0.0001 Tw 0 -1.35 TD [(P)-12(r)-17(e)-19(n)-9(t)-19(i)-11(ce H)-16(a)-16(l)-13(l)-11(, Q)-20(u)-14(e)-17(, S)-17(a)-14(m)-17(s)-14(, A)-20(p)-12(r)-17(e)-18(s)-11(s)-14(, A)-5(d)-12(o)-11(b)-12(e P)-12(r)-17(e)-18(s)-11(s a)-14(n)-15(d ot)-19(h)-17(e)-19(r t)-13(o)-11(p p)-15(u)-14(b)-13(l)-14(i)-13(s)-12(h)-17(e)-19(r)-32(s)-14(.)]TJ 0.266 g /T1_0 1 Tf 0.0082 Tc 0.0018 Tw 11.7 0 0 11.7 149.932 327.055 Tm [(S)-9(e)-3(e it)-12(, believ)3(e it)]TJ 0.265 g /TT0 1 Tf 0.0104 Tc -0.0004 Tw 9.75 0 0 9.75 149.932 313.892 Tm [(W)28(a)-3(t)-17(c)-2(h h)-17(u)-13(n)-15(d)-13(r)-17(e)-17(d)-16(s of e)-18(x)-19(p)-12(e)-19(r)-55(t)13(-)-21(l)-14(e)-17(d i)-13(n)-17(s)-18(t)-19(r)-33(u)-13(c)-24(t)-19(i)-8(o)-11(n)-15(a)-16(l v)-18(i)-10(d)-13(e)-15(o)-6(s o)-11(n t)-13(o)-11(d)-13(a)7(y)-6(\222)41(s h)-13(ot)-34(t)-16(e)-18(s)-18(t t)-13(o)-11(p)-12(i)-10(c)-12(s)-14(.)]TJ 0.285 g /T1_0 1 Tf -0.0005 Tw 14.625 0 0 14.625 149.932 284.642 Tm [(W)43(A)-12(I)-10(T)68(, T)-11(H)11(ER)-5(E\222)20(S M)6(O)6(R)-5(E)-35(!)]TJ 0.184 g 0.0084 Tc 0.0016 Tw 11.7 0 0 11.7 149.932 265.142 Tm [(G)-7(a)6(i)7(n)-2( a c)-8(o)3(m)7(p)-1(etiti)-12(v)4(e e)8(d)-9(ge)]TJ 0.265 g /TT0 1 Tf 0.01 Tc 0 Tw 9.75 0 0 9.75 149.932 251.736 Tm [(B)-26(e f)-58(i)-13(r)-33(s)-18(t t)-13(o l)-14(e)-15(a)-14(r)-29(n a)-14(b)-10(o)-13(u)-15(t t)-19(h)-17(e n)-17(e)-4(we)-18(s)-18(t t)-16(e)-17(ch)-17(n)-13(o)-12(l)-13(o)-8(g)-16(i)-13(e)-18(s a)-14(n)-15(d s)-11(u)-14(b)-12(j)-14(e)-17(c)-25(t)-30(s w)-18(i)-14(t)-19(h Ro)-13(u)-10(g)-16(h C)-7(u)-15(t)-30(s)10( )]TJ 0.0108 Tc -0.0008 Tw 0 -1.375 TD [(p)-12(r)-16(e)-29(-)-20(p)-14(u)-13(b)-13(l)-13(i)-13(s)-11(h)-16(e)-17(d m)-14(a)-13(n)-17(u)-16(s)-7(c)-2(r)-28(i)-12(pt)-29(s a)-13(n)-14(d n)-16(e)-3(w t)-15(e)-17(ch)-16(n)-13(o)-12(l)-12(o)-7(g)-45(y)1( ove)-19(r)-53(v)-17(i)-12(ew)-12(s i)-12(n)1( S)-22(h)-13(o)-11(r)-55(t C)-7(u)-14(t)-29(s)-13(.)]TJ 0.184 g /T1_0 1 Tf 0.0121 Tc -0.0021 Tw 11.7 0 0 11.7 149.932 218.83 Tm [(Acce)6(le)5(r)-17(a)10(t)10(e)2( yo)6(u)8(r)2( pro)13(j)12(ec)-27(t)]TJ 0.265 g /TT0 1 Tf 0.01 Tc 0 Tw 9.75 0 0 9.75 149.932 205.424 Tm [(C)-9(o)-11(py a)-14(n)-15(d p)-8(a)-24(s)-18(t)-16(e co)-12(d)-13(e)-17(, cr)-17(e)-15(a)-4(t)-16(e s)-12(m)-15(a)-14(r)-56(t s)-7(e)-15(a)-14(r)-16(ch)-17(e)-18(s t)-19(h)-15(at l)-14(e)-11(t y)5(o)-13(u k)-32(n)-13(ow w)-18(h)-17(e)-19(n n)-17(e)-4(w)10( )]TJ 0 -1.375 TD [(b)-10(o)-9(o)-11(k)-37(s a)-14(b)-10(o)-13(u)-15(t y)5(o)-13(u)-14(r f)-19(a)5(vo)-11(r)-29(i)-14(t)-16(e t)-13(o)-11(p)-12(i)-11(c)-13(s a)-14(r)-17(e a)5(v)-15(a)-14(i)-14(l)-14(a)-14(b)-13(l)-14(e)-17(, a)-14(n)-15(d cu)-17(s)-18(t)-13(o)-11(m)-16(i)-14(z)-5(e y)5(o)-13(u)-14(r l)-14(i)-13(b)-12(r)-32(a)-14(r)-53(y)10( )]TJ 0.0096 Tc 0.0004 Tw 0 -1.375 TD [(w)-18(i)-15(t)-20(h f)-19(a)5(vo)-12(r)-30(i)-15(t)-17(e)-19(s)-14(, h)-16(i)-11(g)-16(h)-17(l)-14(i)-11(g)-16(h)-10(t)-30(s)-14(, t)-31(a)-12(g)-21(s)-14(, n)-14(o)-1(t)-17(e)-19(s)-14(, m)-15(a)-25(s)-13(h)-25(-)-25(u)-14(p)-10(s a)-15(n)-15(d m)-14(o)-12(r)-17(e)-17(.)]TJ ET q 1 0 0 1 129.549 407.569 cm 0.789 g 0 0 m 3.248 -3.259 4.825 -4.837 v 3.248 -6.416 0.001 -9.67 y 2.497 -12.173 l 9.817 -4.837 l 2.497 2.5 l 0 0 l f Q q 1 0 0 1 129.549 335.697 cm 0.789 g 0 0 m 3.248 -3.258 4.825 -4.836 v 3.248 -6.415 0.001 -9.67 y 2.497 -12.172 l 9.817 -4.836 l 2.497 2.501 l 0 0 l f Q q 1 0 0 1 129.549 274.272 cm 0.789 g 0 0 m 3.248 -3.258 4.825 -4.836 v 3.248 -6.415 0.001 -9.669 y 2.497 -12.172 l 9.817 -4.836 l 2.497 2.501 l 0 0 l f Q q 1 0 0 1 129.549 226.776 cm 0.789 g 0 0 m 3.248 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9.996 132.4688 212.975 Tm [(C)-10(o)-5(nnec)10(t wi)5(th P)13(e)1(ar)6(son a)10(uthor)6(s an)6(d ed)8(i)5(t)15(or)6(s vi)8(a R)-13(S)-18(S f)21(e)-2(eds)5(, F)7(a)8(cebo)-8(o)-6(k)-1(,)40( )]TJ 0.0399 Tc 0.0001 Tw 0 -1.5 TD [(T)73(wi)5(t)-21(t)19(e)2(r)73(, Y)75(o)-3(u)70(T)74(u)5(b)2(e)16(, an)6(d m)-7(o)-3(r)24(e)-25(! 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40.02 cm 0 g /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47796 0 obj <> endobj 47797 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q BT /CS0 cs 0 0 0 scn /GS0 gs /TT0 1 Tf 0.0002 Tc -0.0002 Tw 12 0 0 12 218.4731 545.9739 Tm (This page intentionally left blank )Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 47.58 40.02 cm 0 g /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47798 0 obj <> endobj 47799 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q BT /Span <>BDC 0 0 0 1 k /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 0.102 Tw 9 0 0 9 105 613.1051 Tm [(M)-4(a)-25(n)22(y o)8(f t)-25(h)1(e d)9(e)-13(s)2(i)8(g)-33(n)-14(a)19(t)-27(i)10(o)-3(n)-23(s u)-18(s)-13(e)-10(d b)11(y m)-13(a)-25(n)16(u)-21(fa)8(c)-14(t)-30(u)-22(r)-7(e)-3(r)-11(s a)-25(n)6(d s)-13(e)-3(l)-22(l)5(e)-3(r)-11(s t)1(o d)-17(i)-17(s)3(t)-27(i)-29(n)2(g)-28(u)-22(i)-17(s)-1(h t)-25(h)1(e)-3(i)-21(r p)10(r)-3(o)-10(d)21(u)4(c)-14(t)-16(s a)-18(r)-7(e )]TJ EMC /Span <>BDC 0.121 Tw 0 -1.111 TD [(c)-15(l)-8(a)-18(i)-24(m)2(e)-10(d a)-14(s t)-27(r)4(a)9(d)9(e)-6(m)-13(a)-18(r)18(k)-24(s)8(. W)-27(h)1(e)-3(r)-7(e t)-25(h)4(o)-13(s)-13(e d)9(e)-13(s)2(i)8(g)-33(n)-14(a)19(t)-27(i)10(o)-3(n)-23(s a)15(p)4(p)-7(e)-6(a)-18(r i)-29(n t)-25(h)-28(i)-17(s b)-5(o)-12(o)10(k)8(, a)-25(n)6(d t)-25(h)1(e p)7(u)-4(b)19(l)-22(i)-17(s)-1(h)1(e)-3(r w)11(a)-14(s )]TJ EMC /Span <>BDC -0.031 Tw T* [(a)21(w)11(a)-18(r)-7(e o)8(f a t)-27(r)4(a)9(d)9(e)-6(m)-13(a)-18(r)18(k c)-15(l)-8(a)-18(i)-24(m)6(, t)-25(h)1(e d)9(e)-13(s)2(i)8(g)-33(n)-14(a)19(t)-27(i)10(o)-3(n)-23(s h)-14(a)21(v)22(e b)-8(e)-14(e)-10(n p)10(r)-20(i)-29(n)14(t)-4(e)-10(d w)-20(i)18(t)-25(h i)-29(n)-28(i)18(t)-27(i)-8(a)-18(l c)-8(a)15(p)10(i)18(t)-16(a)-18(l l)4(e)-9(t)-26(t)-4(e)-3(r)-11(s o)4(r i)-29(n a)-18(l)-22(l )]TJ EMC /Span <>BDC 0 Tw 43 0 Td ( )Tj EMC /Span <>BDC -0.018 Tc 0.018 Tw -43 -1.111 Td [(c)-26(a)-3(p)-8(it)-34(a)-36(l)-35(s)-10(.)]TJ EMC /Span <>BDC 0 Tc -0.033 Tw 0 -1.667 TD [(T)-25(h)1(e a)20(u)16(t)-25(h)4(o)4(r)-11(s a)-25(n)6(d p)7(u)-4(b)19(l)-22(i)-17(s)-1(h)1(e)-3(r h)-14(a)21(v)22(e t)-16(a)-18(k)-4(e)-10(n c)-8(a)-18(r)-7(e i)-29(n t)-25(h)1(e p)10(r)-7(e)-9(p)8(a)-18(r)4(a)19(t)-27(i)10(o)-3(n o)8(f t)-25(h)-28(i)-17(s b)-5(o)-12(o)10(k)8(, b)3(u)16(t m)-13(a)-18(k)-4(e n)4(o e)-4(x)-19(p)10(r)-7(e)-13(s)-12(s)-13(e)-10(d )]TJ EMC ET /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf -0.047 Tw 9 0 0 9 105 558.1051 Tm [(o)4(r i)-24(m)6(p)20(l)-22(i)4(e)-10(d w)11(a)-18(r)-20(r)4(a)-25(n)14(t)-32(y o)8(f a)-25(n)22(y k)-29(i)-29(n)6(d a)-25(n)6(d a)-14(s)-12(su)-24(m)2(e n)4(o r)-7(e)-13(s)-4(p)-4(o)-3(n)-23(s)2(i)-4(b)5(i)-22(l)-22(i)18(t)-32(y f)3(o)4(r e)-3(r)-20(r)-3(o)4(r)-11(s o)4(r o)1(m)-27(i)-17(s)-12(s)2(i)10(o)-3(n)-23(s)8(. N)14(o )]TJ ET BT /Span <>BDC /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 460.7254 558.1051 Tm ( )Tj EMC ET BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 460.752 558.1051 Tm [(l)-22(i)]TJ 9 0 0 9 105 558.1051 Tm 40.14 0 Td [(a)-1(b)5(i)-21(l)-22(i)18(t)-32(y )]TJ ET EMC BT /Span <>BDC /T1_0 1 Tf -0.039 Tw 9 0 0 9 105 548.1051 Tm [(i)-17(s )1(a)-14(s)-12(su)-24(m)2(e)-10(d )1(f)3(o)4(r )1(i)-29(n)1(c)-16(i)12(d)9(e)-11(n)14(t)-16(a)-18(l )1(o)4(r )1(co)-3(n)-23(s)-13(e)-9(q)-3(u)4(e)-11(n)14(t)-27(i)-8(a)-18(l )1(d)-4(a)-21(m)-13(a)11(g)4(e)-13(s )1(i)-29(n )1(co)-3(n)-35(n)1(e)-14(c)-14(t)-27(i)10(o)-3(n )1(w)-20(i)18(t)-25(h )1(o)4(r )1(a)-18(r)-20(i)-17(s)2(i)-29(n)2(g )1(o)6(u)16(t )1(o)8(f )1(t)-25(h)1(e )1(u)-18(s)-13(e )1(o)8(f )]TJ EMC /Span <>BDC 0 Tw 43 0 Td ( )Tj EMC /Span <>BDC 0.025 Tw -43 -1.111 Td [(t)-25(h)1(e i)-29(n)-27(f)3(o)4(r)-23(m)-13(a)19(t)-27(i)10(o)-3(n o)4(r p)10(r)-3(o)-1(g)-25(r)4(a)-21(m)-22(s co)-3(n)14(t)-16(a)-18(i)-29(n)1(e)-10(d h)1(e)-3(r)-7(e)-3(i)-29(n)1(.)]TJ EMC ET /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf -0.057 Tw 9 0 0 9 105 523.1051 Tm [(T)-25(h)1(e p)7(u)-4(b)19(l)-22(i)-17(s)-1(h)1(e)-3(r o)8(f)-17(f)-2(e)-3(r)-11(s e)-4(x)12(c)-4(e)-3(l)-21(l)4(e)-11(n)14(t d)-17(i)-17(s)-13(co)6(u)-29(n)14(t)-16(s o)-3(n t)-25(h)-28(i)-17(s b)-5(o)-11(o)10(k w)11(h)1(e)-11(n o)4(rd)9(e)-3(r)-7(e)-10(d i)-29(n q)-3(u)-8(a)-25(n)14(t)-27(i)18(t)-32(y f)3(o)4(r b)3(u)-22(l)-22(k )]TJ ET BT /Span <>BDC /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 451.0221 523.1051 Tm ( )Tj EMC ET BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 451.095 523.1051 Tm [(p)7(u)]TJ 9 0 0 9 105 523.1051 Tm 39.674 0 Td [(r)-3(c)-22(h)-14(a)-14(s)-13(e)-13(s )]TJ ET EMC BT /Span <>BDC /T1_0 1 Tf 0.274 Tw 9 0 0 9 105 513.1051 Tm [(o)4(r )1(s)-4(p)-7(e)-14(c)-16(i)-8(a)-18(l s)-11(a)-18(l)5(e)-13(s)21(, )1(w)11(h)-28(i)7(c)-22(h )1(m)-13(a)24(y )1(i)-29(n)1(c)-15(l)17(u)8(d)9(e e)-3(l)4(e)-14(c)-14(t)-27(r)-3(o)-3(n)-28(i)7(c )1(v)22(e)-3(r)-11(s)2(i)10(o)-3(n)-23(s )1(a)-25(n)6(d)41(/)67(o)4(r )1(c)-18(u)-18(s)3(t)1(o)1(m )1(co)13(v)22(e)-3(r)-11(s a)-25(n)6(d co)-3(n)14(t)-4(e)-11(n)14(t )]TJ EMC ET /Span <>BDC BT /Span <>BDC /T1_0 1 Tf 0.113 Tw 9 0 0 9 105 503.1051 Tm ( )Tj EMC ET BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 105 503.1051 Tm [(p)8(a)-18(r)-20(t)-27(i)7(c)-18(u)-22(l)-8(a)-18(r t)1(o y)19(o)7(u)-22(r b)3(u)-18(s)2(i)-29(n)1(e)-13(s)-12(s)21(, t)-27(r)4(a)-18(i)-29(n)-28(i)-29(n)2(g g)8(o)-5(a)-18(l)-17(s)21(, m)-13(a)-18(r)18(k)-4(e)-9(t)-27(i)-29(n)2(g f)3(o)-14(c)-18(u)-18(s)21(, a)-25(n)6(d b)5(r)4(a)-25(n)6(d)-17(i)-29(n)2(g i)-29(n)14(t)-4(e)-3(r)-7(e)-13(s)3(t)-16(s)8(. F)15(o)4(r m)8(o)4(r)-7(e )]TJ ET EMC BT /Span <>BDC /T1_0 1 Tf 0 Tw 9 0 0 9 492 503.1051 Tm ( )Tj EMC /Span <>BDC 0.025 Tw -43 -1.111 Td [(i)-29(n)-27(f)3(o)4(r)-22(m)-13(a)19(t)-27(i)10(o)-3(n)6(, p)20(l)4(e)-6(a)-14(s)-13(e co)-3(n)14(t)-16(a)8(c)-14(t)-22(:)]TJ EMC /Span <>BDC -0.004 Tc 0.029 Tw 2 -1.667 Td [(U)44(.)-15(S)8(.)-4( C)5(or)-30(p)-8(ora)15(t)-8(e)-4( a)-29(n)2(d)-4( G)-9(o)9(v)18(e)-7(r)-32(n)-34(m)-2(e)-15(n)10(t)-4( S)-11(a)-22(le)-17(s)]TJ EMC /Span <>BDC 0 Tc 0 Tw 16.939 0 Td ( )Tj EMC /Span <>BDC -0.038 Tc 0.063 Tw -16.939 -1.111 Td [(\()-47(8)-45(0)-56(0)-53(\))-38( 3)-36(8)-23(2)-3(-)-40(3)-50(4)-10(19)]TJ EMC /Span <>BDC 0 Tc 0 Tw 6.218 0 Td ( )Tj EMC /Span <>BDC 0.003 Tc -0.003 Tw -6.218 -1.111 Td [(c)3(o)7(r)-23(ps)-8(a)-15(l)7(e)-10(s)-46(@)-46(p)-4(e)-3(a)-15(r)-8(s)-7(on)17(t)-1(e)-11(c)-19(h)5(g)-22(ro)9(u)13(p)44(.)16(c)3(o)4(m)]TJ EMC /Span <>BDC 0 Tc 0.025 Tw -2 -1.667 Td [(F)15(o)4(r s)-11(a)-18(l)4(e)-13(s o)6(u)16(t)-16(s)2(i)12(d)9(e t)-25(h)1(e U)21(n)-28(i)18(t)-4(e)-10(d S)5(t)-16(a)19(t)-4(e)-13(s)21(, p)20(l)4(e)-6(a)-14(s)-13(e co)-3(n)14(t)-16(a)8(c)-14(t)-22(:)]TJ EMC /Span <>BDC 0.004 Tc 0.021 Tw 2 -1.667 Td [(I)-18(n)18(te)1(r)-24(n)-10(a)23(t)-23(i)14(o)1(n)-10(a)-14(l)4( S)-3(a)-14(l)8(e)-9(s)]TJ EMC /Span <>BDC 0 Tc 0 Tw 8.357 0 Td ( )Tj EMC /Span <>BDC -0.013 Tc 0.013 Tw -8.357 -1.111 Td [(i)-42(n)1(t)-17(e)-16(r)-41(n)-27(a)6(t)-40(i)-3(o)-16(n)-27(a)-31(l)-45(@)-62(p)-20(e)-19(a)-31(r)-24(s)-23(o)-16(n)-12(e)-23(d)-2(.c)-13(o)-12(m)]TJ EMC /Span <>BDC 0 Tc 0.025 Tw -2 -1.667 Td [(V)13(i)-17(s)2(i)18(t u)-18(s o)-3(n t)-25(h)1(e W)52(e)-5(b)-19(: i)-29(n)-27(f)3(o)4(r)-23(m)-27(i)18(t)4(.)13(co)1(m)33(/)66(a)21(w)]TJ EMC /Span <>BDC /T1_1 1 Tf T* [(L)5(ib)-9(r)10(a)1(r)-25(y o)-4(f C)-8(o)-6(n)18(g)-20(r)11(e)-10(s)-4(s C)-15(a)5(ta)2(lo)8(g)-16(i)4(n)18(g)3(-)-17(i)4(n)-3(-)-10(P)-2(u)3(b)7(l)14(i)-4(c)-11(a)5(t)-4(i)-7(o)-6(n D)-10(a)5(ta)]TJ EMC /Span <>BDC /T1_0 1 Tf 0 -1.111 TD [(S)5(t)-4(ev)22(e)-11(n)-23(s)21(, W)84(. R)-27(i)7(c)-22(h)-14(a)-18(rd)11(.)]TJ EMC /Span <>BDC T* [( A)20(d)16(v)12(a)-25(n)1(c)-4(e)-10(d p)10(r)-3(o)-1(g)-25(r)4(a)-21(m)-29(m)-27(i)-29(n)2(g i)-29(n t)-25(h)1(e U)-14(N)-13(I)-13(X e)-11(n)19(v)-19(i)-21(r)-3(o)-3(n)-30(m)2(e)-11(n)14(t)46(/)19(W)84(. R)-27(i)7(c)-22(h)-14(a)-18(rd S)5(t)-4(ev)22(e)-11(n)-23(s)21(, S)5(t)-4(e)-9(p)13(h)1(e)-11(n A)6(. R)-14(a)11(g)8(o)20(. \227 )]TJ EMC /Span <>BDC T* [(T)-25(h)-28(i)-22(rd e)-10(d)-17(i)18(t)-27(i)10(o)-3(n)1(.)]TJ EMC /Span <>BDC -0.011 Tc 0.036 Tw T* [( p)-3(ag)-8(e)-24(s)-11( c)-29(m)]TJ EMC /Span <>BDC 0 Tc 0.025 Tw T* [( I)-22(n)1(c)-15(l)16(u)8(d)9(e)-13(s b)5(i)-4(b)19(l)-22(i)10(o)-1(g)-25(r)4(a)15(p)13(h)-28(i)7(c)-8(a)-18(l r)-7(e)-3(f)-2(e)-3(r)-7(e)-10(n)1(c)-4(e)-13(s a)-25(n)6(d i)-29(n)6(d)9(e)-4(x)6(.)]TJ EMC /Span <>BDC T* [( I)-5(S)12(B)15(N 9)12(7)18(8)-25(-)-31(0)-28(-)-2(3)23(2)30(1)45(-)-30(6)-6(3)23(7)-8(7)10(3)-26(-)-27(4 \()11(p)6(b)19(k)-1(. : a)-18(l)-22(k)-1(. p)8(a)15(p)-7(e)-3(r)26(\))]TJ EMC /Span <>BDC T* [( 1)42(. O)-22(p)-7(e)-3(r)4(a)19(t)-27(i)-29(n)2(g s)-3(y)-2(s)3(t)-3(e)-6(m)-22(s \()-5(C)9(o)1(m)6(p)7(u)16(t)-4(e)-3(r)-11(s)6(\) 2)-4(. U)-14(N)-13(I)-13(X \()-5(C)9(o)1(m)6(p)7(u)16(t)-4(e)-3(r f)-25(i)-22(l)4(e)5(\) I)12(. R)-14(a)11(g)8(o)34(, S)5(t)-4(e)-9(p)13(h)1(e)-11(n A)6(. I)-9(I)12(. T)14(i)18(t)-18(l)4(e)15(.)]TJ EMC /Span <>BDC -0.054 Tc 0.079 Tw 0 -1.111 TD [( Q)8(A)-48(76)-45(.)-41(76)-45(.)-20(O)-57(6)-60(3)-55(S)-39(7)-46(5)-63(4)-54( 2)-41(0)-27(1)-24(3)]TJ EMC /Span <>BDC -0.02 Tc 0.045 Tw 0 -1.111 TD [( 0)-38(0)-25(5)6(.)4(4)19(\2223)3(2\227)-57(d)-8(c)-32(2)-20(3)]TJ EMC /Span <>BDC 0.004 Tc 0.021 Tw T* ( \ )Tj [(2)17(0)31(1)34(30)-14(0)-4(4)3(5)2(09)]TJ EMC /Span <>BDC 0 Tc 0.025 Tw 0 -1.667 TD [(C)9(o)1(p)17(y)-25(r)-20(i)8(g)-17(h)14(t \251 2)13(0)27(1)30(3 P)37(e)-6(a)-18(r)-11(s)-10(o)-3(n E)-1(d)21(u)4(c)-8(a)19(t)-27(i)10(o)-3(n)6(, I)-22(n)1(c)11(.)]TJ EMC /Span <>BDC 0.262 Tw T* [(A)-17(l)-22(l r)-20(i)8(g)-17(h)14(t)-16(s r)-7(e)-13(s)-13(e)-3(r)-29(v)22(e)-10(d)11(. P)-4(r)-20(i)-29(n)14(t)-4(e)-10(d i)-29(n t)-25(h)1(e U)21(n)-28(i)18(t)-4(e)-10(d S)5(t)-16(a)19(t)-4(e)-13(s o)8(f A)-19(m)2(e)-3(r)-20(i)7(c)-8(a)10(. T)-25(h)-28(i)-17(s p)7(u)-4(b)19(l)-22(i)7(c)-8(a)19(t)-27(i)10(o)-3(n i)-17(s p)10(r)-3(o)1(t)-4(e)-14(c)-14(t)-4(e)-10(d )]TJ EMC ET /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf 0.223 Tw 9 0 0 9 105 248.1051 Tm [(b)11(y )]TJ ET BT /Span <>BDC /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 119.1391 248.1051 Tm ( )Tj EMC ET BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 119.139 248.1051 Tm [(co)1(p)17(y)-25(r)-20(i)8(g)-17(h)14(t)19(, a)-25(n)6(d p)-7(e)-3(r)-23(m)-27(i)-17(s)-12(s)2(i)10(o)-3(n m)19(u)-18(s)3(t b)-8(e o)-5(bt)-16(a)-18(i)-29(n)1(e)-10(d f)-25(r)-3(o)1(m t)-25(h)1(e p)7(u)-4(b)19(l)-22(i)-17(s)-1(h)1(e)-3(r p)10(r)-20(i)10(o)4(r t)1(o a)-25(n)22(y p)10(r)-3(o)3(h)-28(i)-4(b)5(i)18(t)-4(e)-10(d )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /Span <>BDC /T1_0 1 Tf 0.243 Tw 9 0 0 9 105 238.1051 Tm ( )Tj EMC ET BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 105 238.1051 Tm [(r)-7(e)-9(p)10(r)-3(o)-10(d)21(u)4(c)-14(t)-27(i)10(o)-3(n)6(, s)3(t)1(o)4(r)4(a)11(g)4(e i)-29(n a r)-7(e)-9(t)-27(r)-20(i)4(ev)12(a)-18(l s)-3(y)-2(s)3(t)-4(e)-6(m)6(, o)4(r t)-27(r)4(a)-25(n)-23(s)-1(m)-27(i)-17(s)-12(s)2(i)10(o)-3(n i)-29(n a)-25(n)22(y f)3(o)4(r)-23(m o)4(r b)11(y a)-25(n)22(y m)2(e)-6(a)-25(n)-23(s)20(, )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /Span <>BDC /T1_0 1 Tf 0.04 Tw 9 0 0 9 105 228.1051 Tm ( )Tj EMC ET BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 105 228.1051 Tm [(e)-3(l)4(e)-14(c)-14(t)-27(r)-3(o)-3(n)-28(i)7(c)24(,)]TJ ET BT /Span <>BDC /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 146.256 228.1051 Tm ( )Tj EMC ET BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 148.8659 228.1051 Tm [(m)2(e)-14(c)-22(h)-14(a)-25(n)-28(i)7(c)-8(a)-18(l)12(, )1(p)13(h)4(o)1(t)1(o)-14(co)1(p)17(y)-25(i)-29(n)2(g)-5(, r)-7(e)-14(co)4(rd)-17(i)-29(n)2(g)-5(, o)4(r l)-22(i)-22(k)-4(ew)-20(i)-17(s)-13(e)15(. T)79(o o)-5(bt)-16(a)-18(i)-29(n )1(p)-7(e)-3(r)-23(m)-27(i)-17(s)-12(s)2(i)10(o)-3(n t)1(o u)-18(s)-13(e m)-13(a)19(t)-4(e)]TJ ET EMC BT /Span <>BDC /T1_0 1 Tf 0 Tw 9 0 0 9 489.0031 228.1051 Tm (-)Tj EMC /Span <>BDC 0.19 Tw -42.667 -1.111 Td [(r)-20(i)-8(a)-18(l f)-25(r)-3(o)1(m t)-25(h)-28(i)-17(s w)25(o)4(r)18(k)8(, p)20(l)4(e)-6(a)-14(s)-13(e su)-4(b)3(m)-27(i)18(t a w)-20(r)-20(i)18(t)-26(t)-4(e)-11(n r)-7(e)-9(q)-3(u)4(e)-13(s)3(t t)1(o P)37(e)-6(a)-18(r)-11(s)-10(o)-3(n E)-1(d)21(u)4(c)-8(a)19(t)-27(i)10(o)-3(n)6(, I)-22(n)1(c)11(.)43(, P)37(e)-3(r)-22(m)-27(i)-17(s)-12(s)2(i)10(o)-3(n)-23(s )]TJ EMC /Span <>BDC -0.03 Tw 0 -1.111 TD [(D)-10(e)-9(p)8(a)-18(r)-20(t)-30(m)2(e)-11(n)14(t)19(, O)-23(n)1(e L)-8(a)-18(k)-4(e S)5(t)-27(r)-7(e)-14(e)-9(t)19(, U)22(p)4(p)-7(e)-3(r S)-7(a)9(d)16(d)-17(l)5(e R)-27(i)11(v)22(e)-3(r)53(, N)11(ew J)17(e)-3(r)-11(s)-13(e)3(y 0)9(7)73(4)-1(5)6(8)26(, o)4(r y)19(o)7(u m)-13(a)24(y fa)-19(x y)19(o)6(u)-22(r r)-7(e)-9(q)-3(u)4(e)-13(s)3(t )]TJ EMC /Span <>BDC 0.025 Tw T* [(t)1(o \(2)13(0)27(1)44(\) 23)3(6)-31(-)-2(3)23(2)12(9)-4(0)18(.)]TJ EMC ET /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf -0.03 Tc 0.055 Tw 9 0 0 9 105 183.1051 Tm [(I)-35(S)-18(B)-15(N)-27(-)29(13)-53(:)-30( )]TJ ET BT /Span <>BDC /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 141.639 183.1051 Tm ( )Tj EMC ET BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 146.148 183.1051 Tm [(9)-18(7)]TJ 9 0 0 9 105 183.1051 Tm 5.542 0 Td [(8)-55(-)-61(0)-58(-)-32(3)-7(21)15(-)-60(6)-36(3)-7(7)-38(7)-20(3)-56(-)-57(4)]TJ ET EMC BT /Span <>BDC /T1_0 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw 9 0 0 9 216.837 183.1051 Tm ( )Tj EMC ET /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf -0.023 Tc 0.048 Tw 9 0 0 9 105 173.1051 Tm [(I)-28(S)-11(B)-8(N)-20(-)36(1)27(0)-63(:)-23( )]TJ ET BT /Span <>BDC /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 158.938 173.1051 Tm ( )Tj EMC ET BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 163.446 173.1051 Tm [(0)-51(-)]TJ 9 0 0 9 105 173.1051 Tm 7.357 0 Td [(32)7(1)22(-)-53(6)-29(37)-31(7)-13(3)-49(-)-18(9)]TJ ET EMC BT /Span <>BDC /T1_0 1 Tf 0 Tc 0.076 Tw 9 0 0 9 105 163.1051 Tm [(T)77(e)-4(x)-5(t p)10(r)-20(i)-29(n)14(t)-4(e)-10(d i)-29(n t)-25(h)1(e U)21(n)-28(i)18(t)-4(e)-10(d S)5(t)-16(a)19(t)-4(e)-13(s o)-3(n r)-7(e)-14(c)-21(y)23(c)-15(l)4(e)-10(d p)8(a)15(p)-7(e)-3(r a)19(t E)-1(d)16(w)11(a)-18(rd)-13(s B)10(r)-3(o)1(t)-25(h)1(e)-3(r)-11(s M)-4(a)-18(l)-22(l)10(o)16(y i)-29(n A)-24(n)-35(n A)-17(rb)-5(o)4(r)53(, )]TJ EMC /Span <>BDC -0.008 Tc 0.008 Tw T* [(M)-26(i)-1(c)-30(h)-36(ig)-10(a)-33(n)-7(.)]TJ EMC /Span <>BDC 0 Tc 0.025 Tw T* [(F)10(i)-22(r)-11(s)3(t p)10(r)-20(i)-29(n)14(t)-27(i)-29(n)2(g)-5(, M)-4(a)24(y 2)13(0)27(1)30(3)]TJ EMC ET q 1 0 0 1 47.58 40.02 cm 0 g /GS1 gs 0 Tw /Fm1 Do Q endstream endobj 47800 0 obj <> endobj 47801 0 obj <>stream q /Fm0 Do Q BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 30 0 0 30 125.9483 539.9399 Tm [(Ad)15(v)20(anced Pr)20(ogramming )]TJ -0.23 -1.067 Td (in the UNIX)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 11.2 0 0 11.2 279.0736 522.2399 Tm (\256)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 30 0 0 30 288.0335 507.9399 Tm [( En)40(vir)20(onment)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf -2.458 -1.367 Td (Third Edition)Tj 16 0 0 16 228.252 376.1399 Tm [(W)55(. Richard Stevens)]TJ -0.055 Tw 0.61 -1.25 Td [(Stephen A. )-55(Rago)]TJ ET q 33 24 0.591 675 re W n q 1 0 0 1 -490.4377 39.6913 cm 0.95 g /GS1 gs 0 0 m 0.674 0 l 3.689 -6.764 l 2.705 -6.764 l 1.807 -4.771 l -1.059 -4.771 l -1.9 -6.764 l -2.89 -6.764 l h 1.414 -3.919 m 0.331 -1.478 l -0.678 -3.919 l h 6.005 -0.038 m 6.967 -0.038 l 6.967 -5.886 l 9.997 -5.886 l 9.997 -6.764 l 6.005 -6.764 l h 20.386 -0.038 m 21.348 -0.038 l 18.63 -6.793 l 18.418 -6.793 l 16.221 -1.324 l 13.999 -6.793 l 13.79 -6.793 l 11.082 -0.038 l 12.05 -0.038 l 13.902 -4.675 l 15.771 -0.038 l 16.681 -0.038 l 18.556 -4.675 l h 25.425 0 m 26.102 0 l 29.116 -6.764 l 28.131 -6.764 l 27.237 -4.771 l 24.367 -4.771 l 23.526 -6.764 l 22.535 -6.764 l h 26.841 -3.919 m 25.753 -1.478 l 24.746 -3.919 l h 34.788 -0.038 m 35.953 -0.038 l 33.469 -3.207 l 33.469 -6.764 l 32.484 -6.764 l 32.484 -3.207 l 30 -0.038 l 31.163 -0.038 l 32.961 -2.355 l h 40.14 -3.949 m 39.405 -3.505 l 38.947 -3.224 38.62 -2.949 38.426 -2.68 c 38.231 -2.405 38.135 -2.094 38.135 -1.743 c 38.135 -1.205 38.318 -0.783 38.683 -0.45 c 39.05 -0.12 39.53 0.045 40.117 0.045 c 40.68 0.045 41.194 -0.116 41.666 -0.427 c 41.666 -1.519 l 41.179 -1.056 40.656 -0.821 40.099 -0.821 c 39.783 -0.821 39.526 -0.892 39.321 -1.038 c 39.121 -1.18 39.02 -1.37 39.02 -1.592 c 39.02 -1.796 39.092 -1.987 39.241 -2.161 c 39.394 -2.336 39.63 -2.526 39.962 -2.718 c 40.697 -3.15 l 41.517 -3.643 41.926 -4.264 41.926 -5.018 c 41.926 -5.556 41.747 -5.998 41.389 -6.334 c 41.027 -6.674 40.556 -6.843 39.978 -6.843 c 39.315 -6.843 38.707 -6.639 38.163 -6.232 c 38.163 -5.008 l 38.683 -5.663 39.284 -5.994 39.97 -5.994 c 40.27 -5.994 40.523 -5.909 40.721 -5.742 c 40.924 -5.575 41.022 -5.365 41.022 -5.113 c 41.022 -4.703 40.725 -4.313 40.14 -3.949 c 49.668 -0.038 m 50.631 -0.038 l 50.631 -5.886 l 53.66 -5.886 l 53.66 -6.764 l 49.668 -6.764 l h 56.474 -0.038 m 60.286 -0.038 l 60.286 -0.894 l 57.436 -0.894 l 57.436 -2.949 l 60.19 -2.949 l 60.19 -3.807 l 57.436 -3.807 l 57.436 -5.898 l 60.379 -5.898 l 60.379 -6.755 l 56.474 -6.755 l h 65.72 0 m 66.398 0 l 69.412 -6.764 l 68.432 -6.764 l 67.53 -4.771 l 64.66 -4.771 l 63.82 -6.764 l 62.833 -6.764 l h 67.134 -3.919 m 66.05 -1.478 l 65.045 -3.919 l h 72.15 -6.764 m 72.15 -0.038 l 73.835 -0.038 l 74.513 -0.038 75.056 -0.207 75.456 -0.546 c 75.854 -0.883 76.054 -1.339 76.054 -1.912 c 76.054 -2.308 75.957 -2.641 75.759 -2.923 c 75.565 -3.217 75.284 -3.427 74.919 -3.569 c 75.133 -3.706 75.342 -3.904 75.548 -4.148 c 75.756 -4.391 76.044 -4.817 76.414 -5.418 c 76.648 -5.802 76.839 -6.09 76.978 -6.286 c 77.335 -6.764 l 76.188 -6.764 l 75.898 -6.321 l 75.837 -6.24 l 75.651 -5.976 l 75.354 -5.481 l 75.034 -4.958 l 74.833 -4.686 74.648 -4.464 74.481 -4.297 c 74.32 -4.133 74.168 -4.018 74.039 -3.949 c 73.903 -3.875 73.68 -3.837 73.363 -3.837 c 73.115 -3.837 l 73.115 -6.764 l h 73.404 -0.856 m 73.115 -0.856 l 73.115 -2.984 l 73.48 -2.984 l 73.965 -2.984 74.3 -2.943 74.481 -2.86 c 74.665 -2.77 74.804 -2.648 74.906 -2.475 c 75.008 -2.31 75.061 -2.119 75.061 -1.904 c 75.061 -1.689 75.003 -1.5 74.891 -1.334 c 74.775 -1.155 74.62 -1.038 74.416 -0.965 c 74.209 -0.894 73.874 -0.856 73.404 -0.856 c 85.389 -0.038 m 86.304 -0.038 l 86.304 -6.764 l 85.479 -6.764 l 80.983 -1.586 l 80.983 -6.764 l 80.078 -6.764 l 80.078 -0.038 l 80.858 -0.038 l 85.389 -5.265 l h 89.727 -0.038 0.961 -6.726 re 99.498 -0.038 m 100.412 -0.038 l 100.412 -6.764 l 99.585 -6.764 l 95.087 -1.586 l 95.087 -6.764 l 94.182 -6.764 l 94.182 -0.038 l 94.961 -0.038 l 99.498 -5.265 l h 106.871 -3.449 m 109.126 -3.449 l 109.126 -6.302 l 108.299 -6.662 107.477 -6.843 106.665 -6.843 c 105.552 -6.843 104.659 -6.52 103.992 -5.865 c 103.329 -5.22 102.992 -4.418 102.992 -3.46 c 102.992 -2.46 103.34 -1.619 104.03 -0.956 c 104.723 -0.29 105.583 0.045 106.625 0.045 c 107.001 0.045 107.361 0.003 107.705 -0.074 c 108.044 -0.162 108.474 -0.305 108.994 -0.53 c 108.994 -1.509 l 108.191 -1.041 107.396 -0.81 106.604 -0.81 c 105.871 -0.81 105.253 -1.06 104.747 -1.562 c 104.239 -2.061 103.992 -2.68 103.992 -3.404 c 103.992 -4.168 104.239 -4.792 104.747 -5.273 c 105.253 -5.76 105.899 -6.007 106.691 -6.007 c 107.076 -6.007 107.537 -5.917 108.074 -5.742 c 108.166 -5.715 l 108.166 -4.306 l 106.871 -4.306 l h f Q q 1 0 0 1 -277.4051 464.2195 cm /GS2 gs 0 0 m -3.927 0 l -1.946 4.599 l h 0.224 -0.62 m 0.843 -2.049 l 0.982 -2.394 1.258 -2.98 1.258 -3.358 c 1.258 -3.962 0.826 -4.099 0.086 -4.133 c 0.086 -4.443 l 4.582 -4.443 l 4.582 -4.133 l 3.307 -4.082 2.98 -3.117 2.549 -2.084 c -1.326 7.216 l -1.636 7.216 l -5.735 -2.394 l -6.252 -3.6 -6.614 -4.047 -7.509 -4.133 c -7.509 -4.443 l -3.927 -4.443 l -3.927 -4.133 l -4.565 -4.082 -5.253 -4.013 -5.253 -3.376 c -5.253 -3.048 -5.012 -2.514 -4.875 -2.222 c -4.185 -0.62 l h f Q q 1 0 0 1 -266.6583 461.24 cm /GS2 gs 0 0 m -0.396 -0.43 -0.879 -0.775 -1.481 -0.775 c -2.79 -0.775 -3.84 0.603 -3.84 2.704 c -3.84 5.391 -2.411 5.959 -1.791 5.959 c -0.62 5.959 0 4.788 0 3.754 c h 0 5.821 m -0.447 6.287 -1.085 6.476 -1.705 6.476 c -3.944 6.476 -5.408 4.15 -5.408 2.101 c -5.408 0.293 -4.306 -1.705 -2.291 -1.705 c -1.326 -1.705 -0.655 -1.275 0 -0.603 c 0 -1.705 l 0.379 -1.705 l 2.704 -0.758 l 2.584 -0.465 l 2.411 -0.534 2.187 -0.603 1.998 -0.603 c 1.757 -0.603 1.395 -0.603 1.395 0.569 c 1.395 10.489 l 1.016 10.489 l -1.309 9.541 l -1.189 9.248 l -1.016 9.317 -0.792 9.387 -0.603 9.387 c -0.362 9.387 0 9.387 0 8.215 c h f Q q 1 0 0 1 -258.047 461.24 cm /GS2 gs 0 0 m -0.396 -0.43 -0.879 -0.775 -1.481 -0.775 c -2.79 -0.775 -3.84 0.603 -3.84 2.704 c -3.84 5.391 -2.411 5.959 -1.791 5.959 c -0.62 5.959 0 4.788 0 3.754 c h 0 5.821 m -0.447 6.287 -1.085 6.476 -1.705 6.476 c -3.944 6.476 -5.408 4.15 -5.408 2.101 c -5.408 0.293 -4.306 -1.705 -2.291 -1.705 c -1.326 -1.705 -0.655 -1.275 0 -0.603 c 0 -1.705 l 0.379 -1.705 l 2.704 -0.758 l 2.584 -0.465 l 2.411 -0.534 2.187 -0.603 1.998 -0.603 c 1.757 -0.603 1.395 -0.603 1.395 0.569 c 1.395 10.489 l 1.016 10.489 l -1.309 9.541 l -1.189 9.248 l -1.016 9.317 -0.792 9.387 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W)45(e h)-4(o)-2(p)-3(e t)-11(h)-6(a)6(t o)-3(u)-5(r)10( )]TJ 0.066 Tw T* [(b)-1(oo)-2(k)-29(s w)-9(i)-5(l)-4(l h)-8(e)-10(l)-4(p y)15(o)-3(u u)-5(n)-6(d)-4(e)-11(r)-24(s)-9(t)-22(a)-5(n)-6(d t)-11(h)-8(e s)-9(t)-22(a)6(t)-7(e o)5(f t)-11(h)-8(e a)-5(r)-48(t i)-4(n p)-3(r)-4(o)1(g)-7(r)-24(a)-5(m)-8(m)-7(i)-4(n)-3(g l)-5(a)-5(n)-3(g)-11(u)-5(a)-2(g)3(e)-10(s)-5(,)10( )]TJ 0 Tw T* [(o)-2(p)-3(e)-11(r)-24(a)6(t)-11(i)-4(n)-3(g s)-12(y)-3(s)-9(t)-7(e)-10(m)-8(s)-5(, a)-5(n)-6(d n)-8(e)-2(t)-30(w)12(o)-2(r)-21(k)-29(s)-5(.)10( )]TJ 0.291 g /GS0 gs /TT0 1 Tf 0 Tc 8.675 -2.417 Td [(C)2(o)-1(n)-2(s)4(u)2(l)-4(tin)3(g E)11(d)-1(i)-4(t)1(o)-2(r B)-19(r)-4(i)-7(a)-2(n W)64(. K)28(e)-8(r)-6(n)3(ig)-3(h)-7(a)-2(n)]TJ ET q 1 0 0 1 88.8302 377.8087 cm 0.509 G 1.073 w 4 M 0 0 m 410.731 0 l S Q BT 0 g /GS1 gs /TT1 1 Tf 0.01 Tc -0.01 Tw 12.876 0 0 12.876 163.8848 415.9174 Tm [(V)-3(i)-4(si)-5(t )]TJ 0.291 g /GS0 gs /TT0 1 Tf 0.023 Tc -0.023 Tw 2.01 0 Td [(i)-2(n)-2(f)7(o)-4(r)-9(mi)-6(t)-30(.)6(c)4(o)-4(m)-9(/)27(s)4(e)-10(r)-6(i)1(e)-9(s)-6(/)23(p)-5(r)8(of)5(e)-9(s)-4(si)1(o)-3(n)-9(a)-3(l)-3(c)4(o)-4(m)-5(p)-1(u)-6(t)-2(i)-2(ng)]TJ 0 g /GS1 gs /TT2 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw 18.231 0 Td [( )-35( )]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 0.015 Tc -0.005 Tw -18.895 -1.333 Td [(f)12(o)3(r)5( a)5( c)19(o)3(m)-3(p)1(le)3(t)-2(e)5( li)1(s)-4(t)5( o)10(f)5( a)20(v)-1(ailab)1(le)5( p)-1(ub)1(l)1(i)3(ca)11(t)-6(i)6(o)3(n)-3(s.)]TJ ET q 24 24 540 675 re W n q 1 0 0 1 40.5623 39.6913 cm 0.95 g /GS0 gs 0 0 m 0.674 0 l 3.689 -6.764 l 2.705 -6.764 l 1.807 -4.771 l -1.059 -4.771 l -1.9 -6.764 l -2.89 -6.764 l h 1.414 -3.919 m 0.33 -1.478 l -0.678 -3.919 l h 6.005 -0.038 m 6.967 -0.038 l 6.967 -5.886 l 9.997 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